,

I. INTRODUCTION:

Sampling is the process or technique of selecting a representative sample from the entire population. In statistics,
population refers to the entire group of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. A sample is a subset of
the entire population. If information are gathered from all the members of the population, it is referred to as census.

WEEK NUMBER: WEEK 6

II. OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

a. identify random sampling and its types;
b. compute for the mean, variance, and standard deviation of parameter and statistics; and
c. uphold fairness in choosing or selecting among life’s variables.

III. REVIEW:
A. Direction: Write the six (6) properties of the normal probability distribution.

B. Direction: Sketch the standard normal distribution on the box provided.

PRETEST:

Parameter and statistics requires to find the mean, variance and standard deviation of a certain data. Find the mean
of the following sets of numbers by writing it on the respective column.
Given Mean

2, 3, 8, 10, 4

6, 10, 9, 12, 4, 5

12, 2, 5, 7, 11, 8, 4

14, 10, 15, 14, 17, 19, 20

20, 22, 24, 18, 14, 25, 26, 28

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 1|Page

 IV. CONTENT:

RANDOM SAMPLING
Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being
chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased representation of the total population.

There are four types of random sampling techniques.

1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING (SRS)

A simple random sampling is a sampling technique in which every element of the population has the same probability
of being selected for inclusion in the sample.
Simple Random Sampling Methods

Researchers follow these methods to select a simple random sample:

1. They prepare a list of all the population members initially, and then each member is marked with a specific number
(for example, there are nth members, then they will be numbered from 1 to N).
2. From this population, researchers choose random samples using two ways: random number tables and random
number generator software. Researchers prefer a random number generator software, as no human interference is necessary
to generate samples.

Two approaches that aim to minimize any biases in the process of simple random sampling:
 Method of lottery
Using the lottery method is one of the oldest ways and is a mechanical example of random sampling. In this method,
the researcher gives each member of the population a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to choose
samples.

 Use of random numbers

The use of random numbers is an alternative method that also involves numbering the population. The use of a number
table similar to the one below can help with this sampling technique.

Example 1.

Situation: A researcher wants to study the effects of social media on Grade 11 students in Manila Mathematics High
School. He wishes to use the simple random sampling technique in choosing the members of his sample.
If there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school, how many students should there be in his sample?
Discuss the steps he must take if he wishes to use the lottery method.

Solution:

Step 1. Determine the number of students that should be in the sample. Use the Slovin’s Formula.
𝑵
n=
𝟏+𝑵𝒆𝟐

where: n = number of samples needed

N = population size

e = margin of error

For the margin of error, use 5% or 0.05

𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎
n=
𝟏+(𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎.𝟎𝟓)𝟐

= 285.7 or 286

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 2|Page

Step 2. Assign a number to each member of the population. In this problem, assign a number to each of the 1,000 students.
Step 3. Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size and shape. Fold the pieces of paper.
Step 4. Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.
Step 5. Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces from the bowl or box.

Advantages of Simple Random Sampling

1. It is a fair method of sampling, and if applied appropriately, it helps to reduce any bias involved compared to any
other sampling method involved.
2. Since it involves a large sample frame, it is usually easy to pick a smaller sample size from the existing larger
population.
3. The person conducting the research doesn’t need to have prior knowledge of the data he/ she is collecting. One can
ask a question to gather the researcher need not be a subject expert.
4. This sampling method is a fundamental method of collecting the data. You don’t need any technical knowledge.
You only require essential listening and recording skills.
5. Since the population size is vast in this type of sampling method, there is no restriction on the sample size that the
researcher needs to create. From a larger population, you can get a small sample quite quickly.
6. The data collected through this sampling method is well informed; more the samples better is the quality of the data.

2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
A systematic sampling is a random sampling technique in which a list of elements of the population is used as a frame
and the elements to be included in the desired sample are selected by skipping through the list at a regular interval.
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
k=
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝑵
k=
𝒏
where: k = sample interval
N = population size
n = sample size

Example

Situation: In a group of 250 students, how will you select a sample containing 71 students by using systematic
sampling technique?

Solution:

Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250 students.

Step 2: Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.

Step 3: Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 250 by sample size 71.
𝑵
k=
𝒏

𝟐𝟓𝟎
k=
𝟕𝟏

= 3.52 or 4

Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k + 1 by simple random technique. The numbers that are
between 0 and k + 1 are 1, 2, 3, and 4. This chosen value is called as the random start.
Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as the starting number.
Step 6: Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting from the 2 nd student.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,.…..

