Artículo original / Original article / Artigo original

DOI: 10.22507/pml.v13n2a3

Applications of Solar Energy: History, Sociology

and last Trends in Investigation1
Debrayan Bravo Hidalgo2 ,Reinier Jiménez Borges2, Yarelis Valdivia Nodal3

Abstract electric power generation, both in concentrated

and distributed forms; and energy conversion for
Introduction: The increase in global energy industrial processes.
demand, environmental problems and geopolitical
tensions due to the control of finite conventional Keywords: Solar energy, text mining, technology,
energy resources; these are reasons that have sociology, anthropology
currently focused the attention of scientists on the
applications of solar energy. The objective of this
contribution is to reflect the trends in research Aplicaciones de la energía solar
regarding applications of solar energy. The
materials and methods used in this investigation Resumen
consisted of a search and bibliometric analysis
carried out in the academic directory Scopus. A Intoducción: el incremento de la demanda
group of publications was detected under specific energética a escala mundial, la problemática
search criteria. The information detected was ambiental y las tensiones geopolíticas por el
processed with text mining elements in the control de los finitos recursos energéticos
visualization software and bibliometric map convencionales, son razones que en la actualidad
exploration of VOSviewer science. The article han focalizado la atención de los científicos en las
dead sections, records of the first applications of aplicaciones de la energía solar. El objetivo de
solar energy, the social environment of solar esta contribución es reflejar las tendencias en
energy applications, the first scientific meetings of investigación en cuanto aplicaciones de la energía
global connotation in this subject, and bibliometrics solar. Los métodos empleados en esta
of scientific activity focused on the applications of investigación consistieron en una búsqueda y
solar energy in the 21st century. As a result of the análisis bibliométricos realizados en el directorio
research, a sociological and anthropological vision académico Scopus. Se detectó un grupo de
of the man / energy interaction is exposed; This publicaciones bajo puntuales criterios de
complements lines of research such as sustainable búsqueda. La información detectada fue
production and consumption, energy management procesada con elementos de minería de textos en
and climate change. Conclusions: The trend in el software de visualización y exploración de
these investigations today, is to growth, and are mapas bibliométricos de la ciencia VOSviewer. El
focused on: heating and cooling of buildings, trabajo muestra, entre sus secciones, registros de

1 Artículo original derivado del proyecto investigación denominado Renewable energy resources, energy efficiency and energy
transformation systems, financiado por la Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador a desarrollarse entre los
meses enero de 2018 a diciembre de 2022.

2 Máster en Eficiecia Energética, profesor asociado, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador. Correo electrónico:
[email protected], ORCID: 0000-0003-0428-2263

3 Máster en Eficiecia Energética, profesor asistente, Universidad de Cienfuegos (UCF), Cienfuegos, Cuba. Correo electrónico:
[email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-6451-8499

4 Máster en Eficiecia Energética, profesor auxiliar, Universidad de Cienfuegos (UCF), Cienfuegos, Cuba. Correo electrónico:
[email protected], ORCID: 0000-0003-0775-2160

Autor para la corespondecia Debrayan Bravo Hidalgo. Correo electrónico: [email protected]

