Harmonic Distortion - Issues and Solutions
Harmonic Distortion - Issues and Solutions
P P
P
P
P
P
P
REVCON Focus:
Efficiency
Power Regen
Quality Applications
Harmonic Distortion of Drives: Issues and Solutions
Part 1:
1.1 Training on harmonics: Basics
1.2 Training on harmonics: Problems and issues
1.3 The impact of the short circuit power ratio
Part 2:
What is a Harmonic?
Power Quality - distortion
Rectifier with no/low inductance Rectifier with ~4% inductance Mix of non-linear loads
Current shape is significantly Current shape is significantly High distortion: The current shape
different from sinus. Significant different from sinus, but is extremely different from sinus.
distortion. fundamental part is significantly
higher than without choke.
Typical equipment: 6-Pulse rectifier Typical equipment: 6-Pulse rectifier Typical equipment: mix of single
without inductance. (e.g.: low with 4% DC-inductance. (e.g.: phase and 6-Pulse rectifier without
power or low quality drives) quality drives) inductance.
Harmonics - composed frequencies
Fundamental frequency
Fundamental frequency
+ 3rd Harmonic
Fundamental frequency
+ 3rd Harmonic
+ 5th Harmonic
Harmonic distortion - evaluation of harmonics
Fourier transform
Reference: www.wikipedia.de
Harmonics
What is a Harmonic?
IRMS = σ𝑛=40 2
𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 =
2
𝐼ℎ1 2
+ 𝐼ℎ2 2
+ 𝐼ℎ3 2
+ 𝐼ℎ4 2
+ 𝐼ℎ5 2
+ 𝐼ℎ6 2
+ ⋯ + 𝐼ℎ40
THDi
The sum of all harmonic currents up to the 40th, are defined as THC
𝑛=40
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑇𝐻𝐶 = 𝐼𝑛2 = 𝐼ℎ2 + 𝐼ℎ3 + 𝐼ℎ4 + 𝐼ℎ5 + 𝐼ℎ6 + ⋯ + 𝐼ℎ40
𝑛=2
Hence:
σ𝑛=40 2 2 +𝐼 2 +𝐼 2 +𝐼 2 +𝐼 2 +⋯ +𝐼 2
𝐼ℎ2
𝑛=2 𝐼𝑛 ℎ3 ℎ4 ℎ5 ℎ6 ℎ40
𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒊 = • 100% = • 100%
𝐼1 𝐼1
Harmonic distortion - evaluation of harmonics
THDv
σ𝑛=40 2 2 +𝑣 2 +𝑣 2 +𝑣 2 +𝑣 2 +⋯ +𝑣 2
𝑣ℎ2
𝑛=2 𝑣𝑛 ℎ3 ℎ4 ℎ5 ℎ6 ℎ40
𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒗 = • 100% = • 100%
𝑣1 𝑣1
Harmonic distortion - typical measurement
Harmonic current distortion is evaluated by the THDi (or TDD = Total Demand Distortion)
This is the harmonic content of the IRMS (measured current) divided by the fundamental part
Part 1:
1.1 Training on harmonics: Basics
1.2 Training on harmonics: Problems and issues
1.3 The impact of the short circuit power ratio
Part 2:
IRMS + 12%
IRMS + >10%
IRMS + 7%
Passive Passive
IRMS + 0%
IRMS + 0%
uk==2%* uk==4%* HF LCL
HF HF
M M M M M M
*choke can be added AC or DC side with similar result. Typically installed DC side.
Harmonics
No!
Using THDi as an evaluation for harmonics, gives you quick picture of the harmonic situation.
Looking at the THDi equation, all Harmonic orders are equal. They are not!
