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Chapter 4 Javier Et Al. Final ..
Chapter 4 Javier Et Al. Final ..
This chapter comprises of the presentation, analysis and discussion of the data
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of age, civil status, educational
household.
Table 1.1
Age
a. Age
Frequency Percentage
21-25 10 25%
26-30 7 17.5%
31-35 6 15%
36-40 13 32.5%
41-43 4 10%
TOTAL 40 100%
As shown in table 1.1, there are 25% of study participants from ages
21-25, followed by 17.5% from ages 26-30, 15% from ages 31-35, 32.5%
from ages 36-40, and 10% from ages 41-43. The behavioral responses to
COVID-19 varied by age, and the changes by age over time were
dependent on the types of behaviors. When the pandemic first spread out,
safe habits, extending previous experience. Older people may have realized
that they are more vulnerable to the virus's negative effects and have felt a
This knowledge may have been rapidly absorbed after the pandemic began,
and daily rises in infections and deaths were registered, allowing for a large
This is affirmed by the results of this study, which indicate that majority
(32.5%) of the study participants belong to the age group of 36-40 years
old.
Table 1.2
Civil Status
b. Civil Status
Frequency Percentage
Single 16 40%
Married 20 50%
Widower 4 10%
TOTAL 40 100%
As shown in table 1.2, there are 40% of study participants who are Single, followed
by 50% who are Married, and 10% who are Widower. The aim of understanding the
means being able to properly take preventive steps, control the source of infection, cut
off the transmission path, and protect vulnerable groups. Awareness, attitude, profession,
civil status, education level, and place of residence were the key factors influencing the
public's protective conduct, according to the results of multiple linear regression analysis.
Marital/civil status had an impact on KAP. Unmarried, divorced, or widowed people had a
greater grasp of knowledge, more involved protective attitudes, and higher adherence
rates to protective behaviors than married people. This may be because, in addition to
self-defense, married people have the duty of caring for their families. As a result, they
are more likely to think about security, have a more optimistic outlook, and take effective
preventive measures (Gao et al., 2020). This is proven by the results of this study, which
Table 1.3
as to Educational Attainment
c. Educational Attainment
Frequency Percentage
Elementary 10 25%
High School 14 35%
College 16 40%
TOTAL 40 100%
As shown in table 1.3, there are 25% of the respondents who was able to
graduate from elementary, 35% of the study participants are those who graduated
from high school, leaving the remaining 40% those individuals who was able to
finish college. People who are able to graduate in higher forms of education tend to
be more knowledgeable in such topics such as health. They are able to take note of
the proper precautionary actions regarding their health thus making them less
susceptible to the virus. This can be seen on a study done by Lau et al (2020)
regarding the COVID-19 transmission routes. In the same study they have also
found that a higher level of education is also highly associated with the proper
Table 1.4
d. Income level
Frequency Percentage
100-300 pesos 14 35%
300-500 pesos 3 7.5%
500-1000 pesos 23 57.5%
TOTAL 40 100%
As shown in table 1.4, majority of the jeepney drivers earn about 500-1000
pesos per day or 7.5%. Third is 300-500 pesos per day or 7.5%. In March of 2020,
Due to this quarantine, Filipinos have also encountered a major effect on their
household income. One of the most affected were the Filipino Jeepney drivers.
Philippines might not have access to regular and reliable sources of information
about disease etiology and prevention, leaving them ill-equipped to minimize the risk
of infection during emerging outbreaks. In this study, almost half of the Jeepney
drivers earning 100-500 pesos daily which is at 42.5% are now left ill-equipped in
term of minimizing the risk of infection since they belong to the low-income group
which does not have access to regular and reliable sources of information regarding
disease prevention.
Table 1.5
as to Household
e. Household
Frequency Percentage
2-3 family members 10 25%
4-5 family members 18 45%
6-7 family members 8 20%
8 or more family members 4 10%
TOTAL 40 100%
As shown in table 1.5, majority of Filipino Jeepney drivers are part of 4-5 family
which is at 25%. 6-7 family members at 20%, and 8 or more family members at
10%. None of the 40 respondents are part of the 1 family member, which is at 0%.
In low- and middle-income countries such as the Philippines, the presence of the
systems to address the disease as it continues to spread. Health care facilities that
were already overburdened before the pandemic are becoming increasingly clear
that adopting the measures employed by high-income countries may not be feasible
due to the overwhelming number of cases (Dela Cruz, 2020). This is affirmed by the
result of this study. 4-5 family members of the Jeepney drivers or 45% are now left
spread.
