Introduction To World Religions and Belief Systems: Quarter 2 - Module 8
Introduction To World Religions and Belief Systems: Quarter 2 - Module 8
World Religions
and Belief
Systems
Quarter 2 – Module 8:
Hinduism
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 8: Hinduism First
Edition, 2020
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Welcome to the Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems for Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Hinduism.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
For the learners:
Welcome to the Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems for Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Hinduism.
This module will let you know about the brief history, core teachings, fundamental
beliefs, practices, and related issues of Hinduism. And it is designed to provide you
fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own
pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
lesson with the previous one.
What I Have
This includes questions or blank
Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the
lesson.
2
This is a list of all the sources used in
References developing this module.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you know the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices, and
related issues of Hinduism. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
What I Know
Directions: Read and analyze each statement below and carefully choose the letter
that best describe the statement. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper or notebook.
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b. Smriti
c. Shruti
d. Yoga
4. The highest god in the Hindu pantheon and one of the Trimurthi is ______.
a. Brahma
b. Lakshmi
c. Siva
d. Brahman
5. The Shudras caste was renamed ___________ by Mahatma Gandhi in protest of
the injustice of the caste system.
a. Prasad
b. Harijans
c. Puja
d. Jati
6. “Bhagavad Gita” means ______________.
a. Song of the enlightened one
b. Song of joy
c. Song of thanksgiving
d. Song of the lord
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Lesson Hinduism
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What’s In
Before we proceed to the new lesson, let us go back to the previous lesson by
answering the following questions below.
Fill in the blanks. What have you learned from the previous lesson? Fill in the
blanks with the correct words to complete the paragraph. Use separate answer
sheet or notebook in answering.
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Notes to the Teacher
This Alternative Delivery Mode contains helpful tips or
strategies that will help you in guiding the learners in
learning the Hinduism.
What’s New
Pujari Harish Brahmbhatt speaks as US President Donald Trump looks on at the Rose Garden of
the White House in Washington, DC, on Thursday, May 8, 2020. AFP
“In these troubled times of COVID-19, social distancing and lockdown, it is not unusual for
people to feel anxious or not at peace. The shanti prayer or peace prayer is a prayer that does
not seek worldly riches, success, fame, nor is it a prayer for any desire for heaven,"
Brahmbhatt said in his brief remarks from the Rose Garden podium.
"It is a beautiful Hindu prayer for peace, shanti. It is a Vedic prayer derived from Yajurveda," he
said before reciting the prayer in Sanskrit. Thereafter, he translated it in English.
"The prayer translates into onto the heavens be peace. Onto the sky and earth be peace.
Peace be onto the water. Onto the herbs and trees be peace. Onto all the crops be peace.
Onto Brahma and onto all be peace. And may we realise that peace. Om peace, peace,
peace," Brahmbhatt said.
Trump thanked Brahmbhatt for his prayer recitation.
Source: https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/covid-19-trump-invites-hindu-priest-to-chant-shanti-path-for-
safety-of-all-at-white-house-82148
Concept Map. Surround with the appropriate words and phrases to explain your
understanding of the words Hinduism by writing concepts related to this word. Use
separate answer sheet or notebook in answering.
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Hinduism
In 1-2 sentences, explain each word you have written to understand Hinduism.
(1) _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
(2) _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
(3) _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
(4) ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
What is It
Hinduism
1 2 3 4
Sacred Worship and Beliefs and Subdivision
Scriptures Observances Doctrines
Hinduism
Hinduism is the world's third largest
religion with around 15% of the entire population
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practicing the Hindu faith. Hindu followers in India comprise the major bulk with
almost 80% of the country's population adhering to the religion. Other Asian
countries with considerable Hindu faithful include Nepal (23 million), Bangladesh
(15 million), and Indonesia (3.9 million in Bali). There are also substantial number
of Hindus in Mauritius, Guyana, Fiji, Bhutan, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and
Sri Lanka (Jose and Ong, 2016).
