A.

Reading Materials
B. Vocabulary
C. Exercise
D. Summary
E. Part of Speech
F. Tense review (Simple Present)
Figure 1.1 Horticulture products

A. Reading Materials
Agriculture refers to the production of

food and goods through farming and forestry.

Agriculture was the key development that led

to the rise of civilization, with the husbandry

of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops)

creating food surpluses that enabled the

Fig. 1.2. Land Preparation development of more densely populated and

stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science (the

related practice of gardening is studied in horticulture).

Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties. Cultivation of crops

on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on rangeland remain at the

foundation of agriculture. In the past century a distinction has been made

between sustainable agriculture and intensive farming. Modern agronomy, plant

breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply

increased yields from cultivation. Selective breeding and modern practices in

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animal husbandry such as intensive cow farming (and similar practices applied to

the chicken) have similarly increased the output of meat. The more exotic varieties

of agriculture include aquaculture and tree farming.

The major agricultural products can be

broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, raw

materials, pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs, and

an assortment of ornamental or exotic products.

In the 2000s, plants have been used to grow Fig. 1.3. Rice transplanting

biofuels, biopharmaceuticals, and bioplastics. Specific foods include cereals,

vegetables, fruits, and meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw

materials include lumber and bamboo. Drugs include tobacco, alcohol, opium and,

cocaine.

Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins. Biofuels

include methane from biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel. Cut flowers, nursery plants,

tropical fish and birds for the pet trade are some of the ornamental products.

In 2007, about one third of the world's workers

were employed in agriculture. However, the

relative significance of farming has dropped

steadily since the beginning of industrialization,

and in 2003 – for the first time in history – the

Fig. 1.4. Multiple cropping

services sector overtook agriculture as the economic sector employing the most

people worldwide. Despite the fact that agriculture employs over one-third of the

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world's population, agricultural production accounts for less than five percent of

the gross world product (an aggregate of all gross domestic products).

Overview

Agriculture has played a key role in the development of human civilization.

Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the human population labored

in agriculture. Development of agricultural techniques has steadily increased

agricultural productivity, and the widespread diffusion of these techniques during

a time period is often called an agricultural revolution. A remarkable shift in

agricultural practices has occurred over the past century in response to new

technologies. In particular, synthetic nitrogen, along with mined rock phosphate,

pesticides, and mechanization, hs greatly increased

crop yields in the early 20th century. Increased

supply of grains has led to cheaper livestock as well.

Further, global yield increases were experienced

later in the 20th century when high-yield varieties

of common staple grains such as rice, wheat, and

corn (maize) were introduced as a part of the Green

Revolution. The Green Revolution exported the

Fig. 1.5. Rice cultivation technologies (including pesticides and synthetic

nitrogen) of the developed world out to the developing world. Thomas Malthus

famously predicted that the Earth would not be able to support its growing

population, but technologies such as the Green Revolution have allowed the world to

produce a surplus of food. However, green revolution has caused bed effect to

environment.

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 Cropping systems vary among farms depending

on the available resources and constraints;

geography and climate of the farm; government

policy; economic, social and political pressures; and

the philosophy and culture of the farmer. Shifting

Fig. 1.6. Dryland farming
cultivation (or slash and burn) is a system in which

forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then

perennial crops for a period of several years. Then the plot is left fallow to regrow

forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10-

20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input

of nutrients (fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control.

Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow

period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs. Further

industrialization leads to the use of monocultures, when one cultivar is planted on a

large acreage. Due to the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform, and pests tend

to build up, necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. Multiple

cropping, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and

intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time are other kinds of

annual cropping systems known as polycultures, mechanization, and plant breeding

(hybrids and GMO's). In the past few decades, a move towards sustainability in

agriculture has also developed, integrating ideas of socio-economic justice and

conservation of resources and the environment within a farming system. This has

led to the development of many responses to the conventional agriculture approach,

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including organic agriculture, urban agriculture, community supported agriculture,

ecological or biological agriculture, integrated farming, and holistic management.

