03-2radar System Design Example
03-2radar System Design Example
03-2radar System Design Example
Example
Discuss factors that affect radar performance.
1 Si
1. Signall reception
ti
2. Signal-to-noise ratio 9. Beam width
3. Receiver bandwidth 10. Pulse repetition
4. Receiver sensitivity frequency
5. Pulse shape 11. Carrier frequency
6. Pulse
6 u se cocompression
p ess o 12. Antenna gain (directivity
7. Power relation and power)
8. Scan rate 13. Antenna aperture
a Mechanical
a. 14. Radar cross section of
b. Electronic target
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Radar System Design Tradeoffs
Choice of frequency affects:
Choice of frequency affects:
•Size: high frequencies have smaller devices.
• transmit power: generally favors lower frequencies
/ ll h h f h hf
•antenna gain/HPWB :small high gain favors high frequencies
•atmospheric attenuation: smaller loss a low frequencies
•ambient noise: lowest in 1‐10 GHz range g
•Doppler shift: greater at high frequencies
•Polarization affects:
l d d fl i
•clutter and ground reflections
•RCS of the targets of interest
p y
•antenna deployment limitations
•Waveform selection affects:
•signal bandwidth: (determined by pulse width)
PRF ( h bi
•PRF :(sets the unambiguous range))
•average transmitter power :(determines maximum detection range)
Radar
ada System
Syste Design
es g Example
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Radar
ada System
Syste Design
es g Example
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Radar
ada Design
es g Example
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• Radar is X-band
X band pulse radar for use on a boat
• General requirements:
• Antenna must be small enough to fit on boat
• Pulse power should be as low as possible
• See large ships long way off
• Small boats close in
• This Example takes 34 slides
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How to Proceed
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Radar Design Example
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Broad
vertical
beam
Narrow
horizontal
beam
Antenna beam requirements
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Radar
ada Design
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Figure 2.6
S/N at Threshold Illustration only
Pd
0.999
Pfa = 10-6
0 99
0.99
Pfa = 10-11
0.90
0.80
0.50 S/N
10 dB 12 dB 14 dB 16 dB
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Radar
ada Design
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Radar Design Example
• Step 3.
3 Find antenna gain
• Use Radar Equation
• Smin = Pt + 2 G + 2 λ + σ + Gint - 33
- 4 Rmax - losses
• What is Smin
i ?
• Smin = k Ts Bn in dBW + (S/N)T
• Assume Ts = 1000 K
• N = -228.6 + 30 + 71.4 = -127.1 dBW
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Radar
ada Design
es g Example
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• N = -127.1
127.1 dBW (S/N)T = 15 dB
• Smin = -127.1 + 15.0 = -112.1 dBW
• Radar Equation
• λ = 0.03125 m = -15.1 dBmeter
• Smin = Pt + 2 G + 2 λ + σ + Gint - 33
- 4 Rmax - losses
• -112.1 30 2 + σ + 11 - 33
-112 1 = 40 + 2 G – 30.2
- 4 Rmax – losses
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Radar Design Example
• Estimate losses:
• RF - two way loss 4 dB
• Beam shape loss 2 dB
• Filter mismatch loss 1 dB
• Atmospheric loss ?
• Radome loss ?
• Total 7 dB
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Radar Design Example
• Radar Equation
• σ = 10 m2 = 10 dBmeter2
• Losses = 7.0 dB
• -112.1 = 40 + 2 G – 30.2 + 10 + 11 - 33
- 4 Rmax – 7.0
• Solve for G with Rmax = 40 km = 46 dBm
• 2 G = -112.1 - 40 + 30.2 - 21+ 33 + 184 + 7
• G = 40.6
06ddB
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Radar Design Example
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Radar Design Example
• θ 3 dB ~ 75 λ / D degrees
• DH = 75 λ / 1 = 75 x 0.03125 m = 2.34 m
• DH = 7.7 feet - may be too large
• Set horizontal
o o ta beabeamwidth
dt = 1.55o
• DH = 1.56 m = 5.1 ft, G = 31.6 dB
• Dimension in vertical plane is
• DV = 75 λ / 15 = 5 x 0.03125 m = 0.16 m
• DV = 6 inches
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Stotted waveguide
antenna
Length = 75 λ
Flare
Aperture
height
= 5λ
Power in
Beamwidths: 1o Hor x 15o Vert
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Radome
Antenna
Rotating joint
Tx T/R cell Rx
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Radar Design Example
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Radar Design Example
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Trade-off Study
• Available from Radar Equation: Pt , σ,
σ Rmax
• We need to find 18 dB
• Increase Pt by 7 dB to 50 kW
• We are still 11 dB below original specification
• Examine minimum detectable target vs range
• We must detect target at 40 km range
(21 6 n miles)
(21.6
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Trade-off Study
• At 40 km range
range, target RCS is > 10 m
• Then RCS = 10 dBm2 + 11 dB = 21 dBm2
• Tabulate RCS of target vs range
• Range km 40 10 3 1
• Target dBm2 21 - 3 - 24 - 43
• Target m2 126 0.5 0.004 0.5 cm2
• Target at 40 km range is over horizon
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Trade-off Study
• At 40 km range, target RCS is > 10 m
• Then RCS = 10 dBm2 + 11 dB = 21 dBm2
• Tabulate RCS of target vs range
• Range km 40 10 3 1
• Target dBm2 21 - 3 - 24 - 43
• Target m2 126 0.5 0.004 0.5 cm2
• Target at 40 km range is over horizon
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Trade-off Study
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Revised Design
• Alternative strategy:
• Reduce Tx p power byy 10 dB to 5 kW
• Lowers cost of transmitter and PSU
• Short range
g pperformance will suffer when
τ = 0.1 μs
g , range
• Tabulate range, g resolution,, target
g RCS
• (Scale RCS of target in proportion to new
parameters)
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Revised Design
• Alternative strategy:
• Reduce Tx p power byy 10 dB to 5 kW
• Lowers cost of transmitter and PSU
• S
Short
o t range
a ge performance
pe o a ce will suffer
su e when e
τ = 0.1 μs
g , range
• Tabulate range, g resolution,, target
g RCS
• (Scale RCS of target in proportion to new
parameters)
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Revised Design
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Economy Version
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Economy Marine Radar
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Economy Marine Radar
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Other
Ot e Issues
ssues
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Summary
Su ayo of Radar
ada Design
es g
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