Three other religions that sprung in India have their origins in Hinduism.
Around sixth century B.C.E., Jainism and Buddhism appeared to challenge
traditional Indian beliefs and practices. In the fifteenth century C.E., Sikhism arose
that featured Hindu and Islamic influences.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The term Hindu originated from the Persian word hindu (in Sanskrit
sindhu) which means "river." It also refers to the people of the Indus Valley the
Indians (Bowker 1997). The name Hinduism was given in the nineteenth century to
describe the wide array of belief systems in India. Hinduism was originally known
as "Arya Dharma" or the Aryan Way."
Between 1750 B.C.E. and 1200 B.C.E., Aryan conquerors moved to the
Indus Valley and brought with them their own set of beliefs that eventually mingled
with the religion of the natives. Classical Hinduism resulted in the consolidation of
their faiths. Around sixth century B.C.B., they began to settle into cities while local
leaders started organizing small kingdoms for themselves.
Aryans brought with them their set of beliefs based on oral texts known as
Vedas. This Vedic literature, however, was chiefly composed at the time the Aryans
had already settled in India and blended with the natives. Admittedly, there is
much difficulty in identifying elements in the Vedas that are genuinely pre-Aryan or
Aryan influenced. However, certain fundamental assumptions about the Aryan
religion can be stated here. Firstly, the Aryans brought with them a polytheistic
religion like that of other Indo-European people.
The sun, the moon and storms, are personified in reference to the pantheon
of gods and goddesses worshipped by the Aryans. Secondly, sacrifice was the
principal form of worship to the Aryan gods. Offerings to gods include animals and
dairy products performed on altars in open spaces. Since Aryans later were
nomadic, they had no temples In general, Hinduism has pre-Aryan and Aryan
elements that date back to ancient times. (Jose and Ong, 2016).
As stated by Jose and Ong (2016), the sacred texts of Hinduism have been
principally passed down throughout generations by way of music, recitation, dance,
and drama. Sanskrit has been the language of the earliest writings.
The sacred writings of the Hindus are categorized into two classes, the
Shruti and Smriti.
a. SHRUTI
Shruti literally, means "that which is heard." They are regarded as eternal
truths that were passed orally until the beginning of the present age wherein there
came the need to write them down (Bowker 1997).
The four collections of texts of the Vedas form the shruti and are considered
primary sources and the most authoritative texts of the Hindu faith. Other writings
that form part of shruti include the Samhitas, Brahmanas, Upanishads, and a few
Sutras.
Vedas
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The four basic Vedic books, which are sacrificial hymns compiled from an
earlier oral tradition, are composed of Rig-veda, Sama-veda, Yajur-veda, and
Atharva-veda. The word Veda means "knowledge" or "'sacred lore."
The Vedas are the earliest known Sanskrit literature from the Brahmanic
period and oldest scriptures of Hinduism.
Scholars disagree as to when the Vedas were first written. The earliest
hymns may have been written around 2000 B.C.E. or before the arrival of the
Aryans in the Indus Valley area. They may also have been written down between
1500 B.C.E. to 400 B.C.E. Ascertaining the exact period is difficult because these
books may have been composed and passed orally for so many generations before
they were first written down and eventually completed. In the great epic
Mahabharata, Brahma was said to have Created the Vedas.
Among the four Vedas, the Rig-Veda is the most important and oldest book
that dates back to around 1500 B.C.E. to 1200 B.O.E. Apart from being the oldest
work of literature in an Indo-European language, it is also the oldest living religious
literature of the world. The book is a collection of over a thousand hymns and more
than thousand verses dedicated to the Aryan pantheon of gods. The table below
lists some of the names of these deities (Jose and Ong, 2016).
Upanishads
Forming the fourth part of the Vedas, the term Upanishad literally
translates as “sitting down near” or “sitting close to” as it implies listening
intently to the mystic teachings of a spiritual teacher who has fully understood the
universal truths. It could also mean “brahma-knowledge" whereby ignorance is
totally eliminated.
