Iso 22081-2021

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22081
First edition
2021-02
Geometrical product specifications

(GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing —
General geometrical specifications
and general size specifications
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — Tolérancement
géométrique — Spécifications géométriques générales et
spécifications de taille générales
University of Toronto User.
Reference number
ISO 22081:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
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ISO 22081:2021(E)

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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Basic principles....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4.2 Basic rule....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.3 Indication in a technical product documentation (TPD)..................................................................................... 3
5 General geometrical specification...................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1 Rule for indicating the general geometrical specification.................................................................................. 3
5.2 Rule for the applicability of the general geometrical specification............................................................ 4
5.3 Rules for the datum system........................................................................................................................................................... 6
6 General size specifications.......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1 Rule for indicating general size specifications............................................................................................................. 7
6.2 Rule for the applicability of general size specifications....................................................................................... 7
Annex A (informative) Example of indication with reference to a table in the TPD............................................ 9
Annex B (informative) Examples............................................................................................................................................................................10
Annex C (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model.............................................................................................................13
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product
specifications and verification, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 290, Dimensional and geometrical product specification and verification, in

accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This first edition cancels and replaces ISO 2768-2:1989, which has been technically revised.
The main changes to ISO 2768-2:1989 are as follows:
— tools have been added to specify a general geometrical specification and a general size specification;
— the rules for application of general geometrical specification and general size specification have
been clarified.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Introduction
This document is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a general
GPS standard (see ISO 14638). It influences chain links A, B and C of the chain of standards on size,
distance, form, orientation and location.
The ISO/GPS matrix model given in ISO 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this
document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document and
the default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to the specifications made in accordance with this
document, unless otherwise indicated.
For more detailed information of the relation of this document to other standards and the GPS matrix
model, see Annex C.
This document deals with general geometrical specification and general size specifications, which can
be used to reduce the number of individual specification indications in technical product documentation
(TPD). Many geometrical features have individual specifications which are similar or identical. As an
alternative, general geometrical specifications, general size specifications or both may be applied.
All figures in this document for the 2D drawing indications have been drawn in first-angle projection
with dimensions and tolerances in millimetres. It should be understood that third-angle projection
and other units of measurement could have been used equally well without prejudice to the principles
established.
The figures in this document represent either 2D drawing views or 3D axonometric views and
are intended to illustrate how a specification can be fully indicated with visible annotation. For
possibilities of illustrating a specification where elements of the specification may be available through
a query function or other interrogation of information on the 3D CAD model, and rules for attaching
specifications to 3D CAD models, see ISO 16792.
All figures are not complete and should not be seen as a way to fully specify a part. Theoretically exact

dimensions (TED) which are not indicated are assumed to be obtained from the 3D CAD model.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22081:2021(E)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical

tolerancing — General geometrical specifications and
general size specifications
1 Scope
This document gives rules for definition and interpretation of general geometrical specifications and
general size specifications defined according to ISO 8015:2011, 5.12.
General specifications defined in other standards, and the link to these standards, are not covered by
this document.
The general geometrical specifications and general size (linear or angular) specifications defined in
this document apply only to integral features (including features of size).
These specifications do not apply to derived features or integral lines (see ISO 17450-1 for the definitions
of integral features and derived features).
Dimensions other than linear or angular sizes (see ISO 14405-2) are not covered by this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 8015, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Fundamentals — Concepts, principles and rules
ISO 17450-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts — Part 1: Model for geometrical
specification and verification
ISO 17450-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts — Part 2: Basic tenets,
specifications, operators, uncertainties and ambiguities
ISO 22432, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Features utilized in specification and verification
ISO 25378, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Characteristics and conditions — Definitions
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8015, ISO 17450-1, ISO 17450-2,
ISO 22432 and ISO 25378 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://w ww.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://w ww.electropedia.org/
3.1
general geometrical specification
geometrical specification indicated in the technical product documentation (TPD) which is not an
individual specification
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 22081:2021(E)

