NBC 105.2020
NBC 105.2020
N E PAL N A T I O NAL B U I L D IN G C O DE
नेपाल सरकार
शहर वकास म ालय
सं हदरबार, काठमाड , नेपाल
२०७७
Preface
The attempt for development of any code for seismic design in Nepal started in Nineties
following the Udayapur earthquake of 1988. Consequently the Nepal National Building
Code NBC 105 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal was published in 1994. Since then
the seismic code has not been reviewed and updated till the moment. In view of the
development in research and technology and new knowledge learnt from various large
earthquakes in the region and other parts of the world in last 25 years, the need for
updating of the document was tremendously felt.
The Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC), Ministry of
Urban Development (MoUD) had initiated the preparation for the updating of the NBC
105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal, however, the process was formally
started only after the Gorkha Earthquake of 2015 April 25 and the following aftershocks.
The process of updating the NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal
was started under the initiative of the Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU)
of the ADB financed Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) under the
Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). The revision of the NBC 105: 1994 as the
major code guiding seismic design of buildings in Nepal is one of the important activity
to be implemented under the EEAP.
This Standard is the first revision of the Nepal National Building Code 105: 1994
Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal, prepared by the Working Group of Consultants
formed by the Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU) of the Earthquake
Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD) and later transferred to the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA), the
Government of Nepal. This standard after due approval will supersede the earlier 1994
edition of the NBC 105 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal.
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers with general procedures and
criteria for the structural design of buildings prevalent in the Federal Republic of Nepal
considering the seismicity in the parts of the country. This document outlines analysis
and design methodology that is applied in accordance with the established engineering
principles.
The principal modifications from the earlier version in the present revision are as
follows:
i) The performance requirements are defined precisely in terms of
collapse prevention and damage limitation; there is a further
recommendation to verify the performance requirements checking the
ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state.
ii) Non-linear methods of analysis have been introduced retaining the
linear analyses as in the earlier version.
iii) The load combinations for parallel systems and for non-parallel systems
have been revised with changes in load factors.
iv) This earthquake levels considered in this code are according to two
earthquake levels: Earthquake Level (E1) corresponding to 475 years of
return period and Earthquake Level (E2) corresponding to 2475 years of
return period.
v) The spectral shape factor for the Equivalent Static Method and for the
Modal Response Spectrum Method are different and the response
i
spectra are specified for four types of soil types, namely Soil Type A –
stiff and hard soil, Soil Type B –medium soil, Soil Type C - soft soil and
Soil Type D – very soft soil.
vi) The seismic zone map of Nepal has been revised based on the recently
carried out Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis. Accordingly, the zone
factors for major cities and municipalities have been changed; these
values present the realistic values of effective peak ground acceleration
(PGA) in each region considered.
vii) The importance classes and importance factors have been revised.
viii) The empirical formulae for determination of fundamental translation
period have been revised.
ix) The horizontal base shear coefficient will be determined separately for
ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. These coefficients are
expressed in terms of ductility factor and over strength factor, replacing
the performance factor K in the earlier version.
x) The horizontal design spectrum for the modal response spectrum
method has been given different for ultimate limit state and for
serviceability limit state.
xi) The clauses on the parts and components of the building have been
revised.
The intent and purpose of this code is to design safe buildings so that they will
suffer no structural damage during earthquakes of moderate intensities, and
without total collapse during heavy intensities of earthquakes. This standard is
basically for seismic design of low, moderate and high rise buildings prevalent in
Nepal.
The following publications related with the codes on seismic design have been
extensively referred during the drafting of this revised edition of NBC 105:
(i) IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings (Sixth Revision), BIS,
Bahadur Shah Jaffar Marg, New Delhi, India2016.
(ii) BNBC 2014 Bangladesh National Building Code
(iii) NZS 1170.5:2004 New Zealand Standard Part 5: Earthquake Actions –
New Zealand
(iv) Code for Seismic Design of Buildings(2010) Ministry of Housing
and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China
(v) Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance – Part1:
General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings
(vi) Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (2008) Government of
Pakistan Ministry of Housing and Works
(vii) IBC 2015 International Building Code2015
(viii) ASCE-7-10. Minimum Design Loads for buildings and Other Structures,
American Society of Civil Engineers, USA,2010.
The standard has been developed in a new format considering the recent
development in the research and technology as well as learning from the lessons
from the recent earthquakes. The whole document has been spread over 10
sections with 2 ANNEXES separately for ductile detailing of structural concrete
and structural steel.
ii
Building Construction Management Upgrading (Consolidation) Committee
Building Construction Management Upgrading (Consolidation) Committee
consists of the following experts and professionals:
iii
Er. Manohar Lal Rajbhandari , Structural Engineering Expert Member
Prof. Dr. Akal Bahadur Singh, Geotechnical Engineering Expert Member
Working Committee
Working Committee consists of the following experts and professionals:
Er. Ramchandra Dangal, Deputy Director General, DUDBC Coordinator
Ar. Kishor Shrestha, Senior Divisional Engineer, Building Section Member
MOUD
Er. Jhapper Singh Vishokarma, Deputy Project Director, EHRP, Member
CLPIU
Er. Manoj Nakarmi, Section Chief, Building Code Section, DUDBC Member
iv
Working Group
Core Working Group consists of the following experts and professionals:
Prof. Dr. Prem Nath Maskey, Senior Structural Engineer (Team Leader)
Dr. Deepak Chamlagain, Seismologist
Mr. Manoj Kumar Bista, Structural Engineer
Mr. Minesh Ratna Tamrakar, Structural Engineer
Mr. Bipin Kumar Gautam, Structural Engineer
Mr. Swopnil Ojha, Structural Engineer
International Expert
Prof. Dr. Rajesh Dhakal, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
1.4 Notations.............................................................................................. 5
2 General Principles.......................................................................................... 9
ii
5.1.3 Amplification of Approximate Period .................................................. 29
iii
7.4 COMBINATION OF MODAL EFFECTS............................................. 39
9.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................... 42
10.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................... 47
iv
ANNEX A: DESIGN AND DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADS ..................................................... 51
1 General.......................................................................................................... 51
1.2 Notations............................................................................................ 52
2 Materials ....................................................................................................... 56
4.1 Beams................................................................................................ 58
4.2 Columns............................................................................................. 61
v
5 SHEAR WALLS ............................................................................................. 74
1 General.......................................................................................................... 80
1.2 Notations............................................................................................ 83
2 Materials ....................................................................................................... 85
3 Connections ................................................................................................. 86
5.1 Beams................................................................................................ 89
vi
5.2 Columns............................................................................................. 89
vii
PART 1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
1.1 TITLE
Nepal National Building Code NBC 105: Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal is the
title of this document. The document is the outcome of the revision of the earlier
version of NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal.
