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    This document summarizes information about coccidiosis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. It affects the intestines of many animal species. Key points: - Coccidiosis has significant economic impacts through production losses. It causes diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss in infected animals. - Young animals are most susceptible. Disease occurs when large numbers of oocysts from pathogenic Eimeria species are ingested by naive or non-immune hosts. - Management factors like poor hygiene, overcrowding, and stress can precipitate outbreaks in susceptible populations like young lambs and kids. - Diagnosis involves finding oocyst

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    This document summarizes information about coccidiosis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. It affects the intestines of many animal species. Key points: - Coccidiosis has significant economic impacts through production losses. It causes diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss in infected animals. - Young animals are most susceptible. Disease occurs when large numbers of oocysts from pathogenic Eimeria species are ingested by naive or non-immune hosts. - Management factors like poor hygiene, overcrowding, and stress can precipitate outbreaks in susceptible populations like young lambs and kids. - Diagnosis involves finding oocyst

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    48 views55 pages

    Gaps - Coccidiosispigs Ruminants Rabbits

    Uploaded by

    thanh ba mat
    This document summarizes information about coccidiosis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. It affects the intestines of many animal species. Key points: - Coccidiosis has significant economic impacts through production losses. It causes diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss in infected animals. - Young animals are most susceptible. Disease occurs when large numbers of oocysts from pathogenic Eimeria species are ingested by naive or non-immune hosts. - Management factors like poor hygiene, overcrowding, and stress can precipitate outbreaks in susceptible populations like young lambs and kids. - Diagnosis involves finding oocyst

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    of 55

    Coccidiosis

    Smaro Sotiraki 1
    VRI HAO Demeter, Greece
    Phylum: Apicomplexa
    subclass Coccidia
    Families:
    Eimeriidae
    Cryptosporidiidae
    Toxoplasmatidae
    Sarcocystidae
    protozoa/coccidia

    • Eimeria

    • Isospora
    Important facts
    hi specificity hi abundance
    • host • direct life cycle
    • tissue • rapid development
    • immunity • resistance stages in the environment
    signs
    mainly production losses
    diarrhoea, dehydration, BW losses

    mortality
    depends on the species intention of infection
    How much the epithelium is
    affected depends on the
    number of oocysts injected

    Sporogony depends on
    temperature, humidify
    and oxygen which are
    offered in any farm
    conditions
    MICRO/MACRO GAMETES - OOCYST
    2ND GENERATION MEROZOITES
    TROPHOZOITES
    What do they do to the intestines ?

    normal
    coccidia intestinal
    infection lumen
    MUNDT, H.-C., S. MUNDT-WÜSTENBERG, A. DAUGSCHIES, A. JOACHIM (2005 & 2007):
    Re-epithelisation is not enough to get the mature physiological status

    Secondary infections
    • Isospora suis causes diarrhoea in neonatal
    Epidemiology piglets
    of the piglet – Clinical outbreaks of diarrhoea in
    coccidiosis in the second week ( 8-15 days) of
    life
    intensive
    – Seldom earlier and after weaning
    farming
    systems – Excretion of oocysts takes place in waves
    two peaks at day 5-9 and 11-14 post
    infection
    – Piglets which are infected soon after birth
    have increased and prolonged oocysts
    excretion and severe diarrhoea as
    compared to older piglets
    •
    Epidemiology of The piglets develop an age related resistance to
    infection which results in lower excretion rates and
    the piglet less pronounced diarrhoea in older animals,

    coccidiosis in
    • In a farrowing facility, morbidity can be high, but
    intensive mortality is usually low except for cases with
    farming systems secondary bacterial infections

    • Not all litters or piglets within a litter in a farrowing


    facility are affected equally
    • Sow does not play an important role in transmission
    of Isospora suis in the farrowing pen
    Page 17
    19

    High morbidity - Low mortality


    Uneven growth / no mortality
    Country Prevalence Information Reference

    Belgium 80% infected farms Leten ( 2002 )


    33% infected litters
    Netherlands 72% Infected farms Hollanders (1993)
    36% Infected litters
    Spain 85% infected farms Enric (2000)
    Germany 53% infected litters Meyer (1999)
    Italy 68% infected farms Vezzoli (2002)
    Denmark 80% infected farms Larsen (2002)
    Mexico 70% infected farms Iglesias (2000)
    Brazil 45% infected farms Ristow (2002)

    PIGLET COCCIDIOSIS IS GLOBAL IN


    INTENSIVE FARMING
    the spread of I. suis infection is strongly
    related to environment contamination

    once I. suis has established itself on a farm,


    the infection is probably maintained through
    piglet-to-piglet transmission via
    contaminated farrowing pens 2
    3
    How its
    introduced?
    sow plays a role in introducing the parasite
    in to the farrowing crate either by

    an undetected active parasitism or

    passive transportation of parasites’


    oocysts 2
    5
    In a week
    Coccidios increase mortality in mixted infections

    Complication and mixed infection can cause hemorrhagic diarrhoea and mortality

    Necrotic enteritis + coccidiosis = high mortality (Exp. 30 %)

