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  • Quantifying The Strength of Bivariate Relationships: Ben Baumer

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    The document discusses quantifying the strength of bivariate relationships using correlation and regression in R. It explains that correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1, with the sign indicating the direction and magnitude indicating the strength of relationships. Different levels of correlation are defined as near perfect, strong, moderate, weak, zero, and negative. It also discusses measuring non-linear relationships and calculating Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. Examples are provided using the Anscombe dataset to demonstrate that high correlation does not always indicate a relationship.

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    The document discusses quantifying the strength of bivariate relationships using correlation and regression in R. It explains that correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1, with the sign indicating the direction and magnitude indicating the strength of relationships. Different levels of correlation are defined as near perfect, strong, moderate, weak, zero, and negative. It also discusses measuring non-linear relationships and calculating Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. Examples are provided using the Anscombe dataset to demonstrate that high correlation does not always indicate a relationship.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    22 views46 pages

    Quantifying The Strength of Bivariate Relationships: Ben Baumer

    Uploaded by

    tesis
    The document discusses quantifying the strength of bivariate relationships using correlation and regression in R. It explains that correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1, with the sign indicating the direction and magnitude indicating the strength of relationships. Different levels of correlation are defined as near perfect, strong, moderate, weak, zero, and negative. It also discusses measuring non-linear relationships and calculating Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. Examples are provided using the Anscombe dataset to demonstrate that high correlation does not always indicate a relationship.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 46

    Quantifying the

    strength of bivariate
    relationships
    C O R R E L AT I O N A N D R E G R E S S I O N I N R

    Ben Baumer
    Assistant Professor at Smith College
    Correlation
    Correlation coe cient between -1 and 1

    Sign —> direction

    Magnitude —> strength

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Near perfect correlation

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Strong

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Moderate

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Weak

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Zero

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Negative

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Non-linear

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Non-linear correlation
    run10 %>%
    filter(divPlace <= 10) %>%
    ggplot(aes(x = age, y = pace, color = gender)) +
    geom_point()

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Pearson product-moment correlation

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Pearson product-moment correlation

    ∑i=1 (xi − x̄) (yi − ȳ)


    n
    r(x, y) =
    2
    √∑i=1 (xi − x̄) ⋅ ∑i=1 (yi −
    n n ȳ )2

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Let's practice!
    C O R R E L AT I O N A N D R E G R E S S I O N I N R
    The Anscombe
    dataset
    C O R R E L AT I O N A N D R E G R E S S I O N I N R

    Ben Baumer
    Assistant Professor at Smith College
    Anscombe
    ggplot(data = Anscombe, aes(x = x, y = y)) +
    geom_point() +
    facet_wrap(~ set)

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Anscombe 1
    Anscombe %>%
    filter(set == 1) %>%
    ggplot(aes(x = x, y = y)) +
    geom_point()

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Anscombe 2
    Anscombe %>%
    filter(set == 2) %>%
    ggplot(aes(x = x, y = y)) +
    geom_point()

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Anscombe 3
    Anscombe %>%
    filter(set == 3) %>%
    ggplot(aes(x = x, y = y)) +
    geom_point()

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Anscombe 4
    Anscombe %>%
    filter(set == 4) %>%
    ggplot(aes(x = x, y = y)) +
    geom_point()

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Let's practice!
    C O R R E L AT I O N A N D R E G R E S S I O N I N R
    Interpretation of
    Correlation
    C O R R E L AT I O N A N D R E G R E S S I O N I N R

    Ben Baumer
    Assistant Professor at Smith College
    Exercise and beer

    1Source: h p://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/the-close-ties-between-
    exercise-and-beer/

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    1Source: h p://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/the-close-ties-between-
    exercise-and-beer/

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    1Source: h p://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/the-close-ties-between-
    exercise-and-beer/

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    1Source: h p://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/the-close-ties-between-
    exercise-and-beer/

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    1Source: h p://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/the-close-ties-between-
    exercise-and-beer/

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    1Source: h p://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/the-close-ties-between-
    exercise-and-beer/

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Exercise and beer

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    NFL arrests

    1Source: h ps://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/13/upshot/what-the-numbers-
    show-about-n -player-arrests.html

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    NFL arrests

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    NFL arrests

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    NFL arrests

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Correlation vs. regression

    1Source: h p://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/business/questions-raised-on-
    withdrawal-of-congressional-research-services-report-on-tax-rates.html

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Correlation vs. regression

    1Source: h p://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/business/questions-raised-on-
    withdrawal-of-congressional-research-services-report-on-tax-rates.html

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Correlation vs. regression

    1Source: h p://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/business/questions-raised-on-
    withdrawal-of-congressional-research-services-report-on-tax-rates.html

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Can you plot a correlation?

    1Source: h p://heatst.com/world/no-correlation-between-voting-for-brexit-
    and-racism-study- nds/

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Let's practice!
    C O R R E L AT I O N A N D R E G R E S S I O N I N R
    Spurious
    correlations
    C O R R E L AT I O N A N D R E G R E S S I O N I N R

    Ben Baumer
    Assistant Professor at Smith College
    Spurious over time

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Spurious over time

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Spurious over space

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Spurious for whatever reason

    CORRELATION AND REGRESSION IN R


    Let's practice!
    C O R R E L AT I O N A N D R E G R E S S I O N I N R

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