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MODULE in Stat Week 6
MODULE in Stat Week 6
I. INTRODUCTION:
Sampling is the process or technique of selecting a representative sample from the entire population. In statistics,
population refers to the entire group of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. A sample is a subset of
the entire population. If information are gathered from all the members of the population, it is referred to as census.
II. OBJECTIVES:
III. REVIEW:
A. Direction: Write the six (6) properties of the normal probability distribution.
PRETEST:
Parameter and statistics requires to find the mean, variance and standard deviation of a certain data. Find the mean
of the following sets of numbers by writing it on the respective column.
Given Mean
2, 3, 8, 10, 4
6, 10, 9, 12, 4, 5
12, 2, 5, 7, 11, 8, 4
RANDOM SAMPLING
Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being
chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased representation of the total population.
A simple random sampling is a sampling technique in which every element of the population has the same probability
of being selected for inclusion in the sample.
Simple Random Sampling Methods
Two approaches that aim to minimize any biases in the process of simple random sampling:
Method of lottery
Using the lottery method is one of the oldest ways and is a mechanical example of random sampling. In this method,
the researcher gives each member of the population a number. Researchers draw numbers from the box randomly to choose
samples.
Example 1.
Situation: A researcher wants to study the effects of social media on Grade 11 students in Manila Mathematics High
School. He wishes to use the simple random sampling technique in choosing the members of his sample.
If there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school, how many students should there be in his sample?
Discuss the steps he must take if he wishes to use the lottery method.
Solution:
Step 1. Determine the number of students that should be in the sample. Use the Slovin’s Formula.
𝑵
n=
𝟏+𝑵𝒆𝟐
N = population size
e = margin of error
= 285.7 or 286
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
A systematic sampling is a random sampling technique in which a list of elements of the population is used as a frame
and the elements to be included in the desired sample are selected by skipping through the list at a regular interval.
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
k=
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝑵
k=
𝒏
where: k = sample interval
N = population size
n = sample size
Example
Situation: In a group of 250 students, how will you select a sample containing 71 students by using systematic
sampling technique?
Solution:
Step 3: Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 250 by sample size 71.
𝑵
k=
𝒏
𝟐𝟓𝟎
k=
𝟕𝟏
= 3.52 or 4
Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k + 1 by simple random technique. The numbers that are
between 0 and k + 1 are 1, 2, 3, and 4. This chosen value is called as the random start.
Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as the starting number.
Step 6: Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting from the 2 nd student.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,.…..
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Stratified sampling is a random sampling technique in which the population is first divided into strata and then samples
are randomly selected separately from each stratum.
Example
Situation: You want to interview 200 students in your school to determine their opinion on the new school uniform.
How are you going to choose your sample by using stratified sampling if there are 1,200 students in Grade
7; 1,100 in Grade 8; 1,050 in Grade 9; 940 in Grade 10; 900 in Grade 11, and 810 in Grade 12?
Solution:
Subdivide the population into several strata. In this problem, subdivide the population into year levels. Then, make
a table similar to the following:
Population Number of Sample To obtain the sample size per year level, divide the
N = 6,000 Students per n = 200
total number of students per year level by the total number of
strata
Grade 7 1,200 40 students in school, and then multiply the result by 200. Then,
Grade 8 1,100 37 select the members of each sample by using simple random
Grade 9 1,050 35 sampling. For instance, in Grade 7, select the 40 students
Grade 11 900 30
Grade 12 810 27
Total 6,000 200
Sometimes, the computation will result to one less than the value of n. If this happens, round up one of the data to the
next integer. In this problem, n = 200. If the sum of all the samples per year level is 199 instead of 200, then round up one
of the data which is not a whole number to the next integer.
Cluster or area sampling is a random sampling technique in which the entire population is broken into small groups, or
clusters, and then, some of the clusters are randomly selected clusters are the one that analysed.
The difference of cluster sampling from a stratified sampling is that the sample consists of elements from the selected
clusters only while in stratified sampling, the sample consists of elements from all the strata.
Situation: A researcher wants to determine who among the families in a small town are using the new detergent
product. How is she going to do this using the cluster sampling technique?
Solution:
Step 1: Divide all the population into clusters. Use barrios as cluster.
Step 2: Not all the barrios of the town will be included in the sample. Choose the final barrios by using either the simple
random sampling or a systematic sampling technique.
Step 3: Not all the families in each selected barrio will be included in the study. Select the final families to be included in
the sample by using either random sampling or systematic random sampling technique.
The population is mean is the mean of the entire population. It is represented by the Greek letter mu (μ) and is
computed using the formula:
𝜮×
μ= 𝑵
𝑵 = population size
Example
Situation: The numbers of workers in six outlets of a fast food restaurant are 12, 10, 11, 15, 12, and 14. Treating
these data as a population, find the population mean μ.