Within these amazing collections of writings that were transmitted orally
through generations, one can find early philosophical statements that form the
basis for all 1ater Hindu philosophy.
The great Indian nationalist and philosopher Sri Aurobindo described the
Upanishads as the “supreme work of the Indian mind.” Varying in length from
one page to over fifty pages, all fundamental teachings and concepts about
Hinduism are found in these profound dissertations such as:
1. karma (action) 2. samsara (reincarnation) 3. moksha (nirvana)
4. atman (soul); and
5. brahman (Absolute Almighty)
Of the two hundred Upanishads, fourteen of these are considered principal
writings. The earliest of the Upanishads may have originated in the ninth century
B.C.E. while the most recent around the sixth century B.C.E
b. SHMRITI
Smriti literally means “that which has been remembered.” These writings
serve to reinforce shruti and are interpreted by sages and scholars alike. Most of
these texts are sectarian in nature and considered of lesser importance compared
to shruti, such as stories and legends, codes of conduct for the society, and
guidebooks for worship.
The great epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, which contains the
philosophical poem Bhagavad Gita, are part of Shrmriti. These are national epics
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of India and considered to be the sacred texts of the masses where they draw their
values and ideals (Jose and Ong, 2016).
Ramayana
Mahabharata
From the book of Jose and Ong (2016), another major Sanskrit literature of
old India is Mahabharata which is composed of around one hundred thousand
verses making it the world’s longest poem. Written around 500 B.C.E., this
magnificent work is attributed to the author Vyasa who is also considered to be the
scribe of the Vedas.
The Mahabharata tells of a great struggle among the descendants of a king
called Bharata, a name used by many Indians to mean "India" (Jose and Ong,
2016). Two families are at war, the Pandavas who represent good and the Kauravas
who embody evil (Brown 1975). The hundred Raurava brothers try to cheat their
five cousins, the Pandavas, out of their share of the kingdom.
As intense battle ensued, every kingdom had to take sides. With the help of
Krishna, another incarnation of Vishnu, the Pandavas emerged triumphant but lost
all their sons and closest kin in battle (Coogan 2000).
With about 100,000 couplets and 1.8 million words in total, this poem is
about four times longer than the Ramayana, eight times longer than the Iliad and
the Odyssey put together, and fifteen times longer than the Bible. Along with the
Bible and the Quran, the Mahabharata ranks in importance among the sacred
writings of various world religions. It is an epic vision of the human condition, such
as intrigue, romance, duplicity, moral collapse, dishonour, and lamentations.
Bhagavad Gita
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The Gita is considered the layman’s Upanishads because the difficult
teachings of the Upanishads are presented here in a manner that commoners can
understand (Jose and Ong, 2016).
As stated by Cornelio et al. (2016), the Hindu faith offers its followers many paths
to salvation. They may find liberation from the cycle of life through devotion to one
or more gods. Their gods and goddesses can be worshipped at their temples. In
temples, devotees can pray and offer sacrifices so that they can gain favor from
deities and assist them in their struggle for salvation.
Bhakti stands for the soul’s longing for and clinging to god.
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Known as a god of love, benevolence, and forgiveness, Vishnu’s primary
concern is humanity itself. As the preserver, the creation is withdrawn to a seed
whenever he sleeps but rises again as he wakes up. He is worshiped in various
forms of his incarnations or avatars. Based on mythology, Vishnu has appeared on
earth in nine different forms and will come a tenth time to end the present era or
kalpa, to bring the world to an end, and then recreate it. These manifestations of
Vishnu are intended to help humanity with his preserving, restoring, and protecting
powers. The table below lists the 10 avatars of Vishnu as cited by Jose and Ong,
(2016).