2. What is the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices of the respondents during
Table 2 presents the distribution of the levels of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices
Table 2.1
Legend:
0-2.5 No Knowledge
seen in Table 2.1, the average knowledge score for the respondents was 7.75 (SD =
1.23). COVID19, which began as a regional outbreak in China's Wuhan, has spread
globally, infecting people from nearly every country. The survival and well-being of
human societies are in risk. With a positive attitude toward coronavirus, people
understand the value of social distancing and other preventive measures recommended
by the government. People are depending on reliable sources for corona knowledge, and
although they are confident in their ability to overcome disease, they have expressed
concern about the threat. They are aware of the virus, its common symptoms and
prevention, government testing, and medical facilities. WHO has developed proper
policies and funds to protect countries around the world, with a particular emphasis on
developing countries with poor and weak health infrastructure. The aim was to reduce
healthcare, and mitigate social and economic losses. In order to avoid infection, WHO
2020).
One of the most important ways to control the spread of diseases like COVID-19 is
to raise public consciousness about infectious diseases caused by new pathogens. Since
knowledge about the disease, its symptoms, precautionary procedures, diagnosis, and
treatment may differ from those of other infectious diseases and take a long time, it is
critical to disseminate timely alerts about the pandemic and preventive care to the public
critical that knowledge and guidance remain consistent. As a result, it is critical that
accurate and credible information be disseminated to the public through validated outlets,
and that the dissemination of any misinformation be effectively contained to avoid any
19 across various channels (Alanezi et al., 2020). This is verified by the results of the
study, which indicates that the levels of knowledge of the study participants was high.
Table 2.2
Legend:
1.76-2.5 -Negative
2.51-3.25 -Positive
There were 10 items that were asked from the study participants regarding their
attitudes on COVID-19. As shown in table 2.2, the attitude score for the respondents was
2.9750 (SD = .0.272). The COVID-19 has drastically affected the lives of people all over
the world affecting every aspect of living the people go through. This has led them to
protective equipment (PPE), and a variety of different safety measures which was
enforced on the public. On research regarding quarantine has found such conditions has
led to people’s condition being affected such as their attitudes in terms of the perceived
vulnerability and perceived severity which affects a person behavior (Prasetyo et al,
2020). Having a positive attitude is very important during such times because of the
pressure which is put on people leading them to feel anxious and stressed due the
multitude of struggles which the virus caused to individuals and communities. Because of
the rise of the cases within the country the government has released a multitude of
guidelines to which the public would follow, this includes those work under transportation,
which enforced them to follow the guidelines in order for them to presume with the
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) on regarding the “Guidelines on the
Proper use and Promotion of Active Transport During and After the COVID-19
Pandemic”. In this order it is stated the because of the COVID-19 pandemic there is now
a risk for the public when using public transportation, because of this the use of social
distancing is being enforced within public the use of traditional public transport services.
In the joint administrative order each department has their separate duties regarding
public transport and with each of this would be needed to be followed by transportation
The ability to adapt with the obstacles which arise during these times is essential
for one to cope with this scenario. It is imperative to keep track of the attitudes of the
individual if they can adjust to these conditions. Being able to manage emotional stress,
anxiety, and depressive is of utmost importance when faced with disaster. As manifested
on the study the level of the respondents is moderately high showing, indicating that
there is still room to improve when it comes to their attitudes towards COVID-19
Table 2.3
Legend:
2.61-3.4 – Occasionally
There were 10 items that were asked from the study participants regarding their
practices on COVID-19. As shown in table 2.3, the practices score for the respondents
was 3.68 (SD = 0.473). In a study, the Philippines reported local transmission of COVID-
19 and imposed enhanced community quarantines (ECQ) on half the population of the
country from 20 March to 30 April. ECQ included very stringent social and physical
distancing steps at the community level, such as halting public transport, banning intra-
country travel, and limiting people to their homes, except for vital activities such as food
and health care (Department of Health, 2020). According to Armed Forces of the
Philippines (2020), The COVID-19 virus hit the economy of the Philippines and plunged
into recession. Gross domestic product shrank 16.5 percent on-year in the second
quarter. To slow down the spread of the virus that has already devastated the economies
globally, the country continues to suffer one of the world's longest stay-at-home orders.
In late January, PUV drivers and conductors were required due to the mandate to
always wear face masks while on duty. Apart from observing proper hygiene, the LTFRB
also called on the riding public, PUV operators, drivers, and conductors to refrain from
stakeholders.” (Dela Cruz, 2020). Moreover, the skills of the public utility drivers in the
Philippines were tested due to the many problems brought by COVID-19. Fortunately,
these drivers follow simple health protocols such as washing their hands or sanitizing
their hands with alcohol, wearing face masks and/or face shield, and most importantly,
social distancing. Furthermore, in stepping up efforts to further prevent the spread of the
disease, public gatherings, and large-scale events will soon be regulated through "social
distancing" measures due to the surge in confirmed COVID-19 infections (Dela Cruz,
2020).