Solution:
Number x 𝛴×
μ=
1 12 𝑁
2 10 74
3 11
μ= 6
4 15
= 12.33
5 12
6 14
𝜮𝒙 = 74
𝒙 = given data
μ = population mean
Example
The following are ages of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary School.
30, 34, 32, 38, 28, 36, 40, 31, 35, 34, 33, 30, 37, 40, 30, 40
a. Population variance
b. Population standard deviation
𝛴× 𝛴(𝑥− μ)2
μ= σ2= σ=√
𝛴(𝑥− μ)2
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
548 235
μ= σ2=
235 σ=√
16
16 16
= 34.25 σ= 3.83
=14.6879 or 14.69
SAMPLE MEAN
The sample mean 𝑥̅ is the average of all the values randomly selected from the population.
Formula:
𝜮𝒙
̅=
𝒙 𝒏
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Module 6 6|Page
Example
The following are ages of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary School.
30 34 32 38 28 36 40 31
35 34 33 30 37 40 40
30
Assume that the researcher randomly selected only 12 out of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary School. Assume
that the encircled data above are those that randomly selected.
Sample variance s2 has the formula of: Sample standard deviation s has the formula of:
̅ )𝟐
𝜮(𝒙− 𝒙 ̅ )𝟐
𝜮(𝒙− 𝒙
s2 = s=√
𝑛−1
𝑛−1
Example
Calculate the sample variance and sample standard deviation of the 12 randomly selected data in
previous example.
𝛴𝑥
𝑥̅ = ̅ )2
𝛴(𝑥− 𝑥 𝛴(𝑥− 𝑥̅ )2
𝑛 b. s2 = c. s = √
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
419
𝑥̅ = s2 =
180.9168
12 180.9168
12−1
s=√
12−1
= 34.916 or 34.92 = 16.4469 or 16.45
= 4.055 or 4.06
Alternative formula for sample variance s2: Alternative formula for sample standard
deviation s:
𝑛(𝛴𝑥 2 ) −(𝛴𝑥)2
s2 =
𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑛(𝛴𝑥 2 ) −(𝛴𝑥)2
s=√
𝑛(𝑛−1)
Number x x2
1 7 49 𝑛(𝛴𝑥 2 ) −(𝛴𝑥)2
𝛴𝑥 𝑛(𝛴𝑥 2 ) –(𝛴𝑥)2 c. s = √
a. 𝑥̅ = 2
b. s = 𝑛(𝑛−1)
2 8 64 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)
86
𝑥̅ = 8 8(980) −(86)2 8(980) −(86)2
3 12 144 = =√
8(8−1) 8(8−1)
̅ = 10.75
𝒙
4 15 225 7840−7396
= = 2.815 or 2.82
56
5 10 100
444
6 11 121 = 56
7 9 81 = 7.928 or 7.93
8 14 196
Σx = 86 Σx2 = 980
Stratified random sampling involves dividing the entire population into homogeneous groups called strata. Similarly,
in Physical Education on games, we classify players on what group they are or what game they play. Each games should
have selected players to represent their strata. Those selected players will be the samples to compete on some sports
competition either local or international.
A. Directions: Identify the type of sampling technique used by the researcher in each of the following situations.
B. Complete the following table below and compute for the mean, variance and standard deviation of parameter and
statistics. Write your SOLUTIONS on the box provided for each.
1. The following are the heights in cm of the 6 basketball players of Ginebra team:
Number x 𝐱 − μ2 (𝐱 − μ2 )2 Population Mean
1 172
2 174
Population Variance
3 172
4 175
5 181
Population Standard Deviation
6 173
2. The scores in Statistics and probability of 6 randomly selected senior high school students are given below:
Number x 𝐱 − μ2 (𝐱 − μ2 )2
1 70
2 75
3 80
4 90
5 91
6 95
Variance of Sample
REFLECTION:
One of the advantages of simple random sampling is that it is a fair method of sampling, and if applied appropriately,
it helps to reduce bias involved compared to any other sampling method. As a student, were there any circumstances that
you needed to choose between or among life’s variables (eg. selecting groupmates in a group activity)? If any, how did you
make your fair choice?
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GENERALIZATION:
Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being
chosen. There are four sampling techniques: simple random sampling (SRS), systematic sampling, stratified sampling,
and cluster sampling.
The Slovin’s formula is used to determine the needed size of a sample given only the size of the population. It is
computed using the formula:
𝑵
n=
𝟏+𝑵𝒆𝟐
VI. REFERENCES:
Mercado, J. (2016). Statistics and probability for Grade 11/Grade 12 senior high school. Phoenix
Publishing House Inc.
Belecina, R. et.al. (2016). Statistics and probability for senior high school. REX Printing Co., Inc.
Prepared by:
GEMA B. MERCIALES
Practice Teacher (Mathematics)