1.2 SCOPE
This code covers the requirements for seismic analysis and design of various building
structures to be constructed in the territory of the Federal Republic of Nepal. This code
is applicable to all buildings, low to high rise buildings, in general. Requirements of
the provisions of this standard shall be applicable to buildings made of reinforced
concrete, structural steel, steel concrete composite, timber and masonry.
For Base-isolated buildings as well as for buildings equipped and treated with
structural control can be designed in reference with specialist literatures.
1.3 DEFINITIONS
BASE: The level at which the inertia forces developed in the building structure are
accumulated before being transferred to the ground through the foundation. It is
considered to be at the bottommost level of basement, or at the top of pile cap, or
at the top of raft, or at the top of the footing.
1
BASE SHEAR: Total design lateral force or shear force due to earthquake at the
base of a structure.
CENTER OF MASS (CM): The point in a floor through which the resultant of the
mass passes.
CRITICAL DAMPING: The damping beyond which the free vibration motion will not
be oscillatory.
DEAD LOAD: The weight of all permanent components of a building including walls,
partitions, columns, beams, floors, roofs, finishes and fixed plant and fittings that are
integral parts of the structure.
2
DIAPHRAGM: A horizontal or nearly horizontal system of structures acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. The term "diaphragm"
includes reinforced concrete floor slabs as well as horizontal bracing systems.
ECCENTRICITY: The distance between the center of mass and center of stiffness.
EPICENTRE: The geographical point on the surface of earth vertically above the
point of origin (focus) of the earthquake.
LIQUEFACTION: State in saturated cohesion less soil wherein the effective shear
strength is reduced to negligible value due to pore water pressure generated by
earthquake vibrations, when the pore water pressure approaches the total confining
pressure. In this condition, the soil tends to behave like a liquid.
LIVE LOAD: The load assumed or known to result from the occupancy or use of a
building and includes the loads on floors, loads on roofs other than wind, loads on
3
balustrades, and loads from movable goods, machinery, and plants that are not
integral parts of the building.
MODAL MASS: Part of the total seismic mass of the structure that is effective in a
specific mode of vibration.
SHEAR WALL: A wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its own plane.
SOFT STORY: Story in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 per cent of the
stiffness of the story above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness
of the three stories above.
4
1.4 NOTATIONS
The following symbols and notation shall apply to the provisions of this section:
Aw Area of Web
5
ed Design eccentricity of the seismic force at a particular level
H Height from the base to the top of the main portion of the building or
the eaves of the building (m)
RC Reinforced Concrete
6
RS Ductility Factor for Serviceability Limit State
Wp Component weight
7
1.5 UNITS
Unless otherwise noted, this code uses SI units of kilograms, metres, seconds,
Pascals and Newton (kg, m, s, Pa, N).
8
2 General Principles
The design seismic force is expressed in terms of 475 years return period
(reference return period) and the importance factor.
2.1.3 VERIFICATION:
For the verification of the performance requirements of clause, following limit
states shall be checked:
The ultimate limit state performance requirements are met when the
structure satisfies the following:
1. The structural system has the required resistance and energy dissipation
capacity;
4. Both the foundation elements and the foundation soil are able to resist the
forces resulting from the response of the superstructure without substantial
permanent deformations;
5. Non-structural systems which are essential for safe evacuation from the
structure shall continue to function;
6. The nonstructural elements do not present risks to people and does not
have a detrimental effect on the response of the structural elements.
The serviceability limit state performance requirements are met when the
structure satisfies the following:
10
2. In structures important for civil protection, the structure shall have
sufficient resistance and stiffness to remain operational so that it can perform
its function of the vital services in the event of an earthquake.
11
2.2.3 Adequate resistance and stiffness
A. In buildings, floors (including the roof) play a very important role in the
overall seismic behavior of the structure. They act as horizontal diaphragms
that collect and transmit the inertia forces to the vertical structural systems
and ensure that those systems act together in resisting the horizontal seismic
action. The action of floors as diaphragms is especially relevant in cases of
complex and non-uniform layouts of the vertical structural systems, or where
systems with different horizontal deformability characteristics are used
together (e.g. in dual or mixed systems).
B. Floor systems and the roof should be provided with in-plane stiffness and
resistance and with effective connection to the vertical structural systems.
Particular care should be taken in cases of non-compact or very elongated
in-plan shapes and in cases of large floor openings, especially if the latter
are located in the vicinity of the main vertical structural elements, thus
hindering such effective connection between the vertical and horizontal
elements.
12
changes in stiffness or offsets of vertical elements above and below the
diaphragm.
D. The diaphragm may be taken as being rigid, if, when it is modeled with its
actual in-plane flexibility, its horizontal displacements nowhere exceed those
resulting from the rigid diaphragm assumption by more than 10% of the
corresponding absolute horizontal displacements under seismic forces.
A. With regard to the seismic action, the design and construction of the
foundations and their connection to the superstructure shall ensure that the
whole building is subjected to a uniform seismic excitation.
13
2.3.3 Soil-structure Interaction
14
and live loads resulting into the largest effect in the building is taken into
consideration.
(b) The modulus of elasticity of the materials of construction, when required
in the design, will be taken as that for static analysis, unless more definite
dynamic values are available.