2 +𝐼 2 +𝐼 2 +𝐼 2 +𝐼 2 +⋯ +𝐼 2
𝐼ℎ2 ℎ3 ℎ4 ℎ5 ℎ6 ℎ40
𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒊 = • 100%
𝐼1
Harmonics
Ideal supply
Real supply
V=I•Z
(Harmonics are not filtered by a transformer but transferred to the next voltage level)
Harmonics
Due to:
V=I•Z
all harmonic currents cause voltage distortion
Passive Passive
uk==2%* uk==4%* HF LCL
HF HF
M M M M M M
*choke can be added AC or DC side with similar result. Typically installed DC side.
Harmonic distortion - comparison
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Harmonic distortion - evaluation of harmonics
The THD is a good evaluation for Harmonic Distortion but it is not sufficient to give a full
evaluation of the problems that may be caused by harmonics.
Example:
100A distortion on the 5th Harmonic (I5=100A)
will cause the same THDi as:
100A distortion on the 37th Harmonic (I37=100A),
And so on…
Harmonic distortion - evaluation of harmonics
σ𝑛=40 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑛=14 𝐼𝑛 𝐼ℎ14 + 𝐼ℎ15 + 𝐼ℎ16 + 𝐼ℎ17 + ⋯ + 𝐼ℎ40
𝑷𝑾𝑯𝑫, 𝒊 = • 100% = • 100%
𝐼1 𝐼1
σ𝑛=40 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑛=14 𝑈𝑛 𝑈ℎ14 + 𝑈ℎ15 + 𝑈ℎ16 + 𝑈ℎ17 + ⋯ + 𝑈ℎ40
𝑷𝑾𝑯𝑫, 𝒗 = • 100% = • 100%
𝑈1 𝑈1
Standards - IEEE
IEEE 519-2014
Current distortion level of for systems 120V – 69kV
Harmonics
No. Higher Order Harmonics will typically cause more harm than
lower order harmonics.
18.5kW 18.5kW
THDv = 6,8% THDv = 1,8%
Electronical equipment
Increased losses, and reduced lifetime expectation.
Equipment failures Lost data, Production stop, Equipment costs
Wrong evaluation of signals troubleshooting costs and production loss
Harmonic distortion - Problems
System Efficiency
Equipment efficiency may be affected by the
harmonic distortion of the mains voltage. In
addition connection wires will produce higher
losses. This leads to higher costs for user.
Harmonics
Lower lifetime
Electrical and mechanical damage
Less efficiency
Harmonic Distortion of Drives: Issues and Solutions
Part 1:
1.1 Training on harmonics: Basics
1.2 Training on harmonics: Problems and issues
1.3 The IEEE 519 and the impact of the short circuit power ratio
Part 2:
The harmonic currents of equipment cause harmonic distortion on the mains voltage.
The impact of the voltage depend on the strength of the mains supply.
Simplified diagrams:
100kVA VFD
50kW
uk=4%
G M
THDv = 3%
THDi = 33%
200kVA
VFD
50kW
uk=4%
G M
THDv = 2.5%
THDi = 36%
Harmonics – Standards and Recommendation
EN 50160 - 8%
IEC 61000-2-4 1 5%
IEC 61000-2-4 2 8%
IEC 61000-2-4 3 10%
IEEE 519-2014 <1000V 8%
G5/4 400V 5%
Good Practive - 5%
IEEE 519-2014 Target - 5%
Standards - IEEE
IEEE 519-2014
Current distortion level of for systems 120V – 69kV
Harmonic distortion - evaluation of harmonics
TDD
Total Demand Distortion of the current (used in e.g. IEEE-519:2014)
Equal to THDi the TDD express the distortion of harmonics from 2nd - 40th. But the THC is
divided through IL instead of I1.
IL is also the fundamental frequency amplitude, but defined as the maximum demand
current. IEEE-519: “This current value can be established at the PCC and should be taken
as the sum of the currents corresponding to the maximum demand during each of the
twelve previous months divided by 12.“
σ𝑛=40 2
𝑛=2 𝐼𝑛
2
𝐼ℎ2 2
+ 𝐼ℎ3 2
+ 𝐼ℎ4 2
+ 𝐼ℎ5 2
+ 𝐼ℎ6 2
+ ⋯ + 𝐼ℎ40
𝑇𝐷𝐷 = = • 100%
𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝐿
Looking at THDi only, an Inexperienced user, might think that 18% load is worst case harmonic distortion.
