Solution Assignment 2

Q.1 Three houses are available in a locality. Three persons apply for the houses.
Each applies for one house without consulting others. What is the probability that all
the three apply for the same house? Draw a tree diagram.
Sample Space
Total sample points = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
Three possibilities for each applicant
Let three possibilities are H1, H2, H3

1 H1 H1 H1
2 H1 H1 H2
3 H1 H1 H3
4 H1 H2 H1
5 H1 H2 H2
6 H1 H2 H3
7 H1 H3 H1
8 H1 H3 H2
9 H1 H3 H3
10 H2 H1 H1
11 H2 H1 H2
12 H2 H1 H3
13 H2 H2 H1
14 H2 H2 H2
15 H2 H2 H3
16 H2 H3 H1
17 H2 H3 H2
18 H2 H3 H3
19 H3 H1 H1
20 H3 H1 H2
21 H3 H1 H3
22 H3 H2 H1
23 H3 H2 H2
24 H3 H2 H3
25 H3 H3 H1
26 H3 H3 H2
27 H3 H3 H3

3 1
P(Same house) = 27 = 9
 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 1
Q.2 Let A and B be two events such that 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 6,
1 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴̅) = stands for complement of event A. Then events A
4 4
and B are
1 3
𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 4 = 4
𝑃(𝐴̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∪ 𝐵 ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
1 7
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 1 − =
6 6

5 3 1
= [ + 𝑃(𝐵) − ]
6 4 4
5 1 1
𝑃(𝐵) = − =
6 2 3

a. equally likely and mutually exclusive 𝑃(𝐴) ≠ 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ≠ 0

b. equally likely but not independent
𝑃(𝐴) ≠ 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
c. independent but not equally likely 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
1 3 1
= ×
4 4 3

d. mutually exclusive and independent

Q.3 Two fair dice are tossed. Let X be the event that the first die shows an even
number, and Y be the event that the second die shows an odd number. The two events
X and Y are

Event X:

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

Event Y:

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
 𝑋∩𝑌
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

a. Mutually exclusive (N0)

6 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = =
36 4
b. Independent and mutually exclusive 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) (NO)
1 1 1
=2×2
4
c. Dependent
(No)
d. none of the above
Q.4 Five horses are in a race. Mr A elects two of the horses at random and bets on
them. The probability that Mr A selected the winning horse is
1
a. 5
2
b. 5
3
c. 5
4
d. 5
Q.5 The events A, B, C are mutually exclusive events and exhaustive events such
that
3𝑋 + 1 1−𝑋 1 − 2𝑋
𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐶) =
3 4 2
What will be possible probabilities of event A, B and C respectively.
3𝑋 + 1 1 − 𝑋 1 − 2𝑋
+ + =1
3 4 2
4(3𝑋 + 1) + 3(1 − 𝑋) + 6(1 − 2𝑋)
=1
12
1
𝑋=
3
1
3( ) + 1 2
𝑃(𝐴) = 3 =
3 3
1
1−3 2 1
𝑃(𝐵) = = =
4 12 6
1
1 − 2(3) 1
𝑃(𝐶) = =
2 6

Q.6 A number is chosen randomly from first 100 natural numbers, what is the
probability that a number will be divisible by 2 or 3 or both?
 𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … , 50, 51, 52, … ,100}
A: Divisible by 2
B: Divisible by 3

𝐴: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28,30,32, 34 , 36, 38,40, 42, 44, 46,48,50, … ,100}
3, 6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42, 45,48,
𝐵={ 51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78, }
81,84,87,90,93,96,99
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {6, 12,18,24,30,36,42,48,54,60,66,72,78,84,90,96}
50 1
𝑃(𝐴) = = = 0.5
100 2
33
𝑃(𝐵) = = 0.33
100
16
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = 0.16
100
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.5 + 0.33 − 0.16 = 0.67
Q.7 Two numbers are chosen from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} one after another
without replacement Find the probability that the smaller of the two is less than 4.
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9), (2,1), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8), (2,9)
(3,1), (3,2), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (3,7), (3,8), (3,9), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (4,6), (4,7), (4,8), (4,9)
= (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,6), (5,7), (5,8), (5,9), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,7), (6,8), (6,9)
(7,1), (7,2), (7,3), (7,4), (7,5), (7,6), (7,8), (7,9), (8,1), (8,2), (8,3), (8,4), (8,5), (8,6), (8,7), (8,9)
{ (9,1), (9,2), (9,3), (9,4), (9,5), (9,6), (9,7), (9,8) }
A: Smaller of the two is less than 4
𝐴
(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9), (2,1), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8), (2,9)
= {(3,1), (3,2), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (3,7), (3,8), (3,9), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (6,1), (6,2)}
(6,3), (7,1), (7,2), (7,3), (8,1), (8,2), (8,3), (9,1), (9,2), (9,3)