Incarnation Form Attributes
Matsy fish Saved humanity and the sacred Veda texts from
flood
Kurma turtle Helped create the world by supporting it on his
back
Varaha boar Raised the earth out of water with his tusks
Narasimha half-man, half-lion Destroyed a tyrant king
Vamana dwarf Subdued king Bali, a powerful demon
Parshurama brahmin Destroyed the warrior class
Rama man Rescued his wife Sita and killed the demon
Ravana
Krishna man Told the epic poem Bhagavad Gita to the warrior
Arjuna
Buddha man The enlightened man
Kalki horse Yet to come to earth
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the lingam, the male energy surrounded by the yoni, the female source of energy
(Bowker 1997).
Routes to Moksha
From the Upanishads, one may find the three principal and inter-related
doctrines within the Indian religion. These are the following:
1. Every soul dies and is reborn anew in new form (this cycle is called
samsara).
2. One's deeds have an effect in this or a future life.
3. One may escape the weary round of death and birth.
Within every human is an eternal soul or atman that is being reborn many
times and in various forms in accordance to the moral law or karma (Bowker
1997). A soul may escape the cycle of rebirth and attain moksha. This liberation
can be achieved through the four yogas that involve a system of practices aimed at
producing spiritual enlightenment.
The word yoga is derived from the root word yuj which translates as “to
yoke” or "to join."
The philosophy of yoga was developed by the sage Patanjali who lived in the
second century B.C.E. He is considered as the “father of modern yoga" as he
codified the teachings of yoga in his Yoga Sutra (Hopfe 1983).
Table below lists down the four yogas with their corresponding practices.
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Hindu scriptures state that there are 330 million gods or devas (Kolanad
1994). These include manifestations of natural phenomena, evil forces, and even
illnesses. Others are venerated humans or town deities. Hindu worship or puja
involves images (murtis), prayers (mantras), and diagrams of the universe
(yantras) (Bowker 1997).
Puja
The most common way to express worship for deities is the puja. It consists of
offering mostly material goods and ritual acts to the altar of a god or goddess. Pujas
may be made in home altars or in temples. When it is done at home the essence of
the puja rituals is to welcome the deity as a guest.
When pujas are done in temples, worshippers follow stricter rules to ascertain the
purity of one’s offering to the deity.
The puja is an important dimension of the religious life of the most Hindus. It is
their way of communicating with the Divine. The goal of the puja is darshan,
where the devotee “exchange glances” with the god or goddess. The darshan is an
intimate encounter between the two, and the deity responds by sanctifying food
ritually offered by a devotee, which becomes prasad, a sanctified food that the
devotee receives as a gift from the god or goddess.
Integral to Hindu worship are the sacred images and temples believed to
house and represent the deities. These images can be revered or valued in
homes or temples with a host of intermediary priests, holy men, and religious
teachers (Jose and Ong, 2016).
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milk, or honey, and even reciting chants and music. While worship may be
undertaken any day or the week.
Thursday is the most opportune day.
Hindus celebrate several festivals that are based on the Hindu calendar and
often related to seasonal changes. Main festivals include:
(1) Holi, (2) Diwali, and (3) Dusserah
The Diwali or "Festival of Lights” is India's biggest and most important
holiday of the year held in October or November that is like the Christmas holiday
of the Christians. Indians light outside their homes to symbolize the inner light that
safeguards the people from evil forces.
Meanwhile, there are also many local and regional festivals, such as harvest
and deity festivals, marked by colorful processions and performances. Table below
lists down several festivals celebrated by Hindus in a year.
1. Subdivisions
A. Shaivism – The lord Shiva, the compassionate one, is god for the saivities.
Followers of Shaivism value self-discipline and philosophy. They worship in
temples and practice yoga.
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B. Shaktism – The goddess Shakti is supreme for Shaktas. She is the divine
mother and assumes many forms, be it gentle one or a fierce deity. Believers
use chants, magic and yoga to summon cosmic forces.