1st 2nd 3rd

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 3|Page

The numbers of the sample will then be 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, ……

3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Stratified sampling is a random sampling technique in which the population is first divided into strata and then samples
are randomly selected separately from each stratum.
Example

Situation: You want to interview 200 students in your school to determine their opinion on the new school uniform.
How are you going to choose your sample by using stratified sampling if there are 1,200 students in Grade
7; 1,100 in Grade 8; 1,050 in Grade 9; 940 in Grade 10; 900 in Grade 11, and 810 in Grade 12?

Solution:

Subdivide the population into several strata. In this problem, subdivide the population into year levels. Then, make
a table similar to the following:

Population Number of Sample To obtain the sample size per year level, divide the
N = 6,000 Students per n = 200
total number of students per year level by the total number of
strata
Grade 7 1,200 40 students in school, and then multiply the result by 200. Then,
Grade 8 1,100 37 select the members of each sample by using simple random
Grade 9 1,050 35 sampling. For instance, in Grade 7, select the 40 students

Grade 10 940 31 from 1,200 students using SRS.

Grade 11 900 30
Grade 12 810 27
Total 6,000 200

Compute the sample size in each Grade Level:

𝟏,𝟐𝟎𝟎
a. Grade 7: × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎
𝟔,𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏,𝟏𝟎𝟎
b. Grade 8: × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟕
𝟔,𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏,𝟎𝟓𝟎
c. Grade 9: × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓
𝟔,𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟗𝟒𝟎
d. Grade 10: × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟏
𝟔,𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟗𝟎𝟎
e. Grade 11: × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎
𝟔,𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟖𝟏𝟎
f. Grade 9: × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕
𝟔,𝟎𝟎𝟎

Sometimes, the computation will result to one less than the value of n. If this happens, round up one of the data to the
next integer. In this problem, n = 200. If the sum of all the samples per year level is 199 instead of 200, then round up one
of the data which is not a whole number to the next integer.

4. CLUSTER OR AREA SAMPLING

Cluster or area sampling is a random sampling technique in which the entire population is broken into small groups, or
clusters, and then, some of the clusters are randomly selected clusters are the one that analysed.
The difference of cluster sampling from a stratified sampling is that the sample consists of elements from the selected
clusters only while in stratified sampling, the sample consists of elements from all the strata.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 4|Page

Example

Situation: A researcher wants to determine who among the families in a small town are using the new detergent
product. How is she going to do this using the cluster sampling technique?

Solution:

Step 1: Divide all the population into clusters. Use barrios as cluster.

Step 2: Not all the barrios of the town will be included in the sample. Choose the final barrios by using either the simple
random sampling or a systematic sampling technique.

Step 3: Not all the families in each selected barrio will be included in the study. Select the final families to be included in
the sample by using either random sampling or systematic random sampling technique.

Parameter and Statistics

A parameter is a measure that describes a population. Parameters are usually denoted by Greek letters. Population
mean μ, population variance σ2, and the population standard deviation σ are examples of parameters.
A statistic is a measure that describe a sample. Statistics are usually denoted by Roman letters. Examples of statistics
are sample mean 𝑥̅ , sample variance s2, and sample standard deviation s.
POPULATION MEAN

The population is mean is the mean of the entire population. It is represented by the Greek letter mu (μ) and is
computed using the formula:

𝜮×
μ= 𝑵

where: × = given data

𝑵 = population size

Example

Situation: The numbers of workers in six outlets of a fast food restaurant are 12, 10, 11, 15, 12, and 14. Treating
these data as a population, find the population mean μ.

Solution:

Number x 𝛴×
μ=
1 12 𝑁
2 10 74
3 11
μ= 6
4 15
= 12.33
5 12
6 14
𝜮𝒙 = 74

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 5|Page

POPULATION VARIANCE AND POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION

Population variance σ2 has formula of: Population standard deviation σ has

formula of:
𝜮(𝒙− μ)2
σ2= 2
𝑵 √ 𝜮(𝒙− μ)
σ=
𝑵

where: 𝑁 = population size

𝒙 = given data

μ = population mean
Example
The following are ages of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary School.

