Online Lab Tutorial Week 11

ISB 37603 : Software Design and Integration

Lab Chapter 6: Introduction to GUI Building

This beginner tutorial teaches you how to create a simple graphical user interface and
add simple back-end functionality. In particular we will show how to code the behavior
of buttons and fields in a Swing form.

We will work through the layout and design of a GUI and add a few buttons and text
fields. The text fields will be used for receiving user input and also for displaying the
program output. The button will initiate the functionality built into the front end. The
application we create will be a simple but functional calculator.

For a more comprehensive guide to the GUI Builder's design features, including video
demonstrations of the various design features, see Designing a Swing GUI in NetBeans
IDE.

Expected duration: 20 minutes

Contents

 Exercise 1: Creating a Project

 Exercise 2: Building the Front End
 Exercise 3: Adding Functionality
 Exercise 4: Running the Program
 How Event Handling Works

To complete this tutorial, you need the following software and resources.

Software or Resource Version Required

NetBeans IDE with Java SE version 6.9 or higher
Java Development Kit (JDK) version 6, 7 or 8

Exercise 1: Creating a Project

The first step is to create an IDE project for the application that we are going to develop.
We will name our project NumberAddition.

1. Choose File > New Project. Alternatively, you can click the New Project icon in the
IDE toolbar.
 2. In the Categories pane, select the Java node. In the Projects pane, choose Java
Application. Click Next.
3. Type NumberAddition in the Project Name field and specify a path, for example,
in your home directory, as the project location.
4. (Optional) Select the Use Dedicated Folder for Storing Libraries checkbox and
specify the location for the libraries folder. See Sharing a Library with Other
Users in Developing Applications with NetBeans IDE for more information.
5. Deselect the Create Main Class checkbox if it is selected.
6. Click Finish.

Exercise 2: Building the Front End

To proceed with building our interface, we need to create a Java container within which
we will place the other required GUI components. In this step we'll create a container
using the JFrame component. We will place the container in a new package, which will
appear within the Source Packages node.

Create a JFrame container

1. In the Projects window, right-click the NumberAddition node and choose New >
Other.
2. In the New File dialog box, choose the Swing GUI Forms category and the JFrame
Form file type. Click Next.
3. Enter NumberAdditionUI as the class name.
4. Enter my.numberaddition as the package.
5. Click Finish.

The IDE creates the NumberAdditionUI form and the NumberAdditionUI class within the
NumberAddition application, and opens the NumberAdditionUI form in the GUI Builder.
The my.NumberAddition package replaces the default package.

Adding Components: Making the Front End

Next we will use the Palette to populate our application's front end with a JPanel. Then
we will add three JLabels, three JTextFields, and three JButtons. If you have not used the
GUI Builder before, you might find information in the Designing a Swing GUI in NetBeans
IDE tutorial on positioning components useful.

Once you are done dragging and positioning the aforementioned components, the
JFrame should look something like the following screenshot.
If you do not see the Palette window in the upper right corner of the IDE, choose
Window > Palette.

1. Start by selecting a Panel from the Swing Containers category on Palette and drop
it onto the JFrame.
2. While the JPanel is highlighted, go to the Properties window and click the ellipsis
(...) button next to Border to choose a border style.
3. In the Border dialog, select TitledBorder from the list, and type in Number
Addition in the Title field. Click OK to save the changes and exit the dialog.
4. You should now see an empty titled JFrame that says Number Addition like in the
screenshot. Look at the screenshot and add three JLabels, three JTextFields and
three JButtons as you see above.

Renaming the Components

In this step we are going to rename the display text of the components that were just
added to the JFrame.

1. Double-click jLabel1 and change the text property to First Number:.

2. Double-click jLabel2 and change the text to Second Number:.
3. Double-click jLabel3 and change the text to Result:.
4. Delete the sample text from jTextField1. You can make the display text editable
by right-clicking the text field and choosing Edit Text from the popup menu. You
may have to resize the jTextField1 to its original size. Repeat this step for
jTextField2 and jTextField3.
5. Rename the display text of jButton1 to Clear. (You can edit a button's text by
right-clicking the button and choosing Edit Text. Or you can click the button,
pause, and then click again.)
6. Rename the display text of jButton2 to Add.
7. Rename the display text of jButton3 to Exit.

Your Finished GUI should now look like the following screenshot:
Exercise 3: Adding Functionality

In this exercise we are going to give functionality to the Add, Clear, and Exit buttons. The
jTextField1 and jTextField2 boxes will be used for user input and jTextField3 for
program output - what we are creating is a very simple calculator. Let's begin.

Making the Exit Button Work

In order to give function to the buttons, we have to assign an event handler to each to
respond to events. In our case we want to know when the button is pressed, either by
mouse click or via keyboard. So we will use ActionListener responding to ActionEvent.

