9 V May 2021

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34031
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue V May 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

Brain Tumor Detection using Wideband Antenna

M. Arun1, D. Kalaiarasi1, S. Anishka2, K. Preethi3, P. M. Preeti4
1 2, 3, 4
Assistant Professor, UG Scholar ECE, Panimalar institute of technology, Chennai.

Abstract: A microstrip antenna, commonly known as patch antenna is widely used in mobile communication as it can be easily
fabricated and is also well known for its advantages such as low profile and low cost. It also extends its application to RFID
(radio frequency identification) fields and healthcare. The proposed system makes use of the patch antenna in the healthcare
domain. A slotted microstrip patch antenna is designed by using CST software with a return loss of -37db and VSWR (Voltage
Standing wave ratio) value 1.7 to detect tumour inside the brain. The designed antenna is placed in the head phantom with and
without tumor model and the difference in parameters such as S-parameter and SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) is analysed. The
result is obtained by examining and comparing the above two parameters. By this analysis, we can state whether the person has
a brain tumor or not. The antenna works under the frequency band of 2.5– 2.9 GHz. This system can be used to monitor the
patient at a remote distance.
Keywords: Microstrip patch antenna, Slotted Antenna, SAR, Return Loss, CST.

I. INTRODUCTION
A recent survey of 2020 states that around 5-10 cases per 1 Lakh population are affected by a brain tumor. A brain tumor is the
growth of abnormal cells in the brain. Brain tumor can be either cancerous or non-cancerous [1]-[5]. Growth of a brain tumor can be
varied significantly and the location of a brain tumor, determines how it will affect the nervous system. Treatment options for brain
tumor depends on the type of brain, as well as its size and location. The most general way to detect the brain tumor is by x-ray,
ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan[6]. People exposed to any ionizing radiation
have an increased risk of brain tumor[7]. Most people prone to pre-mature death due to the detection of a brain tumor in the final or
intermediate stage. Early detection of brain tumor can save lives and prevent death. As microwave imaging technology involves
non-ionizing radiation, the possibility of detecting the brain cancer is increased recently and it is safe. In this paper, we present the
most accurate, cost-effective, and time-consuming method to detect the tumor in the early stages. The principle used in this project
depends upon the dielectric difference between healthy tissue and the tumor. A slotted microstrip patch antenna is considered for
brain tumor detection. The antenna is placed and tested using a phantom head model[8]-[11]. A patch antenna is used to transmit
Electromagnetic signals and receive the reflected signal from the head phantom model. The proposed system can further provide a
detailed analysis of the tumor including exact position and size if multiple antennas are connected and placed in the head.
This paper is organized as follows: Section II Antenna Design, the detailed view of slotted microstrip patch antenna with the
parameters and its dimensions are discussed. Simulation results obtained with brain models generated by the CST Microwave
Studio are presented in Section III. Finally, discussion and conclusions are provided in Section IV.

II. ANTENNA DESIGN

The proposed antenna is designed by cutting single patch to make it a patch antenna. Cutting of patches in antenna increases the
current path which increases the current intensity, as a result efficiency is increased. The basic structure of antenna consists of
ground plane, substrate, patch and feed line[13]. The transmission line is the preferred method of analysis for calculating the various
dimensions of the microstrip patch antenna[14]. The substrate for the whole antenna structure is air. So, the structure over the plain
copper ground plane is entirely supported by the coaxial probe and the shorting pin[15],[16]. The three essential parameters for the
design of a slotted microstrip patch are Frequency of operation, Dielectric constant of the substrate and the dimensions of the patch.
Frequency of operation = 2.7 GHz.
Dielectric constant of the substrate = 2.2

Fig. 2.1 Geometry of Proposed Antenna (Side View)

Figure 2.1 shows the proposed antenna which indicates the radiator fed with microstrip feed line. The radiator consists of slot along
with the feed in the radiating edge. These slot with the feed reduces the return loss to a greater extent

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue V May 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

The dimensions of the geometry:

a 25 mm
b 8 mm
c 3 mm
d 4.5 mm
e 6 mm
Table 2.1 Dimension of proposed antenna

Table 2.1 represents the dimensions of the geometrical antenna and the units are mentioned in mm. Below fig 2.2 represents the
final constructed slotted microstrip patch antenna.

Fig. 2.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna (Front View)

Figure 2.2 shows the designed microstrip antenna using CST software.
The return loss can be calculated using the formula,
RL= 10 log (Pout / Pin)
A. Antenna Results
Loss of signal power resulting from the reflection cost at a discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fibre is called return loss

Fig. 2.3 RETURN LOSS at 2.7 GHz

Figure 2.3 shows the proposed microstrip patch antenna with slot using microstrip feed line as a feeding technique, which gives the
return loss or reflection coefficient value as -37dB in the frequency range of 2.7 GHz.

