Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aed 3701
Aed 3701
AED3701/1/2020–2022
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AED3701/1/2020–2022
CONTENTS
PREFACE v
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4.2 THE INDIGENOUS TYPES AND FORMS OF ASSESSMENT AND THE CURRENT
ASSESSMENT PERSPECTIVES IN COLLABORATION WITH ASSESSMENT
PLANNING AND ACTIVITIES DESIGN 38
4.3 CAPS BASED ASSESSMENT PLANNING AND METHODS OF GIVING FEEDBACK TO
LEARNERS, PARENTS, OTHER RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS IN MULTI-GRADE AND
NORMAL SCHOOLS 39
4.3.1 Constructive feedback to learners 39
4.3.2 Assessment in Multi-Grade classroom 40
4.4 THE USE OF THEORIES IN ASSESSMENT 42
4.5 ASSESSMENT REVIEW METHODS 42
4.6 ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT METHODS 43
4.7 CONCLUSION 43
REFERENCES 138
Appendix 3: Designing Assessment Activity 140
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PREFACE
South African schools context. In this word of welcome and introduction to the module,
“ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION (AED3701)”, you will find the background information
describing the context of your study of this module, as well as information on studying
using media and resources, and syllabus coverage, learning units 1-6 with their specific
outcomes and assessment criteria focus areas of the module, activities and assessment,
content, media, and resources. Furthermore, the module includes a focus on the application
of theories foregrounding assessment in education. Finally, a reminder that study time
should be planned carefully, and an overview of the structure of the study guide and the
module should be adhered to.
You will be on your way to success if you start studying early and resolve to do your
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assignments thoroughly and timeously. During the course of the year, you will receive a
number of tutorial letters relating to AED3701. A tutorial letter is my way of communicating
with you about ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION. Please join our discussions forum on myUnisa
to stay updated with the latest announcements, resources, and information on this module.
supports specific applications in subject methodologies. The module will introduce you
to the purpose of assessments, as well as the types, forms and methods that assessments
may take. It will help you to plan, conduct and implement assessments in ways that are fit
for purpose in diverse contexts of practice and that can be justified against the appropriate
theory, policy, and experience.
teacher development courses, namely, the Baccalaureus Educationis (BEd) and the Post
Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE).
If you are enrolled for the BEd, you will be simultaneously studying other modules,
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including the subjects you intend to specialise in and teach at a school or institution, for
example, Life Sciences, Mathematics, Language, Tourism, Life Orientation, and others. On
the grounds that you have studied these subjects at second or third-year levels already, or
you are in the process of doing so, you may be regarded as an expert in your field of study.
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If you have enrolled in the Unisa PGDE course, you have done so with the purpose of
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qualifying and registering to teach the subject or subjects of your choice to learners in
the South African education system. Having obtained a first degree, you are already an
expert in your field of study – yet you have to obtain the PGDE as a means to be registered
and appointed as a professional educator.
No matter which of the above applies, the fact remains that you are not a novice student
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and you have mastered the ability to study at a graduate level. You have enrolled in
courses presented in the distance education mode. All of this means that we expect of
you to be able to work independently and with insight, rather than being spoon-fed by
the lecturer, coordinator and authors who contributed to the resources of this module –
including this study guide, the prescribed text, or any open education resource (OER) or
other source that you may find and use in the course of your studies.
This module, “Assessment in Education” (AED3701), forms part of the PGDE and BEd
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In this ever-changing context, this module aims not only to prepare you for being an
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effective and professional assessor working within the Curriculum and Assessment Policy
Statement (CAPS) that was implemented in South Africa in 2012, but also to be a reflexive
teacher who is able to make sense of changes in education and assessment, irrespective
of the current and/or future curriculum contexts.
ourselves, we radiate outwards and discover peoples and worlds around us. With
Africa at the center of things, not existing as an appendix or a satellite of other
countries and literature, things must be seen from the African perspective. All other
things are to be considered in their relevance to our situation and their contribution
towards understanding ourselves. In suggesting this we are not rejecting other
streams, especially the western stream. We are only clearly mapping out the directions
and perspectives the study of culture and literature will inevitably take in an African
university.
This module, “Assessment in Education”, intends to provoke, unearth and redirect your
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thinking into the concept of Africanisation. Although there is a specific learning unit 4 that
has been dedicated to zoom in on the concept of Africanisation, across all the units we
will draw you into how best you can assess learners using African indigenous knowledge,
ideologies, activities, approaches, methods, and application of different theories. We
therefore also invite you to actively engage, debate, contribute and embrace the concept
of Africanisation in Assessment in Education.
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activities, strategies, instruments, and moderate, you will be required to learn, understand
and apply some important theories. These will include the following: andragogy theory,
self-determination theory, social learning theory, socio constructivism theory, social
justice theory, behaviouralism assessment theory, Ubuntu assessment theory, Blooms
Taxonomy theory in assessment, and connectivism assessment theory. You are required
to read articles, book chapters, and other related OERs on the above theories to broaden
your understanding.
The world over, we are rapidly moving towards a paperless learning, teaching and working
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You will also notice that we make use of OER in addition to the prescribed text in this study
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guide. We expect you to access these, as well as any other relevant resources available on
the internet, to expand your learning experiences as you work through this module. The
Unisa website, as well as the myUnisa portal for current students, have made e-learning
a reality for every student enrolled at our university. In this context, it is imperative that
you are computer literate and have direct and reliable access to the internet!
• to introduce you to a wide variety of themes, topics, theories, constructs, ideas, frame-
works and opinions relevant to assessment in education in general, and to assessment
in South Africa in particular;
• to assist you to reflect on (think about) assessment theory and practice; and
• to guide you in applying what you learn about these themes, topics, theories and the
like to assessment planning and practice in your particular context as a teacher, and/
or as an assessor who intends to teach and assess learners in your subject or subjects.
These three steps in our approach are presented and applied in this study guide in a
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interactive and reflexive endeavour rather than a “’read-and-regurgitate’’ process. The
activities in the study guide are designed in such a way that doing them will facilitate
your learning of the content of the module in an engaging and enjoyable manner. This,
in turn, means that you can expect to be challenged to think and to work and to apply
your mind at a post-graduate level when engaging in the activities presented. At the
same time, you will experience learning success along the way as every activity will be a
stepping stone towards achieving the aims and objectives of the specific outcome and
assessment criteria.
Obviously, the study guide will, for the most part, follow the logic and sequence of the
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themes, topics, and theories as presented in the prescribed textbooks, The educator as
assessor in the foundation phase, by JM Dreyer & AS Mawela (2020); The educator as assessor
in the intermediate phase by JM Dreyer & AS Mawela(2020); and lastly, The educator as
assessor in the senior phase and FET by JM Dreyer & AS Mawela (2020). NB: you buy the
prescribed textbook of only the relevant phase registered for (e.g. foundation phase). The
study guide will also supplement the prescribed text and, where appropriate, refer you
to OER, articles and book chapters to expand your thinking when studying this module.
Obviously, the current official curriculum statements are critical resources for this module
as well.
It is of the utmost importance that you use the study guide as well as the following study
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All these resources are available online. The tutorial letters and this study guide are available
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on myUnisa at no extra cost. All OERs we refer you to are also available on the internet at
no cost. Only the prescribed textbooks, The educator as assessor in the Foundation Phase
by JM Dreyer & AS Mawela (2020); The educator as assessor in the Intermediate Phase by JM
Dreyer & AS Mawela (2020); and lastly, The educator as assessor in the Senior Phase and FET
by JM Dreyer and AS Mawela (2020), are available as books and e-books at an additional
cost. You have to have all these resources at hand when you study any part of the module,
obviously using this study guide at all times to guide your efforts. Again, the need for
you to be computer literate and have direct and reliable access to the internet is obvious!
Always bear in mind that this study guide actually operates much as a teacher does. It will
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structure your learning, explain concepts and direct you to other parts of the module or
OERs at appropriate junctures. It will facilitate your learning. We suggest that you open a
file on your personal computer (PC), laptop or tablet and name it “AED3701 – Workbook’’
in which to do all the activities contained in the study guide, write additional notes, and
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generally record your ideas and concerns as you work through the module. Any activity
in this guide can then be copied from this study guide into your workbook, done, revised
and amended as you progress through the module. You may even want to include aspects
from other sources you have accessed in your studies. Your workbook file should contain
a record of your learning about and understanding of the work of a teacher and assessor,
and will most certainly stand you in good stead when you have to give an account of
your learning in doing assignments and in writing the examination at the end of the year.
In fact, if used cleverly, most of your responses to the activities can be used or copied
directly into your assignments!
The essence of the work of a teacher as the assessor is clearly summarised in the definition
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information about the performance of learners, and may take various forms. It involves
four steps: generating and collecting evidence of achievement; evaluating this
evidence; recording the findings and using this information. The information is
particularly used to understand and thereby assist the learner’s development in
order to improve the process of learning and teaching (CAPS 2011:49).
In this understanding of assessment, it is a planned process first and foremost. This means
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This also clearly explains why this module is focused on one aim or outcome only,
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namely:
Students will demonstrate the ability to plan and prepare assessments for learners.
NB: This means that you will be assessed during the year and at the end of the year for
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your ability to plan (write up) assessments for the learners you teach and assess in your
subject, as well as your ability to prepare all resources (human and physical) for such
assessments.
Obviously, we would have preferred to also include your ability to conduct assessments
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of learners, for example, how you would have a test written by your learners and how
you would mark their scripts or answers using a memorandum and/or assessment tools.
From an assessment perspective, however, it would be impossible for us to assess your
ability to do actual assessments at school as it would be logistically unmanageable for us,
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your lecturers and tutors, to visit every one of you in a school to see how you assess your
learners. However, during teaching practice, you will be expected to demonstrate your
understanding and ability to teach and assess your learners. The following examples
may be considered as part of an assessment: actualisation of learners' prior knowledge
when introducing a lesson, asking learners some questions when delivering the subject
matter or a group activity during teaching and learning, classwork at the end of the
lesson, and homework or projects to be completed by learners at home.
It is manageable, however, to assess your ability to plan and prepare for assessments
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The ultimate test for success in this module lies in your ability to apply what you learn
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during the course of your studies to assessing learners in your subject. You will note
that many of the activities will require you to do exactly that – apply a construct, theory,
concept or similar to assessing learners in your subject and context. Although the study
guide already constitutes a conversation between your lecturer and you and the e-tutors
at the university, we believe that you should also set aside time to talk with other students
and more experienced teachers. Talking about assessment issues, especially if you have
debates and arguments, is an effective way of studying anything, including this module.
It will allow you to ground many of the theoretical ideas that are presented in your
own context. It may also be a good idea to establish contact with fellow students and
experienced teachers teaching the same subject or subjects as you do.
The study guide makes use of a variety of techniques in the activities designed for
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learning. These include dialogues, scenarios, case studies, debates, mind maps and
the like to structure your learning and our teaching. Mostly, these activities are used
inductively, which means you will be arriving at the principles or deeper insights by
yourself. The comments and explanations by your lecturer and the e-tutors, throughout,
will highlight such important principles and insights.
A vital learning skill is the ability to plot your own progress. This is only possible, however,
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if you keep a record of your understanding throughout the course. You can then return
to the earlier work and see how your understanding has changed, grown and developed.
This makes your workbook a very important part of your learning strategy. It will become
the record of your thinking – and of the changes in your thinking – about your work as
a teacher and assessor.
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49 SBA School Based Assessment
50 TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
9. DEFINITIONS OF TERMINOLOGIES
Policy: any word or expression to which meaning has been assigned in the Department
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of Basic Education and Department of Higher Education and Training shall have the
meaning so assigned to it unless the context indicates otherwise.
a learner’s achievement in order to: a) assist the leaner’s development and improve the
process of learning and teaching; and b) evaluate and certify competence in order to
ensure qualification credibility.
Internal assessment: any assessment conducted by a teacher in a school and the outcomes
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are made known to the learners and other relevant stakeholders, such as parents.
External assessment: a school assessment that is set and moderated at a higher level
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which produces similar results if used anywhere else. It is the extent to which, in similar
contexts, the same assessment can yield the same results and or judgement.
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Validity: implies that the set assessment measures the knowledge and skills required for
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defined competencies and learning outcomes. Pays attention to how appropriate, useful,
and meaningful assessment procedures, methods, instruments, and materials are.
11. CONCLUSION
In this learning and assessment focus areas of the module, we welcomed and introduced
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you to the module, “Assessment in Education”. You now have a road-map on what to
expect throughout learning on how to be an assessor of the specific phase, grade, and
subject. You are reminded to have the specific CAPS subject document on hand and are
also urged to read the outlined specific policies on assessment. Next is learning unit 1,
which focuses on the discussion, comparison and evaluation of key ideas and debates
on assessment planning, practice, and moderation in the school curriculum.
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Learning unit 1
ASSESSMENT IN A SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT
Learning outcomes
1.1 INTRODUCTION
It is imperative that you give yourself time to plan the assessment. The initial stage of
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assessment planning takes place during the lesson plan (CAPS, 2011). If the lesson is not well-
planned to cater for the needs of all learners in the class, it is unlikely that the assessment
plan will address learners’ cognitive levels as stipulated in the Blooms Taxonomy. Prior
to planning an assessment, it is important for you to have adequate knowledge of the
specific CAPS’ subject content. You should, therefore, give yourself adequate time to
master your specific subject content knowledge as outlined in CAPS documents. Take
into cognisance of how you should involve, engage, listen, and observe learners during
teaching and learning when planning the assessment. It is important that you bear in mind
the intended outcomes you want the learners to achieve when planning the assessment.
It is also ideal that you remember to always assess learners’ prior knowledge during
teaching and learning to find the level of understanding before the actual assessment.
Such an assessment becomes a formative assessment when the evidence is actually used
to adapt the teaching to meet learning needs (Black, 2002). This implies that you should
be involved in how learning is taking place in a class in order to identify the areas that
require improvements before the assessment can take place.
Policy (CAPS, 2011) document in South Africa replaces the National Curriculum Statement
(NCS, 2005). From the foundation phase (grades 1-3), the mother tongue or home language
is used during teaching and learning and also when conducting assessments across the
CAPS subjects except for the first additional language (English). However, from intermediate
to senior and further education and training, that is grades 4-12, English or Afrikaans is
used during teaching and learning, and also when conducting assessments across the
CAPS subjects with the exception of the specific home language.
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An assessment is a process of gaining information about learners’ learning and providing
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Assessments in South Africa take the form of both external and internal assessments.
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External assessments, for example, during 2012-2014 grades 3, 6 and 9 were writing common
papers on specific subjects such as English and Mathematics under the Annual National
Assessment (ANA) policy. The purpose of this assessment was mainly to find common
ground with regard to learners’ level of understanding of Mathematics and English. Grade
12 learners write their external final examination in order to obtain the National Senior
Certificate.
For the purpose of internal assessments, both informal and formal assessments are used
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to assess learners’ performance with the intention of grading and/or promoting them.
CAPS (2011) regards an informal assessment as a daily monitoring of learners’ progress in
the form of observation, written exercises, oral activities and presentations, written tests,
reading aloud and other forms of assessment. Informal assessments are used by teachers
to provide constructive feedback to learners and also to help teachers in future planning.
Any assessment forms part of the continuous assessment; it is therefore imperative that
informal assessments should be controlled by the teacher and, if possible, be recorded
(Dreyer, 2014). Formal assessments take the form of a formal programme of assessment
during the course of the year. All formal task should be marked and formally recorded
by the teacher for progression and certification purposes.
You are required to use formative and summative assessments. When planning for a
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activities during teaching and learning, the discussion in class, classwork, and/or homework.
