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  • Emf Equation of Alternator

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    The Engineers EDGE, Coimbatore
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    The document discusses the EMF equation of an alternator/AC generator. It explains that an alternator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using a rotating magnetic field and stationary armature. It then provides the full EMF equation as: Average value of EMF per conductor = (4.44 x Number of Poles x Frequency x Flux per pole x Number of turns) The actual available voltage per phase is given by: Voltage = (4 x Distribution Factor x Cosine Factor x Frequency x Flux x Number of turns) It notes that for a star-connected alternator, the line voltage is √3 times the phase voltage.

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    The document discusses the EMF equation of an alternator/AC generator. It explains that an alternator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using a rotating magnetic field and stationary armature. It then provides the full EMF equation as: Average value of EMF per conductor = (4.44 x Number of Poles x Frequency x Flux per pole x Number of turns) The actual available voltage per phase is given by: Voltage = (4 x Distribution Factor x Cosine Factor x Frequency x Flux x Number of turns) It notes that for a star-connected alternator, the line voltage is √3 times the phase voltage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    707 views2 pages

    Emf Equation of Alternator

    Uploaded by

    The Engineers EDGE, Coimbatore
    The document discusses the EMF equation of an alternator/AC generator. It explains that an alternator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using a rotating magnetic field and stationary armature. It then provides the full EMF equation as: Average value of EMF per conductor = (4.44 x Number of Poles x Frequency x Flux per pole x Number of turns) The actual available voltage per phase is given by: Voltage = (4 x Distribution Factor x Cosine Factor x Frequency x Flux x Number of turns) It notes that for a star-connected alternator, the line voltage is √3 times the phase voltage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    EMF Equation of an Alternator / AC Generator

    An alternator or AC generator (dynamo) is a device which convert mechanical


    energy to electrical energy. When we supply the magnetizing current by DC shunt
    generator through two slip rings (in recent alternators, they use electronic starting
    system instead of slip rings and commutators) because the field magnets are
    rotating. keep in mind that most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a
    stationary armature.
    When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors which are static in case of alternator
    cut by magnetic flux , they have induced EMF produced in them (according
    to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction which states that if a conductor or
    coil links with any changing flux, there must be an induced emf in it.
    Note: We will discuss the construction, Working & Operation. Types of Alternators in
    details in our next posts.

    This induced EMF can be found by the EMF equation of the alternator which as
    follow:
    Lets,
    P = No. of poles
    Z = No. of Conductors or Coil sides in series/phase i.e. Z = 2T…Where T is the
    number of coils or turns per phase (Note that one turn or coil has two ends or sides)
    f = frequency of induced EMF in Hz
    Φ = Flux per pole (Weber)
    N = rotor speed (RPM)

    Kd= Distribution factor =

    Where Distribution factor = Kd =


    Kc or KP = Cos α/2
    If induced EMF is assumed sinusoidal then,
    Kf = Form factor = 1.11
    In one revolution of the rotor i.e. in 60/N seconds, each conductor is cut by a flux
    of ΦP Webers.
    dΦ = ΦP and also dΦ = 60/N seconds

    then induced e.m.f per conductor ( average) = ….. (i)


    But we know that:
    f = PN / 120 or N= 120f / P
    Putting the value of N in Equation (i), we get,

    Average value of EMF per conductor = ∴ (N= 120f/P)


    If there are Z conductors in series per phase,
    then average e.m.f per phase = 2 f Φ Z Volts = 4 f ΦT Volts ….. (Z=2T)
    Also we know that;
    Form Factor= RMS Value / Average Value
    = RMS value= Form factor x Average Value,
    = 1.11 x 4fΦT = 4.44fΦT Volts.
    (Note that is exactly the same equation as the EMF equation of the transformer)
    And the actual available voltage per phase
    = 4 Kc Kd f ΦT = 4 Kf Kc Kd f ΦT Volts.
    Note: If alternator or AC generator is star connected as usually the case, then the
    Line Voltage is √3 times the phase voltage as derived from the the above formula.

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