30, 34, 32, 38, 28, 36, 40, 31, 35, 34, 33, 30, 37, 40, 30, 40

Compute the following:

a. Population variance
b. Population standard deviation

Solution: Teacher Age 𝒙− 𝛍 (𝒙 − 𝛍)2

1 30 30 – 34.25 = -4.25 18.0625
2 34 34 – 34.25 = -0.25 0.0625
3 32 32 – 34.25 = -2.25 5.0625
4 38 38 – 34.25 = 3.75 14.0625
5 28 28– 34.25 = -6.25 39.0625
6 36 36– 34.25 = 1.75 3.0625
7 40 40– 34.25 = 5.75 33.0625
8 31 31– 34.25 = -3.25 10.0625
9 35 35– 34.25 = 0.75 0.5625
10 34 34– 34.25 = -0.25 0.0625
11 33 33– 34.25 = -1.25 1.5625
12 30 30– 34.25 = -4.25 18.0625
13 37 37– 34.25 = 2.75 7.5625
14 40 40– 34.25 = 5.75 33.0625
15 30 30– 34.25 = -4.25 18.0625
16 40 40– 34.25 = 5.75 33.0625
𝜮𝒙 = 𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝜮(𝒙 − 𝛍)2 = 235

𝛴× 𝛴(𝑥− μ)2
μ= σ2= σ=√
𝛴(𝑥− μ)2
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
548 235
μ= σ2=
235 σ=√
16
16 16

= 34.25 σ= 3.83
=14.6879 or 14.69

SAMPLE MEAN

The sample mean 𝑥̅ is the average of all the values randomly selected from the population.

Formula:

𝜮𝒙
̅=
𝒙 𝒏
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 6|Page
Example
The following are ages of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary School.

30 34 32 38 28 36 40 31

35 34 33 30 37 40 40
30

 Compute the sample mean.

Assume that the researcher randomly selected only 12 out of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary School. Assume
that the encircled data above are those that randomly selected.

Teacher Population Age Sampled Age x

1 30
2 34 34 𝛴𝑥
𝑥̅ =
3 32 𝑛
4 38 38 419
5 28 28 𝑥̅ = 12
6 36 36
7 40 40
̅ = 34.92
𝒙
8 31 31
9 35 35
10 34 34
11 33 33
12 30 30
13 37
14 40 40
15 30
16 40 40
𝜮𝒙 = 𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝜮𝒙 = 𝟒𝟏𝟗

SAMPLE VARIANCE AND SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION

Sample variance s2 has the formula of: Sample standard deviation s has the formula of:

̅ )𝟐
𝜮(𝒙− 𝒙 ̅ )𝟐
𝜮(𝒙− 𝒙
s2 = s=√
𝑛−1
𝑛−1

Example
Calculate the sample variance and sample standard deviation of the 12 randomly selected data in
previous example.

Teacher Population Sample Age x ̅

𝒙− 𝒙 ̅2
𝒙− 𝒙
Age
1 30
2 34 34 34– 34.92 = -0.92 0.8464
3 32
4 38 38 38 – 34.92 = 3.08 9.4864
5 28 28 28 – 34.92 = -6.92 47.8864
6 36 36 36 – 34.92 = 1.08 1.1664
7 40 40 40 – 34.92 = 5.08 25.8064
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 7|Page
 8 31 31 31– 34.92 = -3.92 15.3664
9 35 35 35 – 34.92 = 0.08 0.0064
10 34 34 34 – 34.92 = -0.92 0.8464
11 33 33 33 – 34.92 = -1.92 3.6864
12 30 30 30 – 34.92 = -4.92 24.2064
13 37
14 40 40 40 – 34.92 = 5.08 25.8064
15 30
16 40 40 40 – 34.92 = 5.08 25.8064
𝜮𝒙 = 𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝜮𝒙 = 𝟒𝟏𝟗 ̅)𝟐 = 180. 9168
𝜮(𝒙 − 𝒙

𝛴𝑥
𝑥̅ = ̅ )2
𝛴(𝑥− 𝑥 𝛴(𝑥− 𝑥̅ )2
𝑛 b. s2 = c. s = √
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
419
𝑥̅ = s2 =
180.9168
12 180.9168
12−1
s=√
12−1
= 34.916 or 34.92 = 16.4469 or 16.45
= 4.055 or 4.06
Alternative formula for sample variance s2: Alternative formula for sample standard
deviation s:
𝑛(𝛴𝑥 2 ) −(𝛴𝑥)2
s2 =
𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑛(𝛴𝑥 2 ) −(𝛴𝑥)2
s=√
𝑛(𝑛−1)