A formative assessment is regarded as an “Assessment for Learning” since it focuses on
individual learning abilities and how individual feedback can be given to the learner. It
is important for a teacher not to be quick to judge learners based on their performance,
but rather give enough opportunity to the learners to find meaning to what has been
taught through nurturing the unique talents of the individual learner and providing
constructive feedback. It is therefore important to set aside adequate time to plan for
learning, establishing the learning goals, setting criteria for assessment, planning for
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• it provides accountability and is used to check the level of learning at the end of a
teaching and learning programme, and
• it is based on the cumulative learning experience.
(Bardes & Denton, 2001). When planning either formative or summative assessment, you
should be able to answer these two questions:
You should bear in mind that it is the learners who are to acquire knowledge and skills
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(learn), hence the learner-centered approach is used during teaching and learning.
When assessing learners, either using the formal or informal way, Blooms Taxonomy
levels of questioning should be taken into cognisance. Banta (1999) indicated that
assessment comprises the following:
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Activity: 1.1
Activity 1.2
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Feedback: It is important that you use the relevant prescribed textbook of this module and
the Curriculum and Assessment Policy document to elaborate on the concept of “assessment”,
how to plan, who assesses, and what is assessed under each theme or topic.
Activity 1.3
The idea here is that you will select only one aspect, sub-topic or skill from the CAPS to
do this activity. Keep it really simple and straightforward. Obviously, the major learning
activity and the major assessment activity have to be the same or similar. Your responses
to an activity should clearly indicate that teaching, learning and assessment are integrated.
types, forms, and methods of assessment that should be taken into consideration when
assessing learners (Dreyer, 2014). We are now going to take you through how best you
can develop effective assessment practice in the context of implementing the CAPS. In
order to do that, the following types of assessment may be used, namely: diagnostic,
continuous, formative, baseline and summative. The assessment will be outlined with
relevant activities that you should find time to complete them.
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76 1.4.4 Baseline assessment
77 1.4.5 Summative assessment
The purpose of diagnostic assessment is to test what learners already know with the
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intention to find the gaps or barriers to learning, and learning difficulties that should be
addressed by the teacher. Diagnostic assessments are used by teachers to identify the
strengths of the learners and or to introduce the new subject matter to learners. The
diagnostic assessment also helps the teachers to adjust their lesson planning in order to
meet the needs of learners in the classroom.
Activity 1.4
Design the diagnostic assessment activity. Your activity should focus on the following.
(i) Indicate the subject and the grade.
(ii) Indicate whether the diagnostic assessment is being conducted at the begining
of the year, chapter, or a lesson.
(iii) Who will assess the learners’ activity?
(iv) Will you give feedback to learners? Give a reason for your answer.
(v) Indicate the value of a diagnostic assessment to the learners.
NB: Compulsory: Post your answers on the Discussion forum
of learning. The teacher uses this ongoing process of gathering information about learners’
learning with the intention of identifying learners’ strengths and weaknesses, and also
to assign a mark to learners’ learning achievements. In each form of assessment given
to learners, you should bear in mind that there are set aims and objectives stipulated
in the CAPS document. Effective and authentic assessment processes take place in the
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(i) Tests
(ii) Projects
(iii) Assignments
(iv) Investigations
(v) Case studies
Activity 1.5
• Choose one form of assessment from the above list and design an assessment activity.
• Your activity should not be more than 20 marks.
• inidcate the subject and grade.
• In which term are learners writing the activity?
• State the topic of the assessment.
• Indicate if this assessment activity shall be recorded or not and give a reason.
• State how feedback will be gven to learners.
towards achieving the outcomes, and the appropriateness of learning acquired. It takes
place during the learning process and it informs the planning of future learning activities.
Teachers use formative assessments to identify and to provide information necessary to
fill the knowledge gap between the learners’ current state of understanding and specific
subject content knowledge to be achieved, and to anticipate future steps (Bennett &
Gitomer, 2009). According to the National Curriculum Statement Assessment Guidelines,
a formative assessment is developmental. It is used by teachers to provide feedback to
the learner and track whether the learner has progressed. It helps day-to-day teaching
and learning and may suggest ways in which learning activities can be changed to suit
diverse learners’ needs. This type of assessment is also known as an assessment for
learning since it involves both the teacher and the learners in the process of sustained
reflection and self-assessment.
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1.4.4 Baseline assessment
This type of assessment takes place before learning commences and is used to determine
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what learners know and can do. It informs one about where to begin the teaching and
learning process. According to the National Curriculum Statement Assessment Guidelines,
a baseline assessment is usually used at the beginning of a phase, grade or learning
experience to establish what learners already know, what they can do, or what they value.
For learners with disabilities, a baseline assessment can be done in consultation with the
institution-level support team.
achievement and learning success. It takes place at the end of a learning cycle, programme
or phase (CAPS, 2011). Teachers use summative assessments for promotional purposes.
End of term assessments are also considered as summative, however, teachers mainly
use them as guidelines towards improving their teaching planning and also assessment
strategies. They are also used to find learners’ understanding of the subject content
taught, and to give constructive feedback to them. According to the National Curriculum
Statement Assessment Guidelines, a summative assessment gives an overall picture of
the achievements of a learner at a given time, for example, at the end of a term or year.
A summative assessment is like a “snapshot” of a learner’s progress at a particular point
in time (and a formative assessment is like a “video” of a learner’s progress during the
process). A summative assessment is referred to as an “assessment of learning”.
the CAPS document, you should familiarise yourself with the different principles of
assessments, such as fairness, validity, reliability, sufficiency and credibility (PCAQGFETQF,
2018). These principles are applied in the setting and moderation of assessments.
Fairness is when learners are assessed on what they know and have been taught, and
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questions are set in relation to the Blooms Taxonomy/TIMSS cognitive levels and the
covered curriculum subject content. Furthermore, Dreyer (2014) indicated that in fairness,
an assessment should not present any barriers to learners’ achievements; rather, it should
be free of bias and sensitive to contextual factors.
the CAPS for a specific assessment task. Procedures, methods, instruments, and materials
should be appropriate, useful and intended to test the knowledge and skills required for
the defined competencies and learning outcomes. Reliability, on the other hand, takes
into cognisance the assessment process and consistency. Dreyer (2014) indicated that an
assessment must produce the same results when judged by more than one teacher or
when the activity is judged over a number of occasions. The results of the assessment
should be consistent. Similar assessment-related judgements are made across similar
contexts in inconsistent ways.
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Sufficient assessment refers to adequately covering the entire work that has been taught
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through the use of Blooms Taxonomy/TIMSS’ questioning order, that is, low order,
middle order, and high order questioning. For the purpose of promoting there must be
evidence that the teacher covered the whole syllabus during teaching and learning, and
equally assess learners on what was done (CAPS, 2011). Assessments should be credible,
“Credibility”. This implies that the assessment should have respected outcomes, and the
process of assessing should be fair, valid, sufficient and reliable.
Over and above the principles indicated, it is essential that each assessment should
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You should bear in mind that, for an effective assessment to take place in a school context,
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To ensure that the assessment activities are reliable, valid, fair, reliable, sufficient, and
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credible, the DH is entitled to moderate the assessment activities before they can be given
to the learners. The departmental heads moderate the assessment activities against the
subject content knowledge, marks allocated for the assessment activity, assessment tools
to be used when assessing learners work, and also against the time allocated to complete
the assessment.
Research by Kanjee (2006), and Heugh, Diedericks, Prinsloo, and Herbst (2007) indicated
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that most teachers are unable to set clear instructions in their assessment activities. This
implies that different cognitive levels as indicated in the Blooms Taxonomy/TIMSS are
not being taken into cognisance by teachers when designing the assessment activities. If
different cognitive levels are not indicated in the assessment activity, it renders the quality
of the assessment poor or not meeting the expected standards. It is the responsibility of
the SAT to ensure the quality of assessment is aligned with CAPS requirements. Umalusi
is one of three quality councils in South Africa whose role is to develop an education
framework and manage the standard of qualifications for general and further education
and training. Umalusi (2004) recommends that a senior member (departmental heads) of
staff is entitled to moderate all assessment tasks and assessment evidence in schools. The
policy also recommends that external moderation should be conducted by the district
officials in order to strengthen the internal moderation.
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Activity 1.6
Find two different assessment activities from a school for your specific subject and grade
that you intend to teach. Conduct quality assurance paying attention to the following:
(a) Are the assessment actibvities based on the correct CAPS subject?
(b) Are marks allocated for each assessment activity?
(c) Does each assessment activity have its own assessment instrument/tool?
(d) Are assessment activities covering the six-cognitive levels as stipulated in Blooms
Taxonomy OR for Mathematics, 4 TIMSS Cognitive levels?
(e) Write down your findings and recommendations and post on the Discussion forum.
and the progress of learners. This is done through teacher observation and teacher-
learner interactions, which may be initiated by either teachers or learners. An informal
or daily assessment may be as simple as stopping during the lesson to observe learners
or to discuss with the learners how learning is progressing. It should be used to provide
feedback to the learners and teachers, close the gaps in learners’ knowledge and skills,
and improve teaching. The informal assessment builds towards the formal assessment
and teachers should not only focus on the formal assessment (CAPS, 2011).
of evaluating how well learners are progressing in a particular subject and in a grade.
Teachers must ensure that assessment criteria are very clear to the learners before the
assessment process begins. This involves explaining to the learners which knowledge
and skills are being assessed and the required length of responses. Feedback should
be provided to the learners after assessment and could take the form of a whole-class
discussion or teacher-learner interaction. Examples of formal assessments include projects,
oral presentations, demonstrations, performances, tests, examinations and practical
demonstrations. (CAPS, 2011).
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The forms of assessment used should be appropriate to the age and the developmental
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level of the learners in the phase. The assessment tasks should be carefully designed to
cover the content of the subject. The design of these tasks should, therefore, ensure that a
variety of skills are assessed as stipulated in various subjects’ Curriculum and Assessment
Policy Statements. The recorded formal assessment tasks should be included in the final
School-Based Assessment mark for progression (grades 1-8) and promotion (grades 9-12)
purposes. This means that those tasks are used for a formal assessment are recorded
and should be used to decide whether a learner should progress or be promoted to the
next grade. Teachers are required to record learner performance in all formal assessment
tasks. They are not required to record performance in informal or daily assessment tasks.
Teachers may, however, choose to record performance in informal or daily assessment
tasks in some cases to support the teaching and learning process. The teacher must submit
the annual formal programme of assessment to the School Management Team (SMT)
before the start of the school year. This will be used to draw up a school assessment plan
in each grade. The school assessment plan should be provided to learners and parents
in the first week of the first term.
Self-reflection activity
Complete the table below and post your answers on MyUnisa under “Blog”.
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Table: 1.1 activity Statement T F
Effective, valid, fair, reliable, sufficient, and credible. assessment pro-
cesses take place at the process of designing high-quality assessment
activities and instruments/tools.
It is important for a teacher not to be quick in judging learners based on
their performance, but rather give enough opportunity to the learner to
find meaning to what has been taught through nurturing the unique
talents of the individual learner and providing constructive feedback.
It is also ideal that you remember to always actualise learners’ prior
knowledge during teaching and learning to find the level of understand-
ing before the actual assessment.
Continuous assessment is no longer used in the CAPS context.
Internal, external classroom, formal and informal assessments are part
of the continuous assessment in the CAPS context.
1.7 CONCLUSION
In learning unit 1, we took you through the discussion, comparison, and evaluation of the
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key ideas and debates on assessment planning, practice, and moderation in the school
curriculum. For more information, you can also refer to the 2020 prescribed texbooks
indicated above. Next, in learning unit 2 of this guide, you will learn more about planning,
implementing, reviewing and justifying a variety of assessment strategies, instruments,
and processes.
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Learning unit 2
Assessment planning and implementation
Learning outcomes
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this unit, you are expected to have grasped the knowledge of the key ideas and
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debates on assessment planning, practice, and moderation in the school curriculum. You
are now in a stage of engaging with and improving the aspects of assessment planning,
implementing, reviewing and justifying by means of taking cognisance of a variety of
assessment strategies, instruments, and processes. You are expected to be able to plan,
implementing, review and justifying a variety of assessment strategies, instruments, and
processes.
When planning for an assessment, it is essential that you take into account different types
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In order to implement, review and justify the assessment given to learners, it is important
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for the teacher to design the relevant, reliable, fair, and credible assessment instruments/
tools. Various assessment instruments/tools are used when assessing different types and/
or forms of assessment given to learners, such as a memorandum, rubric, assessment
grid, and a checklist.
specific subject that you are teaching. In other words, you cannot be a good teacher and
assessor of a subject if you lack the subject content knowledge. You are either registered
for foundation phase and intermediate phase, or senior phase and further education and
training. You are therefore required to have the relevant CAPS document (phase, subject,
and grade).
13
Assessment planning often took place immediately after lesson planning. Teachers
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must use the CAPS guidelines that stipulate the type of assessment, form of assessment,
assessment instrument/tool, date in which assessment will be written, the term, and
mark allocated to each type/form of assessment. (See the example below in table 2.1 of
the assessment plan:
You can google the relevant and specific CAPS document of your registered phase, subject
and grade that you intend to teach after graduating and develop your own assessment plan.
OR
Visit a school nearby and request the assessment plan of the specific subject and grade you
intend to teach. Conduct quality assurance looking at the following:
(a) Is the assessment plan based on the correct CAPS subject and grade?
(b) Does each assessment plan have term, dates and allocated marks?
(c) Does the assessment plan indicate the type and/or form of asessment?
(d) Are assessment activities covering the six cognitive levels as stipulated in Blooms
Taxonomy?
(e) Write down your findings and recommendations and post on the Discussion forum.
way, use different assessment forms and tools that are appropriate for regular continuous
assessment, keep assessment records, and to report on assessment for learning and assessment
of learning (Assessment guidelines for foundation phase grades R-3) CAPS, 2011.
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When designing the assessment guidelines you should always take into consideration
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Make use of the below table to outline the assessment guideline of your specific subject
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and grade. You are required to give a description of the given criteria. Use your specific
subject CAPS documents. After completing this activity, post it on the Blog.
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2.3 ASSESSMENT PRACTICE AND IMPLEMENTION
Good practice in assessments requires proper understanding of the implementation of
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or year, which is used to determine the overall achievement of the learner. It provides the
teacher with a systematic way of evaluating how well learners are progressing in a particular
subject taught in a specific grade. The assessment of learning should cover all six level
of Bloom’s Taxonomy and also the three learning styles in order to embrace the concept
of diversity. Examples of assessment of learning include projects, oral presentations,
demonstration, performances, tests, examinations and practical demonstrations.
learning and determine steps they need to take to improve their learning. It is the process
of developing and supporting learners’ metacognition. Learners are actively engaged in
the assessment process, that is, they monitor their own learning.
in learning something that will at the end benefit them. Assessment in learning can take
the form of informal or formal assessment that takes place in class during the teaching
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and learning process. This assessment does not focus on the end results of learning, but
in the whole process of learning in order to make teaching and learning meaningful for
the learner.
Activity 2.2
Pay attention to different kinds of assessments and answer the following questions:
instrument or a tool are equally essential. You should always design an assessment
instrument with the intention to give constructive feedback to the learners. There are
a variety of assessment instruments that you can use to assess the activity, depending
on the grade, subject and the specific topic/content taught, such as a memorandum,
checklist, a grid, and/or rubric.
A memorandum: This is regarded as a marking guideline that the teacher sets aside in
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A checklist: Can take the form of an observation checklist used by the teacher to assess
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A grid: A marking grid often provides both the teacher and the learner with certain
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important outlined criteria and the allocated marks for a specific item.