TDD is user friendly as always taking reference to the maximum current and showing worst case harmonic
distortion (here 120% load).
Standards - Network conditions
2
𝑈𝑙𝑣 𝑢𝑥 𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑣 = 𝜔 • 𝐿𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑣 ≈ 0 → 𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑣 ≈ 𝑍𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑣 𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑡 = • (𝐿𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 based on spez. inductance and length)
𝑆𝑡 100%
2
𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑣 =
𝑈𝑙𝑣
* 2 𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑣
𝑆𝑚𝑣
𝑈𝑙𝑣 𝑢𝑟 (𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑣 based on spez. resistance and length)
𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑡 = •
𝑆𝑡 100%
2 + 𝑋2 = 2 2
𝑍𝑠𝑐 = 𝑅𝑠𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑡 + 𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑣 + 𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑣 + 𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑡 + 𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑣
*low voltage value must be used in order to add up the Impedance values!
Standards - short circuit power estimation
2
𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑣 = 0 𝑈𝑙𝑣 𝑢𝑥 𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑣 = 0
𝑋𝑠𝑐,𝑡 = •
𝑆𝑡 100%
𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑚𝑣 = 0 𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑙𝑣 = 0
2
𝑈𝑙𝑣 𝑢𝑟
𝑅𝑠𝑐,𝑡 = •
𝑆𝑡 100%
𝑆𝑇
𝑆𝑠𝑐,𝑡 = • 100% =
𝑢𝑘
Harmonics
Good Practice
Transformer Load % Non-linear Load Harmonic Mitigation
10min. Break
Harmonic Distortion of Drives: Issues and Solutions
Part 1:
1.1 Training on harmonics: Basics
1.2 Training on harmonics: Problems and issues
1.3 The IEEE 519 and the impact of the short circuit power ratio
Part 2:
350,0 29,84
300,0 25,41
250,0 21,20
200,0 16,99
150,0 12,56
100,0 8,353
50,00 4,144
V 0,000 -0,286 A
-50,00 -4,495
-100,0 -8,704
-150,0 -13,13
-200,0 -17,34
-250,0 -21,55
-300,0 -25,76
-350,0 -30,19
17.01.2017 19,968 (ms) 17.01.2017
17:05:10.128 3 ms/Div 17:05:10.148
Harmonic Solutions for VSD - input current
350,0 21,91
300,0 18,87
250,0 15,66
200,0 12,62
150,0 9,571
100,0 6,365
50,00 3,320
V 0,000 0,115 A
-50,00 -2,931
-100,0 -5,976
-150,0 -9,181
-200,0 -12,23
-250,0 -15,43
-300,0 -18,48
-350,0 -21,52
16.01.2017 19,992 (ms) 16.01.2017
17:28:34.318 3 ms/Div 17:28:34.338
Harmonic Solutions for VSD - input current
Input current of a drive with 5,4% (AC + DC) choke at 7kW load, 32%THDI
350,0 17,15
300,0 14,67
250,0 12,30
200,0 9,813
150,0 7,449
100,0 4,960
50,00 2,596
V 0,000 0,107 A
-50,00 -2,257
-100,0 -4,746
-150,0 -7,110
-200,0 -9,598
-250,0 -11,96
-300,0 -14,45
-350,0 -16,82
17.01.2017 19,988 (ms) 17.01.2017
17:29:43.142 3 ms/Div 17:29:43.162
Harmonic Solutions for VSD - input current
350,0 16,86
300,0 14,45
250,0 12,04
200,0 9,752
150,0 7,341
100,0 4,930
50,00 2,518
V 0,000 0,107 A
-50,00 -2,183
-100,0 -4,594
-150,0 -7,005
-200,0 -9,417
-250,0 -11,83
-300,0 -14,12
-350,0 -16,53
17.01.2017 19,992 (ms) 17.01.2017
13:34:37.136 3 ms/Div 13:34:37.156
Harmonic Solutions for VSD - input current
350,0 16,07
300,0 13,74
250,0 11,53
200,0 9,203
150,0 6,875
100,0 4,548
50,00 2,220
V 0,000 -0,107 A
-50,00 -2,319
-100,0 -4,646
-150,0 -6,974
-200,0 -9,301
-250,0 -11,63
-300,0 -13,96
-350,0 -16,28
17.01.2017 19,984 (ms) 17.01.2017
13:40:32.156 3 ms/Div 13:40:32.176
Harmonics
Passive Active
Harmonic Harmonic
Filter Filter
