Learning From Others and Reviewing The Literature: Grade
Learning From Others and Reviewing The Literature: Grade
11
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
QUARTER 3 – MODULE 4
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Week 5 - 8
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This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is
capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at
your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you
Know are expected to learn in the module.
What’s More
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What I Can Do
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
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gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of inquiry and research. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
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What I Know
Multiple Choices: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It is taken from books or studies that were tested and proven so many times over a
long period of time.
B. MLA is easier than APA D. The way the citations are formatted
5. What are the three main components consistent across literature reviews? A.
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B. The review provides a description, summary and evaluation of each source.
8. Being honest, truthful, and grateful in doing the review of related literature is
practicing ____________.
B. H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel (1999) define pointers as "variables that contain as their
values addresses of other variables" (p. 294).
C. H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel define pointers as "variables that contain as their values
addresses of other variables" (1999, p. 294).
10. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the
researcher
B. Strive to promote social good and mitigate social harms through research
12. The following example of an APA in-text citation is incorrectly formatted, because
_______.
(Giugovaz 2008 p. 2)
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A. the citation is missing commas to separate the elements
15. For all paraphrased and summarized content, the citation must include
C. one which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.
17. You're doing a paper on death and dying and in the course of your research you have
talked to a family friend whose child recently died. You want to include something she said
to you, although it is not a quotation. Do you have to reference this, and if so, how would
you do it?
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A. Put a parenthetical note as follows: (J. Doe, personal communication, April 1, 2004),
but do not put it into the reference list.
B. Since no one could check on this, and you are really putting it into your own words,
it is not necessary to cite it at all.
C. It is sufficient to mention in your text that a friend had experienced this situation.
A. You are providing hard evidence or expert witnesses to support your argument.
B. You let your reader know that you are working within the academic tradition.
19. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source, is still
considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed the
author's exact words.
B. By not providing the exact words of the author in their entirety, you are attributing
to the author some words that he/she did not write.
C. You must never use the words of others when you are using their ideas.
D. You have failed to indicate, by means of direct quotation marks, which are the exact
words of the original.
20. You're worried that your paper will look as if all the ideas come from someone else
and appears to list one reference citation after another. You can avoid this by:
A. Having your own over-riding argument and thesis, being analytical, and presenting
your own interpretations of the evidence.
B. Omitting references when you are in doubt whether you need to reference ideas or
information.
C. Integrating quotes and ideas into the text so that they fit in with your own words in
a seamless web, and varying the way you introduce your references to the original
sources.
D. Both a and c.
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Lesson
Review of Related
1 Literature (RRL)
Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that
are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner. Embodied in any literary work like
essay, novel, journal, story, biography, etc. are man’s best thoughts and feelings
about the world. These recorded or preserved world perceptions of man are
expressed directly and indirectly. Direct expression of man’s knowledge of the
world are in books, periodicals, and online reading materials. Indirect expressions
are his inferences or reflections of his surrounding that are not written or spoken
at all (Ridley 2012).
What’s In
Directions: List and rank sources that you would reference for your research from
the following potential sources of information. Use a
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separate sheet of paper for your answer.
What’s New
1.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
What is It
7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered
to support the conclusion of your research.
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not require you to describe your method of reviewing literature but expects you
to state your intentions in conducting the review and to name the sources of
information.
4. Expert review – encourages a well- known expert to do the RRL because of the
influence of certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him/her
5. Scoping review – prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of
project making about community development, government policies, and health
services, among others.
2. Plan your manner of obtaining the data. Imagining how you will get to where
the data are, you will come to think also of what keywords to use for easy
searching and how to accord courtesy and respect to people or institutions from
where the data will come such as planning how to communicate your request
to these sources of data.
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3. Do the literature search. Using keywords, you look for the needed information
from all sources of knowledge: Internet, books, journals periodicals, government
publications, general references, and the like.
6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data. To concisely
present a synthesis of your report, use a graph such as a table and other
presentation formats that are not prone to verbosity.
The following table shows the way several books on RRL compare and
contrast the two styles of RRL.
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Nature of studies Inquiry-based techniques Wide and thorough search
involving several studies for all
Quality appraisal Reviewers’ views Assessment checklists
Summary Narrative Graphical and short
summary
Regardless of what RRL structure you opt to use, you must see to it that
the organizational pattern of the results of your review contains these three
elements:
An introduction to explain the organizational method of your literature review
Headings and subheadings to indicate the right placement of your supporting
statements and
What’s More
Directions: Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore.
Enumerate at least three ways on how you will look for the information and data
needed about the chosen topic. Share important information that you would like
to probe on the chosen subject. Use separate sheet of paper for your answers.
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Follow the given examples and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Answer:__________________________________________________________
Topic Sentence:
Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of
PPE.
Answer:___________________________________________________________
Example: Bagale, S. (2016). Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Technical and
Vocation Education and Training. Journal of Training and Development, 2(Ii), 25–
32. https://doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15435
Answer:
1._________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3.____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Example:
Source 1: Bagale found out that more women are included in the traditional
technical vocational programs, whereas there is poor participation in
nontraditional areas.
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Source 2: Mustapha pointed out that there is gender imbalance in the technical
vocational field.
Answer:
Source 1:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Source 2:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Source 3:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Example: Bagale and Mustapha agreed that there are still gender inequalities in the
technical vocational field and that women are still concentrated in certain types of
area.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha disagree on the factors that contributes and are
affected by the gender inequality issues on technical vocational majors.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: Summarizing
Answer:
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the
next step of this study?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
There are a lot of ways to bring in the flow of literature review that will help
learners develop their research. Frequently asked questions on how to proceed
in the conduct of literature review includes: how to look for sources, how many
sources should be cited, how to discuss ideas taken from the studies cited, how
to cite authors, and further. The aim of this lesson is to present a step-by-step
guide in undertaking a review of literature to facilitate your understanding.
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What’s In
What’s New
I know by this time you have searched many literatures from the library
or from the internet. Have you used the different internet platform in searching
literature? Have you tried Google Scholar, Eric, Springer, ResearchGate, Elsevier,
or ProQuest? There are bunch of literatures waiting for you there. You are a true
researcher now that maybe even in your dreams you can now see the studies
around waiting for you to read. Well, I think you find it hard to organize them all.
Do not worry, this lesson is for you. You will not be dreaming of those again
because this lesson will allow you to arrange them properly.
What is It
Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
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Stage 1: Search for the Literature
The stage where you devote much of your time looking for sources of
knowledge, data, or information to answer your research questions or to support
your assumption about the topic.
The following are pointers you have to remember in searching for the best
sources of information or data. (Fraenbell 2012)
1. Choose previous research findings that are closely related to your research.
2. Give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertis or authority in
the field of knowledge to which the research studies belong.
3. Consider sources of knowledge that refer more to primary data than to
secondary data.
4. Prefer getting information from peer-reviewed materials than from general
reading materials.
Stage 2: Reading the Source Materials
You will deal with idea connection and organization to form overall
understanding of the materials by paraphrasing or summarizing. I doing
paraphrasing and summarizing, you need to change the arrangement of ideas,
structures of the language, and format the text using appropriate using
organizational techniques of comparison-contrast, chronological order, spatial
relationship, inductive –deductive order, and transitional devices. The changes
will make the quality of ideas incorporated into the summary or paraphrase
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effective. This means that in writing the review, you are free to fuse your
opinions with the author’s ideas. (Corti 2014).Good literature writing shuns
presenting ideas in serial abstracts which means every paragraph merely
consist of article.
Juxtaposing or dealing with studies with respect to each other will prove
the extent of the validity of findings of previous studies vis-à-vis the recent ones.
By reading the source materials and writing the review analytically or critically,
you are giving yourself to express your genuine or opinionated knowledge about
the topic and increasing the enthusiasm of people in reading your work. (Radyler
2013)
Opening an article with bibliographic list that begins with the author’s
name like the following examples is not good.
Alvarez (2015) said ….
Using correct words to link ideas will make you synthesize your literature
review in a way that evidence coming from various sources of data, will present
an overall understanding of the context or present circumstances affecting the
research problem.
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What’s More
Print Sources
Au Fi M (Pu B Pla Pu
th r id blic o ce bli
or’ st dl atio o of sh
s e n k Pub
I er
La In Dat T lica
n
st iti e) it tion
it
Na al l :
ia
m e
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e
Example of two authors: Roble, M. J., & Johnson, L. (2010). India (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Marshall.
Example of three authors: Carreon, A., Marcos, M., & Genobaten, D. (2009). Work
Under Pressure. Chicago, IL: Wilcon Press.
Example of more than six authors: Benson, B., Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E.,
Ebiola, F., Flores, G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los Angeles, USA:
Paramoud Era Press.
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Author1 First Middl Author2 First Middl Author3 First Middl Author4 First Middl
’s Last Initi e ’s Last Initi e ’s Last Initi e ’s Last Initi e
Name al Initia Name al Initia Name al Initia Name al Initia
l l l l
Author5’ First Middl Author6’ First Middl (Publicatio Boo Place of Publishe
s Last Initia e s Last Initia e n Date) k Publication r
Name l Initial Name l Initial Title :
Initial
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Lesson Standard Styles in
Review of Related
3 Literature, Citation, or
References
The ethical standards of research establish the values and expectations of a
research so that information generated is written accurately and appropriately in
accordance to the highest moral principles of research. These ethical standards are
governed by core values of integrity, confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy through
informed consent, voluntary participation, beneficence, justice, and rights to review.
It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and
welfare of research participants. These principles are honesty, integrity,
trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for intellectual property, and social
and legal responsibility. This lesson introduces you to the ethical standards of
research before, during, and after the conduct of study, conflicts that might arise while
carrying out the research, and possible solutions to address it.
What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned the different manners and styles of
referencing, or giving credit to owners of ideas borrowed within the span of
research. Such referencing acts will make your study reliable and acceptable in
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the research community once evaluated by an ethics review committee which sets
out the standards for research in each forum or platform where you share and
present your study. This part will also give you an idea about the researcher’s
responsibilities towards participants or respondents, common difficulties in the
conduct of research, possible solutions to answer it or minimize risks, conflicting
values, and other ethical issues that might engulfed the research process.
What’s New
During the conduct of research, common difficulties may arise that will greatly
affect the result of your research. As a researcher, one must be adept enough to
foresee possible challenges to your research so that it will be resolved sooner.
Below is a summary of difficulties, challenges, and / or issues you may
encounter.
1. Unavailability of respondents
6. Unscientific data
8. Lacking instruments
9. Communication problems
Directions: Choose three from the above summary of difficulties and try
resolving the conflict by filling-in the boxes below. An example is provided in
each box.
Identify the Facts
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Issue Principle in Conflict Options / Solutions
s / Challenges
2.
3.
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What is It
3. Citation or In-text Citation – references within the man body of the text,
specifically in Review of Related Literature
A citation style tells the information necessary for a citation and how the
information is arranged, as well as punctuation and other formatting.
There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The
citation style use depends on the academic discipline involved.
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- is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences
MLA (Modern Language Association) style
Purposes of Citation
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know
about the field
1. Integral Citation
Way of citing or referring to the author by using active verbs like claim, assert,
state, etc. Using these types of verbs somehow expresses the author’s mental
position, attitude, stand or opinion in relation to the information referred to.
Examples of Integral Citation:
APA MLA
The latest work by (Lee, 2015) asserts… The latest work by (Lee 123)
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2. Non-integral Citation
This citation style downplays any strength of the writer’s personal characteristics.
Stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas.
Examples of Non-integral Citation:
The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways by which people
from different cultural background can harmoniously relate themselves with one
another. (De la Cruz, 2015)
Patterns of Citation
1. Summary – the shortened the version of the original text that is express
in your own language.
3. Short Direct Quotation – you can quote or repeat writing certain part
of author’s sentence, the whole sentence or several sentences not
exceeding forty (40) words.
4. Long Direct Quotation – this citation patterns, allow you to copy the
author’s exact words or sentence, from 40 to one hundred 100 words
only. Under APA style, the limit is eight lines and placed it in the middle
of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose
a stanza in a poem.
5. Tense of verbs for reporting – reporting author’s ideas using active
verbs are effective words to use. Presents their ideas in any of these
tenses: Past, present and present-perfect tense.
Example:
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Present tense – Ramos explains….
Paste tense – Ramos explained….
Present perfect tense – Ramos has explained…
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and
passing the quoted words off as your own words. The leading act of plagiarism is
using the words of the original text in expressing your understanding of the
reading material. The right way to avoid plagiarism is to express the borrowed
ideas in your own words. (Ransome 2013)
In writing the literature review, researchers must follow a set of ethical standards
or guidelines. Following the guidelines ensure credibility, academic honesty, and
integrity among researchers.
What’s More
Directions: Analyze and do two things about each sentence or paragraph. First,
identify the citation style used; second, comment on the accuracy of each text
based on what you have learned about in-text citation. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Many gave their comments about the medicinal powers of Ampalaya. For
instance, the latest study by Santos and Gomez revealed that the juice of this
vegetable can be a good cure against diabetes.
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. De Jesus and Roces felt that one research study by (Collanto and Fernandez
p. 88) and Vallejo, 2015 validated Meneses findings on the Ebola virus.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. A number of medicinal plants can be found in one’s family’s backyard. Fruit
trees like santol, mango, guava, tamarind, atis, and guyabano, among others,
grow robustly in any spacious area in a yard. Needing no regular watering, these
plants always make themselves available to people believing in their medicinal
qualities. (Rafael Corpuz)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. One study by Laguardia (2015) has identified the seven components of
Intercultural competence that according to Florentino (2015, p. 45) are likewise
the leading elements of one “contemporary language theory called Systematic
Functional Grammar.”
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
The standard ethics for research is governed by the core values such as
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trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for (9)_______ property, and
social and (10) ________responsibility. Once research ethics are not tagged, it may
give rise to scientific misconduct. For example, are falsification and fabrication of
data, (11) ________, and non-publication of data. To avoid these mishaps, the
following are required by the Ethics (12) ________ Committee: (in any order)
What I Can Do
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
The undersigned is a Grade 11 student taking Practical Research I. As a
requirement, I am conducting a research entitled “Student Satisfaction on Food
Services Provided by the School Canteens of SQNHS”
In connection with this, I am asking for your time, and voluntary effort to
answer the questionnaire that are important for the completion of the study. Rest
assured that all data gathered from you will be kept in the highest level of
confidentiality. Your positive response will be valuable contribution for the
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success of the study and will be highly appreciated. Thank you very much for
your cooperation.
Sincerely yours,
Juan Dela Cruz
Assessment
Multiple Choices: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on a separate
sheet of paper.
4. It is taken from books or studies that were tested and proven so many times over a
long period of time.
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5. What are the three main components consistent across literature reviews?
B. Strive to promote social good and mitigate social harms through research
11. Being honest, truthful, and grateful in doing the review of related literature is
practicing ____________.
14. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the
researcher
15. For all paraphrased and summarized content, the citation must include
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D. Author(s)’ last name(s) and the page or paragraph number
16. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source,
is still considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed
the author's exact words.
B. By not providing the exact words of the author in their entirety, you are
attributing to the author some words that he/she did not write.
C. You must never use the words of others when you are using their ideas.
D. You have failed to indicate, by means of direct quotation marks, which are the
exact words of the original.
C. one which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.
18. You're doing a paper on death and dying and in the course of your research
you have talked to a family friend whose child recently died. You want to include
something she said to you, although it is not a quotation. Do you have to reference this,
and if so, how would you do it?
B. Since no one could check on this, and you are really putting it into your own
words, it is not necessary to cite it at all.
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19. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source,
is still considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed
the author's exact words.
B. Omitting references when you are in doubt whether you need to reference ideas
or information.
C. Integrating quotes and ideas into the text so that they fit in with your own
words in a seamless web and varying the way you introduce your references to the
original sources.
D. Both a and c.
20. The benefits of using citation and the appropriate style are:
A. You are providing hard evidence or expert witnesses to support your argument.
B. You let your reader know that you are working within the academic tradition.
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Additional Activities
Directions: In the video, you will be provided additional tips in writing a literature
review. You will need your cell phone or laptop with a Wi-Fi connection or internet
data to access the following link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIYC6zG265E
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References
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