C. Vaishavism – The lord Vishnu is god for the Vaishnavites, especially in his
incarnations Krishna and Rama. Adherents have multitudes of saints,
temples, and sacred texts.
D. Smartism – Samrtas are known as liberals as they embrace all major Hindu
gods. Devotees are left to choose their own deity in one of six manifestations,
namely:
a. Ganesha d. Vishnu
b. Siva e. Surya;
c. Shakti and
f. Skanda
2. Selected Issues
Even though the Manusmriti or the “Laws of Manu” states that women
should be honored in Hindu society, women have always been considered inferior
to mean in almost all aspects of life. A woman’s life revolves around the men in her
life, to be taken care of by her father in childhood, by her husband in married life,
and by her sons upon old age.
In traditional society, women are expected to perform sati or suttee wherein
widowed women are expected to jump on the funeral pyre of their husbands to
prove their loyalty and help save the soul of their husbands in afterlife. Although
sati was already demolished by the British in India, there are still cases of sati
being reported in modern times.
B. CASTE SYSTEM
As stated by Cornelio et al. (2016), the case system is one of the major
distinguishing features of Indian culture that still affects modern-day society. A
case system of social class composed of the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas,
and Shudras, opportunities are based upon family origin. One person belongs to a
caste by being born to parents of that caste.
The Brahmins are the highest in the hierarchy and are perceived to be the purest
among all castes.
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This has been an issue of distinctive concern for the reformers of the caste
system. While full-blown divisions are relatively a modern development, the caste
system began to divide into thousands of castes that are sometimes based on
occupations.
A person’s diet, vocation and residence are dictated by the caste where he or she
belongs. There can be more than 3,000 separate castes in India.
The teachings of Hinduism may have justified the status of the outcastes. Their
present condition may have been caused by their accumulated karma from the
past. By fulfilling their duties and accepting their dharma, they may be born to a
better caste in their next lives.
Despite the negative backlash on the caste system, India has been receptive in
enacting legislation aimed at eradicating inherent social evils. For example,
untouchability has been banned and the caste system is no longer rigid.
The Indian constitution has provided that it is unlawful to discriminate
against lower castes. Lower caste members are now being elected to key
government positions, including Kocherii R. Narayanan, a dalit who became the
tenth president of India from 1997 to 2002.
As stated by Cornelio et al. (2016), the caste system had its vocal critics who
claim that it is unjust and tramples a person’s human rights. One of its most
severe critics is Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more well known as Mahatma
Gandhi, a social activist and critic who attacked the caste system and called the
Shudras, who were the least among the castes, as harijans, or “children of god.”
In 1948, the newly enacted Indian Constitution legally abolished the caste system.
Its influence, however, is still pervasive and it is still used to determine social rank
and prestige up to the present day.
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What’s More
Independent Activity 1
MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Read the following statements. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct and change the underlined word or phrase if the statement
is incorrect. Use the separate answer sheet in answering.
______________4. Shaktism devotees are left to choose their own deity, they
embrace all major Hindu gods.
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Independent Assessment 1
FILL IN THE BLANKS. Fill in the blanks with the correct word to complete the
sentence. Use the separate answer sheet in answering.
Independent Activity 2
WORD HUNT: Find the ten (10) main avatars of Vishnu that are given in the box
below. Write down your answer on the “My found words” and write their meaning
in the box below. Use a separate bond paper in answering.
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L M I N R A M A M W U E
O A M J L K S F J F A R
C T S T E J S B V Z E I
P S X D K A L K I D H E
A Y I S H N U F R N T K
R U J O U L Q E K A U U
S T K H Y D G I G R A R
H N T B E L I E F A G M
U V A R A H A B D S G A
R S M T R X F U E I B U
A D P H E C B T L M U A
M F K R I S H N A H D K
A G E L Q I A N E A D E
X J H B C M H I D D H S
C H M O P O M P S A A G
E N L V A M A N A Y Z A
A E L A H A X R Q E Z K
1
0
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Independent Assessment 2
IDENTIFICATION: Choose from the box the appropriate word for the following
statements. Write the answer on the space provided.