3.2
general size specification
size specification (linear size specification or angular size specification) indicated in the technical
product documentation (TPD) which is not an individual specification
Note 1 to entry: Linear size specifications are defined in ISO 14405-1. Angular size specifications are defined in
ISO 14405-3.
3.3
integral feature
geometrical feature belonging to the real surface of the workpiece or to a surface model
Note 1 to entry: An integral feature is intrinsically defined, e.g. skin of the workpiece.
Note 2 to entry: For the statement of specifications, features obtained from partition of the surface model or of
real surface of workpiece shall be defined. These features, called “integral features”, are models of the different
physical parts of the workpiece that have specific functions, especially those in contact with the adjacent
workpieces.
Note 3 to entry: An integral feature can be identified, for example, by:
— a partition of the surface model;
— a partition of another integral feature;
— a collection of other integral features.
[SOURCE: ISO 17450-1:2011, 3.3.5]
4 Basic principles
4.1 General

When using general geometrical specifications or general size specifications, the designer should be
aware of the following risks:
— overlooking important functional requirements;
— selecting unnecessarily tight tolerances regarding the functional requirement.
It is the responsibility of the designer to ensure that:
— functional requirements are properly defined;
— the geometrical features influencing the functions are properly specified;
— the entire part, i.e. all geometrical features, is completely and unambiguously specified.
General geometrical specification and general size specification are ways of minimising the number of
indications in a TPD.
4.2 Basic rule

This document defines two types of general specifications:
— general geometrical specifications;
— general size specifications.
Rule A: only the specifications defined in Tables 1 and 2 shall be used to define general geometrical
specifications, general size specifications or both on integral features.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO 22081:2021(E)

4.3 Indication in a technical product documentation (TPD)

Rule B: to apply general geometrical specifications, general size specifications or both according to
this document, it shall be clearly indicated in or near the title block or in the product definition data set
according to the following rules:
— wording ‘General tolerances’ followed by a reference to this document (i.e. ISO 22081), followed
by the indication of the general geometrical specifications, the indication of the general size
specifications or both (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 — Indication of general geometrical specifications and general size specifications
The tolerance values can be defined as:

— single values; or
— variable values.
Variable values may be dependent on either or both of:
— the dimensions of these integral features;
— the distance of the integral feature to the datum system (the TEDs).
When variable tolerance values are used, unambiguous rules should be defined to obtain these values
from a table (see Annex A) or from other documents (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 — Example of indications with the tolerance values tabled in a referenced document
5 General geometrical specification
5.1 Rule for indicating the general geometrical specification

Rule C: the general geometrical specification (see 3.1) shall be indicated with a surface profile
specification (see Table 1 and Figure 3).

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Table 1 — General geometrical specification

Type Example of specification indications in or near the title block
General geometrical specification
NOTE See 5.3 for datum systems.
Apart from the characteristic (which can only be surface profile), any specification element from
ISO 5459 and ISO 1101 may be used in general geometrical specification as long as they do not contradict
the rules given in this document.
5.2 Rule for the applicability of the general geometrical specification

Rule D: the general geometrical specification shall apply to each integral feature independently on the
product, with the following exceptions (see Figure 3):
1) an integral feature specified by a size specification (individual size specification or general size
specification);
2) an integral feature or its derived feature specified by an individual geometrical specification;
3) a datum feature used in the datum system defined in the datum section of the general geometrical
specification (see 5.3);
4) an integral feature indicated with simplified representation and not included in the CAD model, for
example edges, fillets or screw threads.
NOTE 1 General geometrical specification applies to integral features irrespective of a surface texture
specification.
NOTE 2 The general geometrical specifications are in accordance with the independency principle and the
feature principle.

NOTE 3 When individual specifications are applied on one or more portions of a single integral feature, any
other portion is considered as another integral feature.


