11

BASIC
CALCULUS
LEARNER'S ACTIVITY SHEET
Quarter 3 – Week 1:
Introduction to Limits
Limit of a Function through Table
of Values and Graph
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Learner's Activity Sheet
Quarter 3 – Week 1: Introduction to Limits: Limit of a Function through Table
of Values and Graph
First Edition, 2021

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 LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET IN GRADE 11 BASIC CALCULUS FOR
QUARTER 3, WEEK 1

Name: Grade & Section:

School: Teacher:
General Reminders: Use this activity sheet with care. Use a separate sheet
of paper in answering the exercises. Read the directions carefully before doing
each task. Return this activity sheet to your teacher/facilitator once you are
through with it.

Learning Objectives:
1. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph
of the function

Explore

The concept of function is very important in the field of Calculus. You have
learnt a lot of such knowledge in your General Mathematics and Precalculus
subjects last semester. Let us check your mathematical skills and knowledge
you have developed by answering Activity 1.

Activity 1: Answer the following completely and show your solution if

necessary.
1. Determine whether each of the following sets of points are defined by a
function.
a. 𝐴 = {(−3, −2), (−2, −1), (−2, 2), (0, −1), (0, 2), (2, −1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
b. 𝐵 = {(−2, −2), (−2, −1), (−2, 1), (−2, 2), (−1, 1), (2, −2), (2, −1), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
c. 𝐶 = {(−4, 0), (−3, 0), (−2, 1), (−1, −1), (0, 2), (1, −1), (2, 1), (3, 0), (4, 0)}
d. 𝐷 = {(−3, −1), (−3, 1), (−3, 3), (−2, 1), (−1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, −1), (3, 1), (3, 3)}
2. Determine the domain and range of the following functions:
a. 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 b. 𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 c. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −
2
3
1 1
3. If 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 3 − 𝑥 2 , then what is 𝐹 (2) − 𝐹 (√2)?
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥+2
4. Given 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥−2, find the following:
𝑥+2
a. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 c. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓
b. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 d. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔

TIP: Enrich your knowledge about functions. You can visit these links.
https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/function.html
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/x2f8bb11595b61c86:functions
https://byjus.com/jee/functions-and-its-types/
https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functions-composition.html
https://nool.ontariotechu.ca/mathematics/functions/composition-of-functions.php
https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functions-operations.html
LESSON 1.1: Limit of a Function through Table of Values and Graph

Calculus primarily deals with the limit process as it quantifies the

relationship between two variables or quantities.

As you have learned in General Mathematics, mathematical functions

are models of real-life phenomena. Generally, functions appear in different
forms, and they can be represented in many ways. You may write them as
equations and represent them in words, in table of values, and probably in
graphical forms. The graph is an important representation, as it visually
depicts the behavior of the function under consideration.

Learn

Consider a function f of a single variable x. Consider a constant c which the variable x

will approach (c may or may not be in the domain of f). The limit, to be denoted by L, is the
unique real value that f(x) will approach as x approaches c. In symbols, we write this process
as
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒄
This is read, ‘‘The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.”

Example 1
To illustrate, let us consider
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙)
𝒙→𝟐

 Here, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙 and the constant c, which x will approach, is 2. To

evaluate the given limit, we will make use of a table to help us keep track of the
effect that the approach of x toward 2 will have on f(x).

 Of course, on the number line, x may approach 2 in two ways: through values
on its left and through values on its right.

 We first consider approaching 2 from its left or through values less than 2.
Remember that the values to be chosen should be close to 2.
Table 1
𝑥<2 1 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.95 1.997 1.9999 1.9999999
𝑓(𝑥) 1 5.2 1.7 6.7 6.85 6.991 6.9997 6.9999997

NOTE: We get the value of 𝒇(𝒙) by substituting the value of 𝒙 in 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙.
 Now we consider approaching 2 from its right or through values greater than
but close to 2.
Table 2
𝒙>𝟐 3 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.03 2.009 2.0005 2.0000001
𝒇(𝒙) 10 8.5 7.6 7.3 7.09 7.027 7.0015 7.0000003
What do you observe with the two table of values?

Observe that as the values of x get closer and closer to 2, the values of f(x) get closer
and closer to 7. This behavior can be shown no matter what set of values, or what
direction, is taken in approaching 2. In symbols,
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙) = 𝟕
𝒙→𝟐

If one knows the graph of 𝒇(𝒙), it will be easier to determine its limits as
𝒙 approaches given values of 𝒄.