1. Right click the Exit button. From the pop-up menu choose Events > Action >
actionPerformed. Note that the menu contains many more events you can
respond to! When you select the actionPerformed event, the IDE will
automatically add an ActionListener to the Exit button and generate a handler
method for handling the listener's actionPerformed method.
2. The IDE will open up the Source Code window and scroll to where you implement
the action you want the button to do when the button is pressed (either by mouse
click or via keyboard). Your Source Code window should contain the following
lines:
3. private void jButton3ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent
evt) {
4. //TODO add your handling code here:
}

5. We are now going to add code for what we want the Exit Button to do. Replace
the TODO line with System.exit(0);. Your finished Exit button code should look
like this:

6. private void jButton3ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent

evt) {
7. System.exit(0);
}
Making the Clear Button Work

1. Click the Design tab at the top of your work area to go back to the Form Design.
2. Right click the Clear button (jButton1). From the pop-up menu select Events >
Action > actionPerformed.
3. We are going to have the Clear button erase all text from the jTextFields. To do
this, you will add some code like above. Your finished source code should look
like this:
4. private void jButton1ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent
evt){
5. jTextField1.setText("");
6. jTextField2.setText("");
7. jTextField3.setText("");
}

The above code changes the text in all three of our JTextFields to nothing, in essence it is
overwriting the existing Text with a blank.

Making the Add Button Work

The Add button will perform three actions.

1. It is going to accept user input from jTextField1 and jTextField2 and convert the
input from a type String to a float.
2. It will then perform addition of the two numbers.
3. And finally, it will convert the sum to a type String and place it in jTextField3.

Lets get started!

1. Click the Design tab at the top of your work area to go back to the Form Design.
2. Right-click the Add button (jButton2). From the pop-up menu, select Events >
Action > actionPerformed.
3. We are going to add some code to have our Add button work. The finished source
code shall look like this:
4. private void jButton2ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt){
5. // First we define float variables.
6. float num1, num2, result;
7. // We have to parse the text to a type float.
8. num1 = Float.parseFloat(jTextField1.getText());
9. num2 = Float.parseFloat(jTextField2.getText());
10. // Now we can perform the addition.
11. result = num1+num2;
12. // We will now pass the value of result to jTextField3.
13. // At the same time, we are going to
14. // change the value of result from a float to a string.
15. jTextField3.setText(String.valueOf(result));
}

Our program is now complete we can now build and run it to see it in action.
Exercise 4: Running the Program

To run the program in the IDE:

1. Choose Run > Run Project (Number Addition) (alternatively, press F6).

Note: If you get a window informing you that Project NumberAddition does not
have a main class set, then you should select
my.NumberAddition.NumberAdditionUI as the main class in the same window
and click the OK button.

How Event Handling Works

This tutorial has showed how to respond to a simple button event. There are many more
events you can have your application respond to. The IDE can help you find the list of
available events your GUI components can handle:

1. Go back to the file NumberAdditionUI.java in the Editor. Click the Design tab to
see the GUI's layout in the GUI Builder.
2. Right-click any GUI component, and select Events from the pop-up menu. For
now, just browse the menu to see what's there, you don't need to select anything.
3. Alternatively, you can select Properties from the Window menu. In the Properties
window, click the Events tab. In the Events tab, you can view and edit events
handlers associated with the currently active GUI component.
4. You can have your application respond to key presses, single, double and triple
mouse clicks, mouse motion, window size and focus changes. You can generate
event handlers for all of them from the Events menu. The most common event
you will use is an Action event. (Learn best practices for Event handling from
Sun's Java Events Tutorial.)

How does event handling work? Every time you select an event from the Event menu,
the IDE automatically creates a so-called event listener for you, and hooks it up to your
component. Go through the following steps to see how event handling works.

1. Go back to the file NumberAdditionUI.java in the Editor. Click the Source tab to
see the GUI's source.
2. Scroll down and note the methods jButton1ActionPerformed(),
jButton2ActionPerformed(), and jButton3ActionPerformed()
that you just implemented. These methods are called event handlers.
3. Now scroll to a method called initComponents(). If you do not see this method,
look for a line that says Generated Code; click the + sign next to it to expand the
collapsed initComponents() method.
4. First, note the blue block around the initComponents() method. This code was
auto-generated by the IDE and you cannot edit it.
5. Now, browse through the initComponents() method. Among other things, it
contains the code that initializes and places your GUI components on the form.
This code is generated and updated automatically while you place and edit
components in the Design view.
6. In initComponents(), scroll down to where it reads
7. jButton3.setText("Exit");
 8. jButton3.addActionListener(new java.awt.event.ActionListener()
{
9. public void actionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt)
{
10. jButton3ActionPerformed(evt);
11. }
});

This is the spot where an event listener object is added to the GUI component; in this
case, you register an ActionListener to the jButton3. The ActionListener interface has an
actionPerformed method taking ActionEvent object which is implemented simply by
calling your jButton3ActionPerformed event handler. The button is now listening to
action events. Everytime it is pressed an ActionEvent is generated and passed to the
listener's actionPerformed method which in turn executes code that you provided in the
event handler for this event.

Generally speaking, to be able to respond, each interactive GUI component needs to

register to an event listener and needs to implement an event handler. As you can see,
NetBeans IDE handles hooking up the event listener for you, so you can concentrate on
implementing the actual business logic that should be triggered by the event.