15
PART 2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3 Scope of Analysis
The structural analysis for design seismic actions shall be carried out using
any one of the following methods:
c) Non-linear Methods
For ultimate limit state (ULS), the Equivalent Static Method may be used
when at least one of the following criteria is satisfied:
ii. The natural time period of the structure is less than 0.5 secs.
iii. The structure is not categorized as irregular as per 5.5 and the height
is less than 40 m.
The Modal Response Spectrum Method may be used for all types of
structures and the structures where Equivalent Static Method is not
applicable. A three dimensional analysis shall be performed for torsionally
sensitive structures.
16
3.2.3 Elastic Time History Analysis
The elastic time history analysis may be used for all types of structures to
verify that the specific response parameters are within the limits of
acceptability assumed during design. A three dimensional analysis shall be
performed for torsionally sensitive structures.
17
Table 3-1 Effective stiffness of different components
Where seismic load effect is combined with other load effects, the following
load combination shall be adopted.
1.2DL + 1.5LL
DL + λLL + E ....................................................................................(3.6.1)
Where, λ = 0.6 for storage facilities
= 0.3 for other usage
1.2DL + 1.5LL
DL + λLL + (Ex + 0.3Ey)
DL + λLL + (0.3Ex + Ey) ……………………………………….. (3.6.2)
Where, λ = 0.6 for storage facilities
= 0.3 for other usage
18
4 Seismic Hazard
Where,
The Spectral Shape Factor, Ch(T) for the relevant soil type shall be obtained
either from Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2, or calculated by equation 4.1(2) using
the parameters specified in Table 4.1. The spectral shape factor functions
given in Figure 4-1(a) shall be used for Equivalent Static Method and those
in Figure 4-1(b) shall be used for Modal Response Spectrum Method and
Nonlinear Time History Analysis.
19
Figure 4-2 Spectral Shape Factor, Ch(T) for Modal Response Spectrum Method,
Nonlinear Time History Analysis , Vertical Loading and Parts and Components
𝑇
1 + (𝛼 − 1) × 𝑇 𝑖𝑓 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑎
𝑎
𝐶ℎ (𝑇) = 𝛼 𝑖𝑓 𝑇𝑎 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇𝑐 …4.1(2)
𝑇𝑐 2 𝑇𝑐 2
𝛼 [𝐾 + (1 − 𝐾) ( 𝑇 ) ] ( 𝑇 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑇𝑐 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 6
{
Where,
α - peak spectral acceleration normalized by PGA
Ta and Tc - the lower and upper periods of the flat part of the spectrum
K – Coefficient that controls the descending branch of the spectrum
20
4.1.3 Site Subsoil Category
The site subsoil class shall be determined as one of the Soil Types from
4.1.3.1 to 4.1.3.4:
Such sites will have typically a low amplitude natural period less than
0.2 s.
Sites where the depth of soil does not exceed those stipulated in
Table 4-2 and Table 4-3.
Such sites will have typically a low amplitude natural period less than
0.6 s.
21
Table 4-2: Cohesive Soils
Soft 12.5 - 25 20
Firm 25 - 50 25
Stiff 50 - 100 40
Loose 4 - 10 40
Medium Dense 10 - 30 45
Dense 30 - 50 55
Such sites will have typically a low amplitude natural period greater
than 1.0 sec.
22
Table 4-4: Type D Soil sites
S. No. Municipalities
1 Kathmandu
2 Lalitpur
3 Bhaktapur
4 Madhyapur Thimi
5 Kageshori Manohara
6 Tokha
Table 4-5: Seismic Zoning factors for selected cities and municipalities
23
Damauli 0.35 Myanglung 0.35
Darchula 0.3 Nepalgunj 0.4
Dasharathchand 0.35 Okhaldhunga 0.35
Dhading 0.3 Phidim 0.35
Dhangadhi 0.4 Pokhara 0.3
Dhankuta 0.4 Pyuthan 0.35
Dharan 0.3 Rajbiraj 0.3
Dhulikhel 0.35 Ramgram 0.4
Dhunche 0.3 Salleri 0.3
Diktel 0.35 Salyan 0.35
Dipayal 0.35 Sandhikharka 0.35
Dunai 0.25 Simikot 0.25
Gamgadhi 0.25 Tamghas 0.35
Gaur 0.3 Tansen 0.35
Gorkha 0.3 Taplejung 0.3
Gulariya 0.4 Triyuga 0.4
Hetauda 0.4 Tulsipur 0.4
Ilam 0.4 Waling 0.35
Jaleshwor 0.3
24
Figure 4-3: Seismic Zoning Map of Nepal
25
4.1.5 Importance Classes and Importance Factor (I)
Structures are categorized into three Importance classes depending on the
consequences of their loss of function. The importance classes are
characterized by an important factor, I.
26
Where C (T) = elastic site spectra for horizontal loading determined from
clause 4.1.1.
The elastic site spectra for vertical loading Cv(Tv) shall be given by:
Cv(Tv) = 2/3 Z ............................................................................... 4.3(1)
e) In Base-Isolated Structures.
27
5 Dynamic Characteristics of Structures
2. Empirical Equations
Where
28
T1 = kt H ¾ ................................................................................ 5.1(2)
Where, kt
The seismic weight at each level, Wi, shall be taken as the sum of the dead
loads and the factored seismic live loads between the mid-heights of
adjacent stories.
Storage 0.60
Roof Nil
29
5.3.2 Serviceability limit state
The Ductility Factor (Rs) for serviceability limit state shall be taken as 1.
Dual Systems
14 Steel Eccentrically Braced Frame 4 1.5 1.25
15 Steel + RC Composite Eccentrically Braced Frame 4 1.5 1.25
16 Steel Concentric Braced Frame 3.5 1.4 1.2
17 Steel + RC Composite Concentric Braced Frame 3.5 1.4 1.2
18 Steel Buckling Restraint Braces 4 1.5 1.25
19 RC Shear wall 3.5 1.4 1.2
20 Steel + RC Composite Shear Wall 3.5 1.4 1.2
30
21 Reinforced Masonry Shear wall 2.5 1.2 1.1
Structures with simple and regular configurations suffer much less damage
during a large earthquake. Irregular structures on the other hand suffer heavy
damage during a large earthquake. Therefore, efforts shall be made to make
the structure as regular as possible. Any structure is considered irregular if
any of the clauses. 5.5.1 to 5.5.2 are applicable.
