Basic Knowledge of X-Ray (For Customer) 2020 Draft
Basic Knowledge of X-Ray (For Customer) 2020 Draft
Non Destructive Inspection or NDI is a Method of Inspecting Hidden Flaws and Defects by using the
Ability of X-ray to Penetrate various materials.
Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space and may be able to
penetrate various materials.
There are 2 types of radiations: Non-Ionizing (radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible light &
ultraviolet) & Ionizing (X-ray & Gamma ray).
ELECTROMAGNETIC LENS
HEAVY METAL TARGET
• Calibration is suggested every 6 months. • Open tube can last up to 10 years with regular
maintenance schedule.
• Closed tube has a lifespan up to 5,000 hours;
3 – 5 years. • Filament has a lifespan up to 500 hours;
each costs less than US$ 150.
• Cost of x-ray tube replacement ~ US$ 60,000;
re-condition ~ US$ 30,000. • Open requires a vacuum pump to re-seal the tube.
Types of X-ray Modes
Note:
• Transmission tube has more advantages but the limitation is the low power output (less penetration).
• Higher power means more heat = larger X-ray spot size = lower resolution.
Photoelectric Detectors
Image Intensifier (I.I.) Flat Panel Detector (FPD)
X-ray
Scintillator
X-ray
Photodiodes
‒ Image is nosier because it has 8-bit processing (256 shades) + Image is shaper because of the 16-bit processing (65,000 shades).
‒ CCD camera size is limited to 2/3 inch + Larger panel = better magnification & higher resolution
+ Better at low dose due to high gain ‒ Expensive to manufacture = cost more
+ Cost less compared the FPD of the same resolution
Next slide will explain image processing 8-bit against 16-bit
Image Processor
Image
Intensifier
(I.I.)
Flat Panel
Detector
(FPD)
Flat Panel
Detector
(FPD)
• 16-bit flat panel detector has wider dynamic range = higher (better) contrast
Effect of Wall Thickness
Attenuation
(absorption or scattering)
LOW
e e
e e
e e
e
Thin
e
e e
e
e e
Light
Attenuation
(absorption or scattering)
HIGH
e e e
e e
e e
e e
Thick e e
e e
e e
e e e
DARK
Effect of Material Density
Attenuation
(absorption or scattering)
LOW
e e
e e
e e
e
Aluminum
(2.7 g/cm3)
e
e e
e
e e
Light
Attenuation
(absorption or scattering)
HIGH
e e e
e e
e e
e e
Gold
(19.3 g/cm3)
e e
e e
e e
e e e
DARK
Voltage against Penetration Depth
200
A Total = A + B B
Penetration Thickness (mm)
160
150
130
100
100 90 90
80
64
52
50 36 40
32
22.5
13 16
8 9 10
0
80 90 100 130 160 225
Voltage (kV)
Output Voltage & Current; Penetration & Image
e
Increase Voltage (keV)
Image is dark due to insufficient
energy to penetrate
e
Increase Current (mA)
When sufficient penetration is If continue to increase voltage,
achieved, stop increase voltage image becomes saturated.
e Perfect Image!
Acquire a Good X-ray Image
Increase voltage
Penetration
Note:
Constant high voltage (keV) penetration; can shorten lifespan of detector!
Micro-focus & Sharpness
X-ray
source
Blurred
(100 µm)
Sample
Detector Image
X-ray
source Sharp
(10 µm)
Sample
Detector Image
X-ray
source Sharpest
(1 µm)
Sample
Detector Image
Magnification of X-ray Image
Sample
40 mm 1.5 mm
30 mm
1.5 mm
1 µm
Line:
Thickness:
Tungsten
650 µm
1
Line width: 0.1 – 0.15 µm within ±0.02 µm
0.2 – 2 µm within ± 10%
3 – 10 µm within ± 8%
Post-processing of X-ray Images
Inspection Analysis
❑ Dimension Measurement
❑ BGA Measurement
OK NG
Fluoroscopic Inspections
Dimension Measurement
Measuring Items:
▪ Distance between 2 points
▪ Angle
▪ Curvatures (radius)
Fluoroscopic Inspections
Voids
OK NG
Measurement Items:
▪ Total void ratio
▪ Maximum void ratio
▪ Bump diameter
▪ Bump roundness
Fluoroscopic Inspections
Select:
▪ Region-Of-Interest
Select:
▪ Exclude region
▪ Target region
Horizontal CT
Vertical CT
Planar CT (Xslicer)
Sample Rotate
Detector Rotate
Sample Rotate
• Reflective mode
• Sample rotate
• Large & heavy samples • Transmission mode
• Sample rotate
• Small & light samples
• Transmission mode
• Detector rotate
• Large flat samples
Computer Tomography Modes
In the mode, data acquisition time is In the mode, data acquisition time is
longer. short.
Offset Scan
Normal Scan
High-end software for the analysis and visualization of industrial computed tomography (CT) data.
End of Part 1
Confidential
Computer Tomography
SMX-90CT Plus
(Table-top) SMX-100CT
SMX-2000 Xslicer SMX-6000 SMX-225CT FPD / FPD HR
Industrial X-ray Inspection System
Electronic
Max. Tube
80 kV 90 kV 90 kV 160 kV 160 kV
Voltage :
Max. Tube
10 W 10 W 10 W 21 W 16 W
Power :
Detector: Image Intensifier Flat Panel Flat Panel Flat Panel Flat Panel
300 (X) mm 350 (X) mm 570 (X) mm 470 (X) mm 460 (X) mm
Max. Sample
350 (Y) mm 450 (Y) mm 720 (Y) mm 420 (Y) mm 410 (Y) mm
Size :
400 (Z) mm 100 (Z) mm 400 (Z) mm 100 (Z) mm 100 (Z) mm
Max. Sample
2 kg 5 kg 5 kg 5 kg 5 kg
Weight :
Computer
NA Optional Optional NA Xslicer (45 or 60)
Tomography :
Industrial X-ray Inspection System
Die Casting
Max. Sample
15 kg 15 kg 70 kg 70 kg
Weight :
Industrial X-ray Inspection System
Die Casting
Tilting : 60
Ø 400 mm
(standard)
Max. Sample Ø 200 mm
Ø 620 mm
Size : 650 (H) mm
(optional)
650 (H) mm
Max. Sample
15 kg 70 kg
Weight :
Industrial X-ray CT System
Computer
Tomography
Model inspeXio SMX-90CT Plus inspeXio SMX-100CT inspeXio SMX-225CT FPD inspeXio SMX-225CT FPD HR Plus
Max. Tube
90 kV 100 kV 225 kV 225 kV
Voltage :
Max. Tube
10 W 20 W 135 W 135 W
Power :
Flat Panel
Detector: Flat Panel Image Intensifier Flat Panel
(High Resolution)
Max. CT Area
Ø 50 mm Ø 90 mm Ø 250 mm Ø 400 mm
(FOV) :
Max. CT Image
1024 x 1024 4096 x 4096 2048 x 2048 4096 x 4096
Size :
Max. Sample
4 kg 5 kg 9 kg 12 kg
Weight :
Industrial Dimensional X-ray CT System
End of Presentation