Artículo recibido: 13/04/2018; Artículo aprobado: 13/12/2018

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Applications of Solar Energy: History, Sociology and last Trends in Investigation
las primeras aplicaciones de la energía solar, el de energia elétrica, tanto em formas concentradas
entorno social de las aplicaciones de energía e distribuídas; e conversão de energia para
solar, las primeras reuniones científicas de processos industriais.
connotación global en este tema, además de la
bibliométrica de la actividad científica centrada en Palavras-chave: energia solar, mineração de
las aplicaciones de la energía solar en el siglo XXI. texto, tecnologia, sociologia, antropología
Como resultado de la investigación, se expone
una visión sociológica y antropológica de la
interacción hombre/energía. Esto complementa
líneas de investigación como la producción y
consumo sustentable, la gestión energética y el Introduction
cambio climático. Conclusiones: la tendencia en
estas investigaciones en la actualidad, es al Solar energy is the oldest natural form of energy
crecimiento, y están enfocadas a: calefacción y used by the humanity since times immemorial. It
refrigeración de edificios, generación de energía was used mainly for drying various products,
eléctrica, tanto en formas concentrada como mainly food, as well as for its conservation. The
distribuida; y conversión de energía para procesos first documented application was discovered in the
industriales. south of France, dated 8 000 B.C, where during the
excavations, a bank was found that was used to
Palabras claves: Energía solar, minería de texto, dry agricultural products. In later times, during the
tecnología, sociología, antropología period 5 000-2 000 B.C, several sites were
discovered, mainly in the Middle East, in which the
drying of different products, such as animal skin
Aplicaciones de la energía solar and clay plates, destined to the construction of
writing boards, took place. In those sites, it was
Resumo discovered that the Assyrians, for example, used to
dry clay writing boards initially in the sun, later
Intodução: O aumento da demanda global de completing the process in the shade, using natural
energia, problemas ambientais e tensões ventilation (Bux, Bauer, Mühlbauer, & Conrad,
geopolíticas devido ao controle de recursos 2001; Deering & Sweeney, 2017; Dhurandher,
energéticos convencionais finitos; Estas são Sharma, Woungang, & Saini, 2017).
razões que atualmente têm focado a atenção dos
cientistas nas aplicações da energia solar. O With the direct and indirect use of solar energy, all
objetivo desta contribuição é refletir as tendências our energy needs can be met (Donateo, Ficarella,
em pesquisa sobre aplicações de energia solar. Os Spedicato, Arista, & Ferraro, 2017; Karthik Reddy
materiais e métodos utilizados nesta & Poondla, 2017). Each square meter of the South
investigação consistiram em uma pesquisa e and Central America receives, on an annual
análise bibliométrica realizada no diretório average, 5 kW / h of solar energy, equivalent to the
acadêmico Scopus. Um grupo de publicações foi chemical energy accumulated in a liter of oil
detectado sob critérios de pesquisa específicos. (Ahmadi, Toghraie, & Akbari, 2017).
As informações detectadas foram processadas
com elementos de mineração de texto no software Energy is not an economic sector, although its
de visualização e exploração do mapa treatment requires studying its cost, in one way or
bibliométrico da ciência VOSviewer. Trabalho another the production of goods and services
morto entre suas sessões, registros das primeiras demand energy for its operation. Also, the
aplicações da energia solar; o ambiente social das population demands energy to satisfy their basic
aplicações de energia solar; os primeiros comfort needs, among others. That is why energy
encontros científicos de conotação global neste must be seen as a transcendental aspect for the
assunto; e bibliometria da atividade científica sustainable development of human activities.
focada nas aplicações da energia solar no século Energy consumption can be significantly reduced if
XXI. Como resultado da pesquisa, expõe-se uma the habits and lifestyles related to good practices
visão sociológica e antropológica da interação of efficient use are taught during the educational
homem / energia; Isso complementa linhas de stage at all levels (Andreas, Burns, & Touza, 2017;
pesquisa como produção e consumo sustentáveis, Fischhendler, Herman, & Maoz, 2017; Turrini,
gerenciamento de energia e mudanças climáticas. 2006).
Conclusões: A tendência nessas investigações
hoje; é para o crescimento, e estão focados em: This contribution reflects the trends in research
aquecimento e arrefecimento de edifícios, geração regarding applications of solar energy. Based on a

