Statistical Sampling by Konrath
Statistical Sampling by Konrath
MULTIPLE CHOICE
ANSWER: B
2. If all other factors in a sampling plan are held constant, changing the measure of
tolerable error to a smaller value would cause the sample size to be:
a. Smaller. b. Larger.
c. Unchanged. d. Indeterminate.
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: D
4. Based on a random sample, it is estimated that four percent, plus or minus two
percent, of a firm's invoices contain errors. The plus or minus two percent is known as
the estimate's:
a. Precision. b. Accuracy.
c. Confidence level. d. Standard error.
ANSWER: A
5. In order to quantify the risk that sample evidence leads to erroneous conclusions
about the sampled population
a. Each item in the sampled population must have an equal chance of
being selected. b. Each item in the sampled population must
have a chance of being selected proportional to its book value. c. Each
item in the sampled population must have an equal or known probability of being
selected. d. The precise number of items in the population must be known.
ANSWER: C
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Chapter 9 Statistical Sampling for Testing Control Procedures 143
6. Which of the following statements is not true regarding audit risk assessment?
a. The auditor studies the business and industry and applies analytical procedures as
a basis for assessing inherent risk.
b. When control risk and inherent risk are high, the auditor increases detection risk
to maintain overall audit risk at the desired level.
c. The auditor studies and evaluates internal control policies and procedures for
assessing control risk.
d. The auditor designs substantive audit procedures to reduce detection risk to an
acceptable level.
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: D
8. Random numbers can be used to select a sample only when each item in the
population:
a. Can be assigned to a specific stratum. b. Is independent of
outside influence. c. Can be identified with a unique number.
d. Is expected to be within plus or minus three standard deviations of
the population mean.
ANSWER: C
ANSWER: B
sample size and selection process in order to audit items of greatest value and highest
risk.
ANSWER: A
11. An auditor samples cash disbursement records for significant errors of $5 or more.
Upon finding one such error, these records are scheduled for a complete review. This
conclusion is most likely based on a
a. Cluster sample. b. Discovery sample.
c. Systematic sample. d. Stratified sample.
ANSWER: B
12. Of the following statements, which one best differentiates statistical sampling from
nonstatistical sampling?
a. Statistical sampling is a mathematical approach to inference, whereas
nonstatistical sampling is a more subjective approach.
b. Nonstatistical sampling has greater applicability to large populations than does
statistical sampling.
c. Nonstatistical sampling is more subjective, but produces greater consistency in
the application of audit judgment.
d. Nonstatistical sampling has greater applicability to populations that lend
themselves to random selection.
ANSWER: A
13. In examining cash disbursements, an auditor plans to choose a sample using systematic
selection with a random start. The primary advantage of such a systematic selection is
that population items
a. Which include errors will not be overlooked when the auditor
exercises compatible reciprocal options.
b. May occur in a systematic pattern, thus making the sample more
representative. c. May occur more than once in a sample.
d. Do not have to be prenumbered in order for the auditor to use
the technique.
ANSWER: D
ANSWER: A
Chapter 9 Statistical Sampling for Testing Control Procedures 145
ANSWER: B
16. In an attribute sampling application, holding other factors constant, sample size
will increase as which of the following becomes smaller?
a. Reliability level. b. Population.
c. Planned precision. d. Expected rate of occurrence.
ANSWER: C
17. Which of the following sampling methods is most useful to auditors when testing
for internal control effectiveness?
a. Stratified random sampling. b. Attribute sampling.
c. Variables sampling. d. Unrestricted random
sampling with replacement.
ANSWER: B
18. Attribute sampling, as applied to control testing, can assist the auditor in several ways.
Which of the following tasks is not enhanced by sampling?
a. Determining the number of documents to examine in testing for a specific
attribute.
b. Selecting the documents to be tested.
c. Examining the documents.
d. Evaluating the sample results.
ANSWER: C
ANSWER: B
20. Which of the following would not be an attribute of interest to an auditor performing
control tests?
a. Do selling prices agree with published price lists?
b. Do purchased parts meet established quality standards?
c. Are proper labor rates being used to compute payroll?
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ANSWER: B
21. The precision limit for control testing necessary to justify lowering the
assessed control risk level depends primarily on which of the following?
a. The cause of the errors. b. The materiality of the
attribute(s) to be tested. c. The amount of any substantive errors. d.
The limit used in audits of similar clients.
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: B
23. In the examination of the financial statements of Delta Company, the auditor
determines that in performing a test of internal control effectiveness, the rate of error in the
sample does not support the auditor's preconceived notion of a tolerable
occurrence rate when, in fact, the actual error rate in the population does meet the auditor's
notion of effectiveness. This situation illustrates the risk of
a. Underassessment of control risk. b. Overassessment of
control risk. c. Incorrect rejection. d.