31
Figure 5-1: In-Plane Discontinuity
5.5.1.5 Mass Irregularity
A difference of more than 50% between the effective masses of two
consecutive stories is considered as mass irregularity. Light roofs, penthouse,
and mezzanine floors need not be considered.
32
5.5.2.2 Re-entrant Corners Irregularity
A structure is said to have re-entrant corner in a direction, if its structural
configuration has a projection of greater than 15% of its overall dimension in
that direction (Figure 5-3).
33
Figure 5-5: Out of plane offset
34
5.6.3 Inter-Story Deflections
The ratio of the inter-story deflection to the corresponding story height shall
not exceed:
0.025 at ultimate limit state
0.006 at serviceability limit state
The deflections shall be obtained by using the effective stiffness properties
of the components as given in 3.4.
35
6 Equivalent Static Method
Where,
C (T1) = Elastic Site Spectra as per 4.1.1
Rµ = Ductility Factor as per 5.3
𝛀u = Over strength Factor for ULS as per 5.4
Where,
36
W = Seismic Weight of the structure as per 5.2
Where,
• for structure having period between 0.5 sec and 2.5 sec, k
shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1 and 2.
37
7 Modal Response Spectrum Method
For the ultimate limit state, the horizontal base shear co-efficient for each
mode, Cd(Ti), shall as given by:
C(𝑇𝑖 )
Cd (𝑇𝑖 ) = ………………………………………………………7.1(1)
Rµ x Ωu
Where,
where,
wj = portion of gravity load at story level j
ji = mode shape coefficient at floor j in mode i
38
7.3 NUMBER OF MODES TO BE CONSIDERED
A sufficient number of modes shall be included in the analysis to include at least
90% of the total seismic mass in the direction under consideration.
All modes that are not part of the horizontal load resisting systems shall be
ignored in modal combination
The modal combination shall be carried out only for modes with natural
frequency less than 33 Hz; the effect of modes with natural frequencies more
than 33 Hz shall be included by the missing mass correction procedure following
established principles of structural dynamics.
39
8 Elastic Time History Analysis
8.1.1.1 Modeling
Three dimensional models of the structure shall be required for carrying out
the analysis. The analysis consists of an analysis of a linear mathematical
model of the structure to obtain various response quantities employing the
methods of numerical integration based on ground motion acceleration
histories compatible with the design response spectrum for the site.
8.1.1.4 Torsion
Inherent eccentricity arising due to offset in center of mass from the center
of rigidity at each level shall be included in the analysis.
8.1.1.5 Damping
Linear viscous damping shall not exceed 5%.
40
considered number of ground motions shall be used for evaluation of
response quantities.
41
9 Non-linear Static and Dynamic Analysis
9.1 GENERAL
A Non-linear analysis shall consist of an analysis of a mathematical model of the
structure that accounts for the strength of the materials and their post-elastic
behavior.
42
elastic response spectrum in terms of the displacement of an equivalent
single degree of freedom system. Target displacement can be determined
using N2 Method or any other method established in literature.
9.3.1.1 Modeling
Three dimensional models of the structure shall be required for carrying out
the analysis. The structural model shall include the post elastic hysteretic
behavior of elements and shall account for all the significant yield, strength
degradation, stiffness degradation and hysteretic pinching.
9.3.1.4 Torsion
Inherent eccentricity arising due to offset in center of mass from the center
of rigidity at each level shall be included in the analysis.
9.3.1.5 Damping
Hysteretic energy dissipation of structural elements shall be included in the
analysis as well.
43
9.3.1.6 Below grade Structure elements
For structures having structures below grade such as basements, the
structural model shall extend to the foundation level and ground motions
shall be applied at the foundation level.
a) The elastic site spectra C(T) given in clause 4.2.1 divided by the ULS
Overstrength factor (u) shall be used as the target spectrum for
scaling the ground motions.
b) The selected ground motions shall be scaled to match the target
spectrum between periods Tn and √RµxT1, where T1 is the
fundamental period of vibration of the structure, Tn is the period of the
highest vibration mode to ensure 90% mass participation and R µ is
the ULS ductility factor as per 5.3.1.
c) The Scaling factor for all ground motions shall be between 0.33 and
3. Where a selected ground motion does not match this criteria, it shall
be discarded and a new ground motion shall be selected.
d) For 3D analyses, scaling factor for both orthogonal motions shall be
determined and the lower value shall be used to scale both
44
components of the ground motion pair. Obviously, only one of the two
scaled motions will match the target spectra and the other will be
smaller.
b) For 3D analyses, the two ground motion components of each pair shall
be applied in orthogonal directions along the principal axes of the building
structure.
a) Shall not be greater than the step at which the records are digitized
b) Shall be less than or equal to:
• T1/100
• Tn
• 0.01s
Where
T1 = the fundamental translational period in the direction under
consideration
45
9.3.3.1 Inter story drifts
The inter-story drift shall not exceed the limits given in clause 5.6.
46
10 Parts and Components
10.1 GENERAL
This section specifies the minimum design requirements for non-structural
components of architectural, mechanical and electrical systems, their
support and connections.
All elements, components or equipment shall be positively connected to the
structure to resist the specified seismic loads. Where friction due to gravity is
used to provide the required resistance to horizontal seismic forces, a friction
reduction factor of 0.5 shall be used in calculating the frictional resistance.