Passive Active
solutions solutions
Low
12/18 Puls Active Front
Chokes Harmonic
Transformer End
Drives
Line Inductance Passive Harmonic Active Frond End / Low Active Harmonic
Filter Harmonic Drive Filter
M M M M
Harmonic Solutions for VSD - Choke
Solution DC or AC choke
THDi
~35-40% Value 4% impedance
Typical performance 35-50% THDi
Advantage Low costs
uk==4%
Disadvantage Low performance
VFD Recommended Yes, for small drives and
networks with much linear loads
LCL
Typical performance <5%
HF
Advantage Low THDi (<40th Harmonic)
Disadvantage Bad cost/performance ratio
AFE / LHD Low efficiency (high switching)
High distortion (>100th Harmonic)
Expensive
Low Lifetime expectance
No performance scaling
M Recommended No
*Some manufacturer have recognized the disadvantage of IGBT active infeed for
harmonic mitigation. Still the drive is considered as “low harmonic drive” but it use
internal passive filter or active filter. These solutions are recommended.
Harmonic Solutions for VSD - Active HF
IGrid ILoad
~ LOAD
ICompensation
- =
Active Harmonic Filter are not sized by
Active line current, but by the compensation
current. For VFD applications Icompensation
HF is typically ~1/3 of drive input current.
𝐼𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑑 = 𝐼𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Harmonic Solutions for VSD - conclusion
Low performance. Good performance to a Not recommend due to Recommend especially Often best technical and
Therefore not reasonable a price but high installation costs for retrofit and systems commercial solution.
considered as solution filter efficiency should and low efficiency. with many small drives Efficiency of the
be considered harmonic solutions
should be considered.
M M M M M M
Harmonic Distortion of Drives: Issues and Solutions
Part 1:
1.1 Training on harmonics: Basics
1.2 Training on harmonics: Problems and issues
1.3 The IEEE 519 and the impact of the short circuit power ratio
Part 2:
Benefit 1:
Performance
Benefit 2:
Efficiency
Benefit 3:
DC-Bus Level
Benefit 4:
Quality
Harmonic Solutions for VSD - Passive HF
Grid RHF Filter Load Setup RHF-8P: High Efficient Harmonic Filter
Advantage Cheap
~
Simulation RHF (10%) vs. Simple-PHF (10%)
REMINDER:
6dB = ~50% Amplitude
10dB = ~32% Amplitude
20dB = ~10% Amplitude
H5 H7 H11 H13 H17 H19
Benefits of RHF
2nd – 7th Harmonic (100Hz - 350Hz) Very Low Very Low Very Low
2nd – 50th Harmonic (0,1kHz - 2,5kHz) Very Low Medium Very Low
25,0%
5,0%
0,0%
Motorload
Harmonic Solutions for 5% THDi
Typical PHF
Grid Load Setup Simple Passive Harmonic Filter “S-PHF”
Recommended requirement
“Note: Performance specification in this brochure refer to six pulse diode rectifier with 8% DC-link
choke. “
Hardware
Comment: There are no drives with 8% DC-link choke on the market. DC Bus decrease would be
significant and reduce drive performance
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120% 130% 140% 150%
competitor products reach the required / stated values only under ideal conditions
Benefits of the RHF
Benefit 1:
Performance
Benefit 2:
Efficiency
Benefit 3:
DC-Bus Level
Benefit 4:
Quality
η of Harmonic Solutions - RHF
The efficiency of the Filter were measured with a Yokogawa high precision power meter WT 1800
100,0%
RHF-A
99,0%
RHF-B
98,0%
97,0%
96,0%
94,0%
10A 14A 22A 29A 34A 40A 55A 66A 82A 96A 133A 171A 204A 251A 304A 325A 381A 480A
ELTROPLAN-REVCON
η of Harmonic Solutions - 200A example
PLOSS = 3%
Active Front End /
LCL DC - Bus 97% efficiency
Low Harmonic Drive
* Assuming active filter sized for 30% of load current, filter efficiency of 97%.