A Rubric: A rubric has criteria and level descriptors set in order to guide the learner on
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the important aspects to take into account when completing the activity and also the
teacher when assessing learners’ activity.
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2.4.1 Assessment checklist
116 School Name: …………………………
117
Learner’s Surname and Initials: …………………………
118 Subject: …………………………
119 Topic: ………...………………..
CATEGORY CRITERIA MARK STUDENT’S MARK COMMENTS
Title Correct title indicated 54321 ________
Title indicated with lots of spelling mistakes 5
Incorrect tittle indicated
Coordinates Lines of latitude and longitude indicated 54321 ______
Degrees of latitude and longitude indicated 5
Directions correctly indicated
No coordinates indicated
Provinces All provinces indicated 54321 ______
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Provinces indicated in wrong places 5
Few provinces indicated
Provinces indicated with lots of spelling
mistakes
No province indicated
Capitals All capitals indicated 54321 ______
Capital indicated in wrong places 5
Few capitals indicated
Capitals indicated with lots of spelling mistakes
No capital indicated
Total /20
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Total /25
Rating scale
1–2 3–4 5–7
Criteria Descriptors
Title must be correct No title Incorrect title Correct title
Coordinates of latitude and longitude No coordinates Latitude and longitude lines indicated, but Correct coordinated
should be correct there are NO degrees indicated
20
Provinces must be named and located Not indicated Indicated, but not all provinces named cor- All correctly indicated and located
correctly rectly or located correctly
Capitals must be named and located Not indicated Indicated, but some are wrong or locations All correctly indicated and located
correctly are wrong
2.5 CONCLUSION
In this learning unit, we took you through the planning, implementation, and a variety
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of assessment strategies, instruments, and processes. You should now be able to plan an
assessment based on a sound understanding of diverse learning and teaching needs and
the level of readiness of different learners in diverse contexts of practice. It is essential that
you are able to plan an assessment with the understanding of different learners’ cognitive
levels as outlined in Bloom’s Taxonomy. You may use the CAPS document to integrate
indigenous knowledge in improving the aspects of assessment planning and activities
design in the school curriculum. You should know your role as a teacher with regard to
assessment planning, practices, use of theories, and the use of policies.
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Learning unit 3
CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
Learning outcomes
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this unit you will learn about the following different assessment strategies; section 4 of
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the CAPS document on the diverse assessment strategies that take into cognisance the
application of Bloom’s Taxonomy; the types and forms of assessment in order to plan the
assessment; designing assessment activities according to the CAPS document in specific
subjects and phases; and use of the appropriate theories, policies, observed practices
and personal experience in designing and assessing learners.
in grade R is 100% formative and is integrated into teaching and learning. In grades
R-3 the are four (n=4) assessments per subject that the teacher should give to learners.
These comprise the home language, first additional language, mathematics, and life
skills. In grades 4–6, life skills subjects in terms 1–3 focus on continuous assessments, and
term four is a summative assessment. Natural sciences in terms 1–3 has one formal class
test to be written, and lastly, a summative assessment in term 4; Social sciences grades
4–6 in terms 1–3 focus on the school-based assessment, which constitutes 75% and the
summative assessment which weighs 25% at the end of the year; and social sciences grades
7–9 focuses on 40% school-based assessment and a 60% summative assessment at the
end of the year. Please read the attached Appendix 2 for details on section 4 of the CAPS.
Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy: Bloom’s Taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used
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to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The
three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive, affective and sensory domains. The
cognitive domain list has been the primary focus of most traditional educational policies
and is frequently used to structure curriculum learning objectives, assessments, and
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activities. The models were named after Benjamin Bloom, who chaired the committee
of educators that devised the taxonomy. He also edited the first volume of the standard
text, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals.
There are three taxonomies. Which of the three to use for a given measurable student
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outcome depends upon the original goal to which the measurable student outcome
is connected. There are knowledge-based goals, skills-based goals, and effective goals
(effective: values, attitudes, and interests); accordingly, there is a taxonomy for each.
Within each taxonomy, levels of expertise are listed in order of increasing complexity.
Measurable student outcomes that require higher levels of expertise will require more
sophisticated classroom assessment techniques (Bloom et al., 1994; Gronlund, 1991;
Krathwohl et al., 1956).
Activity 3.1
Use the following three tables to design your assessment activities for your specific subject
and grade. Take into conisance the level descriptors and the action words and/or verbs
when formulating your questions.
Develop three activities focusing on:
(a) knowledge-based goals,
(b) skills-based goals, and
(c) affective goals (affective: values, attitudes, and interests);
Post each activity on the Discussion forum or on the Blog. We will make comments and
advise you.
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To make a judgement of ideas or methods us- What would be the impor-
ing external evidence or self-selected criteria tant variables for predicting
6. Evaluation
substantiated by observations or informed seasons on a newly discov-
rationalisations. ered planet?
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Example of Measurable
Level of Expertise Description of Level
Student Outcome
Creates new tasks or objectives Recall your plating and etching
incorporating learnt ones experiences with an aluminium
substrate. Choose a different
Organisation metal substrate and design a
process to plate, mask, and etch
so that a pattern of four different
metals is created.
Source: Adopted from Bloom et al., 1994; Gronlund, 1991; Krathwohl et al., 1956.
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Figure: 3.1: Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy table. Adopted from Bloom et al., 1994; Gronlund,
1991; Krathwohl et al., 1956.
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Activity 3.2
After reading Bloom’s Taxonomy’s types of cognitive demands, explanations and examples
of levels, and the examples based on the action words, take the CAPS document of your
specific subject, phase and grade and do the following: ..............................................................
(a) Base your assessment on diagnostic assessment to develop assessment activity that
focuses on Remembering (Knowledge)
(b) Design another formative assessment that focuses on Understanding (Comprehension)
(c) Formualte three question that will be in your summative assessment focusing on
Application (Applying)
(d) Design a form of assessment that focuses on a project. Formulate the research question
that will make your learners to pay attention to the concept of Analysis (Analysing)
(e) Give your learners a summative assessment that is based on a case study. Formulate
a question in which your learners are to Evaluate (Evaluating) the case study.
(f) Give your learners a formative assessment in which they are to synthesise (Creation/
Creating)
NB: Seperately, post all your answers on the Blog and Discussion forum. Your e-tutor will
make comments.
Table 3.4: Bloom’s Taxonomy Six types of cognitive demands and their descriptions,
Adopted from Bloom et al., 1994; Gronlund, 1991; Krathwohl et al., 1956.
Type of Cognitive Demand Explanation and examples of the Examples:
level Action words
Remembering
(Knowledge)
• Recall, recite and re- Example in Mathematics & Science in- Tell, recite, list, memorise,
member facts cludes words or phrases such as (men- remember, define, locate,
• Define and describe tion the law, and or give the equation) name, match, recall
basic facts Example in langauge subjects include
• Identify, label, select, words or phrases such (tell, recite; list,
locate information match the words, and or define)
• Estimation; appro-
Example in practical subjects includes
priate rounding of
numbers words or phrases such as (identify
• Theorems data, name, tell, recite, and or list)
• Straight recall Example in Mathematics & Science
• Identifying from includes words or phrases such (use
datasheet the equation, formula, bar graph, pie
• Know and use of ap- chart, Cartesian plane, table of values,
propriate vocabulary mean, median and mode to solve the
• Knowledge and use of given problem).
formulae
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Type of Cognitive Demand Explanation and examples of the Examples:
level Action words
tion and may have to expected to (perform well-known
perform one or more procedures in familiar contexts.
preliminary calcula- Learners are expected to know what
tions before determin- procedure is required to solve the
ing a solution. problem from the way the problem
• Select the most ap- is posed).
propriate data from
options and decide
on the best way of
application.
Analysis (Analysing)
• Analysis of information In Mathematics & Science learners Investigate, classify,
in a new or unfamiliar should demonstrate higher level un- categorise,
context; derstanding and cognitive processes; Analyse and compare, solve,
• Examine and Qualitative proportional reasoning;
relate, distinguish,
differentiate; more complex relationships or ex-
• Distinguish to find the planations, sketch graphs; construc- identify and describe
most appropriate; tion or interpretation of schematic similarities
• Research and investi- diagrams; problems with two or more
and differences, interpret
gate information; steps; basic logic leaps; proportional
diagrams,
• Solving non-routine, reasoning; interpretation of table of
unseen problems by data; acid-base or redox equation. interpret case study
demonstrating higher In Language subjects learners should
level understand- be able to investigate, classify, catego-
ing and cognitive rise, compare, contact, solve, relate,
processes; distinguish, write a persuasive essay;
• Interpreting and take minutes of a straightforward
extrapolating from meeting; deal with more complex
solutions obtained case studies and propose a course
by solving problems of action.
based in unfamiliar
contexts; In Practical subjects learners should
• Using higher-level be able to solve non-routine, unseen
problems by demonstrating higher
cognitive skills and rea-
soning to solve non- level understanding and cognitive
routine problems; processes; Qualitative proportional
• Being able to break reasoning; more complex relation-
ships or explanations; construction or
down a problem into
its constituent parts interpretation of schematic diagrams;
– identifying what is problems with 2two or more steps;
required to be solved basic logic leaps; proportional reason-
and then using ap- ing; interpretation of table of data,
propriate methods in investigate, classify, categorise, com-
solving the problem; pare, contact, solve, relate, distin-
• Non-routine problems guish, deal with more complex case
studies and propose course of action-
based on real contexts.
Read and interpret, identify the cause
and suggest changes/ rectifications.
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Type of Cognitive Demand Explanation and examples of the Examples:
level Action words
based on these patterns and/or other
evidence and determine conditions
that will lead to desired outcomes;
working with complex problems in-
volving insight and logic-leaps; for-
mulating new equations using all
unknowns; creating new solutions
to problems; redesign/rewrite and
adapting an existing programme,
modify particular procedures or
methods.
Complex reasoning involving synthe-
sis, to be able to provide imaginative
answers to fully substantiate answers
to “what if” questions; and critical ar-
gument linked to abstract contexts.
departmental head. All forms of assessments must be made known to learners, parents and
other relevant stakeholders such as the subject facilitators from the district . Assessment
tasks should be designed with care to cover the prescribed content and skills of the subject
as well as to include the correct range of cognitive demands and levels of difficulty. For fair
assessment practice, the teacher must ensure that the learner understands the content
and has been exposed to extensive informal assessment opportunities before doing a
formal assessment activity.
(both formal and informal) as well as the learner’s process of learning and understanding
of the subject content. Assessment of and for learning is an ongoing process that develops
from the interaction of teaching, learning, and assessment. To improve learner performance,
an assessment needs to support and drive focused, effective teaching.
School-Based Assessment forms an integral part of teaching and learning; its value
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Activity 3.3
Pay attention to different kinds of assessments and answer the following questions:
31
3.4.3 Learning styles that enhance effective strategies on planning for
an assessment
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Figure 3.3: Learning styles that enhance diversity when planning an assessment
When planning an assessment, you should strategically keep in mind that there are different
146
learning styles among the learners in the class. Dreyer (2014) indicated the three learning
styles as being haptic, visual and auditory learning styles. In your assessment, you need
to accommodate learners who learn best through hands-on experience, working with
peers, and who also like going outside the classroom to investigate (haptic learning style).
Others learn best when they see the text and pictures of what they are learning. They
would like to observe pictures, and maps and give their own illustrations. They learn and
remember things by writing them down and benefit from writing formulas and instructions
on cards and reviewing them (visual learning style). There are those learners who learn
best through sounds, music and listening to people. They review notes by reading aloud
and talking to somebody. They solve problems through talking (auditory learning style).
Activity 3.4
When planning your assessment activities from your specific subject and grade:
• Develop an assessment activity that requires the learners to apply the haptic learning
style.
• Use text and pictures to develop an assessment activity that will engage learners on
a visual learning style.
• Design an assessment activity that will engage your learners in the listening to sounds,
music, and people: auditory learning style.
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Assessment Policy Statement for your specific subject and grade. A good lesson plan
enhances teaching and learning in a classroom. In each lesson plan, the teacher must be
able to design the activities to be used in assessing learners on the subject content taught.
Refer to the CAPS (2011) document for more information on how to design a lesson plan.
Below is an example of a lesson plan derived from the CAPS document, Economic and
Management Sciences (senior phase) grade 7.
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GRADE 7 SUBJECT EMS WEEK: 1 HOURS: 30 MINUTES PERIOD: 1
DATE STARTED: DATE COMPLETED:
TOPIC:
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
REVISION: THE ENTREPRENEUR
LINKS WITH THE PREVIOUS LESSON: LINKS WITH NEXT LESSON(S):
June examination Revision: Starting a business
CONTENT: KEY TERMS (VOCABULARY):
Revision: The entrepreneur Entrepreneur, characteristics, risk-taking, discipline, optimistic, confident,
passionate, creative, self-motivation, decision-maker, communication
TEACHER ACTIVITIES LEARNER ACTIVITIES DURATION
BASELINE: Learners need to spell and explain the Baseline: 5 min
34
•
Ask the learners to spell and explain the following words: words posed by the teacher.
35
Question and answer Role-playing
Other: Other
ASSESSMENT
FORM TOOL METHOD
Data Response Poster Memorandum Baseline
Project Classwork Rubric with criteria Formal
Case Study Homework Checklist Informal
Control Test Assignment Observation sheet Educator
Examinations Class Test Other: Self
Drama Other Other
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RESOURCES: OHP/whiteboard/ chalkboard/worksheets/hand-outs, pencils, pens, textbook(s), charts, class notes.
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Activity 1
Activity 2
3.6 CONCLUSION
In this learning unit 3, you learnt about different assessment strategies, the section 4 of
154
the CAPS document on the diverse assessment strategies that take into cognisance the
application of Bloom’s Taxonomy, the types and forms of assessment in order to plan the
assessment, designing assessment activities according to the CAPS document in specific
subjects and phases, and use of the appropriate theories, policies, observed practices
and personal experience in designing and assessing learners.
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Learning unit 4
ASSESSMENT PLANNING, PRACTICE, AND REVIEW
METHODS
Learning outcomes
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this learning unit, you will learn about the innovative ways to contribute to the
155
development of aspects of assessment planning, practice, and review in ways that are
informed by contextual realities, the nature of multi-cultural schools and classrooms,
historical legacies, social diversity, and the integration of indigenous knowledge. Ask
yourself the following questions when studying this unit: what are the historical types
and forms of assessment and the current assessment perspectives in collaboration with
assessment planning and activities design?; what are the CAPS based assessment planning
and methods of giving feedback to learners, parents, and other relevant stakeholders in
multi-grade and normal schools?; how can a teacher integrate indigenous knowledge
and the recognition of social diversity in assessment planning and activities design?;
and lastly, what could be the different strategies for positive engagement, appropriate
theory, including indigenous knowledge, observed practice, and personal experience
in assessment?
learners in the classroom. In the South African context, during the apartheid era, most
of the assessments conducted in the class were based only on the summative type of
assessment. Learners used to memorise school work with the intention to pass the test.
Which was the common form of assessment used to assess learners?