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Applications of Solar Energy: History, Sociology and last Trends in Investigation
bibliographic review within the boundaries of the were originally produced through photosynthesis.
Scopus catalog, and processing this information The wind and the waves are due to the
with text mining practices in the VOSviewer temperature differences created by the sun on the
computational tool. fluids that compose them (Breeze et al., 2009;
Oteman, Kooij, & Wiering, 2017; Syed & Safdar,
2017). Throughout history, each form of applied
energy contributed to the development of society
Materials and methods (Deering & Sweeney, 2017).
In the development of this research, the Scopus
First applications of solar energy.
catalog was used, and many of the scientometric
analysis tools that it provides to its subscribers
Before entering the historical journey, it is fair to
(Burnham, 2006). Under the search criteria
highlight the fundamental role that science and
Applications of solar energy in the title of the
technology have played in the course of history,
articles, and considering from the first record in
specifically in the twentieth century. Their role was
1957 to February 2018, was located within the
maximized thanks to access to innovative forms of
catalog Scopus 1 144 scientific contributions and
energy which contributed greatly to the rapid
288 524 patents related to these.
development and complexity of nations, to
demographic growth and the production of goods
All this information was extracted from this
and services, as well as the diversification and
academic research catalog in CSV format; and it
specification of emerging groups in the social
was processed in the VOSviewer bibliometric
structure of those times (Allamehzadeh, 2017;
analysis software. This is a computer program to
Moss, 2017; Perović, 2017). This section has
create, visualize and explore bibliometric maps of
focused on the projection of solar energy in the first
science. The extracted information in CSV format,
steps of documented civilization. Although there is
contained: a) Title., b) Keywords, c) Author, d)
more literature referring to the period of middle age
Years, e) Institution of the authors, f) Nationality, g)
(Allamehzadeh, 2017; Guzmán, 2017).
Magazine where it was published, h) Appointment
index.
The earliest report of the use of solar energy is the
burning of the Roman fleet in the bay of Syracuse,
VOSviewer was used in text mining and to analyze
attributed to Archimedes, a Greek mathematician
data from bibliometric networks, collaborative
and philosopher (287-212 B.C), who used flat
relationships between nations, authors and their
reflecting surfaces to focus lightning solar on the
impact. In addition, it was used to obtain the
Roman ships built in wood. This feat remained a
relation of coincidence between scientific terms
subject of controversy and discussion among
under the search criteria previously exposed.
historians for centuries, since it was later coined as
Finally, through the use of Scopus's bibliometric
a myth because there was no technology at that
tools, the most representative journals were
time for the manufacture of concave mirrors. In
detected in the topic Applications of solar energy
fact, Archimedes used well-polished brass military
and the citation index of these journals from 1996
shields. Regardless of all the theories, it is well
to 2017.
known that Archimedes was an expert in optics
and is the author of the book called Mirrors or
Construction Spheres (Περί κατόπτρων ή
Results Σφαιροποιία) that, unfortunately, was not saved for
posterity. The first reference drawn in this event is
The energy requirement of humanity is continually
given by Loukianos (190-120 B.C). During the
growing (Bravo Hidalgo, 2015). It is predicted that
Byzantine era (514 B.C), Proclus, bishop of
by the middle of our century the world demand for
Constantinople, repeated this feat by burning the
energy will at least double. These energy
enemy fleet that was besieging Constantinople.
conditions, and in the face of real environmental
Later, once again during Byzantine times, Ioannis
challenges, can only be covered by obtaining
Tzetsis (1 100-80 B.C), a Byzantine writer
electrical energy and thermal energy from
described in his book Chiliades, vol. 3, the burning
renewable energy sources (Testi, Schito, & Conti,
of Roman ships by Archimedes (Bilgen, 2013;
2016).
Thomas & Thomas, 2003). Vitelion, a Polish
mathematician of the thirteenth century, describes
All forms of energy used in the generation of
Archimedes 'experiment in detail in his book Optics
electricity are derived in one way or another from
(Bilgen, 2013): Archimedes' fiery crystal composed
our nearest star. Oil, coal, natural gas and wood
of 24 mirrors, which transmitted the sun's rays in a

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Applications of Solar Energy: History, Sociology and last Trends in Investigation
common focus generating a large bright spot anthropologists (Aguirre, 1982; Paul, 1987; White,
thermal load. 1982), the relationship between man and nature is
mediated by several factors such as the human
Subsequently, the experiment was repeated once organism, the environment, the energy linked by
again by the French naturalist and academic G. L. man to the productive process, the means and
Buffon who experimented in solar energy ways in which said energy; and the satisfaction of
applications and showed that the Archimedes needs and services, as consequences of the use of
experiment was achievable. energy.

It should be mentioned here that one of the most Therefore, the cultural products resulting from the
important descriptions of the activities of the sun is application of energy and the efficiency of its use,
that of the well-known Greek philosopher and according to the authors (Hubert, 1990; Troc,
scientist Aristotle (384-322 B.C) who conceived the 2014), depend on the amount of energy used in the
hydrological cycle (Bilgen, 2013; Thomas & task, the technological means that allow its
Thomas, 2003; Waddell, 2010). To date, a better realization and the result of the work as such.
explanation of the hydrological cycle has not been
drawn. Another evidence of the use of solar heat is So, efficiency depends on the knowledge and skills
the orientation of the houses. During the antiquity, of the subject or group, as well as the technological
the constructors oriented the facades of the house means with which it counts. These elements would
to take better advantage of the heat of the solar ultimately stipulate the growth or evolution of a
rays. Socrates (469-399 B.C), the Greek human group and its cultural products (Hawthorn,
philosopher, describes that the optimal use of 1995; Hubert, 1990). A number of arguments
natural solar radiation is obtained by orienting the support the presented criteria, and from a historical
main rooms of a building to the south. perspective, they show the contribution of energy
to cultural evolution and its sharp correlation with
China has also had its own share in solar energy technological development (Póth & Kistelegdi,
applications. As reported by Kemper (1977), during 2013).
the Han Dynasty (220-201 B.C), the Chinese used
concave mirrors made of brass, tin alloy. The Humanly speaking, the link with solar energy in all
mirrors were used to light the torches of "solar fire" its manifestations, and regardless of the organic or
for religious rituals. physiological level, has been a catalyst that has
allowed the development of man as a some specie
Social environment of solar energy in various areas, which has finally allowed society
applications. to constitute itself as such. and develop what we
call culture.
The historical relationship between the areas that
are the subject of our analysis, solar energy Considering the above, an investigation from the
technology and society, has been a constant. sociological and anthropological perspective of the
Making an effort to highlight the continuous human / energy interaction could yield results that
interrelation that has taken place between these would complement lines of research such as
dimensions and the dynamics of human change sustainable production and consumption, energy
and development, as well as highlighting the management, climate change, among others.
profound meaning and repercussions that solar
energy has had on our history, is the purpose of First scientific meetings of global connotation,
this contribution (Szabó, 2017). In the eyes of around the applications of solar energy.
historians and anthropologists, solar energy has
always been linked to human activity and cultural Unlike the formal configuration of the scientific
evolution. This has been transformed to the extent conventions that take place today, the discussions
that man has been able to access alternate ways of used to take place unofficially, so many of these
solar energy, which have allowed the efficient use events were not reported or recorded. With regard
of it and expand the range of operation to solar energy, in particular, the first symposium
possibilities. In the scientific contribution of White was held at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in
(1982) is used: cultural evolution is given to the 1950, and referred to heating indoor spaces with
extent that man has been able, both to access and solar thermal energy. It was organized by the
to implement, energy as a resource to perform American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and 20
more efficiently and through technological papers were presented (Jensen, 1959). The event
innovation a job and thus enable the maximization was chaired by H. C. Hotel.
of favors that the environment provides. For