η of Harmonic Solutions - 200kW example
Benefit 1:
Performance
Benefit 2:
Efficiency
Benefit 3:
DC-Bus Level
Benefit 4:
Quality
Benefits of RHF
106%
104%
102%
100%
98%
96%
94%
92%
90% Load
30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 120% 130% 140% 150% [%]
Competitor 2 RHF-B
Higher DC bus voltage leads to better motor performance (full motor torque),
less IGBT losses and higher lifetime expectance.
Benefits of the RHF
Benefit 1:
Performance
Benefit 2:
Efficiency
Benefit 3:
DC-Bus Level
Benefit 4:
Quality
reasons to use the REVCON RHF
Production in accordance
Follows sustainable
to European quality
development goals of UN
standards
Part 1:
1.1 Training on harmonics: Basics
1.2 Training on harmonics: Problems and issues
1.3 The IEEE 519 and the impact of the short circuit power ratio
Part 2:
Pinput ≈ 750kW
THDiT = 11.24% THDi1 THDi2 THDi3 THDi4
1% 52% 35% 3,5%
N
PT = 2,187kW
THDiT = 3.3% THDi1 THDi2 THDi3
<10% 4.1% 3.2%
M M M
Total filter costs:
P1 = 36 x 0.75kW P2 = 32 x 3kW P3 = 2,032kW
100€ Single phase load Total 104 of different size
Project HK SST
N
PT = 2,187kW PT = 2,187kW
THDiT = 5% THDiT = 36% THDi1 THDi2 THDi3
80% 45% 35%
uk== 2% uk== 4%
Total filter
Line Current = 3,476A
costs:
Active Filter compensation current (simplified): M M M
121€
THDi reduction = THDi estimation – THDi target
THDi reduction = 36% - 5% = 31%
P1 = 36 x 0.75kW
Single phase load
P2 = 32 x 3kW P3 = 2,032kW
Total 104 of different size
Compenastion current = 1029A
(21% higher costs)
Project HK SST
N
PT = 2,187kW PT = 2,187kW
THDiT = 3% THDiT = 6% THDi1 THDi2 THDi3
<80% 45% 3.2%
Passive
uk==2% HF
HF
(savings 14%)
Compenastion current = 34,76A
Harmonics
Part 1:
1.1 Training on harmonics: Basics
1.2 Training on harmonics: Problems and issues
1.3 The IEEE 519 and the impact of the short circuit power ratio
Part 2:
RHF-Active 100-400-50/60-20-A
• Advanced IGBT 3-Level topology
• Low losses = Compact size
44kg
• Power Loss 2078W max.
• Switching frequency 10-20kHz
• Unlimited parallel setup
50dm³
• Efficient Harmonic elimination up to 50th
• 99% system efficiency
RHF-Active 15-400-50/60-20-A
7kg
• SiC-Power MOSFET´s and Schottky
• Low losses = Compact size
8dm³
• System Efficiency 99,4% (based on 30% THDi Reduction)
• Unit Efficiency 98% @60kHz!
• High performance on strongly distorted load (e.g. 90% to 7%)
• High Performance on high order harmonics
• Noiseless!