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From as early as 1994 after the democratic dispensation in South Africa, the Department
157
of Basic Education adopted new policies that should be adhered to when teaching and
assessing learners. The first policy introduced was the Outcomes-based Education policy,
which was introduced in 1999. Learning outcomes and assessment standards, learning
aims, and learning objectives were among the most important aspects of teaching and
assessment that were paid attention to. This change also gave birth to the different types
and forms of assessment that teachers should pay attention to. You are requested to read
the policy document on OBE (Outcomes-based education) from the Department of Basic
Education website, www.departmentofbasiceducatiopolcies.co.za. In order to familiarise
yourself with the current types and forms of assessments, you need to have the CAPS of
the specific subject, phase, and grade that you are to teach. The previous unit outlined
the types and forms of assessments that are currently being used to assess learners. Visit
myUnisa under announcements and see the attached copy of the CAPS document that
you can use to familiarise yourself with the types and forms of assessments.
assessment planning is all about. We have shared with you different assessment methods
such as teacher assessment, self-assessment, peer-assessment, and also group assessment
methods. Let us pay attention to the concept of giving learners constructive feedback and
also how to deal with the planning and assessing of learners in a multi-grade classroom.
summative assessment, feedback is an essential element for every learner. As a teacher, you
should always be responsible enough to let your learners know their level of knowledge
acquired during teaching and learning through constructive feedback. This will enable
learners to know if they are on the right track through the use of constructive feedback.
Every learner in a class needs to know about his or her performance, which a teacher can
provide through ongoing performance discussion with the learner, providing specific
performance indicators or level descriptors, and giving instant corrective guidance/
re-teaching/remedial teaching. It is also essential to ask learners to give you their own
assessment view about their performance, and/or to share their performance review
with a peer.
It is important that when you give feedback to learners, you focus only on the description
160
rather than being judgemental about the learner’s performance. You always avoid
focusing on the assumptions and interpretations of what you hear about the learner, but
rather pay attention to the observations you made about the learners’ performance. The
performance of the learner cannot be based on the physical appearance of the learner;
you, therefore, need to pay attention only to the behaviour that can contribute towards
39
a learner’s achievement rather than how he or she physically appears. There is always
something good and/or bad about a learner; be careful of shifting your focus to the
negative of a learner, but rather focus on the positive in order to build the confidence of
the learner towards good achievement. Sometimes, too much of everything becomes a
challenge. You, therefore, need to be careful of giving too much feed to the learner, to
an extent that he or she will end up being confused, not knowing what is important and
less important. Read the article on “Constructive feedback: A key to successful Teaching
and Learning” written by the Department of Education Administration, College of Education,
The University of Texas at Austin. (Available on myUnisa under Additional Study materials).
levels and taught by a single teacher. The teaching of a multi-grade class will, therefore,
require you to employ certain teaching methodologies and classroom administration.
In South Africa, the Department of Basic Education (DBE) is aware of the challenges that
teachers experience in teaching and assessing learners in a multigrade classroom. This is
because teachers in South Africa are not trained to teach and assess learners in multi-grade
schools. However, most teachers found themselves teaching and assessing learners in one
class, but dealing with different grades. The worse part of it is that there is limited scope
with regard to the availability of the policy guidance in teaching and assessing learners.
On the same note, the available policies in multi-grade teaching indicate that teachers
at multi-grade schools had limited skills in managing different content at different levels,
including classroom management. The only important policy that is available for effective
teaching and learning and assessment of learners in a multi-grade classroom is the CAPS
document. Attached is a document on Learning and teaching in Multigrade setting by
Angela W Little – 2004 UNESCO 2005 EFA Monitoring report on myUnisa Additional Study
Material for your perusal.
Activity 4.1
Assessments in a multi-grade (more than one grade in one class) differ from a normal
class (single grade). See the below example of a designed assessment activity in which
two different grades in ONE class on the same subject and topic was developed. Use the
same format to answer the same questions using your specific subject and grades. The
assessment type, the form of assessment, and the method of assessment should be dif-
ferent. On completion, post your answers to your e-tutor and/or on the Discussion forum.
EXAMPLE OF A DESIGNED ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY
4.1.1 Indicate the two grades, subject, and topic 3x1=3
Grades: 8 & 9
Subject: Economics and Management Sciences
Topic: Grade 8: term 4: Financial literacy: Cash receipts journal
Grade 9: term 4: Financial literacy: Credit transactions – debtors
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Case study (design a case study of grade 8: Cash receipts journal; and that of grade 9:
Credit transactions – debtors)
4.1.3 Indicate the purpose of assessment according to the CAPS document (even though
the topic is the same, the purpose might not be the same, considering of different
grades) 2x2=4
Grade 8: To find out if learners can use columns in the Cash Receipt Journal to enter cash
transactions.
Grade 9: To find out if learners can record transactions in the Debtors Journal, Debtors
Allowances Journal and Cash Receipts Journal concerning credit sales.
4.1.4 How will you ensure that the assessment is credible and fair to both grades?
2x2=4
Reliability: The assessment activities of both grades 8 and 9 emanated from the lessons
plans based on financial literacy in the CAPS document of senior phase EMS.
Practicability: All the resources are made available to all learners. Adequate time has
been allocated to complete the assessment activity.
Validity: The assessment is relevant to the standards set according to the CAPS document
for the specific assessment activity.
The financial literacy language was used when designing the assessment activity (case
study). Assessment is not biased towards race, gender, age or social class and can be
easily understood by all learners.
4.1.5 Justify how it will take into account the three learning styles (haptic, visual, and
auditory) when assessing the learners. 3x2=6
Haptic: Since the assessment activities were designed for learners to work in pairs, learners
will engage each other in completing the Cash receipts journal (grade 8) and also Credit
transactions – debtors (grade 9).
Visual: Learners will be encouraged to view the samples of pasted Cash receipts journal
and also Credit transactions–debtors.
Auditory: Learners will be working in pairs, therefore, they are obliged to communicate, or
verbalise and exchange knowledge or ideas in order to complete the assessment activities.
4.1.6 What is the expected end product of the assessment activity? 2x1=2
Each pair is entitled to submit and make a presentation of the task given:
41
4.1.7 During the assessment activity, will you allow learners in the upper grade to assist
those in the lower grade (e.g. grade 9 assisting grade 8 learners)? Support your answer.
2x1=2. (Depending on the type of the activity given, the answer may be yes or no.)
No: Grade 8 learners are paired and should have their independent thoughts when com-
pleting their task. However, during the presentation, grade 9 may also be allowed to add,
and/or subtract where necessary as part of supporting the grade 8 learners.
Yes: If grade 8 and 9 are completing the same assessment for learning activity (not for
recording purposes) and it is meant for peer mentoring.
4.1.8 Briefly illustrate how you will give feedback to the learners. Consider that you have
two grades in one class when answering this question. 3x1=3
Each paired word will be marked by the teacher who will also give constructive feedback
to the learners.
During presentation learners from both grades will be allowed to advise and/or share
knowledge as part of the feedback.
After the presentation, the teacher will make the general and final input highlighting
important areas that learners did not attend to in terms of the activity.
assessing learners. Assessment methods are strategies, techniques, tools and instruments
for determining learners’ performance. There is a need for a teacher to use direct and
indirect assessment methods. A direct assessment method is used when learners are to
demonstrate their learning, and an indirect assessment is used when learners reflect on
their learning. The use of forms of assesment such as tests, essays, and presentations are
generally classified as direct assessment methods, and the use of surveys and interviews
are classified as indirect assessment methods.
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Table 4.1: Assessment methods (complete and post on the Discussion forum)
Method Description Direct or indirect
Survey Learners are requested to conduct an experiment in
a field-work and record the results
Project Learners are conducting a project on school envi-
ronmental cleanliness
Final Learners are to write a final examination paper at
examination the end of the year
Debate com- External reviewers score and judge the performance
petition of learners
Focus group Learners are to discuss and use open-ended ques-
tions designed to collect data about the changes in
weather systems in South Africa
Test Learners are to write a test administered in a class
Observations Learners are to observe an experiment and record
the results that will be presented in class
Portfolio Learners are to conduct research based on a case
study
Reflective The learner is to write an essay to reflect on their
learner essays learning experiences
4.7 CONCLUSION
You have been introduced and familiarised with the innovative ways that contribute to
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the development of aspects of assessment planning, activities design, and review in ways
that are informed by contextual realities, the nature of multi-grade classrooms, historical
legacies, social diversity, and the integration of indigenous knowledge. You now have the
opportunity to reflect on your historical types of assessment, the current CAPS-based
assessment perspectives’ practices particularly in a multi-grade classroom, the recognition
of social diversity in the classroom when designing assessment activities, and drawing
in the positive engagements through the use of assessment activities in your subject.
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Learning unit 5
APPLICATION OF ASSESSMENT THEORIES
ACCORDING TO CAPS
Learning outcomes
At the end of this learning unit you will be able to do the following:
• Analyse the application of assessment theories in assessment planning, activities
design, recording and reporting, and the review of the specific CAPS subjects.
Undertake assessment research in specific subjects on Ubuntu, decolonisation and
Africanisation to develop a better understanding of assessment.
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this learning unit, you will be exposed to assessment theories , how to record assessment
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marks, and how to prepare yourself to report on learners’ performance. You are urged to
quickly familiarise yourself with the assessment tasks that learners should write as part of
continuous assessment in your specific subject, phase, and grade. Kindly be informed that
each assessment task according to your CAPS document is weighted certain percentage.
You need to know from your CAPS document how many types and forms of assessment
your learners should complete as CAT (Continuous Assessment Tasks) before they can
write the summative end of term or year assessment task. This unit will also explore the
assessment research in specific subjects on decolonisation and Africanisation to develop
a better understanding of assessment that will underpin the assessment decisions they
have to take when designing assessments.
170 5.2.2 The purpose of the assessment activity according to the CAPS document: the
purpose of assessment should mainly focus on the purpose the teacher set as
stipulated on the CAPS specific subject. The type of assessment, the form of
assessment and the methods of assessment should correlate with the purpose of
the assessment.
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171 5.2.3 The resources required for assessment: it is essential for the teacher to know the
availability of the resources required for the type and form of assessment to be
given to the learners. Imagine you are giving learners a project that requires them
to visit the science laboratory while you do not have a science laboratory in your
school.
172 5.2.4 Role of the teacher during the assessment: it is the teachers’ role to ensure that
the assessment tests what it is intended to test. The teacher should design the
assessment that tests the learners’ knowledge and skills based on what has been
taught in the classroom. The teacher is expected to make sure that all cognitive
levels according to Bloom’s Taxonomy are covered. There is no excuse for not
providing an assessment instrument for every assessment task given to learners.
The teacher should also give constructive feedback to learners.
173 5.2.5 Role of the learners during the assessment: it is the learner’s responsibility
to complete the assessment tasks. This depends on the assessment task given.
If it is a group assessment, each learner is expected to actively participate in the
activity.
5.2.6 The expected end product of the assessment activity: every given assessment
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activity is important since it forms part of continuous assessment. The end product
of the assessment depends on the type, form and method of assessment.
175 5.2.7 The assessor: the CAPS document, according to each specific subject, outlines
assessment tasks that should be given to learners as part of continuous assessment.
The type, form and method of assessment give guidance on who should be the
assessor of the assessment task. For example, if learners are to write the summative
end of year final examination, it is obvious that the teacher must be the assessor.
176 5.2.8 Assessment instrument to be used to assess the activity: some of the assessment
instruments recommended by the CAPS document include an observation checklist,
assessment grid, assessment rubric, and/or a memorandum/marking guidelines.
The use of each assessment instrument indicated above totally depends on the
type of assessment, the form of assessment, and/or method of assessment. You can
refer to the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement of your specific subject
and or the previous units on how to design the above assessment instruments.
177 5.2.9 Assessment venue and time. Justify the choice of venue and time: the justification
of the venue and time of the assessment depends on the type, form, and method
of assessment. For example, a Life Orientation (Physical Education) assessment can
take place both in the classroom and also on the soccer or netball field.
178 5.2.10 The application of the principles of assessment to be employed in this assessment:
there is a need for the teacher to take into account all assessment principles,
especially principles such as fairness, reliability, validity, practicability, manageability,
and also crediblity.
Reliability: The assessment activities of both grades 8 and 9 emanated from the
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lessons’ plans based on financial literacy in the CAPS document of senior phase EMS.
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Practicability: All the resources are made available to all learners. Adequate time
180
Validity: The assessment is relevant to the standards set according to the CAPS
181
182 5.2.11 Measures to be put in place in order to address barriers to learning in your
assessment: there are basic measures to put in place in each assessment activity
given to learners in order to avoid barriers to learning. You should make sure that
the assessment is designed for the specific grade and subject. The assessment
should be able to address all six cognitive levels as stipulated in Bloom’s Taxonomy.
It is important for the teacher to take into account learners with special needs
when designing the assessment task.
183 5.2.12 Recognition of Bloom’s Taxonomy when designing questions: pay attention to
the previous units in order to recognise the six cognitive levels as stipulated in
Bloom’s Taxonomy.
184 5.2.13 Individual learning styles, multiple intelligences, aptitudes, and interests: assessment
is an integral ongoing part of the learning process (where does it fit into your
assessment plan and type of assessment – informal, formal assessment task or
practical assessment task such as test, research project, etc?). It is important to
address assessment(s): bias-free and sensitive to gender, race, cultural background
and abilities. Recording and reporting of the assessment judgements should be
shared regularly by the teacher with learners and other stakeholders.
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reiterates the view that almost always we may distinguish among aspects of something
that is inextricably intertwined in reality.
According to Mbembe (2016:36), Ngugi (2013) drew several practical implications from his
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considerations of what it might possibly mean to decolonise our own institutions. Most
of these implications had to do with the content and extent of what was to be taught
(curriculum reform). The first implication Mbembe highlights in this regard was the need to
teach African languages. A decolonised university in Africa should put African languages at
the centre of its teaching and learning projects. Mbembe argues that colonialism rhymes
with monolingualism. The African university of tomorrow will be multilingual.
A second implication highlighted by Mbembe (2016:36) focuses on Ngugi’s view that Africa
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expands well beyond the geographical limits of the continent. According to Mbembe,
Ngugi wanted “to pursue the African connection to the four corners of the Earth” – to the
West Indies, to Afro-America, Africa, and Asia. The lesson is clear. Decolonising an African
university (and by implication education in general) requires a geographical imagination
that extends well beyond the confines of the nation state. Mbembe (2016:36) refers to
many versions of black internationalism and their intersections with various other forms
of internationalism in this regard. He argues that this could help in rethinking the spatial
politics of decolonisation in so far as true decolonisation, as Dubois intimated in 1919,
necessarily centres on “the destiny of humankind” and not of one race, colour or ethnos
(Mbembe, 2016:36).
These views clearly indicate that Africanisation does not mean that we want to replace
189
the Western knowledge system with an African knowledge system, but that an African
knowledge system exists alongside Western and other knowledge systems. It also means
that education (and assessments) should break away from a view that the Western
world view is superior to other views and claim and promote an African world view and
knowledge system that is in no way inferior or subservient to other knowledge systems.
47
Odora-Hoppers in Wydeman (2004:83) regards IKS to be the combination of knowledge
191
to further contextualise the focus of this chapter, namely to reflect on education and
assessments as proposed in the CAPS document in terms of the theoretical underpinnings
as contained in Africanisation of education, with pertinent focus on assessment. In this
regard, Beets and Le Grange (2005:1200) argue that the African notion of ubuntu could be
considered when we explore ways in which it might enhance education and assessment
practices in (South) Africa. This overview of ubuntu from an education and assessment
perspective:
The Commission for the promotion and protection of cultural religious and linguistic communities
193
(CRL Rights Commission) (2008) regards the role that the African rites of passage play in
the identity formation of African peoples as critical. These rites of passage are related to
the four major times of transition in a person’s life – birth, initiation, marriage, and death.
The rites of passage are also related to the rituals associated with these particular times
or passages. The CRL Rights Commission argues that the African rites of passage should
be understood in terms of the nature of African communities.
assessment. In fact, we have seen that the notion of the educated person as a formally
qualified person was largely unknown and even irrelevant to the ubuntu philosophy.
Education was part of a life-long existence in the community and life itself extends
beyond death – the person becomes an ancestor after this physical life, yet is still part
of community life.
