“Any fool can know.

The point is
to understand.”
Albert Einstein

١ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

Data Communications
and Networking; 5th ed.;
Behrouz A. Forouzan;
McGraw-Hill; 2013

٢ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

IP addressing and Subnetting
 Learning outcome 
Understand the necessity of IP Addressing. ‫ﻓﮭم ﺿرورة ﻋﻧوﻧﺔ ال اي ﺑﻲ‬
Be familiar with IPv4 classes. ‫ ﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺋﺎت‬IPv4
Distinguish between public and private IP addresses and their
applications. ‫اﻟﺗﻣﯾﯾز ﺑﯾن ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن اﻻي ﺑﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ وﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬
Be familiar with the types of addresses that are used by the IPv4 and IP
v6 protocols. ‫ ﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧواع اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬IPv4 ‫ و‬IP v6.
Describe the IPv4 and IP v6 addressing format.
Make a comparison between IPv4 and IP v6 addressing schemes
capabilities.
Understand the necessity, the principles and the methods of
subnetting.
Be familiar with the concepts of Network Address Translation (NAT).
Understand how the address space is managed. ‫( ﻛن ﻋﻠﻰ دراﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﻔﺎھﯾم ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻧوان اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬NAT)
٤ .٤ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱوان‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢاﻟﻌﻧ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻖﺎل‬‫ﻣﺟ‬٦٧٦٧
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮرة‬
‫ إدا‬٠٣‫ﻓﮭم ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬

IP Addressing 
Every device that exchanges information using the TCP/IP
protocol suite needs a unique IP address. ‫ﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬IP ‫ﯾﺣﺗﺎج ﻛل ﺟﮭﺎز ﯾﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻣ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻋﻧوان ﻓرﯾد‬.tcp/ip
An IP header contains the IP addresses of a source node and
a destination node, respectively. ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي ﺗروﯾﺳﺔ اﻻي ﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻧوان اي ﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺻدر واﻟﮭدف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗواﻟﻲ‬
There are two IP addressing schemes. (32-bit IPv4 and 128-
bit IPv6) ‫ ھﻧﺎك ﻧوﻋﺎن ﻣن أﻧظﻣﺔ ﻋﻧوﻧﺔ‬IP. (32 ‫ ﺑت‬IPv4 ‫ ﺑت‬128 ‫ و‬IPv6)

 Note that always a unique IP address must always be

assigned to each host as client or server or router
interface (input port or output port).
‫ ﻣﻧﻔذ إدﺧﺎل أو ﻣﻧﻔذ إﺧراج‬- ‫ﻻﺣظ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺟب داﺋًﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﯾﯾن ﻋﻧوان ﻓرﯾد ﻟﻛل ﻣﺿﯾف ﻛﻌﻣﯾل أو ﺧﺎدم أو واﺟﮭﺔ ﺟﮭﺎز ﺗوﺟﯾﮫ‬
٥ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

Types of Addresses  ‫أﻧواع اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن‬

‫ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟﺑث اﻟﻌﺎم‬

‫ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎل اﻟرزﻣﺔ ﻣن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻷﺟﮭزة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ‬
.............................
IPV6 ‫وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟﺑث‬
‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑدﻻ ﻣن ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن‬
‫اﻟﺑث اﻟﻌﺎم‬
٦ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣
 D
D
Types of Addresses 
(C) Multicast:
S D ‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻟرزﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬
A packet is delivered to all ‫اﻟواﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻣﺣددة ﺑواﺳطﺔ ھذا‬
(C)
interfaces identified by that ‫اﻟﻌﻧوان‬
Possible
D D address
Destination
(D) Anycast: ‫ﺳﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻟﺣزﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺣدى‬
A packet will be delivered to ‫اﻟواﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻣدرﺟﺔ )اﻷﻗرب وﻓًﻘﺎ‬
S one of the interfaces listed ‫ﻟﻣﻘﯾﺎس اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
(the “nearest” one, according ‫)اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ‬

(D) to the routing protocols’

Nearest
Destination
Possible
Destination
measure of distance)
٧ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

IPv4 Addressing Scheme 
Classful: ‫ ﺑت إﻟﻰ ﻓﺋﺎت ﻣﺣددة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت واﻟﻣﺿﯾﻔﯾن‬32 ‫ ﯾﺷﯾر اﻟﺗﻘﺳﯾم اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻌﻧوان‬.............
The original segmentation of the 32–bit address into
specific classes denoting networks and hosts.
The IP address space divided into five different address
classes, Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E.
Each class fixes the boundary between the network-prefix
and the host-number at a different point within the 32-bit
address.

٨ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

 

Example 1
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to dotted-
decimal notation.

Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number (see
Appendix B) and add dots for separation.

٩ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

 Example 2
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal notation to
binary notation.

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent (see Appendix
B).

١٠ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

Example 3
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.

Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation is not allowed.
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱﯾط ﻣن اﻟﺗدوﯾن اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺗرﻣﯾز اﻟﻌﺷري‬
١١ .٤
‫ح ﺑﺧﻠ‬ ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﻣو‬
‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

2^0=1
Classful IP Address Formats  2^1=2
2^2=4
32 Bits
2^3=8
2^4=16
A 2^5=32
2^6=64
B 10 Networks Hosts 2^7=128
C

١٢ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

 Procedure of finding the address ‫إﺟراﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﻧوان ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗدوﯾن اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬

class in binary notation

١٣ .٤ IP addressing

Dotted‐Decimal Notation 

Divides the 32-bit Internet address into four 8-bit (byte) fields
Specifies the value of each field independently as a decimal
number ‫ﯾﺣدد ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻛل ﺣﻘل ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺳﺗﻘل ﻛرﻗم ﻋﺷري‬
The fields separated by dots. ‫اﻟﺣﻘول ﻣﻔﺻوﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘﺎط‬
Makes Internet addresses easier for human users to read and
write ‫ﯾﺟﻌل ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت أﺳﮭل ﻟﻠﻘراءة واﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن‬
١٤ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

Example 4
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.

١٥ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

 Number of blocks and block size in classfuI
Pv4 addressing
Class Number of Blocks Block Size Unicast

A 128 16,777,216 Unicast

B 16,384 65,536 Unicast
C 2,097,152 256 Unicast
D 1 268,435,456 Multicast
E 1 268,435.456 Reserved ‫ﻣﺣﺟوز‬
In classful addressing, a large part of the available
addresses were wasted ‫ ﺗم إھدار ﺟزء ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻧوﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻔﺔ‬
١٦ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

ClassfulI Pv4 addressing
In classful addressing, a large part of the available
addresses were wasted. ‫ ﺗم إھدار ﺟزء ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻧوﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻔﺔ‬
Classful addressing, which is almost obsolete, is replaced
with classless addressing.
In IPv4 addressing, a block of addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t /n in which x.y.z.t defines one of the addresses and
the /n defines the mask.
The first address in the block can be found by setting the
rightmost 32 − n bits to 0s.
١٧ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

IPv4 Addressing Scheme 
Classless:
The full address range can be used without regard to
bit reservation for classes. ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻧطﺎق اﻟﻌﻧوان اﻟﻛﺎﻣل دون اﻟﻧظر إﻟﻰ ﺣﺟز اﻟﺑت ﻟﻠﻔﺋﺎت‬.
is primarily not used in direct host assignment. ‫ﻻ ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﺑﺷﻛل أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﯾﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﯾف اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬
is directly applied to the routing tables of the
Internet and ISPs.
‫ﯾﺗم ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﮫ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟداول اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ ﻟﻺﻧﺗرﻧت وﻣزودي ﺧدﻣﺎت اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬

١٨ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

 Restriction  ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾد‬
To simplify the handling of addresses, the Internet
authorities impose three restrictions on classless address
blocks: ‫ ﺗﻔرض ﺳﻠطﺎت اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﯾود ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺗل اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﻘﯾﺔ‬، ‫ﻟﺗﺑﺳﯾط ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن‬
1. The addresses in a block must be contiguous.‫ﻣﺗﺟﺎورة‬
2. The number of addresses in a block must be a power of 2
(I, 2, 4, 8, ... ).
3. The first address must be evenly divisible by the number
‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺳﺎوي‬
ً ‫ﻗﺎﺑ‬
of addresses.
١٩ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

A block of 16 addresses granted to a small

organization

‫ﯾﺗم ﺗطﺑﯾﻖ اﻟﻘﯾود‬ We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block. The
‫اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن ﻣﺗﺟﺎورة‬. addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses is a power of 2
(16 = 24). This block of IP addresses is represented by:
205.16.37.32/28
٢٠ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

Example
A /28 block of addresses is granted to a small organization. We
know that one of the addresses is 205.16.37.39. What is the first
address in the block? What is its x.y.z.t/n representation?
Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32−28 rightmost bits to 0, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 0010000 0
or
205.16.37.32
The block representation is 205.16.37.32/28
٢١ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣
 Example
Find the last address for the block in The previous Example .
Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32 − 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111
or
205.16.37.47

٢٢ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

Another way to find the first address, the last address, and the
number of addresses is to represent the mask as a 32-bit binary (or
8-digit hexadecimal) number. This is particularly useful when we
are writing a program to find these pieces of information. The /28
can be represented as
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
(twenty-eight 1s and four 0s).
Find
a. The first address
b. The last address
٢٣ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

How many addresses in IPv6?