If the weight of the non-structural component is more than 25% of the seismic
weight of the building, provisions of this section shall not be used.
h p ap
FP = Z (1 + ) μ Ip Wp ……………………………..10.3(1)
H p
Where,
47
Ip = Component Importance factor as per 10.3.3
Wp = Component weight
hp = height of attachment of the component
H = Total height of structure
Element Class p
Low deformability components and attachments 1.5
(Examples include non-structural walls, brick chimneys and partitions)
Moderate deformability components and attachments 2.5
(Examples include cantilevers, metal chimneys, parapets, signs,
billboards)
48
10.3.3 Component Importance Factor
All parts and components shall be assigned to appropriate importance class
as stipulated in Table 10-3:
Element Class Ip
Components containing hazardous contents 1.5
Component required to function for life-safety after an earthquake 1.5
(Examples include fire protection sprinkler systems, egress stairways)
Storage facilities open to public 1.5
Components which are needed for continued operation of an emergency 1.5
facility after an earthquake
All other components 1.0
c) The seismic weight of containers and the like shall include the weight of
the contents.
49
f) The non-structural component that significantly affects the structural
response of the building should be treated as structural and relevant
provisions for design of the structure should be applied.
50
ANNEX A: DESIGN AND DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADS
1 General
This section covers the requirements for designing and detailing of members of
reinforced concrete (RC) structures designed to resist lateral effects of earthquake
shaking, so as to give them adequate stiffness, strength and ductility to resist severe
earthquake shaking without collapse. This standard addresses lateral load resisting
structural systems of RC structures composed of,
1.1 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
Beams: These are members (generally horizontal) of moment resisting frames
which are subjected to flexural and shear actions.
Boundary Elements: These are portions along the ends of a structural wall that
are strengthened and confined by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. They
may have the same thickness as that of the wall web.
Concrete Cover: It is the concrete around the perimeter of the cross-section which
is not confined by transverse reinforcement.
51
Transverse Reinforcement: It is a continuous bar profile bent in square,
rectangular, triangular or trapezoidal shape, which may also include straight cross
ties. It ends with a 135° hook with an extension of 6 times diameter (but not < 65
mm) at one end and a hook not less than 90° with an extension of 6 times diameter
(but not < 65 mm) at the other end. The hooks shall engage a number of peripheral
longitudinal bars. In general, the 90° hooks of two successive crossties engaging
the same longitudinal bars shall be alternated end for end. Transverse
reinforcement is also called hoops and/or stirrups.
Gravity Columns in Buildings: It is a column, which is not part of the lateral load
resisting system and designed only for actions (i.e., axial force, shear force and
bending moments) due to gravity loads. But, it should be able to resist the gravity
loads at lateral displacement imposed by the earthquake forces.
Lateral Force Resisting System: It is that part of the structural system which
participates in resisting forces induced by earthquake.
1.2 NOTATIONS
For the purpose of this standard, the following letter notations shall have the
meaning indicated against each; where other notations are used, they are explained
at the appropriate place.
Ae Effective cross sectional area of a joint
Aej Effective shear area of a joint
Ag Gross cross-sectional area of column, wall
Ah Horizontal shear reinforcement in walls
Acc Area of concrete core of column
Asd Reinforcement along each diagonal of coupling beam
Ash Area of cross section of bar forming spiral or link
Atr Area of transverse reinforcement
Av Vertical reinforcement in a joint
bb Width of beam
Bc , b c Width of column
bj Effective width of a joint
D Overall depth of beam
52
Dk Diameter of column core measured to the outside of transverse
reinforcement
d Effective depth of member
db Diameter of longitudinal bar
dw Effective depth of wall section
Es Elastic modulus of steel
fck Characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube
fy Yield stress of steel reinforcing bars, or 0.2 percent proof strength
of reinforcing steel whose yield point is not obvious
h Longer dimension of rectangular confining link measured to its
outer face
hc Depth of column
hj Effective depth of a joint
hst Clear story height
hw Overall height of RC structural wall
LAB Clear span of beam
Ld Development length of bar in tension
lo Length of member over which special confining reinforcement is
to be provided
Lw Horizontal length of wall/longer cross- section dimension of wall
Ls Clear span of couplings beam
Mu Design moment of resistance of entire RC beam, column or wall
section
Mct Design moment of resistance of top column at a joint
Mcb Design moment of resistance of bottom column at a joint
Mbl Design moment of resistance of left beam at a joint
Mbr Design moment of resistance of right beam at a joint
MuAh Hogging (negative) design moment of resistance of beam AB at
end A
MuAs Sagging (positive) design moment of resistance of beam AB at
end A
MuBh Hogging (negative) design moment of resistance of beam AB at
end B
53
MuBs Sagging (positive) design moment of resistance of beam AB at
end B
MuBL Design moment of resistance of beam framing into column from
left
MuBR Design moment of resistance of beam framing into column from
right
Muw Design moment of resistance of web of RC structural wall alone
Pu Factored axial load
sv Spacing of transverse reinforcement along the length of a beam
or column
tw Thickness of the web of RC structural wall
Vu,aD+L Factored shear force demand at end A of beam AB due to dead
and live loads
Vu,bD+L Factored shear force demand at end B of beam AB due to dead
and live loads
Vj Design shear resistance of a joint
Vu Factored shear force
Vus Design shear resistance offered at a section by transverse
reinforcement
α Inclination of diagonal reinforcement in coupling beam
ρ Area of longitudinal reinforcement as a fraction of effective area of
cross-section in a RC beam, column or structural wall
ρc Area of longitudinal reinforcement on the compression face of a
beam as a fraction of effective area of cross-section
ρmax Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement permitted on the
tension face of a beam as a fraction of effective area of cross-
section
ρmin Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement permitted on the
tension face of a beam as a fraction of effective area of cross-
section
τc Design shear strength of concrete
c, max Maximum nominal shear stress permitted at a section of RC
beam, column or structural wall
54
v Nominal shear stress at a section of RC beam, column or
structural wall
1.3 UNITS
All dimensions are in millimeter, loads in Newton and stresses in MPa, unless
otherwise specified.
55
2 Materials
56
3 Location of Plastic Hinges
In moment resisting frames, the plastic hinges shall be normally located at the ends
of the beam member. Such reversing plastic hinges yield in both sagging in hogging
actions. In frames where gravity actions are significant in comparison to the seismic
actions, unidirectional plastic hinges in beams may also form away from the column
faces.
In shear wall structures, the plastic hinges shall be primarily located at the base of
the wall.
57
4 Moment Resisting Frames
4.1 BEAMS
Requirements of this section shall apply to beams resisting earthquake-induced
effects, in which the factored axial compressive stress does not exceed 0.08fck.
Beams, in which the factored axial compressive stress exceeds 0.08fck, shall be
designed as per requirements of 4.2.
c) Maximum longitudinal steel ratio ρmax provided on any face at any section is
0.025.
d) Longitudinal steel on bottom face of a beam framing into a column (at the
face of the column) shall be at least half the steel on its top face at the same
section. At exterior joints, the anchorage length calculation shall consider
this bottom steel to be tension steel.
e) Longitudinal steel in beams at any section on top or bottom face shall be at
least 1/4th of longitudinal steel provided at the top face of the beam at the
face of the column; when the top longitudinal steel in the beam at the two
supporting column faces is different, the larger of the two shall be considered.
59
D+L (MAs Bh
u +Mu )
Vu,a = Vu,a − 1.4 ……………………………4.1.3.1
LAB
D+L (MAs Bh
u +Mu )
Vu,b = Vu,b + 1.4 …………………….………4.1.3.2
LAB
(MAh Bs
D+L u +Mu )
Vu,a = Vu,a − 1.4 ……………………………4.1.3.3
LAB
(MAh Bs
D+L u +Mu )
Vu,b = Vu,b + 1.4 ……………………………4.1.3.
LAB
Where MuAs, MuAh, MuBs & MuBh are sagging and hogging moments of
resistance of the beam section at ends A and B, respectively. LAB is clear
span of the beam. Vu,aD+L and Vu,bD+L are the factored shear forces at ends A
and B respectively, due to vertical loads acting on the span with load
combination factors of 1 for dead load and 0.5 for live load . The beam shall
be considered to be simply supported for this derivation.
The design shear force demand at end A of the beam shall be the larger of
the two values of Vu,a computed above. Similarly, the design shear force
demand at end B shall be the larger of the two values of Vu,b computed above.
g) Spacing of links over a length of 2d at either end of a beam shall not exceed
the minimum of (d/4; 8db; 100 mm); however, it need not be less than 100mm.
60
Figure 4-2 Calculation of Shear force demand in beams
h) The first link shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm from the joint face.
4.2 COLUMNS
Requirements of this section shall apply to columns resisting earthquake-induced
effects, in which the factored axial compressive stress due to gravity and
earthquake effects exceeds 0.08fck.
61
4.2.1 Dimensional Limits
a) The minimum dimension of a column shall not be less than 20 d b, where db
is diameter of the largest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar in the
beam passing through or anchoring into the column at the joint.
b) The minimum dimension of column shall be 300 mm.
63
Figure 4-5 Details of transverse reinforcement arrangement in columns
1.4(MAs Bh
u +Mu )
Vu = ……………………….………………4.2.3.1
hst
1.4(MAh Bs
u +Mu )
Vu = ……………………….………………4.2.3.2
hst
64
Where MuAs, MuAh , MuBs and MuBh are design sagging and hogging
moments of resistance of beams framing into the column on opposite
faces A and B, respectively, with one hogging moment and the other
sagging (see Fig. 4-6); and hst the story height.
Where,
Where,
65
Bc = Smallest cross sectional dimension of column
c) The area, Ash, of cross section of the bar forming links/hoops or spiral shall
be at least:
i. For circular links/hoops or spirals:
𝑓 𝐴𝑔
0.09𝑠𝑣 𝐷𝑘 𝑐𝑘 ( − 1)
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 { 𝑓𝑐𝑘
…………………………..4.3.2
0.024𝑠𝑣 𝐷𝑘
𝑓𝑦
Where
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑔
0.18𝑠𝑣 ℎ ( − 1)
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 { 𝑓𝑐𝑘
…………………..4.3.3
0.05𝑠𝑣 ℎ
𝑓𝑦
66
Where,
67
Figure 4-8 Confining reinforcement requirement in foundation
where
68
The effective width of joint bj (see Fig. 4-9) shall be obtained from following:
𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑏𝑏 ; 𝑏𝑐 )
Where
bb = width of beam
bc = width of column
Where,
fy = Yield strength of steel
69
Ast2 = Total area of beam bottom reinforcement
but ,
Where
70
db = diameter of largest longitudinal bar in beam in mm
If the requirements for ldh cannot be satisfied in the exterior beam-column joint, the
beam can be extended horizontally in the form of exterior stubs (see figure 4-11)
71
4.4.3 Development Length of Straight Deformed bars in tension
A bar should extend beyond the section at which it may be required to develop its
strength fy at least a distance not less than mentioned in Table 4.3.
Where,
72
ii. Within a distance of 2d from face of the column/ beam;
iii. Within a quarter length of the beam adjoining the location where
flexural yielding may occur under earthquake effects.
b) Lap splices shall be provided only in the central half of clear column height
c) Not more than 50 percent of area of steel bars shall be spliced at any one
section.
d) Closed links/stirrups/hoops shall be provided over the entire length of the
beam/column over which the longitudinal bars are spliced.
e) The lap length shall not be less than the development length of the largest
longitudinal reinforcement bar in tension.
g) The required area of transverse reinforcement Atr within the lap zone of the
longitudinal reinforcement of columns as well as beams spliced at the same
location shall be calculated as follows:
𝑑𝑏𝑙 𝑓𝑦𝑙
𝐴𝑡𝑟 = 𝑠 ( ) (𝑓 ) ………………………………………4.5.1
50 𝑦𝑤
where
73
i) Splicing by welding is not permitted within the critical regions of structural
members where yielding of reinforcement is likely to take place. Welding of
links, ties, inserts or other similar elements to vertical reinforcement bars
required as per design is not permitted.
5 SHEAR WALLS
74
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 = ……………………………………….……………5.2.1
𝑡𝑤 𝑑𝑤
Where
0.85√(0.8𝑓𝑐𝑘 )(√1+5𝛽−1)
𝜏𝑐 = ……………………………………..5.2.2
6𝛽
Where,
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝛽 = {6.89𝑝𝑡 , Whichever is greater
1
pt = percentage of vertical reinforcement
4. If τv > τc,max the wall section shall be re-designed. If τv < τc,max, horizontal shear
reinforcement shall be provided, whose area Ah is given by:
𝑉𝑢 −𝜏𝑐 𝑡𝑤 𝑑𝑤
𝐴ℎ = 𝑑 ……………………………………………………….5.2.4
0.87𝑓𝑦 ( 𝑤)
𝑠𝑣
However, the calculated reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum
area specified in clause 5.1 (4).
75
5.3 BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
Boundary elements are portions along the wall edges that are strengthened
by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement even if they have the same
thickness as that of the wall web.
Where,
4. The vertical reinforcement in the boundary elements shall not be less than
0.8 percent and not greater than 6 percent; the practical upper limit would be
4 percent to avoid congestion.
5. Boundary elements, where required shall be provided with special confining
reinforcement as per clause 4.3.
76
5.5 COUPLING BEAMS
1. Coplanar special structural walls may be connected by means of coupling
beams.
2. If earthquake induced shear stress τve in coupling beam exceeds
𝐿
𝜏𝑣𝑒 > 0.1√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( 𝑠 ); ………………………………………………….5.5.2(a)
𝐷
D = overall depth
𝑉𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑑 = ………………………………………………….5.5.2(b)
1.74 𝑓𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼
Where Vu is factored shear force on the coupling beam and α is the angle
made by diagonal reinforcement with the horizontal.
3. The diagonal of a coupling beam shall be anchored in the adjacent walls with
an anchorage length of 1.5 times the development length in tension (see Fig.
5-1).
77
a) The area of these vertical and horizontal steel should be equal to that of
the respective interrupted bars, provided half on either side of the wall in
each direction.
b) These vertical bars should extend for full height of the story in which this
opening is present.
𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.92 𝑃𝑢
≥ (𝜏𝑣 − ) ……………………………………………………5.7
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑔
Where
78
5.8 ANCHORAGE OF LONGITUDINAL BARS
Horizontal reinforcement shall be anchored near the edges of wall or in confined
core of boundary elements.
79
ANNEX B: DESIGN AND DETAILING OF STEEL STRUCTURES FOR
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
1 General
This section covers the requirements for design and detailing of steel structures
designed to resist the effects of earthquake forces so as to give them adequate
strength, stability and ductility to resist severe earthquakes without collapse.
Structures, which form a part of the gravity load resisting system but are not
intended to resist the lateral earthquake loads, need not satisfy the requirements of
this section, provided they can accommodate the resulting deformation without
premature failure.
The provisions of this section are applicable to buildings in general. The provisions
are applicable to following structural systems only:
1.1 DEFINITIONS
Action Effect or Load Effect: The internal force, axial, shear, bending or twisting
moment, due to external actions and temperature loads.
Action: The primary cause for stress or deformations in a structure such as dead,
live, wind, seismic or temperature loads.
80
Buckling Strength or Resistance: Force or moment, which a member can
withstand without buckling.
Compact Section: A cross-section, which can develop plastic moment, but has
inadequate plastic rotation capacity needed for formation of a plastic collapse
mechanism of the member or structure.
Gusset Plate: The plate to which the members intersecting at a joint are connected.
Imposed (Live) Load: The load assumed to be produced by the intended use
or occupancy including distributed, concentrated, impact, vibration and snow loads
but excluding, wind, earthquake and temperature loads
Main Member: A structural member, which is primarily responsible for carrying and
distributing the applied load or action.
Plastic Hinge: A yielding zone with significant inelastic rotation, which forms in a
member, when the plastic moment is reached at a section.
81
Plastic Moment: Moment capacity of a cross-section when the entire cross-section
has yielded due to bending moment.
Plastic Section: Cross-section, which can develop a plastic hinge and sustain
plastic moment over sufficient plastic rotation required for formation of plastic failure
mechanism of the member or structure.
Rotation: The change in angle at a joint between the original orientation of two
linear member and their final position under loading.
Secondary Member: Member which is provided for overall stability and/or for
restraining the main members from buckling or similar modes of failure.
Semi-compact Section: Cross-section, which can attain the yield moment, but not
the plastic moment before failure by plate buckling.
Shear Stress: The stress component acting parallel to a face, plane or cross-
section.
Slenderness Ratio: The ratio of the effective length of a member to the radius of
gyration of the cross-section about the axis under consideration.
Stress: The internal force per unit area of the original cross-section,
1.2 NOTATIONS
Following symbols and notations shall apply to the provisions of this section.
d Depth of an I section
L Length of beam
r Radius of gyration
83
Rd Resistance of connection
tf Thickness of flange
tw Thickness of web
1.3 UNITS
Unless otherwise noted, this code uses SI units of kilograms, metres, seconds,
Pascals and Newtons (kg, m, s, Pa, N).
84
2 Materials
85
3 Connections
Rd = resistance of connection
d) Bolts and welds shall not be designed to share force in a joint or the same
force component in a connection.
b) Splices shall be either bolted or welded or welded to one column and bolted
to the other.
c) Splice Plates or Channels used for making web splice shall be placed on
both sides of the column web.
d) When partial-joint penetration groove weld is used, the design strength of the
joints shall be at least 200% of the required strength.
e) For welded-butt joint splices made with groove welds, weld tabs shall be
removed. Steel backing of groove welds need not be removed.
86
3.3 COLUMN BASES
a) Axial Strength
Column Bases shall be designed for column axial load calculated using the
design overstrength factor.
b) Shear Strength
(i) For diagonal braces, required shear strength shall be equal to the horizontal
component of the brace strength.
87
4 Location of Plastic Hinges
88
5 Moment Resisting Frames
5.1 BEAMS
Beams shall have sufficient resistance against lateral and torsional buckling. Abrupt
changes in the beam flange area are prohibited in plastic hinge regions.
5.2 COLUMNS
Columns shall be checked for the most unfavorable combination of axial force,
shear force and bending moments. The column shall be checked for the following
load combinations:
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑃𝐺 + 1.1𝛾𝑜𝑣 𝜗𝑃𝐸 …………….……………………………….5.2.1
Where,
89
𝑀𝑗 = 1.1𝛾𝑂𝑉 𝑀𝑝𝑏 ……….…………………………….…………5.3.1
Where,
ov = 1.25
d) The connection shall be designed for a shear force resulting from the
following load combination:
𝑀𝑝𝑏𝐴 +𝑀𝑝𝑏𝐵
𝑉𝑗 = 𝑉𝐺 + ( )………………………………………….5.3.2
𝐿
Where,
L = Length of beam
e) In column strong axis connections (beam and column web in the same plane),
the panel zone shall be checked for shear buckling. Column web doubler
plates or diagonal stiffeners may be used to strengthen the web against
shear buckling. The individual thickness of the column webs and doubler
plates, shall satisfy the following:
(𝑑𝑝 +𝑏𝑝 )
𝑡≥ ……………………………….…………………….5.3.3
90
Where,
90
f) Continuity plates (tension stiffener) shall be provided in all strong axis welded
connections except in end plate connections.
∑ 𝑀𝑝𝑐
∑ 𝑀𝑝𝑏
≥ 1.2………………………………………………………………….5.4
Where,
91
6 Frames with Concentric Braces
𝐸 𝐾𝐿 𝐸
4√
𝑓𝑦
<
𝑟
≤ 6√
𝑓𝑦
…………………………………………………...6.1.1
Where,
93
7 Frames with Eccentric Braces
Frames with eccentric braces shall be designed in such a manner that the specific
“seismic links” are able to dissipate energy by formation of plastic bending and
shear mechanisms. Seismic Links may be horizontal or vertical.
For I sections, the following equations are used to calculate the design resistances
and limits of categories:
𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑏 𝑡𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑡𝑓 ) …………….…………………………..……….7.1.1
𝑓
𝑉𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 = ( 𝑦 ) 𝑡𝑤 (𝑑 − 𝑡𝑓 )…………….……………………………..…….7.1.2
√3
Where,
If Pd/Pc 0.15, the design resistance of the link should satisfy the following
relationships at both ends of the link:
94
Md Mp,link ............................................................................................................................................7.1.4
Where, Pd, Md, Vd are the design action effects, respectively the design axial force,
design bending moment and design shear, at both ends of the link.
If Pd/Pc > 0.15, the following reduced values of Vp,link,r and Mp,link, shall be used
instead of Vp,link and Mp,link
𝑃 2 0.5
𝑉𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘,𝑟 = 𝑉𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 [1 − ( 𝑃𝑑 ) ] …………….………………………..…….7.1.5
𝑐
𝑃
𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘,𝑟 = 𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 [1 − ( 𝑑 )]…………….……………………………….……….7.1.6
𝑃𝑐
or
𝑀
𝑒 ≤ (1.15 − 0.5𝑅)1.6 𝑉 𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 , when R≥ 0.3………………………………….7.1.8
𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
Where
(𝑑−2𝑡𝑓 )
𝑅 = 𝑃𝑑 𝑡𝑤 (𝑉𝑑 𝐴)
…………….……………………………………….7.1.9
Short Links:
𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑒 ≤ 1.6 𝑉 …………….……………………………………..…..7.1.10
𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
Long Links:
𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑒≥3𝑉 …………….……………………………………….….7.1.11
𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
Intermediate Links:
95
𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
1.6
𝑉𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
<𝑒<3
𝑉𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
…………….………………………………….…7.1.12
Short Links:
𝑀
𝑒 ≤ 0.8 (1 + 𝛼) 𝑉 𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 …………….…………………………………..….7.1.13
𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
Long Links:
𝑀
𝑒 ≥ 1.5 (1 + 𝛼) 𝑉 𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 …………….………………………………….….7.1.14
𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
Intermediate Links:
𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑀𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
0.8 (1 + 𝛼) 𝑉 𝑒 < 1.5 (1 + 𝛼) 𝑉 ………………...……………….7.1.15
𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑝,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
Where,
a = ratio of the smaller bending moment at one end to the greater bending
96
Links should be provided with intermediate web stiffeners as follows:
b) Long links should be provided with one intermediate web stiffener placed
at a distance of 1.5 times bf from each end of the link;
d) Intermediate web stiffeners are not required in links of length greater than
5 Mp/Vp;
e) Intermediate web stiffeners should be full depth. For links that are less
than 600 mm in depth, stiffeners are required on only one side of the link
web. The thickness of one-sided stiffeners should be not less than tw or 10
mm, whichever is larger, and the width should be not less than (bf/2) – tw. For
links that are 600 mm in depth or greater, similar intermediate stiffeners
should be provided on both sides of the web.
Fillet welds connecting a link stiffener to the link web should have a design strength
adequate to resist a force of ovfyAst, where Ast is the area of the stiffener. The design
strength of the fillet welds fastening the stiffener to the flanges should be adequate
to resist a force of ovAstfy/4.
Lateral supports should be provided at both the top and bottom link flanges at the
ends of the link. End lateral supports of the links should have a design axial
resistance sufficient to provide lateral support for forces equal to 6% of the expected
nominal axial strength of the link flange computed as fy btf.
97
7.2 BEAMS, COLUMNS AND DIAGONAL MEMBERS
Members not containing seismic links shall be designed for axial load from the
following load combinations:
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐺 + 1.1𝛾𝑜𝑣 𝜗𝑃𝐸 …………………………………………………….7.2.1
Where,
98