Similarly, the successor of a traditional healer would not do a final theoretical or practical
196
assessment at the end of the period the traditional healer taught and trained the successor
or “learner-healer’’. The knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes, including the ability
to communicate with the ancestors, were acquired over a long period of time. The healer
would consult with the ancestors before deciding whether the successor was ready to take
up the responsibilities as a succeeding healer, rather than subjecting the learner-healer
to anything similar to what we understand as final examinations/assessment resulting
in a qualification.
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The notion of an external assessment agency also did not exist in ubuntu contexts as
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the education system was contained within community life. A similar context may have
existed, namely in the case of a traditional healer in a particular clan, family or village
who may also have been consulted by people from other villages and communities. The
particular healer may have had a good reputation beyond the confines of the community
and are “external’’ to the villages other than the one where he/she resided, but this is not
similar to what we regard as an external moderator or assessment agency today.
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APPENDIX 1: EXAMPLE OF GR. 7–9 EMS MULTI-GRADE LESSON PLANS – TERM 1
199
LESSON PLAN 1
200
GRADE 7–9 TERM 1: Week 1
GRADE 7 GRADE 8 GRADE 9
Topic: ECONOMY Duration: 2 of 6 hours Topic: ECONOMY Duration: 2 of 6 hours Topic: ECONOMY Duration: 2 of 4 hours
Sub-topic: History of Start date: ……...…… Sub-topic: The Start date: ……...…… Sub-topic: Economic Start date: ……...……
money Completed date: government Completed date: systems Completed date:
……………….... ……………… ………………....
Prior content Link with the next Prior content Link with the next les- Prior content Link with the next
knowledge: lesson: knowledge: son: National budget knowledge: lesson:
General knowledge on Needs and wants Basic needs of individ- The role of the differ- Cash journals
the use of money in uals, families, commu- ent levels of govern-
the household nities, and countries ment in respect of
businesses in the use
50
of resources.
Content: Vocabulary/ Impor- Content: Vocabulary/ Impor- Content: Vocabulary/ Impor-
tant Words: tant Words: tant Words:
Period 1-6 Period 1–6 Period 1–4
• Traditional socie- Period 1–6 • Meaning of Period 1–6 • Planned market Period 1-4
ties B • Traditional government. • Government and mixed eco- • Planned, origin,
• Bartering • Ancient • Different levels of • Household nomic system market economic
• Promissory notes • Khoisans government • Resources • Origin and history systems.
• Coins and paper • Money • Roles of the differ- • Services of the economic • Global, mixed
money • bartering ent levels of gov- • Producer system. economy, com-
• Electronic banking • Promissory note ernment in respect • Consumer • Advantage, disad- mand economy
• The role of money • Electronic banking of households (as • Municipality vantage, and char- • The market econ-
consumers and • Metropolitan acteristic of each omy, productive
producers) economic system’. resources
• Role of government • Global economy • Exports, imports,
in respect of busi- and globalization.
nesses in the
GRADE 7 GRADE 8 GRADE 9
use of resources
and services (both
as consumers and
producers).
Aims and Objectives of the lesson Aims and Objectives of the lesson Aims and Objectives of the lesson
By the end of the lesson learners will be able to: By the end of the lesson learners will be able to: By the end of the lesson learners will be able to:
Period 1–6 Period 1–6 Period1–4
• Trace the history of money. • Explain the concept of ‘government’ in their • Distinguish between planned and mixed econ-
• Understand the importance of money in the own words. omy systems.
economy. • Identify the levels of government. • Trace the origin and history of each economic
• Differentiate between needs and wants. • Understand the roles of the different levels of system.
• Understand the link between primary and government in society. • Understand the advantages, disadvantages,
secondary needs. • Appreciate the role of government in respect and characteristics of each economic system.
• Appreciate the limited resources to satisfy of businesses in the use of resources and • Understand the concept of a global economy.
51
unlimited wants. services.
Teaching Methods: Differentiation (En- Teaching Methods: Differentiation (En- Teaching Methods: Differentiation (En-
Tick the applicable richment opportu- Tick the applicable richment opportu- Tick the applicable richment opportu-
teaching method: nities / addressing teaching method: nities / addressing teaching method: nities / addressing
Narrative method barriers): • Narrative method barriers): • Narrative method barriers):
• Discussion method Give learners a • Discussion method • Learners compile • Discussion method • Create a BLANK
• Question and
• • Question and lists of what they • Question and form with columns
chart with twenty
answer countries and answer would like the gov- answer for exports and
• Demonstrations twenty differ ent • Demonstrations ernment to do for • Demonstrations imports clearly
• Group activities currencies and ask • Group activities them taking into • Group activities labeled.
• Other: them to match the • Other: consideration the • Other: • Learners complete
………………..……… countries with their ………………..……… limited resources in ……………… the form by popu-
corresponding their locality. ……………… lating it with ten
currencies. • Ask learners to state exports from South
Each learner makes the three levels of Africa and ten
• government and any imports to South
“good” and “ser
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Africa.
GRADE 7 GRADE 8 GRADE 9
vice” flashcards. As four core responsi- • Learners prepare
the teacher calls bilities of each level. an individual writ-
out an item, learn- ten presentation
ers must flash the on the difference
card that correctly between the in-
identifies it as a formal and formal
good or service. economy.
• Learners compile
lists of services ren-
dered by employed
members of their
respective house-
holds (sensitivity
on the part of the
teacher should be
observed).
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GRADE 7 GRADE 8 GRADE 9
ASSESSMENT STRATEGY Formal ASSESSMENT STRATEGY Formal ASSESSMENT STRATEGY Formal
Informal √ Informal √ Informal √
Form of Assessment: Assessment Tool: Form of Assessment: Assessment Tool: Form of Assessment: Assessment Tool:
Define vocabulary Glossary in textbook Define vocabulary Glossary in textbook Define vocabulary Glossary in textbook
words words words
53
wants and is also producing the kinds of goods and services that people want the most.
• Emphasize that to achieve economic efficiency decisions about the use of resources to produce additional goods and services must be made by ana-
lyzing the costs incurred and benefits received. It is within this context that the government, business, and households come in to play very important
roles. Explain that to enable individuals and society at large to benefit from the goods and services provided the exchange of money has to take place.
Do not forget to mention that before the advent of money, goods and services were exchanged through a barter system.
• Allow learners’ questions and discussions.
LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK: LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK: LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK:
Period 1: Period 1: Period 1: Period 1: Period 1: Period 1:
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES
History of money History of money The Government The Government Economic Systems Economic Systems
• Instruct learners • Write down the cur- • Explain that “gov- • Listen to the • Define an econom- • Listen to the teach-
to write any cur- rencies and their re- ernment” is the teacher when the ic system as the er and ask clarity
rencies they know spective countries political control new concepts are way people decide seeking questions
on their exercise in their books. exercised over the explained. to organize produc- • Answer the ques-
books and their re Listen to the actions of the Ask clarity seeking tion, distribution, tions posed by the
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• •
GRADE 7 GRADE 8 GRADE 9
LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK: LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK: LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK:
Period 1: Period 1: Period 1: Period 1: Period 1: Period 1:
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES
spective countries. teacher’s members, citizens, questions. and consumption. teacher.
• Explain to learners explanation. or inhabitants • Discuss among • Explain that the de- • Do the activity at
that the history of • Ask clarity seeking of communities, so- themselves and ex- cisions people must home.
money dates back questions cieties, and states. plain to the teacher make on produc-
to the beginning of • Respond to the • Government is nec- their understanding tion, consumption
humankind when teacher’s questions. essary to the exist- of the key concepts and distribution
people used the • Write down notes ence of civilised mentioned by the are:
barter system to in notebooks society. teacher − What to
trade. • Complete the activ- • Write the concepts produce?
Explain that thissys- ity in their exercise mentioned by the − How to
tem had many books. teacher and their produce?
54
shortcomings meanings in their • For whom?
leading to the note books. • Explain that there
introduction of are different types
cowry ‘money’ in of economic
trade and then at systems and each
around 1000 BC, economic system
the Chinese came answers these
up with a system of three questions.
using metal tools • Task learners to do
as money. Silver, the given activ-
gold and bronze ity on economic
coins were then systems.
introduced by the
Persian and Roman
empires and soon
after leather and
paper money.
GRADE 7 GRADE 8 GRADE 9
• Indicate to learners
that long ago peo-
ple provided for
their own needs.
• Explain that long
ago people were
self-sufficient and
lived on what was
provided by nature
• Explain to the learn-
ers that there was
notrade nor money,
• Indicate to the
learners that self-
sufficient societies
55
lived by hunting,
gathering and
cultivation.
• Give learners
Activity 7.1.1 on
self-sufficient socie-
ties as homework.
LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK: LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK: LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK:
Period 2: Period 2: Period 2: Period 2: Period 2: Period 2:
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES
History of money: History of money: The Government The Government Economic Systems: Economic Systems:
• Mark the activity 7 • Learners mark • Explain to learners • Listen to the • Explain that when • Listen to the teach-
. 1.1 from period 1 their own books that in South Africa teacher when he central authority, er’s explanation
with the learners. on activity 1 from the levels of govern- explains the new such as a govern- on the command
period 1. ment are: National, concepts on the ment, makes the system and
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LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK: LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK: LESSON, CLASSWORK, AND HOMEWORK:
Period 2: Period 2: Period 2: Period 2: Period 2: Period 2:
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES LEARNERS’ ACTIVITIES
• Explain that money • Learners listen to the Provincial and Local. levels of decisions about ask clarity seeking
did not always ex- teacher’s explana- • Mention that Pro- government. what, how and for questions.
ist. Prior to money, tion and write down vincial governments • Listen to the whom to produce, Pay attention to new
bartering was the important informa- are managed by teacher’s explana- the economic sys- concepts and write
only way of trading. tion on their books. Premiers. tion and ask clarity tem is called com- down in their exer-
• Indicate to learners • Do the research • Prompt learners to seeking questions. mand system. cise books.
that bartering was activity as home mention the prov- • Do the activity on • Explain that when • Answer ques-
not very efficient, work. inces in South Africa naming provinces the producers and tions posed by the
such as trading and their respective and their premiers consumers make de- teacher and fill in
animals for maize Premiers as class as class work. cisions about what, the table in their
meal. work (Activity 2). how and for whom exercise books.
• Assign learners to to produce, the so-
56
research ten coun- ciety has a market
tries that trade economy
between them- • Display the table
selves and write on the economic
down the products systems and ask
they trade in (Activ- learners to com-
ity 2). plete it.
Resources: Resources: Resources:
• Textbook • Textbook Use any activities from any suitable CAPS
• Chalkboard and chalk • Chalkboard and chalk textbook.
• Other exemplary textbooks Textbooks
•
• Learners’ exercise books etc.
Teacher’s comments / reflection:
HOD input: monitoring and support
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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APPENDIX 2: NATIONAL POLICY PERTAINING TO THE PROGRAMME
AND PROMOTION REQUIREMENTS OF THE NATIONAL
CURRICULUM STATEMENT GRADES R-12
202
GRADES R - 12
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Government Notices 499 and 500 in Government Gazette, No. 36465 dated 17 May
2013;
Government Notices 564 in Government Gazette, No. 37840 dated 18 July2014;
Government Notices 625 and 626 in Government Gazette, No. 37910 dated 13
August 2014;
Government Notices 236 and 237 in Government Gazettes, No. 38950 dated 20
March 2015.
Government Notices 1161 in Government Gazette, No. 39435 dated 20 November
2015.
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Department of Basic Education
http://www.education.gov.za
http://www.thutong.doe.gov.za
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CONTENTS
3. DURATION 3
4. CONCESSIONS 3
5. APPROVED SUBJECTS 6
6. PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADES R - 3 8
7. PROGRESSION REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADES R - 3 9
8. ASSESSMENT 11
9. RECORDING AND REPORTING 11
10. TIME ALLOCATION 12
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CHAPTER 4: INTERMEDIATE PHASE, GRADES 4 - 6 14
25. DURATION 31
26. ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FURTHER EDUCATION
AND TRAINING, GRADES 10-12 31
26A STUDY PATHWAYS FOR GRADES 10-12 32
27. PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADES 10 – 12 33
28. PROVISOS 35
29. PROMOTION REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADES 10 - 12 39
30. ASSESSMENT IN GRADES 10 AND 11 40
31. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12 41
32. RECORDING AND REPORTING 41
33. CONCESSIONS 42
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63
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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DEFINITIONS
“candidate” - means a learner who has enrolled in his or her Grade 12-year of the
National Senior Certificate programme and who has registered for the National Senior
Certificate final examinations;
“Deaf learner” – means a learner who is either in a special school in terms of section
5(6) of the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No. 84 of 1996), or in an ordinary school
where he or she has been assessed and verified by a registered health professional as
Deaf. Such a Deaf learner may, in terms of section 6(4) of the South African Schools Act,
1996, offer South African Sign Language, which has the status of an official language for
the purposes of learning, as a language of learning and teaching in lieu of the second
required official language;
“evidence of learner performance” - means the learner’s work that is used to compile
his or her internal assessment mark;
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65
“examination” – means the conduct of an end-of-term and/or once-off end-of-year
assessment;
“First Additional Language level” – means the language proficiency level that reflects
the basic intercultural and interpersonal communication skills needed in social situations
and the cognitive academic skills essential for learning across the curriculum. The First
Additional Language level can be used as the language of teaching and learning from
the Intermediate Phase onwards;
“full-time candidate” - means a candidate who has enrolled for tuition in a full-time
capacity at a public or independent school or any other registered institution and who
presents the required number of subjects as stipulated in the policy document, National
policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the CS Grades R –
12;
“grade” - means a grade as defined in the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No. 84
of 1996);
“Head of Department” - as defined in the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No. 84
of 1996);
“Head of the institution” - as defined in the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No.
84 of 1996);
“Home Language level” - means the language proficiency level that reflects the mastery
of interpersonal communication skills required in social situations and the cognitive
academic skills essential for learning across the curriculum. This level also provides
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learners with a literary, aesthetic and imaginative ability that will provide them with the
ability to create, imagine, and empower their understandings of the world they live in;
“language levels” – means the proficiency levels at which all official and non-official
languages are offered at school, i.e. Home Language, First Additional Language and
Second Additional Language levels;
“learner” - as defined in the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No. 84 of 1996);
“learner who experiences barriers to learning” – refers to any learner who has
difficulties in accessing the curriculum due to factors that serve as barriers;
“Minimum outcomes and standards” – means the minimum level at which a learner
must attain the content and assessment requirements for all subjects listed in the
National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 12 as specified in the Curriculum and
Assessment Policy Statements. It also includes the programme and promotion
requirements for Grades R-12 as stipulated in paragraphs 6, 7, 12, 14, 19, 21, 27 and 29
of this document;
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“National Senior Certificate” – means a qualification at Level 4 on the National
Qualifications Framework (NQF) which is awarded to Grade 12 candidates who comply
with the national policy requirements set out in the policy document, National policy
pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National Curriculum
Statement Grades R – 12;
“part-time candidate” means a Grade 12 learner who has enrolled at an institution for
part-time studies and may enroll for any number of subjects in one examination sitting;
“progression” – means the advancement of a learner from one grade to the next,
excluding Grade R, in spite of the learner not having complied with all the promotion
requirements. Progression can be used to prevent a learner from being retained in a
phase for a period exceeding four years as stipulated in the Admission policy for ordinary
public schools as published as Government Notice 2432, Government Gazette, Vol. 400,
No. 19377 of 19 October 1998, provided that the underperformance of the learner in the
previous grade is addressed in the grade to which the learner has been promoted;
“promotion” – means the movement of a learner from one grade to the next when that
learner meets the minimum required level of achievement per subject in a particular
grade, as well as complying with the promotion requirements of that grade as
contemplated in the policy document; National policy pertaining to the programme and
promotion requirements of the NCS Grades R-12;
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“repeat candidate” - means a candidate who has failed the Grade 12-year of the
National Senior Certificate examination and/or the supplementary examination, or who
wants to improve his or her National Senior Certificate examination results, and who
wants to repeat the Grade 12-year or a subject, as a full-time learner or part-time
candidate respectively;
“Second Additional Language level” - means the language proficiency level that
focuses on the basic interpersonal communication skills needed in social situations and
include intercultural communication. It is intended to further multilingualism. Although
reading and writing will be developed, at this level the emphasis will be on developing
listening and speaking skills;
“school” – as defined in the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No. 84 of 1996);
“teacher file” - means the recording and planning documents used by the teacher,
namely the formal programme of assessment, evidence of learner
assessment/performance, all formal assessment tasks and marking guidelines, annual
teaching plan/work schedule, textbook used and other resources,
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“technology subject (specialisation)” - means a focused technology subject with
content matter related to industry of which specific aspects are assessed by means of a
practical assessment task or practical examination. In this policy the technology subjects
with specialisation are: Civil Technology, Electrical Technology, Mechanical Technology
and Engineering Graphics and Design;
“Umalusi” – means Umalusi, the Council for Quality Assurance in General and Further
Education and Training established in terms of the General and Further Education and
Training Quality Assurance Act, 2001 (Act No. 58 of 2001).