Many Filipinos assume that the new normal has adapted to the constraints and
routine. However as found in the recent Ipsos Southeast Asia Study (Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) on living with COVID-19,
94 percent express concern that they will contract COVID-19. The global virus pandemic
is greatly affecting the world of work. Also, the long-term livelihoods and well beings of
millions were threatened by the economic and social disruption. (International Labour
Organization, 2020).
Table 3.1
Pearson r test results of Relationship between demographic profile and their level of
Knowledge
The high level of awareness among the participants may be due to the fact that the
majority of them have a college degree or higher, or it could be due to the extensive
media coverage, which includes all media channels, and the effect of the pandemic on
social life, which forces people to follow. The older participants' high level of experience
and practice could be due to a better understanding of the disease's increased risk of
infection and complications in the elderly and people with chronic diseases. Following the
plays an important role in prevention. As a defense against the epidemic, the general
public's understanding of COVID-19 has improved since the pandemic. The collection of
transmission, prevention, and risk factors will aid in identifying preventive measures that
aren't being followed, making it important for local governments to devise appropriate
strategies to prepare for and control the virus's spread (Saeed et al., 2021).
Sex, marital status, educational attainment, and other variables were found to have a
strongly correlated with having a higher education degree. This reveals a significant
educational divide, which may be due to inaccurate public knowledge and COVID-19
officials and other news organizations must address the multifaceted variety of factors
that contribute to a lack of awareness (Banik et al., 2020). This is confirmed by the
results of the study, which indicates that the there is no significant relationship between
Table 4.1
Pearson r test results of Relationship between the level of Knowledge and the level of
Attitude
As seen on the results on table 4.1 there is a positive correlation between the
knowledge and attitudes of the study participants. As the knowledge of the participants
are higher as indicated in table 2.1, this would also result in the better attitude of the
person. This is because through better knowledge a person would be able to cope and
adapt to the situation compared to those who graduated in less higher forms of
education. A study held in Wuhan, China found that individuals whose score in
knowledge was lower were found to have been to also have negative attitudes, while the
opposite would result in better attitudes, indicating the positive correlation between the
two (Zhong et al, 2020). Another study also found the same correlation between in
between knowledge and attitudes stating that the main modifier for a person’s attitude
toward the COVID-19 is knowledge (Akalu et al, 2020). Similarly to the results of the
study which used Pearson r test, another study done by Saqlein et al (2020) also
manifested the same results in which in their study showed a clear positive linear
correlation of knowledge and attitudes. A reason for this is because when a person is
more knowledgeable regarding COVID-19 this would lead them to behave more
rationally during times on which problems arose during the time of the spread of the virus
allowing them show have higher level of attitudes when a person shows more literac
Table 4.2
Pearson r test results of Relationship between the level of Knowledge and the level of
Practices
As seen on the results on table 4.2 there is a positive correlation between the
knowledge and practice of the study participants. As the knowledge of the participants
are higher as indicated in table 2.3 which resulted in a better practice of the person. This
explains that the more knowledge a person has, that person would be able to cope and
adapt to the situation compared to those who graduated in less higher forms of
workers were using less authentic sources of information which ultimately affected the
knowledge and is reflected in their practice. The study recommends that health ministries
in terms of clinical knowledge about COVID-19 to gain better practice (Saglain et al,
2020)
COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the outbreak from a
quick online cross-sectional survey suggest that Chinese residents of a relatively high
level of socioeconomic status have had good knowledge, optimistic attitudes, and
appropriate practices towards COVID-19 during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19
and appropriate practices towards COVID-19, suggesting that health education programs
5. Based on the results of the study, what specific instructional materials could be
developed aimed at improving COVID-19 knowledge and are helpful for Filipino jeepney
The researchers have created an instructional material based on the study's results
that aims to improve COVID-19 awareness, foster positive attitudes, and maintain
information that would be beneficial for the public. Furthermore, based on the important
positive relationship found in our study between awareness, attitude, and practice, health
education initiatives, especially those aimed at people with low knowledge of COVID-19,
are critical for promoting positive attitudes and maintaining healthy practices. Hopefully,
COVID-19 has, admittedly, been a developing public health problem around the
world. Scientists are working hard to investigate various vaccines and treatment options.
Social scientists, particularly those working in public health and health communication,
are attempting to determine the public's level of awareness, attitudes, and practices
programs can be developed. In reality, the current survey highlights the need for more
rigorous education programs that place a premium on the quality of information provided
old wives' tales, and incorrect facts. In order to disseminate these messages, authorities
should use both traditional and social media (Azlan et al., 2020).
disinfection, widespread public health education programs, and school and workplace
flyers, among other widely distributed public health education programs, played a vital
role in public planning. It was believed that the pandemic had a huge effect on people's