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Applications of Solar Energy: History, Sociology and last Trends in Investigation
In 1953 a meeting was held on the use of solar while engineering reports 34.9%, followed by the
energy in which the president was Farington area or line of research, materials science, which
Daniels. It was a meeting of 40 participants, held at supports 19.4%. These are the most developed
the University of Wisconsin under the auspices of lines of research in the innovations of processes of
the National Science Foundation. The procedures capture, accumulation and use of solar energy.
were published by F. Daniels and J. A. Duffie in
1955. Duffie added a chapter that reviewed all The leading nations in terms of published scientific
patents related to solar energy up to that time results, detected under the established search
(Jensen, 1959). The next solar energy congress criteria are United States and China, with 187 and
was held in New Delhi, India, in 1954, under the 125 documents respectively. The powers of the
auspices of UNESCO, and included wind energy. world economic axis see in the applications of
solar energy an optimal, efficient and safe outlet to
The great impulse was provided by the World the current energy demands. Figure N° 2 attests to
Symposium on Applied Solar Energy, in 1955, in the declared. This figure shows the intensity (in
Phoenix, Arizona, and the subsequent one was resignation of the circumference) of publications by
also held in the same city in 1958 on the use of nations as a function of years (years represented
solar energy and its scientific basis. These two by the color scale). In addition, it shows the
meetings were organized by the Association of cooperation network of these nations in regards to
Applied Solar Energy, which was later renamed as the research of solar energy applications. It is
the well-known International Society of Solar observed how the People's Republic of China
Energy, for its acronym (ISES). ISES continues to intensifies its results in this research area around
organize international and local conferences on 2015, with Malacia being the nation with the most
solar energy. In 2005, Böer published the 50-year cooperation.
history of ISES in two volumes (Böer, 2005).

Bibliometric of scientific activity focused on the Figure N° 2. Cooperation

applications of solar energy in the 21st century. network among countries in terms of solar
Under the criteria and search conditions energy research and its application, and
highlighted in the methods section of this intensity of published results
contribution, and the subsequent analysis of the Source: own elaboration. (Made in VOSviewer).
information extracted from the Scopus catalog.
figure N° 1 was obtained. This figure shows the
behavior of contributions from the 2000s. There is
a clear tendency to growth in research related to
this field.

Figure N° 1. Distribution of contributions

detected in the last decades
Source: own elaboration. (Made in Scopus)

To develop the map of terms shown in figure N° 3,

of the file exported in CSV formats; the intensity
and correlation of terms defined for titles and
55.1% of the contributions that have been detected keywords in each of the works contained under the
under the previously established search criteria search criteria mentioned in the methods section
are scientific articles, while another 33% belong to was analyzed using the VOSviewer tool. It can be
session documents (Conference papers), and only seen in the figure "Temperature" is the term of
4.1% represent the review articles. These are the greatest intensity of occurrence, because this is
most significant percentage values in the the physical magnitude of relevant utility in the
distribution of the different types of documents. most diverse forms of application of solar energy.
Contemplating the displacement of the range of
The lines of research most represented by this colors in this graph, it can be seen that these terms
topic are: energy with 41% of documents detected, have been changing over the years, given that the