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CHAPTER 1
(1) Section 3(4)(l) of the National Education Policy Act, 1996 (No. 27 of 1996) makes
provision for the determination of national education policy regarding curriculum
frameworks, core syllabuses and education programmes, learning standards,
examinations and the certification of qualifications. This provision is subject to the
provisions of any law establishing a national qualifications framework or a
certifying or accrediting body.
(2) The policy stipulated in this document applies to public ordinary and special
schools and those independent schools that offer the National Curriculum
Statement Grades R – 12, which comprise:
(a) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements for all approved subjects
listed in this document;
(b) National policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements
of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 12; and
(c) National Protocol for Assessment Grades R – 12.
(3) The policy document contemplated in subparagraph (2) forms the basis for the
Minister of Basic Education to determine minimum outcomes and standards, as
well as the processes and procedures for the assessment of learner achievement
as stipulated in section 6A of the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No. 84 of
1996) which is applicable to public and independent schools.
(4) The outcomes and standards determined in terms of section 6A of the South
African Schools Act, 1996 (Act. No. 84 of 1996) will be translated into regulations
in terms of section 61 of the said Act.
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2. THE GROUPING OF SUBJECTS LISTED IN THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM
STATEMENT GRADES R – 12
(1) The National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 12 uses the twelve Organising
Fields of the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) for organising and listing
purposes.
(2) The Organising Fields listed at Annexure A, are used for organising and listing
purposes.
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CHAPTER 2
3. DURATION
The duration of the General Education and Training Phase is ten years, namely Grades
R - 9. To be promoted to Grade 10 a learner must:
(2) comply with the assessment and promotion requirements for each grade of
Grades R - 9 as contemplated in the policy document, National Protocol for
Assessment Grades R – 12, and the Curriculum and Assessment Policy
Statements of the various subjects for each of the three phases of the General
Education and Training Band, namely Foundation, Intermediate and Senior
Phases as listed in this document.
(1) Immigrants
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E Subject to subparagraph (d) an immigrant learner as contemplated in
subparagraph (a) must offer the two required official languages as
contemplated in paragraphs 12(1) of the Intermediate Phase and 19(1) of
the Senior Phase and comply with the School-Based Assessment
requirements of both official languages offered.
G An immigrant learner may offer his or her home language in lieu of one
official language, provided that it is an officially approved non-official
language, provided further he or she complies with the Intermediate and
Senior Phase promotion requirements as contemplated in paragraphs 14
and 21 respectively.
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(a) The following concessions may apply to learners who experience the
following barriers or any other barriers that impact on a learner’s learning-
(i) A deaf learner must offer the two required official languages as
contemplated in paragraphs 6 of the Foundation Phase, 12(1) of
the Intermediate Phase, and 19(1) of the Senior Phase, however-
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5. APPROVED SUBJECTS
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TABLE 1A: LANGUAGE WITH THE STATUS OF AN OFFICIAL LANGUAGE FOR THE
PURPOSE OF LEARNING AND TEACHING AT A PUBLIC SCHOOL
(1) Grade R
A learner in Grade R in the Foundation Phase must offer the following three (3)
subjects listed in Tables 1 - 3:
(a) One official language selected from Table 1 at Home Language level;
(aA) Deaf learners may, subject to paragraph 7(6), introduce South African
Sign Language at Home Language level listed in Table 1A for
communication purposes;
(b) Mathematics as listed in Table 2; and
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(c) Life Skills, comprising Beginning Knowledge, Creative Arts, Physical
Education and Personal and Social Wellbeing, as listed in Table 3.
(2) Grades 1 – 3
A learner in Grades 1 – 3 in the Foundation Phase must offer the following four
(4) subjects listed in Tables 1 - 3:
(a) One official language selected from Table 1 at Home Language level;
(b) One official language selected from Table 1 at First Additional Language
level, provided it is not the same official language offered at
subparagraph (a);
(bA) Deaf learners may, subject to paragraph 7(6), select South African Sign
Language at Home Language level listed in Table 1A in lieu of the official
language at First Additional Language level as contemplated in sub-
paragraph (b);
(c) Mathematics as listed in Table 2; and
(d) Life Skills, comprising Beginning Knowledge, Creative Arts, Physical
Education and Personal and Social Wellbeing, as listed in Table 3.
(1) Progression from grade to grade through this phase within the appropriate age
cohort should be the accepted norm, unless the learner displays a lack of
competence to cope with the following grade’s work. A learner, who is not ready
to perform at the next level, should be assessed to determine the level of support
required.
(2) The following are guidelines for determining a learner’s progress in Grade R:
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(3) The following are guidelines to determine whether a learner should be permitted
to progress from Grade 1 to 2 and from Grade 2 to 3 in the Foundation Phase:
(4) A learner may only be retained once in the Intermediate Phase in order to
prevent the learner being retained in this phase for longer than four years.
(5) A learner who is not ready to perform at the expected level and who has been
retained in the first phase for four (4) years or more and who is likely to be
retained again in the second phase for four (4) years or more, should receive the
necessary support in order to progress to the next grade.
(6) Deaf learners, who do not offer South African Sign Language at Home
Language level, may obtain an Elementary Achievement (Level 2) (30—39%) in
one of the two required official languages as contemplated in sub-paragraphs
(3)(a), and (3)(b) above.
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8. ASSESSMENT
(2) The School-Based Assessment mark as determined during the school year will
be 100% of the total mark.
(2) These descriptions are intended to assist teachers to grade learners and grade
them at the correct level.
(3) Teachers must record and report learners’ performance in terms of the
achievement descriptors listed in Table 4.
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10 TIME ALLOCATION
(1) The instructional time for subjects in the Foundation Phase is indicated in Table 5
below:
(2) The instructional time for Grades R, 1 and 2 is 23 hours and 25 hours for Grade
3.
(3) Ten (10) hours are allocated for languages in Grades R-2 and 11 hours in Grade
3.
(4) A maximum of eight (8) hours and a minimum of seven (7) hours are allocated
for the language at Home Language level, and a minimum of two (2) hours and a
maximum of three (3) hours for the language at First Additional Language level in
Grades 1-2.
(5) In Grade 3 a maximum of eight (8) hours and a minimum of seven (7) hours are
allocated for the language at Home Language level, and a minimum of three (3)
hours and a maximum of four (4) hours for the language at First Additional
Language level.
(6) The time allocated to breaks, assemblies and extramural activities is excluded
from the time allocation.
(7) Time must be made available to support learners who experience barriers to
learning within the instructional time.
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CHAPTER 4
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TABLE 7: PHYSICAL, MATHEMATICAL, COMPUTER AND LIFE
SCIENCES
SUBJECTS SUBJECT NUMBER
Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6
Mathematics 19331342 19331352 19331362
Natural Sciences and Technology 19351372 19351382 19351392
A learner must offer and complete six (6) subjects for each of Grades 4 – 6 as
contemplated in subparagraphs (1) to (5) and listed in Tables 6 – 8:
(1) Two (2) official languages selected from Table 6, provided that one of the two
official languages is offered on the Home Language level, and the other official
language on at least First Additional Language level, and provided further that
one of the two languages offered is the language of learning and teaching or the
language of literacy in the case of Deaf Learners;
(1A) Deaf learners may, subject to paragraph 14(5), select South African Sign
Language at Home Language level listed in Table 6A in lieu of the official
language at First Additional Language level as contemplated in sub-paragraph
(1);
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(6A) South African Sign Language at Home Language level, listed in Table 6A, may
be offered as an optional subject by non-deaf learners, provided that South
African Sign Language at Home Language level will be regarded as an additional
subject not to be taken into account for promotion requirements as contemplated
in paragraph 14.
(7) Subject to paragraph 4(1)(d) immigrant learners exempted from achieving one
official languages as contemplated in paragraph 4(1)(c)(ii), may offer his or her
home language in lieu of one official language, provided it is an approved
language on at least First Additional Language level as contemplated in
subparagraph (6).
13. PROVISOS
(1) Not more than one language shall be offered from the same language group,
namely:
(a) isiXhosa, isiZulu, SiSwati and isiNdebele; and
(b) Sepedi, Sesotho and Setswana.
(2) The same language shall not be offered on Home Language and First or Second
Additional Language level, or on First and Second Additional Language level.
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14. PROGRESSION REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADES 4 -6
(1) Progression from grade to grade through this phase within the appropriate age
cohort should be the accepted norm, unless the learner displays a lack of
competence to cope with the following grade’s work.
(2) The following are guidelines for determining a learner’s progression from Grade 4
to 6 in the Intermediate Phase:
(3) A learner may only be retained once in the Intermediate Phase in order to
prevent the learner being retained in this phase for longer than four years.
(4) A learner who is not ready to perform at the expected level and who has been
retained in the first phase for four (4) years or more and who is likely to be
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retained again in the second phase for four (4) years or more, should receive the
necessary support in order to progress to the next grade.
(5) Deaf learners, who do not offer South African Sign Language at Home
Language level, may obtain an Elementary Achievement (Level 2) (30—39%) in
one of the two required official languages as contemplated in sub paragraphs
(2a), and (2b) above.
15. ASSESSMENT
(1) Seven levels of competence have been described for subjects listed in the
National Curriculum Statement Grades R - 12. The various achievement levels
and their corresponding percentage bands are shown in Table 9 below.
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TABLE 9: SCALE OF ACHIEVEMENT FOR THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM STATEMENT
GRADES 4 - 6
(2) These descriptions are intended to assist teachers to grade learners and grade
them at the correct level.
(3) Teachers must record learners’ results in marks and report them as percentages.
(4) The percentage obtained will determine which rating code on the scale of
achievement will be allocated to a learner.
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(2) The instructional time for Grades 4, 5 and 6 is 27,5 hours. The time allocated to
breaks, assemblies and extramural activities is excluded from the time
allocation..
(3) Schools offering an optional language selected from Table 6 on at least Second
Additional Language level as contemplated in paragraph 12(6), or South African
Sign Language at Home Language level contemplated in paragraph 12(6A) may
not use the time allocated for the subjects listed in Table 10. Optional languages
may only be offered if the school can make an arrangement for the allocation of
additional time to the allocated 27,5 hours.
(4) Time must be made available to support learners who experience barriers to
learning within the instructional time.
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CHAPTER 5
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TABLE 12: PHYSICAL, MATHEMATICAL, COMPUTER AND LIFE
SCIENCES
SUBJECTS SUBJECT NUMBER
Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9
Natural Sciences 19351402 19351412 19351422
Mathematics 19331432 19331442 19331452
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A learner must for each of Grades 7 – 9 offer and complete nine (9) subjects as
contemplated in subparagraphs (1) to (8) and listed in Tables 11 – 16:
(1) Two (2) official languages selected from Table 11, provided that one of the two
official languages is offered on the Home Language level, and the other
language, on either Home or on at least First Additional Language level, and
provided further that one of the two languages offered is the language of learning
and teaching or the language of literacy in the case of Deaf Learners;
(1A) Deaf learners may, subject to paragraph 21(1)(eA)), select South African Sign
Language at Home Language level listed in Table 11A in lieu of the official
language at First Additional Language level as contemplated in sub-paragraph
(1);
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an additional subject not to be taken into account for promotion requirements as
contemplated in paragraph 21.
(9A) South African Sign Language at Home Language level, listed in Table 11A, may
be offered as an optional subject by non-deaf learners, provided that South
African Sign Language at Home Language level will be regarded as an additional
subject not to be taken into account for promotion requirements as contemplated
in paragraph 21.
(10) Subject to paragraph 4(1)(d) immigrant learners exempted from achieving one
official language as contemplated in paragraph 4(1)(c)(ii), may offer his or her
home language in lieu of one official language, provided it is an approved
language on at least First Additional Language level as contemplated in
paragraph4(1)(c)(i).
PROVISOS
Not more than one language shall be offered from the same language group,
namely:
D isiXhosa, isiZulu, SiSwati and isiNdebele; and
E Sepedi, Sesotho and Setswana.
The same language shall not be offered on Home Language and First or Second
Additional Language level, or on First and Second Additional Language level.
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(d) Moderate Achievement (Level 3) in any three (3) of the other required
subjects as contemplated in paragraphs 19(3), 19(4), 19(5), 19(6), 19(7)
and 19(8); and
(eA) Deaf learners, who do not offer South African Sign Language at Home
Language level, may obtain an Elementary Achievement (Level 2) (30—
39%) in one of the two required official languages as contemplated in sub
paragraphs. (1a), and (1b) above.
(f) Immigrant learners may be exempted from achieving one official language as
contemplated in paragraph 4(1)(c)(ii), provided they obtain at least an
Elementary Achievement (Level 2) in all four (4) the remaining subjects
contemplated in subparagraph (e).
(2) A learner may only be retained once in the Senior Phase in order to prevent the
learner being retained in this phase for longer than four years.
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(3) A learner who is not ready to function at the expected level and who has been
retained in the previous phases for four (4) years or more and who is likely to be
retained again in the third phase for four (4) years or more, should receive the
necessary support in order to achieve an appropriate level of competence as
contemplated in sub-regulation (1) in order to progress to the next grade.
22. ASSESSMENT
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(1) Seven levels of competence have been described for subjects listed in the
National Curriculum Statement Grades R - 12. The various achievement levels
and their corresponding percentage bands are as shown in Table 17 below.
ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT %
LEVEL DESCRIPTION
7 Outstanding Achievement 80 – 100
6 Meritorious Achievement 70 – 79
5 Substantial Achievement 60 – 69
4 Adequate Achievement 50 – 59
3 Moderate Achievement 40 – 49
2 Elementary Achievement 30 – 39
1 Not Achieved 0 – 29
(2) These descriptions are intended to assist teachers to assess learners and grade
them at the correct level.
(3) Teachers or examiners must record learners’ results in marks and report them as
percentages.
(4) The percentage obtained will determine the rating code on the scale of
achievement.
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24. TIME ALLOCATION
(1) The instructional time for subjects in the Senior Phase is indicated in the Table
18 below:
(2) The instructional time for Grades 7, 8 and 9 is 27,5 hours. The time allocated to
breaks, assemblies and extramural activities is excluded from this time allocation.