5
ISO 22081:2021(E)
a) Indication in the TPD

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
ISO 22081:2021(E)

b) Integral features with general geometrical specification

NOTE 1 The general geometrical specification applies to the integral features with shading in b), according to
rule D.
NOTE 2 The general geometrical specification does not apply to:
— the two planes at 120° because they are specified by a general size specification (rule D1);
— the two parallel planes with 10 mm distance because they are specified by an individual size specification
(rule D1);
— the two parallel planes with 10 mm distance because the derived feature is specified by an individual

geometrical specification (rule D2);
— datum feature A because the integral feature is specified by an individual geometrical specification (rule D2);
— datum feature A because datum A is used in the datum section of the general geometrical specification
(rule D3);
— datum feature B because the integral feature is specified by an individual geometrical specification (rule D2);
— datum feature B because datum B is used in the datum section of the general geometrical specification
(rule D3);
— datum feature C because the integral feature is specified by an individual geometrical specification (rule D2);
— datum feature C because datum C is used in the datum section of the general geometrical specification
(rule D3);
— the two planes opposed to datum feature C because the integral features are specified by an individual
geometrical specification (rule D2);
— the two planes opposed to datum feature A because the integral features are specified by an individual
geometrical specification (rule D2).
NOTE 3 See additional examples in Annex B.
Figure 3 — Example of application of general geometrical specification
5.3 Rules for the datum system

Rule E: in order to specify a general geometrical specification, a datum system shall be established.

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Rule F: the datum system indicated in a general geometrical specification shall lock all degrees of
freedom necessary to locate the tolerance zones defined by the general geometrical specification.
NOTE 1 This datum system does not necessarily consist of three datums and does not necessarily lock all six
degrees of freedom.
Each of the datum features identified in the datum section of the general geometrical specification
should have individual specifications, as they are not covered by the general geometrical specification.
NOTE 2 The general geometrical specification applies to any additional datum features according to the rules
stated in this document.
6 General size specifications
6.1 Rule for indicating general size specifications

Rule G: the general size specifications (see 3.2) shall be indicated with a linear size, an angular size or
both (see Table 2 and Figure 4).
Table 2 — General size specifications

Type Specification indications in or near the title block
General size speci- Linear sizes: +t5/−t6 or ± t5 or JSn/jsna,b
fication Angular sizes : +t7°/−t8° or ± t7°
a n represents the tolerance grade according to ISO 286-1 and ISO 286-2 (e.g. JS13/js13).
b “JS/js” is only an example; any fundamental deviation defined in ISO 286 can be used.
Any specification element from ISO 14405-1 and ISO 14405-3 may be used in general size specifications
as long as they do not contradict the rules given in this document.

6.2 Rule for the applicability of general size specifications
Rule H: general size specifications shall apply to each feature of size which is identified in the TPD by
one of the following methods:
1) By a size indication defining the nominal value of the linear or angular size (see Figure 4) which:
— has no individual tolerance;
— is not a TED; and
— is not an auxiliary dimension.
2) By a CAD attribute which defines the nominal value of the feature of size.
NOTE 1 General size specifications apply to features of size irrespective of a surface texture specification.
NOTE 2 General size specifications apply to features of size irrespective of a geometrical specification.

ISO 22081:2021(E)

a) Indication in the TPD
b) Features of size with general size specifications

NOTE 1 General size specifications apply to the features of size with shading in b), according to rule H.
NOTE 2 According to rule H, the general size specifications do not apply to:
— the two parallel planes with the dimension 25 mm because 25 is a TED;
— the two parallel planes with the dimension 50 mm because 50 is an auxiliary dimension.
Figure 4 — Example of application of general size specifications

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Annex A
(informative)
Example of indication with reference to a table in the TPD
Figure A.1 shows an example of general size specification where tolerance values are defined with a
reference to a table in the TPD.
a) Indication
b) Table
Figure A.1 — Example of indication with reference to a table in the TPD

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Annex B
(informative)
Examples
B.1 Example with integral features on which the location is not specified
Figure B.1 shows an example with integral features on which the location is not specified.
NOTE This specification is incomplete.
— The general geometrical specification does not apply to the two planes at 120°, because they are specified by
a general size specification (rule D1). For this reason, the location of the two planes is not defined.

ISO 22081:2021(E)

— The general geometrical specification does not apply to the two parallel planes with 10 mm distance because
they are specified by an individual size specification (rule D1). For this reason, the location of the two planes
is not defined.
— The general geometrical specification does not apply to the two planes opposed to datum feature A because
the integral features are specified by an individual geometrical specification (Rule D2). The location of the
two planes is not defined because only a parallelism tolerance is specified.
Figure B.1 — Example with integral features on which the location is not specified
B.2 Example with two datums in the datum system of the general geometrical
specification
Figure B.2 shows an example with two datums in the datum system of the general geometrical
specification.
The datum system A-B|C locks all the necessary degrees of freedom, according to rule F.

Figure B.2 — Example with two datums in the datum system of the general geometrical
specification
B.3 Example where the indication of the general size specification is missing
The specification in Figure B.3 is incomplete: the two dimensions 10 have no tolerance because the
general size specification is not indicated in the TPD.


Figure B.3 — Example where the indication of the general size specification is missing

ISO 22081:2021(E)
12

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Annex C
(informative)
Relation to the GPS matrix model
C.1 General
For full details about the GPS matrix model, see ISO 14638.
C.2 Information about this document and its use

This document deals with general tolerancing as a way to simplify TPD.
C.3 Position in the GPS matrix model

This document is a general GPS standard that influences chain links A, B and C of the chains of standards
in the general GPS matrix, as graphically illustrated in Table C.1.
Table C.1 — Position in the GPS matrix model

Chain links
A B C D E F G
Symbols Feature Feature Conformance Measurement Measurement Calibration
and requirements properties and non- equipment
indications conformance

Size • • •
Distance • • •
Form • • •
Orientation • • •
Location • • •
Run-out
Profile surface

texture
Areal surface

texture
Surface

imperfections
C.4 Related International Standards

The related International Standards are those of the chains of standards indicated in Table C.1.

ISO 22081:2021(E)

Bibliography
[1] ISO 286-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — ISO code system for tolerances on linear
sizes — Part 1: Basis of tolerances, deviations and fits
[2] ISO 286-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — ISO code system for tolerances on linear
sizes — Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance classes and limit deviations for holes and shafts
[3] ISO 1101, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of
form, orientation, location and run-out
[4] ISO 1660, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Profile
tolerancing
[5] ISO 5459, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Datums and
datum systems
[6] ISO 14253-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces
and measuring equipment — Part 1: Decision rules for verifying conformity or nonconformity with
specifications
[7] ISO 14405-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional tolerancing — Part 1:
Linear sizes
Dimensions other than linear or angular sizes
Angular sizes
[10] ISO 14638, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Matrix model

[11] ISO 16792, Technical product documentation — Digital product definition data practices
[12] JEITA ET-5102 Ver 1, Standard of 3D annotated models - Datum systems, JEITA general geometrical
tolerancing, simplified shape representation, (2016), Standardization Subcommittee of the 3D
CAD Information Standardization Technical Committee (ISTEC) of the Japan Electronics and
Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA)


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Geometrical product specifications

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ii ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ iii

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iv ﻿ © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved ﻿ v

Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical

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3 Terms and definitions

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Note 3 to entry: An integral feature can be identified, for example, by:

— a partition of the surface model;

— a partition of another integral feature;

— a collection of other integral features.

[SOURCE: ISO 17450-1:2011, 3.3.5]

University of Toronto User.

4.2 Basic rule

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4.3 Indication in a technical product documentation (TPD)

Figure 1 — Indication of general geometrical specifications and general size specifications

The tolerance values can be defined as:

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5 General geometrical specification

5.1 Rule for indicating the general geometrical specification

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Table 1 — General geometrical specification

5.2 Rule for the applicability of the general geometrical specification

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a) Indication in the TPD

b) Integral features with general geometrical specification

NOTE 2 The general geometrical specification does not apply to:

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NOTE 3 See additional examples in Annex B.

Figure 3 — Example of application of general geometrical specification

5.3 Rules for the datum system

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6 General size specifications

6.1 Rule for indicating general size specifications

Table 2 — General size specifications

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a) Indication in the TPD

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b) Features of size with general size specifications

Figure 4 — Example of application of general size specifications

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Example of indication with reference to a table in the TPD

Figure A.1 — Example of indication with reference to a table in the TPD

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NOTE This specification is incomplete.

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