𝑛(𝑆) = 72
𝑛(𝐴) = 42
𝑛(𝐴) 42
𝑃(𝐴) = = = 0.583
𝑛(𝑆) 72
Q.8 In a large city, 15,000 workers lost their jobs last year. Of them, 7400 lost
their jobs because their companies closed down or moved, 4600 lost their jobs due to
insufficient work, and the remainder lost their jobs because their positions were
abolished. If one of these 15,000 workers is selected at random, find the probability
that this worker lost his or her job
a. because the company closed down or moved
𝑛(𝐴) 7400
𝑃(𝐴) = = = 0.4933
𝑛(𝑆) 15000
b. due to insufficient work
𝑛(𝐵) 4600
𝑃(𝐵) = = = 0.3067
𝑛(𝑆) 15000
 c. because the position was abolished. Do these probabilities add up to 1.0? If so,
why? Explain it through Venn diagram.
𝑛(𝐶) 15000 − 4600 − 7400 = 3000
𝑃(𝐶) = = = 0.2
𝑛(𝑆) 15000
𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐶) = 0.4933 + 0.3067 + 0.2 = 1
Events A , B and C are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.

3 1 1
Q.9 If 𝑃(𝐵) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶̅ ) = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶̅ ) = 3 find 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶).
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
Putting values
1
= 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)..................(1)
3
1 3
= 4 − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − [𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)]...................(2)
3
From equation 2
3 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 4 − 3 − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶).......................(3)
Subtract equation 1 from 3, we get
3 1 1
− − 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − = 0
4 3 3
3 2 1
𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = − =
4 3 12

Q.10 It is known that a student from mechanical engineer class took an exam and
having three subjects Mathematics, English and Chemistry. It is also known that of
these subjects, the student has a 75% chance of passing exam in at least one subject, a
50% chance of passing exam in at least two subjects and 40% chance of passing exam
in exactly two subjects. Find the following probabilities?
Given
𝑃(𝑀 ∪ 𝐸 ∪ 𝐶) = 0.75 ..............(1)
̅ ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸̅ ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶̅ ) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) = 0.50 .......................(2)
𝑃(𝑀
̅ ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸̅ ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶̅ ) = 0.40 ......................(3)
𝑃(𝑀
a. 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶)

From eq. (2) and eq. (3)

𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) = 0.5 − 0.40 = 0.1
 b. 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐶)
From eq. (3)
𝑃(𝑀 ̅ ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶)
𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸̅ ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶)
𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶̅ ) = 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸) − 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶)
Eq. (3) becomes
𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) − 3𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) = 0.4
𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) = 0.4 + (3 × 0.1) = 0.70
c. 𝑃(𝑀) + 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐶)
We know that
𝑃(𝑀 ∪ 𝐸 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝑀) + 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐶)
− 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
Putting the values
0.75 = 𝑃(𝑀) + 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐶) − [𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐶)]
+ 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐸 ∩ 𝐶)
0.75 = 𝑃(𝑀) + 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐶) − 0.70 + 0.1
0.75 − 0.1 + 0.7 = 𝑃(𝑀) + 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐶)
𝑃(𝑀) + 𝑃(𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐶) = 1.35

Q.11 The probability that at least one of the events A and B occur is 0.6. If A and B
occur simultaneously with probability 0.2, then 𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) is equal to
Given
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.6
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.6 + 0.2 = 0.8
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.8 − 𝑃(𝐵)...............(1)
𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 − 𝑃(𝐴) … … … . (2)
To find 𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅)
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − [0.8 − 𝑃(𝐵)] ..........................(3)
𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − [0.8 − 𝑃(𝐴)]...........................(4)
Adding eq. (3) and eq. (4)
𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 1 − [0.8 − 𝑃(𝐵)] + 1 − [0.8 − 𝑃(𝐴)]
𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 2 − 1.6 + [𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐵)]
𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 2 − 1.6 + 0.8 = 1.2
a. 0.4
b. 0.8
c. 1.2
d. 1.4
 Q.12 A sample of 820 adults showed that 80 of them had no credit cards, 116 had
one card each, 94 had two cards each, 77 had three cards each, 43 had four cards each,
and 410 had five or more cards each. Write the frequency distribution table for the
number of credit cards an adult possesses. Calculate the relative frequencies for all
categories. Suppose one adult is randomly selected from these 820 adults. Find the
probability that this adult has
Credit cards Frequency Relative frequency
No credit cards 80 80
= 0.097
820
One credit card 116 116
= 0.1414
820
Two credit cards 94 94
= 0.1146
820
Three credit cards 77 77
= 0.0939
820
Four credit cards 43 43
= 0.0524
820
Five or more credit cards 410 410
= 0.5
820
Total 820 1

a. three credit cards

77
𝑃(𝐴) = = 0.0939
820
b. five or more credit cards
410
𝑃(𝐵) = = 0.5
820
Q.13 100 employees of a company were asked whether they are in favour of or
against paying high salaries to CEOs of U.S. companies. Table gives a two-way
classification of the responses of these 100 employees.
FAVOUR AGAINST
MALE 15 45
FEMALE 4 36

{Above table shows the distribution of 100 employees based on two variables or
characteristics: gender (male or female) and opinion (in favour or against). Such a
table is called a contingency table. In Table, each box that contains a number is called
a cell. Notice that there are four cells. Each cell gives the frequency for two
characteristics. For example, 15 employees in this group possess two characteristics:
“male” and “in favour of paying high salaries to CEOs.” We can interpret the
numbers in other cells the same way.}
. Answer the following
FAVOUR AGAINST TOTAL
MALE 15 45 60
FEMALE 4 36 40
TOTAL 19 81 100
 a. Suppose one employee is selected at random from these 100 employees what
is the probability that he is a male?
60
𝑃(𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐸) =
100
b. Suppose one employee is selected at random from these 100 employees what
is the probability that she is a female?
40
𝑃(𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐿𝐸) =
100

c. Suppose one employee is selected at random from these 100 employees what
is the probability that he/she is in favour of paying high salaries?
19
𝑃(𝐹) =
100
d. Suppose one employee is selected at random from these 100 employees what
is the probability that he /she is against of paying high salaries?
19 81
𝑃(𝐹̅ ) = 1 − =
100 100
e. Are male and female mutually exclusive events? Why?
Yes, male and female are mutually exclusive. Because 𝑃(𝐹𝑒 ∩ 𝑀) = 0
f. Are two events “male” and in “favour” of paying high salaries mutually
exclusive? Why?
15
No both events are “Non-Mutually Exclusive”. Because 𝑃(𝐹𝑣 ∩ 𝑀) = 100
g. Suppose one employee is selected at random from these 100 employees what
is the probability that she is a female or in favour of paying high salaries to
CEOs?
A: Female
B: Favour of paying high salaries
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
40 19 4 55
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = + − =
100 100 100 100
h. If one female employ is selected what is the probability that she favours of
paying high salaries to CEO’s?
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 4 1
𝑃(𝐵 |𝐴) = = =
𝑃(𝐵) 40 10

Q.14 A consumer agency randomly selected 1700 flights for two major airlines, A
and B. The following table gives the two-way classification of these flights based on
airline and arrival time. Note that “less than 30 minutes late” includes flights that
arrived early or on time.

Less Than 30 30 Minutes to 1 Hour More than 1 Hour

Minutes Late Late Late
Airline A 429 390 92
Airline B 393 316 80
 a. If one flight is selected at random from these 1700 flights, find the following
probabilities.
Less Than 30 30 Minutes to 1 More than 1 Total
Minutes Late Hour Late Hour Late
Airline A 429 390 92 911
Airline B 393 316 80 789
Total 822 706 172 17000

1. P (more than 1 hour late or airline A)

A: More than 1 hour late
B: Airline A
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
172 911 92 991
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = + − =
17000 17000 17000 17000
2. P (airline B or less than 30 minutes late)
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
789 706 316 1179
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = + − =
17000 17000 17000 17000