(3) Schools offering an optional language selected from Table 11 on at least Second
Additional Language level as contemplated in paragraph 19(9), or South African
Sign Language at Home Language level contemplated in paragraph 19(9A) may
not use the time allocated for the languages listed in Table 18. Optional
languages may only be offered if the school can make an arrangement for the
allocation of additional time to the allocated 27,5 hours.
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CHAPTER 6
25. DURATION
(1) The duration of the National Senior Certificate is 3 years, namely Grades 10 - 12.
A learner must:
(a) offer all subjects selected for all three grades, Grades 10-12 and
complete the programme requirements for these grades separately; and
(b) comply with the SBA requirements for Grades 10, 11 and 12 and the
external assessment requirements of Grade 12 as contemplated in the
policy document National Protocol for Assessment Grades R – 12, and
the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements of the various subjects
listed in Annexure B.
(2) Subject to the approval of the Head of the assessment body or his or her
nominee, a learner with an appropriate statement of achievement at Grades 10
or 11 level, issued by an approved or recognised assessment body, may be
placed at either Grade 11 or 12.
(a) an official Grade 9 school report which indicates that a learner has met
the requirements for promotion to Grade 10 or that the learner was
progressed in the Senior Phase in terms of paragraph 31 of the
Admission policy for ordinary public schools, Government Notice 2432 in
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the Government Gazette, Vol. 400, No. 19377 of 19 October 1998; or
(b) a General Education and Training Certificate (GETC) for Adult Basic
Education and Training (ABET); or
(c) a NQF Level 1 Certificate which requires two languages; or
(d) a recognised equivalent qualification obtained at NQF Level 1 which
requires two official languages.
(e) an official document of approval from the relevant Head of Education
confirming that a learner who has received home education prior to Grade
10 has reached the required level in Grade 9.
(2) For Entrance into Grades 11 and 12, an appropriate statement of achievement at
the appropriate levels is issued by an approved or recognised assessment body.
(1) Learners entering the FET Phase must follow one of the following two pathways,
namely an Academic (General) or Technical pathway.
(2) Learners following the Academic (General) pathway must follow the curriculum
as contemplated in sub-paragraphs 2(a), 2(b), 2(c), 2(d)(i) and 2(e).
(3) Learners following the Technical pathway must follow the curriculum as
contemplated in sub-paragraphs 2(a), 2(bA), 2(c) and 2(d)(ii).
(4) To qualify for the Technical pathway a learner must be enrolled at a technical
school approved and registered by the relevant Provincial Education Department.
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(1) The approved National Senior Certificate subjects listed in Annexure B, which is
grouped in two main categories, namely Groups A and B.
(2) (2) Learners in the Further Education and Training Phase, following either
the Academic (General) or Technical pathway, must select four subjects from
Group A as follows:
(a) Two (2) official languages selected from Annexure B, Table A1, provided
that one of the two official languages is offered on the Home Language
level, and the other, on either Home or First Additional Language level,
and provided further that one of the two languages is the language of
learning and teaching.
(aA) Deaf learners may, subject to paragraph 33(2)(a)(i), select South African
Sign Language at Home Language level listed in Table B4A in lieu of the
official language at First Additional Language level as contemplated in
sub-paragraph (2)(a);
(d) Subject to paragraphs 28(4D) and 28(4E), both the General and
Technical pathways must select a minimum of three subjects selected as
follows from Group B Annexure B, Tables B1-B8.
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(i) Academic (General) pathway-
(aa) of the minimum three required subjects, a maximum of
two additional languages over and above the two official
languages contemplated in subparagraph (a) may be
offered from both Tables A1 and B4.
(bb) Learners may offer a maximum of one subject
developed by accredited assessment bodies other than
the Department of Basic Education and approved by the
Minister of Basic Education for this purpose and listed in
Annexures C1 – C6, in the place of one Group B
subject.
(dA) South African Sign Language at Home Language level, selected from
Group B, Annexure B, Tables B1-B8, may be offered as one of the three
optional subjects as contemplated in sub-paragraph (d).
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28. PROVISOS
(1) A candidate may offer more than the required minimum of seven subjects
provided that he or she complies with the following requirements:
(a) the additional subjects must be offered for all three years of the National
Senior Certificate programme, namely Grades 10-12.
(b) all the internal assessment requirements and the Practical Assessment
Tasks as contemplated in the policy document National Protocol for
Assessment Grades R – 12 and the Curriculum and Assessment Policy
Statements for the required subjects where applicable, must be met for all
three years of study, namely Grades 10, 11 and 12.
(2) Not more than one language shall be offered from the same language group,
namely:
(3) The same language shall not be offered on Home Language and First or Second
Additional Language level, or on First and Second Additional Language level.
(4) A candidate from the Academic (General) pathway may not offer both
Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy.
(4A) A candidate from the Academic (General) pathway may not offer Technical
Mathematics.
(4B) A candidate from the Technical pathway may not offer Mathematical Literacy.
(4C) A candidate from the Technical pathway may not offer both Mathematics and
Technical Mathematics.
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(4D) Learners offering Physical Sciences and Accounting as one or more of their
optional subjects selected from Group B in the policy document, National policy
Pertaining to the Programme and Promotion Requirements of the National
Curriculum Statement Grades R – 12; must offer Mathematics as a compulsory
subject selected from Group A in the said policy document.
(4E) A candidate from the Academic (General) pathway may not offer Technical
Science.
(4F) A candidate from the Academic (General) pathway may not offer any one of the
following three technology subjects (Specialisation)-
(a) Civil Technology (Specialisation);
(b) Electrical Technology (Specialisation); and
(c) Mechanical Technology (Specialisation).
(5) A candidate may not offer both Consumer Studies and Hospitality Studies.
(5A) Learners offering Sport and Exercise Science as a subject must offer either
Physical Sciences or Life Sciences.
(7) The Practical Music programme of one of the Music examination bodies, listed in
Table C2 of Annexure C, namely the Associated Board of Royal Schools
Practical Music Examination, Trinity College of London Practical Music
Examination and Unisa Practical Music Examination may be offered in terms of
the following conditions:
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E A learner may only enrol for the selected External Music programme in
his or her Grade 12-year.
H The External Music Examination Bodies’ final results based on the theory
and practical components will be accepted as the final mark obtained by
the candidate.
K The theory must be completed by the candidate, not earlier than October
of the Grade 11-year.
L The marks supplied by the three External Music Examination Bodies will
be indicated on the National Senior Certificate as a subject passed by an
approved and accredited assessment body in terms of the requirements
as determined by that body. The actual mark obtained by the candidate
will be reflected on the National Senior Certificate with an asterisk
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denoting that this subject was offered by an external assessment body in
terms of that body’s requirements.
(l) A learner who offers one of the Associated Board of Royal Schools of
Music, or Trinity College of London, or the UNISA Practical Music
Examination, Grade 7 as an eighth subject may not offer a Music
programme, comprising a combination of components of the Music
programmes of the three External Music Examination Bodies.
(n) A learner who offers one of the Associated Board of Royal Schools of
Music, or Trinity College of London, or the UNISA Practical Music
Examination, Grade 7 as an eighth subject may not replace a failed
subject offered by the learner in terms of the seven-subject package of
the National Senior Certificate.
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(1) Learners in Grades 10-12 will be promoted from grade to grade if they have
offered and completed the School-Based Assessment, Practical Assessment
Tasks, where applicable, oral assessment and end-of-year examination
requirements in not fewer than seven (7) subjects as contemplated in the policy
document, National Protocol for Assessment Grades R – 12 and the Curriculum
and Assessment Policy Statements of the various subjects listed in Annexure A:
(c) Subject to paragraph 28(7) learners who offer a Music programme from
the Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music or Trinity College of
London or UNISA, must obtain the following ratings:
(2) The norm for repetition is stipulated in paragraph 31 of the Admission policy for
ordinary public schools, Government Notice 2432 in the Government Gazette,
Vol. 400, No. 19377 of 19 October 1998, as one retained once in the Further
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Education and Training Phase in order to prevent the learner being retained in
this phase for longer than four years.
(3) Progression in Grades 10-12 does not guarantee in the final certification of a
learner in Grade 12 and such a learner must comply with the certification
requirements as contemplated in paragraph 37(1)(a) of the policy document,
National policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the
National Curriculum Statement Grades R - 12 to enable him or her to obtain
a National Senior Certificate.
(2) The weighting for assessment in the subject Life Orientation in Grades 10 and 11
is an exception where the School-Based Assessment component will comprise
100% of the total mark. The School-Based Assessment will be externally
moderated.
3) The end-of-year assessment must consist of an end-of-year examination that is
internally set, marked and moderated, as specified in the policy document,
National Protocol for Assessment Grades R – 12 and the Curriculum
and Assessment Policy Statements for the subjects listed in the National
CurriculumStatement Grades R - 12.
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The School-Based Assessment mark will be 25%, and the external assessment
mark 75% of the total mark, as specified in the policy document, National
Protocol for Assessment Grades R – 12 and the Curriculum and
Assessment Policy Statements for the subjects listed in the National
Curriculum Statement Grades R - 12. The School-Based Assessment will be
externally moderated.
The weighting for assessment in the subject Life Orientation in Grade 12 is an
exception. The School-Based Assessment component will be 100% of the total
mark. In the National Senior Certificate examination the final promotion mark in
Life Orientation will be based on internal assessment which must be externally
moderated, as well as a Common Assessment task which is externally set and
moderated. Monitoring and moderation mechanisms will be determined by the
assessment body and Umalusi.
(2A) The Physical Education Task (PET) in Life Orientation, constitutes the fifth task
and is administered across all four school terms, with the exception of Grade 12,
which will be three school terms. The mark allocation for the PET (Task 5) is 20%
of the total mark out of 400 for Life Orientation, i.e. 80 marks.
(3) The final mark is rounded down if the first decimal is less than 5 and rounded up
if the decimal is 5 and above e.g. a final mark of 70,3 will be rounded down to 70
and a final mark of 70.6 is rounded up to 71.
Seven levels of competence have been described for all the subjects in the policy
document, National Protocol for Assessment Grades R – 12 and the
Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements for the subjects listed in
the National Curriculum Statement Grades R - 12. The various achievement
levels and theircorresponding percentage bands are shown in Table 19 below.
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TABLE 19: SCALE OF ACHIEVEMENT FOR THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM
STATEMENT GRADES 10-12
ACHIEVEMENT ACHIEVEMENT MARKS
LEVEL DESCRIPTION %
7 Outstanding achievement 80 – 100
6 Meritorious achievement 70 – 79
5 Substantial achievement 60 – 69
4 Adequate achievement 50 – 59
3 Moderate achievement 40 – 49
2 Elementary achievement 30 – 39
1 Not achieved 0 – 29
(2) These descriptions are intended to assist teachers to assess learners and grade
them at the correct level.
(3) Teachers or examiners must record learners’ results in marks and report them as
percentages.
(4) The percentage obtained will determine which rating code on the scale of
achievement will be allocated to a learner.
33. CONCESSIONS
(1) Immigrants
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(b) An immigrant candidate as contemplated above may offer only one (1)
official language on at least First Additional Language Level, provided it is
the language of learning and teaching, and obtain a rating of 30% level in
that language, provided that another subject from Group B is offered in
lieu of the one official language that is not offered, provided further that
the immigrant candidate complies with the promotion requirements as
contemplated in paragraph 29(1).
(c) However, instead of offering another subject from Group B in lieu of the
one official language that is not offered, an immigrant candidate may,
subject to subparagraph (b), offer his or her home language in lieu of that
one official language, subject to the following:
(ii) Offer his or her home language on the A-Level of the General
Certificate of Education (GCE) of the United Kingdom, or an
examination recognised by the Department of Basic Education as
equivalent to Home Language level for the purpose of
subparagraph (b).
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TABLE 20: CONVERSION SCALE
PROGRAMME REQUIREMENTS
A-Level National Policy
Symbol % MARKS %
A 70-100 280 70
B 60-69 240 60
C 55-59 220 55
D 50-54 200 50
E 40-49 160 40
F 30-39 140 35
(ii) the relevant official documentation issued by the school where the
learner entered the South African school system for the first time.
(a) The following concessions may apply to learners who experience the
following barriers to learning:
(i) A learner who is Deaf who do not offer South African Sign
Language at Home Language level may offer one (1) official
language at First Additional Language level which is the language
of learning and teaching, provided that another subject from
Group B is offered in lieu of the one official language that is not
offered, provided further that such Deaf candidate complies with
the promotion requirements as contemplated in paragraph 29(1).
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(1) Learners with special needs may either be accommodated in special schools or
in ordinary schools where appropriate support is offered.
(2) Special schools are schools that provide education to learners who need high-
level individualised and specialised support on a high-frequency basis. The role
of these schools is twofold:
(a) full-time provision of appropriate and quality education and support for
those learners, who are enrolled at these schools; and
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(b) providing advice, guidelines, training and mentoring on a consultative and
part-time basis to both teachers and learners in ordinary schools with
regard to curriculum, assessment and instruction matters.
(3) The following learners are regarded as learners with special needs for whom
measures should be taken in ordinary as well as special schools to assist with
the barriers to learning that they face:
(c) Learners who have severe visual barriers to learning (blind and partially
sighted) and for whom learning should be facilitated through effective
individualised support measures, specialised teaching methods, the use
of Braille and large print and the application of specialised devices such
as Braille equipment, magnification cameras and CCTV in classrooms,
screen reading software, magnification software, etc.
(d) Learners who have physical barriers to learning and whose level of
functioning is restricted due to limited gross and fine motor movements,
dependency on the availability of certain devices (e.g. wheel chairs),
medical conditions and inaccessible school buildings. The term physical
disability covers a range of conditions from congenital disabilities to
impairments acquired as a result of illness of which the most common
conditions are spinal bifida, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy,
haemophilia, cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions.
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(h) Learners with any medically assessed special need that may not fall
under the above categories.
(4) Grade 10-12 learners who experience barriers to learning and who meet one of
the following requirements may either offer the National Senior Certificate
programme as stipulated in paragraphs 26 to 32 and 35 to 38 of this document or
the National Senior Certificate with Endorsement as contemplated in
subparagraphs 5, 6 and 8:
(a) Learners with extensive barriers to learning who are in special schools in
terms of section 5(6) of the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No. 84
of 1996); or
(b) Learners who experience barriers to learning who are in ordinary schools
in terms of section 12(4) of the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act No.
84 of 1996) and who have been identified by the relevant provincial
authority as eligible for this condonation;
(5) Subject to subparagraph (4), learners with special needs who were unsuccessful
in obtaining a National Senior Certificate at Level 4 on the NQF, or who cannot
meet the programme and or promotion requirements of the National Senior
Certificate at Level 4 on the NQF as stipulated in paragraphs 27, 28 and 29 of
this document, may be issued with a National Senior Certificate with
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Endorsement, provided they have met the following programme and promotion
requirements:
(7) Should a learner who has enrolled for the National Senior Certificate with
Endorsement offer a sixth subject, such a learner must achieve 30% in five of the
six subjects, one of which is an official language on at least First Additional
Language level, provided the School-Based Assessment component is submitted
in the sixth subject.
(8) Concessions regarding immigrant learners and learners who experience barriers
to learning related to deafness and mathematical disorder such as dyscalculia,
as contemplated in paragraph 33 of this document, will also be applicable to the
learners enrolling for the National Senior Certificate with Endorsement.
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(1) A learner may change a maximum of two subjects in Grade 10, provided this is
done by the end of the second term, subject to the approval of the Principal of
the school where the learner is registered. Such change must be done before 30
June of the Grade 10 year.