FIG 2.4 VSWR at 2.7 GHz

Figure 2.4 shows that the desirable VSWR (<2) is achieved in the frequency range 0 to 10 GHz. In this design the obtained vswr
value is 1.7 for 2.7 GHz frequency.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue V May 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

The transmission feed used in the design to have a frequency range of 2.7 GHz is selected and frequency points are selected over
this range to obtain accurate results. VSWR can be measured and examined by installing and tuning the transmitting antenna. The
impedance of an antenna and feed line must match exactly for maximum energy transfer from the feed line to the antenna, when a
transmitter is connected to an antenna by a feed line.
The radiation field of the microstrip patch antenna is shown in figure 2.5 which is determined using either electric current model or
magnetic current model. In the electric current model, the current is used directly to find the far field radiation pattern. If the
substrate is assumed to be infinite, the reciprocity method may be used to determine the far-field pattern.

Fig. 2.5 3D Radiation Pattern

Figure 2.5 shows the 3D radiation pattern of the antenna at 2.7 GHz frequency.

III. SIMULATION RESULTS

For simulating the calculated data, computer simulation technology (CST) is used. Antenna parameters such as return loss, vswr,
directivity, far-field can be simulated using software [12]. It is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic
structures. It can be used for design of complex RF electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines and for
antenna design.
By varying the widths of the slot, length of the slot, feed and feed positions, S-parameter variation is studied for the slotted patch
antenna. This antenna design can be used for multiband applications. The resonant frequency selected for this project is 2.7 GHz and
the dielectric material used in this design is air, To increase the bandwidth of the antenna, a substrate with low dielectric constant of
1.00059 is selected.

FIG. 3.1: Head without Tumor

Using computer simulation technology studio, the head phantom is imported. Figure 3.1 shows the head without tumor and figure
3.2 shows the head with tumor.

Fig. 3.2: Head with Tumor

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue V May 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

IV. COMPARISON STUDY

Various parameters of the proposed antenna are observed by the spectrum analyser. The electric and magnetic current models yield
exactly the same results for the far-field pattern, provided the pattern of each current is calculated in the presence of the substrate at
the resonant frequency of the patch cavity model.

Parameters With Tumor Without Tumor

Return loss -70dB -30dB
SAR 5.57132e-05 1.8171e-0.5
W/kg W/kg.
E-Field 72.0384 V/M 22.3849 V/M
H-Field 0.175234 A/M 0.040140 A/M
Table 3.1 Simulated values

Hence the E-Field, H-Field, Specific Absorption Rate, return loss values have been simulated using CST software and the values
have been mentioned in the Table 3.1 as simulated values. The resultant values give a clear idea to identify whether the tumor is
present in brain or not.

Fig. 3.3 Return Loss at 2.7GHz - Without Tumor

Figure 3.3 shows that the desirable return loss for head without tumor. In this design the obtained return loss value is -30 dB for 2.7
GHz frequency.

Fig. 3.4 Return Loss at 2.7GHz – With Tumor

Figure 3.4 shows that the desirable return loss for head with tumor. In this design the obtained return loss value is -70 dB for 2.7
GHz frequency. This shows that the return loss has been increased than that of the brain having no tumor.

Fig. 3.5 E-Field for Head without Tumor at 2.7GHz

Figure 3.5 shows that the desirable E-Field for head without tumor. In this design the obtained value is 22.3849 V/M for 2.7 GHz
frequency.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue V May 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

Fig. 3.6 E-Field for Head with Tumor at 2.7GHz

Figure 3.6 shows that the desirable E-Field for head with tumor. In this design the obtained value is 72.0384 V/M for 2.7 GHz
frequency. This shows that the E-Field has been increased drastically than that of the brain having no tumor.

Fig. 3.8 H-Field for Head without Tumor at 2.7GHz

Figure 3.8 shows that the desirable H-Field for head without tumor. In this design the obtained value is 0.040140 A/M for 2.7 GHz
frequency

Fig. 3.7 H-Field for Head with Tumor at 2.7GHz

Figure 3.7 shows that the desirable H-Field for head with tumor. In this design the obtained value is 0.175234 A/M for 2.7 GHz
frequency. This shows that the H-Field has been slightly increased than that of the brain without tumor.

Fig. 3.10 SAR value for Head without Tumor at 2.7GHz

Figure 3.10 shows that the desirable SAR for head with tumor. In this design the obtained value is 1.8171e-0.5 W/kg for 2.7 GHz
frequency.

Fig. 3.9 SAR value for Head with Tumor at 2.7GHz

Figure 3.9 shows that the desirable SAR for head with tumor. In this design the obtained value is 5.57132e-05 W/kg for 2.7 GHz
frequency. This implies that the specific absorption rate is drastically increased when the antenna is simulated upon brain phantom
with tumor.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue V May 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

V. CONCLUSION
This research paper focuses on detecting brain tumor cells present in the head using wide band antenna within frequency ranging
from 2.5 GHz to 2.9 GHz. Antenna design parameters such as return loss, vswr, directivity, far-field are also analysed by using
rectangular patch slotted antenna. To achieve resonance at lower frequency, a parallel structure is attached with the feeding structure
of the antenna. The 3-D model imported in CST software generates more accurate detection of tumor cells. The proposed antenna
exhibits five bands, it supports for 2.55 GHz and also has good radiation properties. Therefore, this antenna is suitable for super high
frequency applications and other bio medical applications that work in these frequencies.

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