3. P (airline A or airline B)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
911 789
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = + =1
17000 17000
4. P (airline B but not less than 30 minutes late)
789 316 473
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = − =
17000 17000 17000
b. P (Neither airline A nor more than 1 hour late)
𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐴
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∪ 𝐵 ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)]
911 172 92 16009
= 1−[ + − ]=
17000 17000 17000 17000
c. Are the events “airline A” and “more than 1 hour late” mutually exclusive?
No because their intersection exists and probability does not equal to zero.
92
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =
17000
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ≠ 0

d. What about the events “less than 30 minutes late” and “more than 1 hour
late?” Why or why not?
They are mutually exclusive events because
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
e. Are the events “airline B” and “30 minutes to 1 hour late” independent? Why
or why not?
For independent events A and B
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
L.H.S
 316
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = = 0.0185
17000
R.H.S
789
𝑃(𝐴) =
17000
706
𝑃(𝐵) =
17000
557034
𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) = = 0.0019
289000000
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ≠ 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)
A and B are non-mutually exclusive events and dependent events.
Q.15 If A and B are two events from a sample space S then prove for both parts that
the probability of exactly one event occurs equal to
a. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) + 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) + 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = [𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)] + [𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)]
= 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 2𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

b. 𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) − 2𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

L.H.S
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴)
𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴
̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∪ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅ ) − 2𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ )
= [1 − 𝑃(𝐴)] + [1 − 𝑃(𝐵)] − 2[1 − {𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)}]
= 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) + 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) − 2 + 2𝑃(𝐴) + 2𝑃(𝐵) − 2𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= 2 − 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐵) − 2 + 2𝑃(𝐴) + 2𝑃(𝐵) − 2𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 2𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
Q.16 The probability of a student getting an A grade in an economics class is 0.24
and that of getting a B grade is 0.28. What is the probability that a randomly selected
student from this class will neither get an A nor a B in this class? Explain this through
Venn diagram.

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.24 + 0.28 = 0.52

𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 1 − 0.52 = 0.48
 Q.17 There is an area of free (but illegal) parking near an inner-city sports arena.
The probability that a car parked in this area will be ticketed by police is 0.35, that the
car will be vandalized is 0.15, and that it will be ticketed and vandalized is 0.10. Find
the probability that
a. a car parked in this area will be ticketed or vandalized.
A: Ticketed
B: Vandalized
𝑃(𝐴) = 0.35
𝑃(𝐵) = 0.15
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.10
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= 0.35 + 0.15 − 0.10 = 0.4
b. a car parked in this area will be ticketed but not vandalized.
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
= 0.35 − 0.1 = 0.15
c. a car parked in this area neither be ticketed nor vandalized.
𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴𝑈𝐵) = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6
d. A car parked in this area will be vandalized if a car does not get ticket.
𝑃(𝐵∩𝐴̅) 𝑃(𝐵)−𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 0.15−0.10 0.05
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴̅) = ̅
= = = = 0.0769
𝑃(𝐴) 1−𝑃(𝐴) 1−0.35 0.65
Q.18 The probability that a randomly selected student from a college is a senior is
0.20, and the joint probability that the student is a computer science major and a
senior is 0.03. Find the conditional probability that a student selected at random is a
computer science major given that the student is a senior.
A: Senior
B: Computer science
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0.03
𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = = = 0.15
𝑃(𝐴) 0.20

Q.19 The probability that a person is in favour of genetic engineering is 0.55 and
that a person is against it is 0.45. Two persons are randomly selected, and it is
observed whether they favour or oppose genetic engineering.
a. Draw a tree diagram for this experiment.
 0.55 0.45

Favour Against
0.45
0.55 0.45
0.55

Favour Against Favour Against

b. Find the probability that at least one of the two persons favours genetic
engineering.
𝑃(𝐹 ∩ 𝐹) + 𝑃(𝐹 ∩ 𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐹)
= (0.55 × 0.55) + (0.55 × 0.45) + (0.45 × 0.55)
= 0.3025 + 0.2475 + 0.2475 = 0.7975
c. Find the probability that exactly one of the two persons favours genetic
engineering.
𝑃(𝐹 ∩ 𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐹) = 0.2475 + 02475 = 0.495
Q.20 A box contains a total of 100 CDs that were manufactured on two machines.
Of them, 60 were manufactured on Machine I. Of the total CDs, 15 are defective. Of
the 60 CDs that were manufactured on Machine I, 9 are defective.
1. First make 2 × 2 contingency table.
Defective Non-Defective Total
Machine 1 9 51 60
Machine 2 6 34 40
Total 15 85 100

