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    Claire Bolalin
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    Gastrulation is the stage of embryonic development where a single-layered blastula transforms into a three-layered structure called a gastrula through cell movements and invagination. This results in the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm - which then develop into the various tissues and organ systems. In frogs, the blastula forms a dorsal lip and archenteron through cell movements, resulting in the germ layers. In chicks, cell differentiation leads to layer formation around the yolk sac. In humans, gastrulation is marked by the appearance of the primitive streak, which reorganizes the embryo and leads to ingression and formation of the tr

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    Gastrulation is the stage of embryonic development where a single-layered blastula transforms into a three-layered structure called a gastrula through cell movements and invagination. This results in the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm - which then develop into the various tissues and organ systems. In frogs, the blastula forms a dorsal lip and archenteron through cell movements, resulting in the germ layers. In chicks, cell differentiation leads to layer formation around the yolk sac. In humans, gastrulation is marked by the appearance of the primitive streak, which reorganizes the embryo and leads to ingression and formation of the tr

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    88 views1 page

    Gastrulation

    Uploaded by

    Claire Bolalin
    Gastrulation is the stage of embryonic development where a single-layered blastula transforms into a three-layered structure called a gastrula through cell movements and invagination. This results in the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm - which then develop into the various tissues and organ systems. In frogs, the blastula forms a dorsal lip and archenteron through cell movements, resulting in the germ layers. In chicks, cell differentiation leads to layer formation around the yolk sac. In humans, gastrulation is marked by the appearance of the primitive streak, which reorganizes the embryo and leads to ingression and formation of the tr

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    of 1

    1. Define what is gastrulation.

    (2pts)
     It is part of the embryonic development of animals in which the prior single-layered
    blastula will turn into three-layered gastrula. This stage occurs after cleavage where the
    blastula folds itself into gastrula that will give rise to ectoderm, mesoderm and
    endoderm.
    2. What is the importance of the formation of germ layers in embryonic development? (3pts)
     This is important in order for the embryo to transform a multi-layered structure that will
    then transform into nervous system, epidermis, muscle cells, connective and columnar
    tissues. Thus, the formation of the germ layers will determine the full development of
    an organism.
    3. make an outline of gastrulation in frog, chick and human. (15 pts)
     For a frog, its blastula contains a cavity called blastocoel. At the vegetal pole, it contains
    yolk filled with big cells while it has smaller cells in its animal pole. The surface cells or
    also called bottle cells move into the interior of the embryo that will result to the
    creation of a dorsal lip. The epiboly phase will occur when the ectoderm expands.
    Archenteron, another type of cavity, will form inside and the blastocoel will turn
    smaller. The former cavity is surrounded by endoderm and it is connected to the outside
    due to the blastopore that will soon become the anus. The ectoderm will form into the
    skin, sense organs and nervous system while the endoderm helps in the formation of
    the digestive and respiratory tract. Lastly, the mesoderm will turn into the skeleton,
    muscles, circulatory system, excretory system and reproductive system.
     For a chick, this occurs with cell differentiation due to its 32 cells of blastocyte. Its outer
    layer of the yolk sac starts to form new cells outside and then another layer will form at
    its top part. Compression and depletion of the yolk sac begins and then the blastopore
    will develop and cell invagination will also happen. The inner layer will be the endoderm
    and the second one is the ectoderm while the mesoderm develops in the anti-clock
    direction. These three layers develop around the yolk sac and the small yolk sac remains
    in the gastrula. Ectoderm forms the nervous systems, eyes and feathers while the
    endoderm forms the digestive system. Lastly, the mesoderm forms the skeleton,
    circulatory system, muscles, excretory system and reproductive system.
     For a human, this occurs when the primitive streak starts to appear and this usually
    occurs around the third week of fertilization. Gastrulation reorganizes the embryo giving
    it a bilateral symmetry and the primitive node is formed in front of the primitive streak
    which helps the organization of neurulation. The, the primitive pit forms as a depression
    at the center of the node that is connected to the notochord located underneath. The
    primitive node forms the neural plate that is essential to the formation of the nervous
    system. Ingression will take place when the epiblast in that plate moves into the streak
    which helps in the development of the mesoderm. The hypoblast is pushed out while
    the epiblast keeps moving to form the second layer which is the mesoderm. The epiblast
    forms the three layers which will result into the trilaminar disc. The ectoderm will form
    the outermost layer of skin, central and peripheral nervous systems, eyes, inner ear, and
    connective tissues while the inner layer of endoderm will develop the lungs, intestine,
    thyroid, pancreas and bladder. Lastly, mesoderm will form the heart, circulatory system,
    bones, muscles and kidneys.

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