Consider again 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 +

𝟑𝒙. Its graph is the straight line with
slope 𝟑 and intercepts (𝟎, 𝟏) and
(−𝟏/𝟑, 𝟎).

Look at the graph in the vicinity of

𝒙 = 𝟐. You can easily see the
points (from the table of values in
Table 1) (1, 4), (1.4, 5.2), (1.7, 6.1),
and so on, approaching the level
where 𝒚 = 𝟕. The same can be
seen from the right (from the table
of values in Table 2). Hence, the
graph clearly confirms that
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙) = 𝟕
𝒙→𝟐

Figure 1
Example 2
Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) using table of values and its graph.
𝒙→−𝟏

Here, 𝒄 = −𝟏 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏.

We will construct a table of values considering -1 from its left or through values
less than -1 and -1 from its right or through values greater than but close to -1.

Table 3
x approaches 1 from the left x approaches 1 from the right

-1.5 -1.2 -1.01 -1.0001 1 -0.9999 -0.99 -0.8 -0.5

𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) 3.25 2.44 2.0201 2.0002001 2 1.99980001 1.9801 1.64 1.25

f(x) approaches 2 f(x) approaches 2

Table 3 shows that as 𝑥 approaches −𝟏, f(x) approaches 2. In symbols,

𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟏
Let us consider the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏. Note that it is a parabola.

It can be seen from the

graph in Figure 2 that as values of
𝒙 approach −1, the values of 𝒇(𝒙)
approach 2.

Figure 2
Example 3
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) using table of values and its graph.
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
Here, 𝒄 = 𝟏 and 𝒇(𝒙) = .
𝒙−𝟏

Take note that 1 is not in the domain of f, but this is not a problem.
(𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟓(𝟏) + 𝟒 𝟎
𝑓 (1) = = = 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝟏−𝟏 𝟎
Hence, 1 is not a domain of the given function.

In evaluating a limit, remember that we only need to go very close to 1; we will

not go to 1 itself.

We will construct a table of values considering 1 from its left or through values
less than 1 and 1 from its right or through values greater than but close to 1.

Table 4
x approaches 1 from the left x approaches 1 from the right

0.5 0.88 0.996 0.9999 1 1.0001 1.003 1.17 1.5

𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) -3.5 -3.12 -3.004 -3.0001 ? -2.9999 -2.997 -2.83 -2.5

f(x) approaches -3 f(x) approaches -3

Note that “?” represents undefined.

Table 4 shows that as 𝒙 approaches 𝟏, f(x) approaches −𝟑. In symbols
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = −𝟑.
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
Let us consider the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = .
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
Take note that 𝒇(𝒙) = =
𝒙−𝟏
(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟒)
= 𝒙 − 𝟒, provided that 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏.
(𝒙−𝟏)

Hence, the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) is also the

graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏, excluding the
point where 𝒙 = 𝟏.
It can be seen from the graph in
Figure 3 that as values of 𝒙 approach 1,
the values of 𝒇(𝒙) approach −3.

Figure 3
Example 4
Evaluate through table of values and graph
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝟒
𝒙 + 𝟏 if 𝒙 < 𝟒

if 𝒇 (𝒙 ) =

(𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟑 if 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒.

The given function is an example of a piecewise function. You had

encounter such function in your General Mathematics. Piecewise function is
a function defined by at least two equations ("pieces"), each of which applies
to a different part of the domain.
This looks a bit different, but the logic and procedure are exactly the
same. We still approach the constant 4 from the left and from the right, but
note that we should evaluate the appropriate corresponding functional
expression.
In this case, when x approaches 𝟒 from the left, the values taken should
be substituted in 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏 since the given interval is 𝒙 < 𝟒. Indeed, this is
the part of the function which accepts values less than 𝟒.
Table 5
𝑥 3.7 3.85 3.995 3.99999
𝑓(𝑥) 4.7 4.85 4.995 4.99999
 On the other hand, when 𝒙 approaches 𝟒 from the right, the values taken
should be substituted in 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟑 since the given interval is 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒.
Table 6
𝑥 4.00001 4.001 4.1 4.3
𝑓(𝑥) 3.0000000001 3.000001 3.01 3.09
Observe that the values that f(x) approaches are not equal, namely, 𝒇(𝒙)
approaches 𝟓 from the left while it approaches 𝟑 from the right. In such a
case, we say that the limit of the given function does not exist (DNE). In
symbols, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑫𝑵𝑬.
𝒙→𝟒
Let us consider the piece function in
Example 4.
Again, we can see from the graph in
Figure 4 that 𝒇(𝒙) has no limit as 𝒙
approaches 𝟒. The two separate parts of
the function move toward different y-
levels (𝒚 = 𝟓 from the left, 𝒚 = 𝟑 from the
right) in the vicinity of 𝒄 = 𝟒.