    Haemorrhagic gut content

    Mucus
    Gut membrane
    Necrotic mucosa

    Blood, mucus and epithelium

    Mundt et al. 2009 Westphal et al. 2007


    interactions
    Nursing piglets
    •Cryptosporidium/Giardia
    •Isospora suis
    •Rotavirus
    •E. coli

    Fattening pigs
    •Lawsonia intracellularis
    •Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (swine dysentery)
    •Salmonella
    •PCV
    30
    • Coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria spp. (as with
    other ruminants)
    • Eimeria spp. are host-specific
    • Sheep species do not infect goat or vice
    versa
    • 15 Eimeria spp. have been described in
    sheep
    • 9 species of Eimeria are commonly found in
    goats
    • Not all species are pathogenic
    • Oocysts of sheep coccidia are morphologically
    identical to the equivalent species found in
    goats
    Goat Coccidia Equivalent
    Species Sheep
    Species
    E. ninakohlyakimovae E. ovinoidalis
    E. hirci E. crandallis
    E. christenseni E. ahsata
    E. arloingi E. bakuensis
    Eimeria alijevi Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae Eimeria hirci
    E. jolchijevi E. granulosa
    E. aleijevi E. parva
    E. apsheronica E. faurei
    E. caprina
    E. caprovina E. caprovina
    E. pallida E. pallida Eimeria arloingi Eimeria jolchijevi Eimeria
    christensi
    E. marsica
    E. weybridgensis
    E. kocharli E. intricata
    E. tunisiensis** E. ahsata
    E. punctata ** Eimeria aspheronica Eimeria caprina Eimeria caprovina

    E. capralis
    E.masseyensis
    E. charlestoni
    ▪ All ages of σηεεπ/goats are susceptible to infection
    ▪ Adult goats are usually resistant to disease but continue to
    excrete small numbers of coccidia
    ▪ Kids are particularly susceptible
    ▪ Colostrum provides passive protection during the first few
    weeks of life

    ✓ E. ovinoidalis and E. crandallis  most pathogenic


    ▪ The main pathogenic species found in the large intestine
    are:
    ▪ E. ninakohlyakimovae
    ▪ E. caprina

    ✓ Disease occurs when large numbers of oocysts from


    pathogenic species are ingested by parasite-naive or non-
    immune kids
    ✓ Clinical signs / Pathology: diarrhoea, dehydration, epithelial
    hyperplasia, inflammation, villus atrophy, mucosal collapse
    IMMUNITY
    ▪ Low levels of infection stimulate protective immunity
    ▪ Developed immunity is strong but species-specific
    ▪ Immunity in young kids thus depends on:

    ▪ Nutritional status
    ▪ Colostral intake
    ▪ Body condition and age (but NO
    age-related immunity)
    ▪ Low level exposure to all species
    of coccidia
    Epidemiology
    • Heavily contaminated environments predispose to disease
    • Low levels of infection stimulate protective immunity
    • Management factors that may precipitate disease in
    young kids include:
    • Poor hygiene
    • Overcrowding
    • Weaning age and condition
    • Mixing of different age groups
    • Changes in diet
    • Inclement weather
    • Transport
    36
    37

    Which animals are the target?


    SHEEP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
    1. Spring lambing, production at grass
    ▪ Lambing February/March/April
    ▪ Weaning in June-August at 3-5 months of age
    ▪ Intensive or extensive grazing
    ▪ Lowland or Upland

    2. Winter/Spring Lambing, early weaning,


    finishing indoors
    I. Weaning at birth
    II. Weaning at 6-8 weeks of age, raised and
    finished indoors

    3. Summer/Autumn lambing, production at


    grass, weaning, finishing indoors
    Coccidiosis in rabbits

    40
    Eimeria stiedai
    hi research activity in poultry

    Basic research
    • -omics approaches
    • mainly targeting the apical complex and organels such as paired rhoptries, micronemes and
    dense bodies which are involved in the cell invasion and protein production
    • Biochemical pathways
    • Studies on CD4/CD8 lymphocytes and cellular immunity pathoways

    Applied research
    • Test of antococcidial
    Immunity

    Various gaps Efforts in piglets

    No so much information
    in sheep, goats, rabbits
    Necropsy (at large)
    Diagnosis
    Oocyst presence in faeces
    (and further species
    identification)
    Farm history
    Difficult to diagnose
    • biosecurity (difficult out doors, source
    of infection)
    • environmental measures
    • disinfenctants (Ammonium hydroxide,
    ammonium salt and sodium hydroxide
    (Oocide, Antec International Ltd, UK), cresol
    (Neopredisan, Menno Chemie,Norderstedt,
    Germany) formol 37% and sodium
    Management dodecylbenzene sulphonate 12%)
    anticoccidial

    ❑ toltrazuril /diclazuril – resistance ??


    Heavy use for years

    ❑ not licensed in all species


    ❑ new?
    ❑ residues in meat?
    Nutraceuticals

    Probiotics ?

    ( ensuring ‘gut health’ boosting immunity)

    New approaches
    52
    vaccines

    • Hi activity in the poultry sector


    • Effort in pigs ??
    ✓several gaps still
    ✓coordinated effort
    54

    CONCLUSIONS
    ✓Reduce chemical drug dependencies

    ✓ Incorporate new diagnostic tools – new therapeutic/prevention schemes


    thank you 55

    for your
    attention

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