Trimurti Puja Brahmanas Taj-mahal Upanishads
Caste Aranyakas Thursday Diwali Mantras
Independent Activity 3
FACT OR BLUFF. Write FACT if the statement is correct otherwise, write BLUFF.
Use separate answer sheet in answering.
___________1. Taj Mahal was built for Shah Johan’s favorite wife.
___________2. There are also many local and regional festivals, such as harvest and
deity festivals, marked by colorful processions and performances.
___________3. Followers of Hinduism vary in their set of beliefs and practices,
including reverence to a particular god.
___________4. Hinduism continues to be the religion of almost 50% of the Indian
people.
___________5. The “Laws of Manu” states that women should be honored in Hindu
society and women have always been considered superior to men in
almost all aspects of life
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Independent Assessment 3
TRUE OR FALSE. Read the following statements. Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Use the separate answer sheet in
answering.
_________ 1. Hinduism was originally known as “Arya Dharma” or the Aryan way.
_________ 2. There are over 500 million devas or gods in Hinduism.
_________ 3. The Ramayana contains 24,000 verses in 6 books.
_________ 4. Vishnu is the god of love, benevolence and forgiveness.
_________ 5. Kocherii R. Narayanan is a dalit who became the tenth president of
India.
_________ 6. Brahma is the founder of Hinduism.
_________ 7. The “Festival of Lights” is held annually around August or September.
_________ 8. Those who practice Shaivism value self-discipline and philosophy.
_________ 9. The Vedas were passed down through written texts.
_________ 10. Bhagavad Gita is also known as “The Lord’s Song.”
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What I Have Learned
“LET’s do the T-M-L PHRASE: Complete the followingT-M-L phrases. Use the
separate answer sheet in answering.
It Mattersbecause
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
What I Can Do
INFOGRAPHIC. Based on what you have learned in this module, create an
infographic design that will inform people about the Hinduism religion. Below is the
sample template, use the separate answer sheet in answering.
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HINDUISM
gods/goddesses
beliefs
Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICES: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the
correct answer. Use separate sheet in answering.
6. Which among the four Vedas is the most important and oldest book?
a. Rig-veda
b. Sama-veda
c. Yajur-veda
d. Atharva-veda
8. The part of Vedas that consists of hymns and chants for praising god is
_________.
a. Aranyakas
b. Brahmanas
c. Mantras
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d. Upanishads
10. The Hindu word for “that which has been remembered” is ____________. a.
Sanskrit
b. Smriti
c. Shruti
d. Vedas
11. It is considered as the world’s longest poem.
a. Bhagavad Gita
b. Mahabharata
c. Ramayana
d. Smriti
12. This book means “the lord’s song”
a. Bhagavad Gita
b. Mahabharata
c. Ramayana
d. Smriti
13.The Hindu god for creation is ____________.
a. Bhakti
b. Brahma
c. Shiva
d. Vishnu
14. The Hindu god for preservation is ____________.
a. Bhakti
b. Brahma
c. Shiva
d. Vishnu
a. Bhakti
b. Brahma
c. Shiva
d. Vishnu
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Additional Activities
ESSAY. In 3-5 sentences explain the following situation. Use separate answer sheet
in answering.
12. What makes Hinduism’s beliefs, particularly its polytheistic nature, complex
for other people?
My answer
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Answer
Key
32
References
Cornelio, J. S. PhD., et. al., Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems, for
Senior High School, Rex Bookstore. 2016
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/covid-19-trump-invites-hindu
priest-to-chant-shanti-path-for-safety-of-all-at-white-house-82148
https://medium.com/@vermapratik52/mahatma-gandhi-a-true-
peacemaker28243dd36645
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Ong, J.A., DL Jose, M.J. Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems, for
Senior High School, Vibal Group, Inc. 2016
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