Figure 4
REMARK 1:
We need to emphasize an important fact. We do not say that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) “equals
𝒙→𝟒
DNE”, nor do we write “𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑫𝑵𝑬”, because “DNE” is not a value. In the previous
𝒙→𝟒
example, “DNE” indicated that the function moves in the different directions as its
variable approaches 𝒄 from the left and from the right.

REMARK 2:
Have you noticed a pattern in the way we have been investigating a limit?
We have been specifying whether 𝒙 will approach 𝒂 value 𝒄 from the left,
through values less than 𝒄, or from the right, through values greater than 𝒄.
This direction may be specified in the limit notation, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) by adding certain
𝒙→𝒄
symbols.

 If x approaches c from the left, or through values less than c, then we

write 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙).
𝒙→𝒄
 If x approaches c from the right, or through values greater than c, then
we write 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙).
𝒙→𝒄

Furthermore, we say
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒄

if and only if

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳.

𝒙→𝒄− 𝒙→𝒄
In other words, for a limit L to exist, the limits from the left and from the right
must both exist and be equal to L.
Therefore,

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑫𝑵𝑬 whenever 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙).

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

These limits, 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙), are also referred to as one-sided
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
limits, since you only consider values on one side of 𝒄.
Let us consider Example 1, 2, 3 and 4.

 In Example 1,
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙) = 𝟕 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+(𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙) = 𝟕
𝒙→𝟐− 𝒙→𝟐
Hence, 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙) = 𝟕.
𝒙→𝟐
 In Example 2,
𝐥𝐢𝐦− (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟐 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏
Hence, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟏
 In Example 3,
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
𝐥𝐢𝐦− ( ) = −𝟑 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( ) = −𝟑
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
Hence, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = −𝟑
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
 In Example 3,
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
𝐥𝐢𝐦− ( ) = −𝟑 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ ( ) = −𝟑
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟒
Hence, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = −𝟑
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
 In Example 4,
Given 𝒙 + 𝟏 if 𝒙 < 𝟒

𝒇 (𝒙 ) =

(𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐 + 𝟑 if 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒.
Note that 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑.
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒
Hence, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑫𝑵𝑬 since 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒

TIP: Enrich your knowledge about the tabular and graphical representation of limits. You
can visit these links.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-limits-new/ab-1-2/a/limits-intro
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-limits-new/ab-1-4/a/review-
approximating-limits-from-tables
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-limits-new/ab-1-
Practice Exercises/Activity
3/a/approximating-limit-values-from-a-graph
https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_210_Calculus_I/Ch
apter_2_Limits/2.2%3A_Limits_of_Functions
Activity 2: For each item, complete the table of values, and use the results
to estimate the value of the limit. (Students may use calculators when
applicable.)

1. lim (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→4
𝒙 3.9 3.99 3.999 4 4.001 4.01 4.1
𝒇(𝒙)

𝑥−1
2. lim (𝑥+1)
𝑥→0
𝒙 -0.09 -0.0003 -0.000001 0 0.000001 0.0003 0.09
𝒇(𝒙)

√2𝑥+1−√3
3. lim ( 𝑥−1
)
𝑥→1
𝒙 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1
𝒇(𝒙)

Activity 3: Evaluate each limit by building a table of values sufficiently close

to the indicated value of 𝑐. (Students may use calculators when applicable.)
1. lim1 4𝑥 3. lim ( )
𝑥
𝑥→
2 𝑥→−3 3
𝑥 2 −8𝑥+16 4. lim (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)
2. lim ( ) 𝑥→0
𝑥→4 𝑥−4

Activity 4: Evaluate the following using table of values if the function is

𝒙 − 𝟐 if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑

𝑓(𝑥) =

-4 if 𝑥 > 3.
Also, show if the limit exists.
1. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) 2. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) 3. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

Engage

Answer the following questions.