Incorrect acceptance.
ANSWER: B
24. If all other factors in a sampling plan are held constant, changing the risk of
underassessment from five percent to
three percent would cause the sample size to be:
a. Smaller. b. Larger.
c. Unchanged. d. Indeterminate.
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: B
26. Although mathematically based, statistical sampling does not replace audit judgment. In
utilizing statistical sampling techniques, the auditor must apply judgment in all but which
of the following tasks?
a. Selecting a tolerable rate of error.
b. Determining an acceptable risk of underassessing
control risk.
c. Calculating the actual error rate.
d. Assessing the materiality of control weaknesses.
ANSWER: C
ANSWER: C
28. Which of the following statements regarding statistical sampling in auditing is true?
a. Inasmuch as audits are test-based, generally accepted auditing standards require
the use of statistical
sampling methods whenever the auditor decides to
examine only part of a population.
b. Although statistical sampling may be applied to control testing, it is required for
substantive testing
purposes.
c. Sampling methods are used by auditors in both control testing and substantive
testing.
d. Statistical sampling methods are more appropriate for control testing when the
auditor elects to reprocess transactions, than when controls are tested by means of
document examination.
ANSWER: C
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: B
sample risks. c. Can more easily convert the sample into a dual-
purpose test useful for substantive testing. d. Eliminate the
need to use judgment in determining appropriate sample sizes.
ANSWER: B
34. Several risks are inherent in the evaluation of audit evidence which
has been obtained through the use of statistical sampling. Which of the following
risks is an example of the risk of underassessment of control risk?
a. Failure to properly define the population to be
sampled.
b. Failure to draw a random sample from the population. c. Failure to
accept the statistical hypothesis that
internal control is unreliable when, in fact, it is. d. Failure to accept the
statistical hypothesis that a book value is not materially misstated when the true
book value is not materially misstated.
ANSWER: C
35. As a result of tests of controls, an auditor underassessed control risk and decreased
substantive testing. This underassessment occurred because the true occurrence rate in
the population was
a. Less than the risk of underassessment in the auditor's sample.
b. Less than the occurrence rate in the auditor's sample. c. More than the
risk of underassessment in the auditor's sample.
d. More than the occurrence rate in the auditor's sample.
ANSWER: D
36. If all other factors specified in an attribute sampling plan remain constant, changing
the specified precision from 6% to 10%, and changing the specified reliability from
97% to 93% would cause the required sample size to
a. Increase. b. Remain the same.
c. Decrease. d. Change by 4%.
ANSWER: C
37. Which of the following factors is generally not considered in determining the
sample size for a test of controls?
a. Population size. b. Tolerable rate.
c. Risk of underassessment. d. Expected population
occurrence rate.
ANSWER: A
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38. The expected population occurrence rate of client billing errors is 3%. The
auditor has established a tolerable rate of 5%. In the review of client invoices the auditor
should use
a. Stratified sampling. b. Variable sampling.
c. Discovery sampling. d. Attribute sampling.
ANSWER: D
39. An auditor desired to test credit approval on 10,000 sales invoices processed during the
year. The auditor designed a statistical sample that would provide a 1% risk of assessing
control risk too low (99% confidence) that not more than 7% of the sales invoices
lacked approval. The auditor estimated from previous experience that about 2 1/2% of the
sales invoices lacked approval. A sample of 200 invoices was examined and
7 of them were lacking approval. The auditor then determined the upper
occurrence limit to be 8%. In the evaluation of this sample, the auditor decided to increase
the level of the preliminary assessment of control risk because the
a. Tolerable rate (7%) was less than the achieved upper occurrence limit
(8%). b. Expected occurrence rate (7%) was more than the
percentage of errors in the sample (3 1/2%). c. Achieved upper
occurrence limit (8%) was more than the percentage of errors in the sample (3 1/2%).
d. Expected occurrence rate (2 1/2%) was less than the tolerable rate
(7%).
ANSWER: A
40. To evaluate the sample results for an attributes sampling application, a measure
of precision is required. Which of the following statements is true regarding
precision?
a. Precision is subtracted from the tolerable rate of error to determine the
acceptability of sample results. b. Precision is added to the tolerable rate of error to
determine the acceptability of sample results. c. Precision is subtracted
from the sample occurrence rate and the result is compared to the tolerable rate of
error. d. Precision is added to the sample
occurrence rate and the result is compared to the tolerable rate of error.