In tropical environments, all of these

cropping systems are practiced. In subtropical and

arid environments, the timing and extent of

agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not

allowing multiple annual crops in a year, or

requiring irrigation. In all of these environments

perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and

systems are practiced such as agroforestry. In

temperate environments, where ecosystems were Fig. 1.7. Groundwater pumping

predominantly grassland or prairie, highly productive annual cropping is the

dominant farming system. The last century has seen the intensification,

concentration and specialization of agriculture, relying upon new technologies of

agricultural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides),

Ploughing rice paddies with water buffalo, in Indonesia.

Animals, including horses, mules, oxen, camels, llamas, alpacas, and dogs, are

often used to help cultivate fields, harvest crops, wrangle other animals, and

transport farm products to buyers. Animal husbandry not only refers to the

breeding and raising of animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk,

eggs, or wool), and pastures for continual basis, but also to the breeding and care

of species for work and companionship. Livestock production systems can be

defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. Grassland

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based livestock production relies upon plant material such as shrubland, rangeland

feeding ruminant animals.

Mixed production systems use grassland,

fodder crops and grain feed crops as feed for

ruminant and monogastic (one stomach; mainly

chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically

recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for

Fig. 1.8 . Rice field ploughing crops. Approximately 68% of all agricultural land

is permanent pastures used in the production of livestock. Landless systems rely

upon feed from outside the farm, representing the de-linking of crop and livestock

production. In the U.S., 70% of the grain grown is fed to animals on feedlots.

Synthetic fertilizers are more heavily relied upon for crop production and manure

utilization becomes a challenge as well as a source for pollution.

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B. VOCABULARY

Agriculture Pertanian domesticate Binatang ornament tanaman hias

d animals peliharaan
agroforestr Hutan Fallow Pertanian oxen sapi
y produksi ecological berbasis
agriculture lingk.
agronomy Budidaya environment lingkungan pastoral Group hijauan
herding
ammonium NH4NO3 fallow bera pasture Padang rumput
nitrate Senyawa N
animal peternakan farm ladang perennial Tanaman tahunan
husbandry crops
annual crops Tanaman To feed Memberi pesticides pestisida
semusim makan
aquaculture Budidaya fertilizer pupuk plant breeding Pemuliaan
dengan air tanaman
arable land Lahan fodder Makanan pollution polusi
cultivable ternak
arid kering garden kebun
biodiversity Keragaman goods barang prairie Padang rumput
, hayati
biomass, biomasa grains Biji-bijian productivity produktifitas
breeding pemuliaan grassland Padang nursery pesemaian
rumput
climate iklim To harvest memanen rangeland lahan tinggal
cocaine Illegal drugs high-yield Varitas regrow penanaman hutan
varieties berhasil forest,
tinggi
coffee, kopi horticulture hortikultura wheat gandum
conservatio konservasi integrated Pertanian rice paddies padi sawah
n farming, terpadu
conventional Pertanian intensificati intensifikasi rock Batuan fosfat
agriculture konvensional on phosphate
corn (maize) jagung intercroppin Tumpang Shifting Ladang berpindah
g sari cultivation
crop Pergiliran irrigation irigasi shrubland Semak belukar
rotation tanaman
Cropping Sistem livestock Binatang sustainability kesinambungan

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 systems pertanaman ternak
cultivar kultivar manure Pupuk temperate
kandang Beriklim sedang
cultivate membudiday monoculture Pertanaman to produce menghasilkan
akan sejenis
Cut flowers, Bunga nutrient Unsure hara water buffalo kerbau
potong

C. Excercise

 Look for simple Present and Past in your paragraph(s), either active or
passive sentences. Write down the pattern of the sentences!