1. What important concepts have you learned in this lesson?
2. In your own words, what is a limit? In what real life metaphor can you relate with
the concept of limit? Explain.
3. What are the difficulties have you encountered in the process of learning?
4. In your future career, do you think you can apply this lesson in real life? Why or
why not?
 Apply

𝟏
1. Consider the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 whose graph is shown below. Answer the
question completely. You can show the solution using the definition of limits.

What can be said about lim 𝑓(𝑥)? Does it exist

𝑥→0
or not? Why?

Figure 5
2. Consider the function 𝒇(𝒙) whose graph below. Answer the question
completely. You can show the solution using the definition of limits.

Figure 6

What can be said about lim 𝑓(𝑥)? Does it exist or not? Why
𝑥→0
 Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write E
if the answer is not found in the choices. Use separate answer sheet of paper. Show your
solution if needed.
1. Which of the following relation is a function?
a. {(−2, −1), (−2, 1), (−1, −2), (0, −3), (0, 3), (1, −2), (1, 2), (2, −1), (2, 1) }
b. {(−7, −6), (−5, −4), (−3, −2), (−1, 0), (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10)}
c. {(−3, −2), (−2, −1), (−2, 2), (0, −1), (0, 2), (2, −1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
d. {(−3, 1), (−3, 3), (−2, −1), (0, −1), (0, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (3, 1)}
2. Determine the domain and range of the relation defined by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.
a. Domain: {𝑥𝑙𝑥 ∈ ℜ, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} and Range: {𝑦𝑙𝑦 ∈ ℜ, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 }
b. Domain: {𝑥𝑙𝑥 ∈ ℜ, 𝑥 ≤ 1} and Range: {𝑦𝑙𝑦 ∈ ℜ, 𝑦 ≤ 1 }
c. Domain: {𝑥𝑙𝑥 ∈ ℜ, 𝑥 ≥ 1} and Range: {𝑦𝑙𝑦 ∈ ℜ, 𝑦 ≥ 1 }
d. Domain: {𝑥𝑙𝑥 ∈ ℜ, 𝑥 ≠ 1} and Range: {𝑦𝑙𝑦 ∈ ℜ, 𝑦 ≠ 1 }
3. Given the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 5, determine the value of 𝑓(𝑓 (−1)).
a. -8 c. 11
b. 16 d. -4
4. The function f is defined over the real numbers. This table gives a few values of f. What is the
reasonable estimate for lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
𝑥→3
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3.001 3.01 3.1
f(x) 9.62 9.85 9.99 9.99 9.85 9.62
a. 2.9
b. 3
c. 9.9
d. 10
5. The function g is defined over the real numbers. This table gives selected values of g. What is the
reasonable estimate for lim 𝑔(𝑥)?
𝑥→2+
x 1.95 1.99 1.998 2 2.002 2.01 2.05
y -2.85 -2.97 -2.994 undefined 7.008 7.04 7.2
a. -3
b. 2
c. 7
d. The limit does not exist.
6. The function g is defined over the real numbers. This table gives several values of g. Is the table
appropriate for approximating lim 𝑔(𝑥)? If not, why?
𝑥→4
x 3.75 3.9 3.99 3.9999 4.001 4.01 4.1 4.25
y -6.7 -6.85 -6.985 -6.999 -7 -6.997 -6.97 -6.73
a. The table is appropriate.
b. The table is not appropriate. The x-values only approach 4 from one direction to the right.
c. The table is not appropriate. The x-values only approach 4 from one direction to the left.
d. The table is not appropriate. The increments in x-values are constant.
7. What conditions, when present, are sufficient to conclude that a function f(x) has a limit as x
approaches some value of a?
a. The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎 from the left exists, the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎 from the right exists,
and these two limits are the same.
b. The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎 from the left exists, the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎 from the right exists,
and these two limits are the not the same.
 c. Either the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎 from the left exists or the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎 from the right
exists.
d. The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎 from the left exists while or the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 → 𝑎 from the right
does not exist.
8. The function g is defined for all real numbers
except for 𝑥 = 5 in the graph of Figure 7. What is
the reasonable estimate for lim 𝑔(𝑥)?
𝑥→5
a. -2
b. 2
c. 5
d. The limit does not exist.

9. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, which of the following

𝑋→0
expressions are true?
I. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist.
𝑥→0
II. lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist.
𝑥→0+
III. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→0−
IV. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→0+
a. I and IV only
b. I and II only Figure 7
c. III and IV only
d. II and III only
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 4
10. If k(x) = , find lim 𝑘(𝑥).
𝑥− 2 𝑥 →2
a. 0
b. 8
c. 9
d. 1