IPv6 Addresses:
2128=340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
≈ 3.4 x 1038
Surface area of Earth: 510,072,000 km2
Size of Atom: 10-10 m = 0.1 nm = 1 Angstrom (Å)
“Area of Atom”: 1 square angstrom (Ų)= 10-20 m2
Number of atoms on Earth’s surface: 510,072,000 km2 / 10-20
m2 = 5.1 x 1031
Number of IPv6 addresses for each atom on the surface
of the Earth: ~ 6.7 million.
٢٤ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣
 IPv6 – Internet for everything!

٢٥ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

IPv6 general address format 
‫ ُﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬:‫ﺑﺎدﺋﺔ اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
Global routing prefix: It is used to identify a special address, ‫ ﻣﺛل‬، ‫ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد ﻋﻧوان ﺧﺎص‬
‫ أو ﻧطﺎق‬، ‫اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺗﻌدد‬
such as multicast, or an address range assigned to a site. ‫ﻋﻧوان ﻣﻌﯾن ﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻣﺎ‬.

Subnet ID: This part is used to identify a link within a site. ‫ﺎ ﯾطﺳدﺗاﺧﺧدلم‬:‫فزاﻟءﺷﻟﺑﺗﻛﻌﺔرﯾاﻟﻔفر اﻋرﯾﺗﺔﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌر‬
‫ھذا اﻟﺟ‬
The subnet ID may also be referred to as subnet prefix or ‫ﺿﺎ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ‬ ً ‫ وﯾﻣﻛن أﯾ‬، ‫ﻣوﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻌرف اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ ﺑﺑﺎدﺋﺔ‬
simply "subnet". A subnet ID is associated with one link. ‫" اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ أو ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ‬
‫ ﯾرﺗﺑط ﻣﻌرف‬."‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ‬
Multiple subnet IDs may be assigned to one link. ‫ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ ﺑﺎرﺗﺑﺎط واﺣد‬،
Interface ID: An interface ID is used to identify an interface ‫ت‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻌﯾﯾن ﻣﻌرﻓﺎت ﺷﺑﻛﺎ‬
‫ﻓرﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة ﻻرﺗﺑﺎط واﺣد‬
on a link and needs to be unique on that link.
‫ﺑﺎط‬٢٦‫ﻻرﺗ‬.٤ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱرﺗﺑﺎط وﯾﺟب أن ﯾﻛون ﻓرﯾًدا ﻋﻠﻰ ھذا ا‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢﻠﻰ ا‬
‫ﺟﮭﻭﻓﻖﺔ ﻋ‬٦٧٦٧
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ وا‬
‫ﺣدﯾد‬٠٣‫ ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﻌرف اﻟواﺟﮭﺔ ﻟﺗ‬:‫ﻣﻌرف اﻟواﺟﮭﺔ‬

Fraction of Total IPv6

Leading Bits Allocation
Address Space
Unassigned (Includes special
0000 0000 1/256 addresses such as the Unspecified and
Loopback addresses)
0000 0001 1/256 Unassigned
0000 001 1/128 Reserved for NSAP Address Allocation
0000 01 1/64 Unassigned
0000 1 1/32 Unassigned
0001 1/16 Unassigned
001 1/8 Global Unicast Addresses
010 1/8 Unassigned
011 1/8 Unassigned

٢٧ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

 Leading Bits Fraction of Total IPv6 Allocation
Address Space
100 1/8 Unassigned
101 1/8 Unassigned
110 1/8 Unassigned
1110 1/16 Unassigned
1111 0 1/32 Unassigned
1111 10 1/64 Unassigned
1111 110 1/128 Unassigned
1111 1110 0 1/512 Unassigned
1111 1110 10 1/1024 Link-Local Unicast Addresses
1111 1110 11 1/1024 Site-Local Unicast Addresses
1111 1111 1/256 Multicast Addresses

٢٨ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

Types of Address Inscription 
IPv6 address is written in hexadecimal and consists
of groupings of 8 containing 4 hexadecimal digits or
8 groups of 16 bits each.
xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : xxxx
2001:0250:02FF:0210:0250:8BFF:FEDE:67C8
Leading zeros do not need to be written.
2001:250:2FF:210:250:8BFF: FEDE:67C8
٢٩ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣

Types of Address Inscription 
A double colon, at most one of which may appear in
any address, indicates multiple zero blocks.
FEDC: 0000:0000:0000:00DC:0000:7076:0010
FEDC:: DC:0:7076:10
Classless Interdomain Routing
IPv6 allows slash or CIDR notation.
FDEC::BBFF:0:FFFF/60
٣٠ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣
 Types of Address Inscription 
In mixed networks of IPv6 and IPv4, the last four
bytes of the IPv6 address are sometimes written as an
IPv4 dotted quad address.
FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:118.84.50.16
Unlike IPv4 with IPv6, all zeros and ones are legal
values for any field in an address.
٣١ .٤ ‫ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬٦٧٦٧ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮ‬٠٣