Eg. Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties

S P (=V1+s) = Simple Present, Active

(Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on

rangeland) remain at the foundation of agriculture.
S P (=V1+s) = Simple Present, Active

Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological

improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation.
S P (=V1+s) = Present Perfect, Active

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers,………
S P (=V1+s) = Simple Present, Passive

fuels, raw materials, pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs, and an assortment of

ornamental or exotic products.

In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and
S P (=V1+s)= Simple Present, Passive
systems are practiced such as agroforestry.

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C. Summary

Summary of a reading material is important to take in order to understand the

text. For students, summarizing text book or a scientific article is really needed

to help in understanding, memorizing, and expressing back later either during

examination or in daily life among communities. Therefore, it is suggested for

student to take a not or to summarize what they have read,

There are some methods of taking summary of a text or reading material,

such as writing a paragraph or creating a flow chart. A short paragraph containing

key words of the reading materials can be written to summarize the reading. Then,

creating a flow chart to put the main points of the article is more suggested. It is

due to the fact that, it is easy to understand and memorize by looking at flow

chart.

Agriculture
(produces)

Foods Goods

? ? ?

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Please work in group!

 Create flow chart(s) for the information in each paragraph!

 Look for the meaning of the technical terms!

Eg. Fertilizer = pupuk (unsur hara yang ditambahkan ke dalam tanah untuk menambah
ketersediaannya bagi pertumbuhan tanaman)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

 Summarize your paragraph in Indonesian!

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

 Present your group work in front of class!

D. Parts of Speech

A sentence must consist of, at least, a subject and a predicate. It is

sometimes completed by object (O) and adverb(s) (adv of place, time, or manner).

The re is no sentence without subject and predicate. Even though an imperative

sentence looks like having no subject, it is actually hided. Subject for an

imperative sentence is usually YOU.

In translating a sentence, predicate must be identified first. Then the

subject must be (generally) before the predicate. Predicate is mostly in form of

verb, however, not all of the verb(s) are the predicate. Then, the predicate can

also be noun, adjective , or a verb.

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 A sentence = S + P

Eg. My book is red

S P

She is playing or sometimes

S P

A sentence = S + P + (O)

Eg. I bought a book

S P O

That is what I would like to say to you

S P O or

A sentence = S + P + (O) + (Adv)

Eg. I bought a book last week

S P O Adv

She invited me to come to her house next week

S P O adv(manner) Adv (time)

Exercise: Write your own sentences on spaces provided below! And identify the
subject & the predicate!

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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E. Tense Review : Present Tense

1. Active Voice
Tense Subject Predicate Object Time
signal
Present Simple I, We, They - V (I) + s
Present She, He, It - V (I)
Am Adj/
Are adverbs
is
Present I, Am
Progressive We, They Are V(I) +
She, He, It is ing
Present I, We, They have V (III)
Perfect She, He, It has
Present I, We, They Have been
Perfect She, He, It has V (I) +
Progressive ing

2. Passive Voice

Tense Subject Predicate Obje Time

ct signal
Present Simple I, Am V (III)
Present We, They Are V (III)
She, He, It is V (III)
been Adj/ adv
Present I, Am
Progressive We, They Are been V(I) +
She, He, It is ing
Present I, We, They have been V (III)
Perfect She, He, It has
Pre. Perfect I, We, They Have being
Progressive She, He, It has been V (III)

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4. Examples of Active or Passive statement in Different Tenses

Time Active Passive___________

1. Past I bought a book A book was bought (by me)

2. Present He buys a book A book is bought (by him)

3. Future She will buy a book A book will be bought (by her)

4. Past Progressive I was buying a book A book was being bought

5. Present Progressive He is buying a book A book is being bought

6. Future Progressive She will be buying a book A book will be being bought

7. Past Perfect I had bought a book A book had been bought

8. Present Perfect He has bought a book A book has been bought

9. Future Perfect She will have bought a book A book will have been bought

10.Past Perfect Progressive I had been buying a book A book had been being bought

11.Present perfect Progressive He has been buying a book A book has been being bought

12.Future perfect Progressive He will have been buying a book A book will have been being b

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