2. Let D be the event that a randomly selected CD is defective, and let A be the
event that a randomly selected CD was manufactured on Machine I.
Are events D and A independent?
15
𝑃(𝐷) = = 0.15
100
60
𝑃(𝐴) = = 0.6
100
9
𝑃(𝐷 ∩ 𝐴) = = 0.09
100
For independence
𝑃(𝐷 ∩ 𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐷) × 𝑃(𝐴)
0.09 = 0.15 × 0.6
LHS=RHS
D and A are independent events.
 3. Are events A and B mutually exclusive events?
𝑃(𝐷 ∩ 𝐴) ≠ 0
D and A events are not mutually exclusive events.
1
Q.21 The probability of India winning a test match against West Indies is 2
Assuming independence from match to match, the probability that in a 5-match series
India’s second win occurs on the third test is equal to
𝐴: 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
1
𝑃(𝐴) =
2
1 1
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − =
2 2
𝑃(𝐴1̅ ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ) + 𝑃(𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴̅2 ∩ 𝐴3 )
= 𝑃(𝐴1̅ ) × 𝑃(𝐴2 ) × 𝑃(𝐴3 ) + 𝑃(𝐴1 ) × 𝑃(𝐴̅2 ) × 𝑃(𝐴3 )

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
=( × × )+( × × )= =
2 2 2 2 2 2 8 4
1
a. 8
1
b. 2
1
c. 4
2
d.
3
4 3
Q.22 Probability that A speaks truth is 5 while this probability for B is 4 . The
probability that they contradict each other when asked to speak on a fact is equal to
4 4 1
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − =
5 5 5
3
𝑃(𝐵) =
4
3 1
𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 1 − =
4 4
4 1 1 3 7
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ) + 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵) = [( × ) + ( × )] =
5 4 5 4 20
3
a. 20
1
b. 5
7
c. 20
4
d. 5

Q.23 The probability that any given person is allergic to a certain drug is 0.03. What
is the probability that none of three randomly selected persons is allergic to this drug?
Assume that all three persons are independent. Draw a tree diagram for this problem.
 0.03 0.97

𝑨𝟏 ̅𝟏
𝑨
0.03 0.97 0.03 0.97

𝑨𝟐 ̅𝟐
𝑨 𝑨𝟐 ̅𝟐
𝑨
0.03 0.97 0.03 0.97 0.97 0.03 0.97
0.03

̅𝟑
𝑨 𝑨𝟑 ̅𝟑 𝑨𝟑 ̅𝟑
𝑨 𝑨𝟑 ̅𝟑
𝑨
𝑨𝟑 𝑨

𝑃(𝐴1̅ ∩ 𝐴̅2 ∩ 𝐴̅3 ) = 𝑃(𝐴1̅ ) × 𝑃(𝐴̅2 ) × 𝑃(𝐴̅3 ) = 0.97 × 0.97 × 0.97 = 0.9127

Q.24 The probability that a farmer is in debt is 0.80. What is the probability that
three randomly selected farmers are all in debt? Assume independence of events.
Draw a tree diagram for this problem.

𝑃(𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ) = 𝑃(𝐴1 ) × 𝑃(𝐴2 ) × 𝑃(𝐴3 ) = 0.80 × 0.80 × 0.80 = 0.512

Q.25 Define the following two events for two tosses of a coin:
𝐴: 𝐴𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝐵: 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆 = {(𝐻, 𝐻)(𝑇, 𝐻)(𝐻, 𝑇)(𝑇, 𝑇)}
𝐴 = {(𝐻, 𝐻)(𝑇, 𝐻)(𝐻, 𝑇)}
𝐵 = {(𝑇, 𝑇)}
a. Are A and B mutually exclusive events? Are they independent? Explain why or
why not.

Yes both events A and B are mutually exclusive because 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝜑

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0
No, events A and B are not independent
 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ≠ 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)

b. Are A and B complementary events? If yes, first calculate the probability of B and
then calculate the probability of A using the complementary event rule.
Yes A and B events are complimentary events.
3 1
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − =
4 4
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 𝑃(𝐵)
1 3
𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − =
4 4
𝑃(𝐵̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐴)