Gaps - Coccidiosispigs Ruminants Rabbits
Gaps - Coccidiosispigs Ruminants Rabbits
Smaro Sotiraki 1
VRI HAO Demeter, Greece
Phylum: Apicomplexa
subclass Coccidia
Families:
Eimeriidae
Cryptosporidiidae
Toxoplasmatidae
Sarcocystidae
protozoa/coccidia
• Eimeria
• Isospora
Important facts
hi specificity hi abundance
• host • direct life cycle
• tissue • rapid development
• immunity • resistance stages in the environment
signs
mainly production losses
diarrhoea, dehydration, BW losses
mortality
depends on the species intention of infection
How much the epithelium is
affected depends on the
number of oocysts injected
Sporogony depends on
temperature, humidify
and oxygen which are
offered in any farm
conditions
MICRO/MACRO GAMETES - OOCYST
2ND GENERATION MEROZOITES
TROPHOZOITES
What do they do to the intestines ?
normal
coccidia intestinal
infection lumen
MUNDT, H.-C., S. MUNDT-WÜSTENBERG, A. DAUGSCHIES, A. JOACHIM (2005 & 2007):
Re-epithelisation is not enough to get the mature physiological status
Secondary infections
• Isospora suis causes diarrhoea in neonatal
Epidemiology piglets
of the piglet – Clinical outbreaks of diarrhoea in
coccidiosis in the second week ( 8-15 days) of
life
intensive
– Seldom earlier and after weaning
farming
systems – Excretion of oocysts takes place in waves
two peaks at day 5-9 and 11-14 post
infection
– Piglets which are infected soon after birth
have increased and prolonged oocysts
excretion and severe diarrhoea as
compared to older piglets
•
Epidemiology of The piglets develop an age related resistance to
infection which results in lower excretion rates and
the piglet less pronounced diarrhoea in older animals,
coccidiosis in
• In a farrowing facility, morbidity can be high, but
intensive mortality is usually low except for cases with
farming systems secondary bacterial infections
Complication and mixed infection can cause hemorrhagic diarrhoea and mortality
Mucus
Gut membrane
Necrotic mucosa
Fattening pigs
•Lawsonia intracellularis
•Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (swine dysentery)
•Salmonella
•PCV
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• Coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria spp. (as with
other ruminants)
• Eimeria spp. are host-specific
• Sheep species do not infect goat or vice
versa
• 15 Eimeria spp. have been described in
sheep
• 9 species of Eimeria are commonly found in
goats
• Not all species are pathogenic
• Oocysts of sheep coccidia are morphologically
identical to the equivalent species found in
goats
Goat Coccidia Equivalent
Species Sheep
Species
E. ninakohlyakimovae E. ovinoidalis
E. hirci E. crandallis
E. christenseni E. ahsata
E. arloingi E. bakuensis
Eimeria alijevi Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae Eimeria hirci
E. jolchijevi E. granulosa
E. aleijevi E. parva
E. apsheronica E. faurei
E. caprina
E. caprovina E. caprovina
E. pallida E. pallida Eimeria arloingi Eimeria jolchijevi Eimeria
christensi
E. marsica
E. weybridgensis
E. kocharli E. intricata
E. tunisiensis** E. ahsata
E. punctata ** Eimeria aspheronica Eimeria caprina Eimeria caprovina
E. capralis
E.masseyensis
E. charlestoni
▪ All ages of σηεεπ/goats are susceptible to infection
▪ Adult goats are usually resistant to disease but continue to
excrete small numbers of coccidia
▪ Kids are particularly susceptible
▪ Colostrum provides passive protection during the first few
weeks of life
▪ Nutritional status
▪ Colostral intake
▪ Body condition and age (but NO
age-related immunity)
▪ Low level exposure to all species
of coccidia
Epidemiology
• Heavily contaminated environments predispose to disease
• Low levels of infection stimulate protective immunity
• Management factors that may precipitate disease in
young kids include:
• Poor hygiene
• Overcrowding
• Weaning age and condition
• Mixing of different age groups
• Changes in diet
• Inclement weather
• Transport
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Eimeria stiedai
hi research activity in poultry
Basic research
• -omics approaches
• mainly targeting the apical complex and organels such as paired rhoptries, micronemes and
dense bodies which are involved in the cell invasion and protein production
• Biochemical pathways
• Studies on CD4/CD8 lymphocytes and cellular immunity pathoways
Applied research
• Test of antococcidial
Immunity
No so much information
in sheep, goats, rabbits
Necropsy (at large)
Diagnosis
Oocyst presence in faeces
(and further species
identification)
Farm history
Difficult to diagnose
• biosecurity (difficult out doors, source
of infection)
• environmental measures
• disinfenctants (Ammonium hydroxide,
ammonium salt and sodium hydroxide
(Oocide, Antec International Ltd, UK), cresol
(Neopredisan, Menno Chemie,Norderstedt,
Germany) formol 37% and sodium
Management dodecylbenzene sulphonate 12%)
anticoccidial
Probiotics ?
New approaches
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vaccines
CONCLUSIONS
✓Reduce chemical drug dependencies
for your
attention