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Applications of Solar Energy: History, Sociology and last Trends in Investigation
application practices of solar energy have been Figure N° 5 shows the performance in terms of
displaced to the production of electrical energy. citations of the five journals that most socialize this
The applications of solar energy nowadays are not topic in Scopus. This is considered a period that
only limited to energy services such as thermal covers from 1996 to September 2017. It shows a
comfort, sanitary hot water or steam service; but, significant increase in the index of citations from
the generation of electrical energy, both the year 2010. New environmental conditions at
concentrated and distributed, is being represented the global level, as well as geopolitical conflicts
by this practice. The latter is evidenced by the over the dominance of each more finite energy
second term of greater concurrence "Power". reserves, have led to the growing interest in
energy practices activated with the incidence of
the sun. To our days, the path of the sun becomes
Figure N° 3. Map of correlation between terms
a viable alternative to the energy and
referring to research in solar energy
environmental problems facing our civilization.
applications
Source: own elaboration. (Made in VOSviewer)
Figure N° 5. Index of citation index of the
journals that most represent this topic within
this catalog
Source: own elaboration. (Made in Scopus)

Therefore, the trends in the applications of solar

energy at the beginning of this century, are focused Discussion
on: a) Heating and cooling of buildings, b) Electric
The ephemeral historical representation reflected
power generation, in both concentrated and
so far, has the purpose of attesting that the
distributed forms, c) Energy conversion for
extensive and laborious way by which that
industrial processes.
conception of solar energy and its use has been
transformed by the world and has been mobilizing
The international scientific community has aroused
it in turn. It is evident that not only solar energy
great interest in this energy practice. Figure N° 4
knowledge and technologies have been modified,
shows the diversity of scholars who converge in
but that, taking into account the social nature of
this type of research since 2010.
innovations, each human group has put its stamp
on this evolution. While religious entities have
Figure N° 4. Map of correlation between emerged, political and civil among others, whose
authors of publications in the field of solar performance has had a preponderant role in the
energy applications decisive role that the energetic power has played
Source: own elaboration. (Made in VOSviewer). in the progress, change and crisis of our civilization
(Katsaprakakis et al., 2017; Lenton, Pichler, &
Weisz, 2016).

The conversion of the different manifestations of

solar energy refers to the use of the surrounding
environment as a source of energy. The beginning
of all economic activity from the most elementary
organisms to the most advanced civilizations, is
the conversion of solar energy, (Hall &
Raumplaner, 1998; Sun, Fong, & Liu, 2017; Swart,
2015). Solar radiation, together with the inherent
characteristics of the planet's atmosphere, allow
the conversion of the first one into various

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Applications of Solar Energy: History, Sociology and last Trends in Investigation
energetic forms that are essential for vital Renewable energy focus handbook. San Diego, CA,
sustenance, (Chilipirea, Petre, & Dobre, 2013; USA: AP & Elsevier.
Hamakawa, 2002).
Burnham, J. F. (2006). Scopus database: a review.
Knowledge and technique have defined the social Biomedical digital libraries, 3(1), 1.
groups that have made the decisions, relying on
the criterion that the mastery of nature through the Bux, M., Bauer, K., Mühlbauer, W., & Conrad, T. (2001).
tools created and the use of resources is the goal Solar-assisted drying of timber at industrial scale. The
to achieve well-being and the possibility of a Southern African Forestry Journal, 192(1), 73-78.
dignified and pleasant life. The passing of the
years and consequently of the centuries, in the Chilipirea, C., Petre, A. C., & Dobre, C. (2013).
pilgrimage of man over the kingdom of this world, Energy-aware social-based routing in opportunistic
shows that the man-energy relationship is not so networks.
simple and that a sociological and historical
explanation of the phenomenon may well Deering, D., & Sweeney, G. (2017). Understanding the
contribute to a better and more broad scope: Brief history of energy industry cyberattacks.
understanding of the subject, which could Pipeline and Gas Journal, 244(5).
challenge that traditional view of linearity and
unlimited ascendancy of civilization (Hanel & Hård, Dhurandher, S. K., Sharma, D. K., Woungang, I., & Saini, A.
2015; Majumdar, Setter, Dobbs, Hencey, & (2017). An energy-efficient history-based routing
Albonesi, 2015). scheme for opportunistic networks. International
Journal of Communication Systems, 30(7).
doi:10.1002/dac.2989

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Applications of Solar Energy: History, Sociology and last Trends in Investigation