(2) A learner may change two subjects in Grade 11, provided this is done before 31
March, subject to the approval of the Principal of the school where the learner is
registered.
(3) In exceptional cases a learner may change one additional subject in Grade 11,
provided this is done before 15 December of the Grade 11-year.
(4) Approval for changing a subject in Grade 12 must be obtained from the Head of
the assessment body. The following documents are needed:
(a) a letter of motivation from the learner’s parent or guardian;
(b) a letter from the Principal, either supporting or providing reasons for not
supporting the change; and
(c) a letter from the subject teacher, outlining the programme to be followed to
assist the learner in covering those aspects of the Curriculum and
Assessment Policy Statements of the new subject for the previous grades
that were not completed.
(5) A learner who changes a subject in Grades 10, 11 or 12 will be exempted from
the School-Based Assessment requirement of the new subject for the period
before the change was effected, provided that:
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(6) The learner, or the parent or guardian of the learner who changes a subject is in
Grades 10, 11 or 12 and who encounters learning difficulties due to the subject
change may not hold the provincial education department responsible for
changing a subject.
(2) The contact time for teaching Grades 10, 11 and 12 will be 27,5 hours per week,
excluding the time allocated to breaks, assemblies and extramural activities.
(3) The 27,5 hours of teaching contact time per week must be used as follows:
(a) Languages: 9 hours per week, that is, 4,5 hours per week for each of the
two languages;
(d) time allocation for the Group B subjects (12,0 hours): 4,0 hours per week
should be allocated to each of the three Group B subjects, or a subject
from Annexure C which replaces one Group B subject.
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TABLE 21: TIME ALLOCATION PER WEEK FOR SUBJECTS OFFERED FOR
GRADES 10-12
SUBJECT HOURS
Language 1 4,5
Language 2 4,5
Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy 4,5
Life Orientation 2,0
Group B subjects (3 x 4hours) 12,0
TOTAL 27,5
(5) The allocated 27,5 hours per week may be utilised only for the minimum required
Grades 10, 11 and 12 subjects as specified above, and may not be used for any
additional subjects. Should a learner wish to offer additional subjects, an
arrangement for additional time must be made for the offering of these subjects.
(1) Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 17A of the General and Further Education
and Training Quality Assurance Act, 2001 (Act No. 58 of 2001), and subject to
paragraphs 27 and 29 of this document, the following certificates will be issued:
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(2) The National Senior Certificate is a 130 credit certificate at Level 4 on the
National Qualifications Framework (NQF).
(3) In terms of this policy document the National Senior Certificate qualification must:
(a) have a defined purpose or purposes, and is intended to provide qualifying
learners with applied competence and a basis for further learning;
(b) enrich the qualifying learner;
(c) provide benefits to society and the economy;
(d) comply with the objectives of the NQF;
(e) where applicable, be internationally comparable;
(f) incorporate integrated assessment; and
(g) indicate the rules governing the award of the qualification.
(4) The duration of the learning programme for the National Senior Certificate is
three years and this culminates in the National Senior Certificate qualification at
the end of Grade 12.
“A full-time learner in the FET Phase is a learner who has enrolled for tuition and
who offers a National Curriculum Statement Grades R-12 programme in a full-
time capacity at a public or independent school or any other registered institution
and who presents seven (7) subjects in terms of the National Senior Certificate
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(6) A repeat candidate in the FET Phase is a candidate who has failed the grade
enrolled for or the National Senior Certificate examination, or who wants to
improve his or her National Senior Certificate examination results, and who
wants to repeat, either the grade failed or the Grade 12-year, as a full-time
learner or full-time or part-time candidate respectively.
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CHAPTER 7
(1) The policy document, National Policy regarding General Education Programmes:
The Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 9 (Schools)
promulgated in Government Notice No. 710 in Government Gazette No. 23406 of
31 May 2002 is repealed subject to paragraph 41.
(2) The policy document, National Policy on assessment and qualifications for
schools in the General Education and Training Band, promulgated in
Government Notice No. 124 in Government Gazette No. 29626 of 12 February
2007 is repealed subject to paragraph 41.
(4) The policy document, the National Senior Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on
the National Qualifications Framework (NQF), promulgated in Government
Gazette No.27819 of 20 July 2005 is repealed and replaced with the policy
document, National policy pertaining to the programme and promotion
requirements of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 12, subject to
paragraph 41.
(5) The policy document, An addendum to the policy document, the National Senior
Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework
(NQF), regarding learners with special needs, promulgated in Government
Gazette, No.29466 of 11 December 2006 is repealed and incorporated in policy
document, National policy pertaining to the programme and promotion
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(6) The policy document, An addendum to the policy document, the National Senior
Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework
(NQF), regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R – 12),
promulgated in Government Gazette No. 29467 of 11 December 2006 is
repealed and replaced with the policy document, National Protocol for
Assessment Grades R-12, subject to paragraph 41.
(1) The status quo as stipulated in the following policy documents will be maintained
until the implementation of the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements,
the policy document, National policy pertaining to the programme and promotion
requirements of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 12 and the
National Protocol for Assessment Grades R-12, as contemplated in paragraph
41:
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regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R – 12),
promulgated in Government Gazette No. 29467 of 11 December 2006.
(3) The Minister of Basic Education may in terms of Sections 3(4)(l) and 7 of the
National Education Policy Act, 1996 (Act No. 27 of 1996), amend the transitional
arrangements as contemplated in paragraph 40. Such amendments to the
transitional arrangements may be regulated in terms of Section 61(c) and (d) of
the South African Schools Act, 1996 (Act. No. 84 of 1996).
(4) South African Sign Language at Home Language level to be offered in Grades R-
12 will be phased in as follows:
(a) Grades R, 1, 2, 3 and 9 in 2015;
(b) Grades 4, 5, 6 and 10 in 2016;
(c) Grades 7, 8, 11 in 2017; and
(d) Grade 12 in 2018.
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(6) The following Technology subjects with specialisation, namely Civil Technology,
Electrical Technology and Mechanical Technology, as well as Technical
Mathematics and Technical Science, will be phased in as follows:
(a) Grade 10 in 2016;
(b) Grade 11 in 2017; and
(c) Grade 12 in 2018.
This Policy may be cited as National policy pertaining to the programme and
promotion requirements of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R – 12 and
will commence on the day of its promulgation in the Government Gazette and
becomes effective from January 2012 in Grades R – 3 and Grade 10, January
2013 in Grades 4 –6 and Grade 11 and January 2014 in Grades 7 –9 and Grade
12.
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ANNEXURE A
APPROVED SUBJECTS LISTED IN TERMS OF THE ORGANISING FIELDS OF THE NQF
Organising fields of learning Subjects
No
1. Agriculture and Nature Agricultural Management Practices; Agricultural
Conservation Sciences; Agricultural Technology
2. Culture and Arts Dance Studies; Design; Dramatic Arts; Music;
Visual Arts.
3. Business, Commerce and Accounting; Business Studies; Economics
Management
Studies
4. Communication Studies and All official languages, and approved non-official
Language languages
5. Education, Training and
Development
6. Manufacturing, Engineering and Civil Technology; Electrical Technology;
Technology Mechanical Technology; Engineering Graphics
and Design
7. Human and Social Studies Religion Studies; Geography; History; Life
Orientation
8. Law, Military Science and
Security
9. Health Sciences and Social
Services
10. Physical, Mathematical, Computer Applications Technology; Information
Computer and Life Technology; Life Sciences; Mathematical
Sciences Literacy; Mathematics; Physical Sciences
11. Services Consumer Studies; Hospitality Studies;
Tourism.
12. Physical Planning and
Construction
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ANNEXURE B
GROUP A
TABLE A1: OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AT HOME AND FIRST ADDITIONAL LEVEL
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TABLE A2: MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
SUBJECT SUBJECT NUMBER
Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Mathematical Literacy 19321002 19321013 19321024
Mathematics 19331032 19331043 19331054
Technical Mathematics 19371482 19371493 19371504
GROUP B
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SUBJECT SUBJECT NUMBER
Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Italian Second Additional Language 13352332 13352343 13352354
Latin Second Additional Language 13352362 13352373 13352384
Mandarin Second Additional Language 13356022 13356033 13356044
Portuguese Home Language 13352392 13352403 13352414
Portuguese First Additional Language 13352422 13352433 13352444
Portuguese Second Additional 13352452 13352463 13352474
Language
Serbian Home Language 13355772 13355783 13355794
Serbian Second Additional Language 13355802 13355813 13355824
Spanish Second Additional Language 13352482 13352493 13352504
Tamil Home Language 13352512 13352523 13352534
Tamil First Additional Language 13352542 13352553 13352564
Tamil Second Additional Language 13352572 13352583 13352594
Telegu Home Language 13352602 13352613 13352624
Telegu First Additional Language 13352632 13352643 13352654
Telegu Second Additional Language 13352662 13352673 13352684
Urdu Home Language 13352692 13352703 13352714
Urdu First Additional Language 13352722 13352733 13352744
Urdu Second Additional Language 13352752 13352763 13352774
TABLE B4A: LANGUAGE WITH THE STATUS OF AN OFFICIAL LANGUAGE FOR THE
PURPOSE OF LEARNING AND TEACHING AT A PUBLIC SCHOOL
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TABLE B8: SERVICES
SUBJECT SUBJECT NUMBER
Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Consumer Studies 20351002 20351013 20351024
Hospitality Studies 20351032 20351043 20351054
Tourism 20351062 20351073 20351084
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ANNEXURE C
RECOGNITION OF SUBJECTS NOT LISTED IN THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM
STATEMENT GRADES R - 12
The subjects listed in paragraph C2 are approved subjects from accredited assessment
bodies. Only in exceptional cases will additional subjects in this category be considered by
the Department of Basic Education.
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TABLE C2: CULTURE AND ARTS
GRADE 12
Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music Practical Music 11361034
Examination Grade 7
Trinity College of London Practical Music Examination 11361104
Grade 7
UNISA Practical Music Examination Grade 7 11361184
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ANNEXURE D
D.1 Subjects
The subject codes for the subjects listed in Tables 1-3, 6-8, 11-16 and Annexures A and
B consist of eight digits that have the following meaning:
¾ first and second digits: NQF organising field (up to two digits) (Table D1);
¾ third and fourth digits: the subject groupings, as defined below (Table D2);
¾ fifth, sixth and seventh digits: unique subject codes within each NQF organising field
(subject grouping); and
¾ eighth digit: NQF level of the subject.
Table D1 NQF organising fields as they relate to the subject coding system
DIGIT NQF ORGANISING FIELD
10 Agriculture and Nature Conservation
11 Arts and Culture
12 Business, Commerce and Management Studies
13 Communication and Language Studies
14 Education, Training and Development
15 Manufacturing, Engineering and Technology
16 Human and Social Studies
17 Law, Military Science and Security
18 Health Science and Social Services
19 Physical, Mathematical, Computer and Life Sciences
20 Services
21 Physical Planning and Construction
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Bennett, R. E., & Gitomer, D. H. (2009). Transforming K-12 assessment: Integrating accountability
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Brookhart, SM. 2001. Successful students’ formative and summative uses of assessing
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Dicks, A. 2012. Head for success Business Studies super study guide 10 CAPS. [Sl].
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Dreyer, JM. 2008. The educator as assessor. 1st edition. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Dreyer, JM. 2013. The educator as assessor. 2nd edition. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
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South Africa. Department of Basic Education. 2011a. National Policy Pertaining to the
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APPENDIX 3: DESIGNING ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY
204 Subject: Tourism
205 Grade: 12
Recorded /Not recorded: not recorded. It is an informal activity to prepare for summative
208
assessment
Feedback: Peer assessment: work will be marked in class. Learners will do corrections
209
with a pencil as soon as they get their books back from the peers.
211
“Hygiene is crucial for guest satisfaction – one spot on the sheets or someone else’s
212
hair in the drain can ruin the entire stay, erode trust in the hotel’s hygiene across all
areas, and tarnish the entire hotel brand in the mind of the guest,” says John Dempsey,
Director, Hospitality, Africa, ME, and Turkey at Diversely. In addition to clouding the guest’s
perception of the hotel, inadequate cleaning can actually put guests at risk, he notes.
“An improperly cleaned critical point of contact puts guests at risk of picking up the viruses,
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bacteria and fungi left on surfaces by previous guest’s only hours before. Above anything
else, the guarantee that a room is clean and safe is the most important promises a hotel
makes to its guest – it is the very basis of the definition of a ‘comfortable room’,” he says.
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Well trained and efficient housekeepers deliver on these promises of comfort and safety. “As
214
much as we may see them as ‘just cleaners’, they are actually the custodians of the brand.
Should they fail in their task, no amount of smiling service and good food elsewhere in
the establishment can fully rebuild the guest’s trust.” It is important that staff give always
excellent service, first time around.
John believes that the housekeeping staff, as crucial interfaces between hotel and guests,
215
should be in-house staff that cares about the hotel’s brand and the guests’ experience.
They should be at the service of guests.
216 1.4.1 Name the policy document that governs the dress code, physical appearance and
grooming in a hotel. (1)
218 1.4.3 Identify the tourism industry sector in the above extract. (2)
219 1.4.4 Which tourism association is responsible for common standard of tourism
services? (2)
220 1.4.5 Discuss four intervention strategies the hotel management can use to ensure that
housekeepers deliver on the promises of comfort and safety in guest rooms. (4)
221 1.4. 6 How do you think treating housekeepers as “just cleaners” would have a negative
impact on the hotel’s brand and image? (4)
222 MEMORANDUM
225 1.4.2 A code of conduct is set of rules to guide behaviour and decisions. It is used to
guide employees on acceptable behaviour. It is not the same in every job, some
elements may be similar but often there are specific guidelines. (3)
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235 UNIT 2
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3.1 Mr and Mrs Mabunda are taking their kids on a vacation to Disneyworld in the USA. Mr
Mabunda will also proceed to China on business. Before departing they study the exchange
rate table below:
Taxonomy: Application
3.1.2 They would like to exchange R 7000 into US dollars for spending and gifts. (3)
Calculate the amount of dollars they would receive. Round off your answers to two
decimal places.
Taxonomy: Understanding
3.1.3 Explain TWO ways in which the Tshabalala’s travel plans and budget will be affected (4)
by a strengthening rand.
3.1.2 Whilst visiting the USA they spot tourists with the notes pictured below:
Taxonomy: Remember
3.3.1 Name TWO countries that the tourists using the above currency could be from. (2)
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3.3 Study the South African rand to US dollar exchange rate graph below and answer
the questions that follow.
Taxonomy: Understanding
3.3.1 State the value of the South African rand in relation to the US dollar on 8 October 2013. (2)
Taxonomy: Understanding
3.3.2 The line graph shows daily changes in the rate of exchange. (2)
Give the term used for these changes in the exchange rate.
Taxonomy: Evaluation
3.3. Determine the date and the value of the exchange rate when: (2)
(a) The rand was at its weakest (2)
(b) The rand was at its strongest (18)
3.1 MEMORANDUM
3.1.1 CNY (1)
3.1.2 ZAR 7000 ÷ √ 12,54 √ = USD 558,21 √ (3)
3.1.3 The Mabunda might extend their length of stay√√ (4)
They can retain their original budget and have more money at their disposal. √√
They will be able to reduce their original budget making their trip less expensive.
They will use this opportunity to purchase more dollars needed.
3.3.2 Fluctuation √√
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3.3.3 a) 29 September√
• 1 October (2)
More than 10.10√
(Any rate between 10.10 and 10.15, including the first and last values in this range
is acceptable)
(b) 23 October√
less than 9.75 √
(Any rate between 9.70 and 9.75, including the first and last values in this range is
acceptable) (2)
145
NOTE
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