ANSWER: D
41. An auditor who uses statistical sampling for attributes in testing internal controls
should increase the assessed level of control risk when the
a. Sample occurrence rate is less than the expected
occurrence rate used in planning the sample. b. Tolerable rate less the
allowance for sampling risk exceeds the sample occurrence rate.
c. Sample occurrence rate plus the allowance for sampling risk exceeds
the tolerable rate. d. Sample occurrence rate plus the allowance for
sampling risk equals the tolerable rate.
ANSWER: C
Chapter 9 Statistical Sampling for Testing Control Procedures 151
ANSWER: A
43. An auditor wishes to determine if the error rate on travel reimbursement claims is
within the five-percent tolerance level set by management. What sampling plan should
the auditor use?
a. Variables sampling. b. Attribute sampling.
c. Judgment sampling. d. PPS sampling.
ANSWER: B
44. The auditor samples cash disbursements for minor errors of $5 or less.
The parameter to be estimated is the error rate, which might be as high as 10%. The
auditor is most likely to use
a. Block sampling. b. Variables sampling.
c. Attributes sampling. d. Discovery sampling.
ANSWER: C
ANSWER: D
COMPLETION:
47. Statistical sampling for attributes is most applicable in situations where a visible
in the form of exists.
ANSWER: SUBJECTIVE
51. The the precision range, the larger the sample size.
ANSWER: NARROWER
52. The more critical an attribute to those control policies and procedures relevant to an
audit, the the tolerable occurrence rate.
ANSWER: LOWER
ANSWER: BETA
54. Random selection requires that items to be included in the sample must be drawn on a
basis.
ANSWER: PROBABILITY
55. When documents are not prenumbered, an acceptable alternative to the use of random
number tables or computer-generated numbers is .
56. Under conditions of detection risk, a minimal quantity of audit evidence is needed.
ANSWER: HIGH
MATCHING:
Chapter 9 Statistical Sampling for Testing Control Procedures 153
A. Attribute sampling
B. Alpha risk
C. Discovery sampling
D. Beta risk
E. Expected occurrence rate
F. Precision
G. Discovery sampling
H. Sampling risk
I. Systematic sampling
J. Tolerable occurrence rate
K. Upper occurrence limit
L. Variables sampling
SOLUTION:
1. A
2. C
3. E
4. D
154 Chapter 9 Statistical Sampling for Testing Control
Procedures
5. J
6. H
7. I
8. K
9. B
10. F
PROBLEM/ESSAY:
58. Margaret Hopkins, CPA, wishes to test the effectiveness of internal controls over
the customer billing function of
Jack’s Wholesale Hardware, an audit client. Hopkins has
identified the following attributes to be tested. For each
attribute, indicate the appropriate sampling unit and
carefully define what constitutes an error.
SOLUTION:
59. Sampling can assist the auditor in various ways during the examination of
documentary evidence for tests of internal
controls. Using a vouchering and vendor billing application
as an example, assume that you are interested in evaluating
internal controls relative to ordering goods, receiving
goods, and processing vendor invoices. Discuss how attribute
sampling might assist you in the following phases
of your tests of controls:
a. Determining the number of vouchers to test;
b. Selecting the vouchers for testing;
c. Evaluating the results of the voucher test;
d. Assessing audit risk associated with the
expenditure cycle.
SOLUTION:
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Procedures
a. In determining the number of vouchers to test, the auditor will need to set a tolerable
occurrence rate and an acceptable risk of underassessment. These parameters, along with
an estimated occurrence rate may then be used as inputs to determining sample size.
b. If vouchers are prenumbered, the auditor can elect to use a random selection
approach to selecting vouchers test
for predefined attributes.
c. Having examined the sample for the attributes of interest, the auditor can
calculate the observed error
rate and the upper occurrence limit.
d. The upper occurrence limit can be compared with the tolerable occurrence rate to
support raising or lowering the assessed level of control risk.
Required:
a. Based on the pilot sample, calculate the expected
occurrence rate and the tolerable occurrence rate for
each attribute.
b. In determining sample size, Jones can select an
expected occurrence rate ranging from the low for
attribute number 2 to the high for attributes 3 and 4.
What impact will a low rate relative to a high rate
have on the calculated sample size?
c. What other factors must Jones consider before
determining the sample size?
c. Assuming that a sample of 100 payroll summary entries
produced the following calculated upper occurrence
limits, what impact will these limits have on
Jones substantive audit program?
Chapter 9 Statistical Sampling for Testing Control Procedures 157
Attribute 1: 7.0%
Attribute 2: 4.0%
Attribute 3: 12.0%
Attribute 4: 6.0%
SOLUTION: