A Project Progress Report on

E VEHICLE: BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Submitted By
OMKAR J SUVARNA 4NM17EC098
DISHAL K M 4NM18EC408
GANAPATI HEGDE 4NM18EC410
MITHIL ACHARYA 4NM18EC414

Under the guidance of

Mr. Anil Kumar Bhat
Assistant Professor

Mr. Ravindra K. S.
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

N.M.A.M. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NITTE - 574110
2020 – 2021
 E-Vehicle: Battery Management System

ABSTARCT

The use of green energy is becoming seemingly more important in today’s world,
considering the scarcity of the petroleum products and the impact of it on the environment.
Hence in terms of personal and public transportation, Electric Vehicles(EV’s) are better
choice than conventional vehicles. Li-ion batteries are used in the EV’s due to it’s high
current density, energy density, less charging time, light weight and little to no maintainance
required. Unfortunately, Li-ion batteries can be very dangerous if not maintained in it’s Safe
Operating Area(SOA), since it cannot handle high temperature. Hence the use of Battery
Management System(BMS) becomes very important in EV’s, especially where the Li-ion
batteries are used. [1]
A BMS is an electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery, such as protecting
the battery from operating outside it’s SOA, monitoring and controlling the charging and
discharging of the battery. It monitors the battery, keeping check on the key operational
parameters during charging and discharging such as voltage, current and battery internal
and ambient temperature. If any of these parameters goes out of the limits, the protection
devices would generate an alarm or disconnect the battery from the load or charger thus
protecting the battery from further damage. [7]

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 E-Vehicle: Battery Management System

I. INTRODUCTION

Scarcity of the petroleum fuels are a huge concern for the conventional vehicles. The use of
green energy like electricity as a fuel becomes really important considering the scarcity of
the conventional fuels and their effect on the climatic changes. The climatic changes cause
a lot of damage to the global economy, therefore the use of EV’s not only fuel the economic
growth but also reduces the damage caused to the environment. In the near future, EV’s
including Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV’s), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV’s), and
pure Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s) will dominate the vehicle markets and also it is
expected that the sales of the EV’s will increase drastically. [6]

The battery plays a huge role in enabling this technology. Since EV’s are powered by large
number of battery cells, an effective BMS is required to maintain the battery cells in SOA
while providing necessary power efficiently. BMS makes decisions of charge/discharge rates
on the basis of load demands, cell voltage, current, temperature, State of Charge (SoC),
capacity, impedance etc. [5]

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II.BLOCK DIAGRAM/ FLOW CHART

Fig. 3.1 Battery Management Systems (BMS)

Main functions of a Battery Management System for electric vehicles are,

• Battery monitoring by estimating the battery pack State of Charge (SoC) and
State of Health (SoH) during charging and discharging.
• Battery protection in order to prevent its operations outside its SOA.
• Battery optimization thanks to cell balancing that improves the battery life and
capacity, thus optimizing the driving range for hybrid (HEV), plug-in (PHEV) and
full electric vehicles (BEV) [3].

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 E-Vehicle: Battery Management System

FUNCTIONS OF THE BMS:

• Cell Balancing: Cell balancing is a method of compensating weaker cells by

equalizing the charge on all cells in the chain to extend the overall battery life.
The voltage on all cells would be leveled upward to the rated voltage of a good
cell. Once the rated voltage of the cell is reached, the current would bypass the
fully charged cells to charge the weaker cells until they reach full voltage.
• Charging control: Batteries are more frequently damaged by inappropriate
charging than by any other cause. Therefore, charging control is an essential
feature of the BMS. For lithium-ion batteries, a 2-stage charging method called
the constant current – constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method is used.
During the first charging stage, the charger produces a constant current that
increases the battery voltage. When the battery voltage reaches a constant
value, and the battery becomes nearly full, it enters the constant voltage (CV)
stage. At this stage, the charger maintains the constant voltage as the battery
current decays exponentially until the battery finishes charging.
• Discharging control: The primary goal of a BMS is to keep the battery from
operating out of its safety zone. The BMS must protect the cell from any
eventuality during discharging. Otherwise, the cell could operate outside of its
limitations.
• State-of-Charge Determination: One feature of the BMS is to keep track of the
state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The SOC could signal the user and control
the charging and discharging process. To measure the SOC, the current going
into or coming out of a battery is integrated to produce the relative value of its
charge.
• State-of-Health Determination: The state of health (SOH) is a measurement
that reflects the general condition of a battery and its ability to deliver the
specified performance compared with a fresh battery. Any parameter such as
cell impedance or conductance that changes significantly with age could be
used to indicate the SOH of the cell. In practice, the SOH could be estimated
from a single measurement of either the cell impedance or the cell conductance.
[2].

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 E-Vehicle: Battery Management System

III. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

This project is about developing a system model for Battery Management System
and controlling the battery based on three parameters namely, Voltage, Current
and Temperature. Following are the main components in this project.

Li-ion Battery: A Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery commonly used

for portable electronics, electric vehicles and are getting popular for military and
aerospace applications. Most electric vehicles use Li-ion batteries. They have
higher energy density, longer life span and higher power density than most other
practical batteries. Complicating factors include safety, durability, thermal
breakdown and cost. Considering these factors, Li-ion batteries should be used
within safe temperature and voltage ranges in order to operate safely and
efficiently. Increasing the battery's lifespan decreases effective costs. Lithium-ion
battery price is constantly decreasing, thus making electric vehicles more
affordable and attractive on the market. [4]

MSP 430: The MSP430 is a mixed-signal microcontroller, which offers different

varieties of sixteen-bit Microcontrollers. It is designed for low cost and low power
consumption embedded applications. These microcontrollers are integrated with
ultra-low powered digital and analog peripheral devices for sensing and
measurement applications. [8]

BQ76925: The BQ76925 host controlled Analog Front End, is a part of complete
pack monitoring, balancing and protection system for 3-6 series cell Li-ion batteries.
It allows host controller to monitor individual cell voltages, pack current and
temperature. This information can be used to determine unsafe or faulty operating
conditions such as overvoltage, undervoltage, overtemperature, overcurrent, cell
imbalance, state of charge, and state of health conditions. [9]

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 E-Vehicle: Battery Management System

IV. WORKSPLIT

Member Worksplit

Omkar J Suvarna Study of BQ76925PW and it’s parameters

and preparation of project report and
powerpoint presentation.

Dishal K M Design of Li-ion battery pack and

preparation of project report and
powerpoint presentation.

Ganapati Hegde Interfacing MSP 430 with LED and study

of it’s parameters.

Mithil Acharya Design of PCB Schematic and

documentation of discussions during
meetings

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 E-Vehicle: Battery Management System

V. WORKPROGRESS

Month Workprogress

February Meetings regarding the components and

ordering the components.

March Testing of the Li-ion batteries and

designing the battery pack and meetings
regarding to it.

April Meetings regarding to the PCB schematic

and design of PCB schematic.
Preparation of project report and
powerpoint presentation for phase 1
evaluation.

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 E-Vehicle: Battery Management System

VI. TIMELINE ESTIMATES (GANTT CHART)

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REFERENCES

[1] Somnatha, Kadlag Sunildatta, Gupata and Mukesh Kumar, “Review paper on
Electric Vehicle Charging and Battery Management System”, International
Conference on Communication and information, May. 2019.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3416669.

[2] Yi-Hsiang Tseng, Yee-Pien Yang, “Torque and Battery Distribution Strategy for
Saving Energy of an Electric Vehicle with Three Traction Motors”, Applied Science,
pp.2653, Apr. 2020.
[3] Y. Zhang, R. Xiong, H. He and M. Pecht, "Lithium-ion battery remaining useful life
prediction with Box–Cox transformation and Monte Carlo simulation", IEEE
Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 1585-1597, Feb. 2019.
[4] M. Scarfogliero, S. Carmeli, F. Castelli-Dezza, M. Mauri, M. Rossi, G. Marchegiani,
E. Rovelli, “Lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles”, a review on aging models for
vehicle-to-grid services, Oct. 2018.
[5] Yu Miao, Patrick Hynan, Annette von Jouanne and Alexandre Yokochi, “Current
Li-ion battery technologies in Electric Vehicles”, Mar. 2019.

[6] Leilei Zhang, Wenxia Liu, Zongqi Liu, “Future of Electric Vehicles and it’s
devolopment”, research paper on electric vehicle, Aug. 2014.
[7] Tie, S.F, C.W. Tan, “Review paper on Energy Sources and Energy Management
System in Electric Vehicles”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 82-
102, 2013.
[8] “Overview of MSP 430”, Texas Instruments, May. 2015.
[9] “Data sheet of BQ76925”, Texas Instruments, Apr. 2020.

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