Number x x2

1 7 49 𝑛(𝛴𝑥 2 ) −(𝛴𝑥)2
𝛴𝑥 𝑛(𝛴𝑥 2 ) –(𝛴𝑥)2 c. s = √
a. 𝑥̅ = 2
b. s = 𝑛(𝑛−1)
2 8 64 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)
86
𝑥̅ = 8 8(980) −(86)2 8(980) −(86)2
3 12 144 = =√
8(8−1) 8(8−1)
̅ = 10.75
𝒙
4 15 225 7840−7396
= = 2.815 or 2.82
56
5 10 100
444
6 11 121 = 56

7 9 81 = 7.928 or 7.93

8 14 196

Σx = 86 Σx2 = 980

Interdisciplinary Focus: PE (Indoor and Outdoor Games)

Stratified random sampling involves dividing the entire population into homogeneous groups called strata. Similarly,
in Physical Education on games, we classify players on what group they are or what game they play. Each games should
have selected players to represent their strata. Those selected players will be the samples to compete on some sports
competition either local or international.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 8|Page

 V. ACTIVITIES:

A. Directions: Identify the type of sampling technique used by the researcher in each of the following situations.

1. ______________________________________________________ A researcher selected a sample of n=150 from

a population of 900 by using the Table of Random Numbers.
2. _______________________________________________________ A researcher interviewed people from each
town in the province of Aurora for his research on population.
3. _______________________________________________________ Teacher Wap asked his students to fall in line.
He instructed one of them to select every 9 th student on the line.
4. _______________________________________________________ A mathematics teacher select 5 math teachers
in each of the town in Aurora province for her research study.
5. _______________________________________________________ A Statistics student did a research on the time
spent by Grade 11 students in using Facebook. He randomly selected his subjects by using the Table of Random
Numbers.
6. _______________________________________________________ A statistician need to have a sample of 2
families in the province of Aurora. To randomly select these families, he clustered the province into multi-stages
until the smallest unit to identify the samples.
7. _______________________________________________________ Seafarer Wang randomly selected 3 Cargo
Ship in their company for his study. He did this by writing the names of each Cargo Ships on a piece of paper which
folded and put in a box then he draw 3 pieces of paper from the box.

B. Complete the following table below and compute for the mean, variance and standard deviation of parameter and
statistics. Write your SOLUTIONS on the box provided for each.

1. The following are the heights in cm of the 6 basketball players of Ginebra team:
Number x 𝐱 − μ2 (𝐱 − μ2 )2 Population Mean

1 172
2 174
Population Variance
3 172
4 175
5 181
Population Standard Deviation
6 173

2. The scores in Statistics and probability of 6 randomly selected senior high school students are given below:
Number x 𝐱 − μ2 (𝐱 − μ2 )2
1 70
2 75
3 80
4 90
5 91
6 95

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 9|Page

 Mean of Sample

Variance of Sample

Standard Deviation of Sample

REFLECTION:

One of the advantages of simple random sampling is that it is a fair method of sampling, and if applied appropriately,
it helps to reduce bias involved compared to any other sampling method. As a student, were there any circumstances that
you needed to choose between or among life’s variables (eg. selecting groupmates in a group activity)? If any, how did you
make your fair choice?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

GENERALIZATION:

Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being
chosen. There are four sampling techniques: simple random sampling (SRS), systematic sampling, stratified sampling,
and cluster sampling.

The Slovin’s formula is used to determine the needed size of a sample given only the size of the population. It is
computed using the formula:
𝑵
n=
𝟏+𝑵𝒆𝟐

where: n = number of samples needed

N = population size
e = margin of error

VI. REFERENCES:

Mercado, J. (2016). Statistics and probability for Grade 11/Grade 12 senior high school. Phoenix
Publishing House Inc.
Belecina, R. et.al. (2016). Statistics and probability for senior high school. REX Printing Co., Inc.

Prepared by:
GEMA B. MERCIALES
Practice Teacher (Mathematics)

ZAIKEE L. SALAZAR, LPT

Member, SHS Faculty

ROANNE R. BERNARDO, LPT

Member, SHS Faculty
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 10 | P a g e