Picaxe Manual1
Picaxe Manual1
Picaxe Manual1
www.picaxe.co.uk
revolution
www.picaxe.co.uk GETTING STARTED
Section 1 2
Contents
About this manual ............................................................................................ 4
Software Overview ............................................................................................ 4
Software Comparison ........................................................................................ 5
Software Quick Choice Guide .............................................................................. 5
Third Party Software ......................................................................................... 5
Technical Support Forum ................................................................................... 5
Quick Start - Project Board PCB Preparation ......................................................... 6
Quick Start - Flashing an LED ............................................................................. 7
At a glance - specifications: .............................................................................. 8
At a glance - download circuit: .......................................................................... 8
At a glance - pinout diagrams (older parts): ........................................................ 9
At a glance - pinout diagrams (M2 parts): ......................................................... 10
At a glance - pinout diagrams (X2 parts): .......................................................... 11
What is a microcontroller? ............................................................................... 12
Microcontrollers, input and outputs .................................................................. 13
What is the PICAXE system? ............................................................................. 14
Building your own circuit / PCB ....................................................................... 14
What is a PICAXE microcontroller? .................................................................... 15
PICAXE chip labels ......................................................................................... 16
Superseded older PICAXE chips ......................................................................... 16
Which PICAXE chip? ........................................................................................ 17
Using the PICAXE system. ................................................................................ 19
PICAXE Starter Packs ....................................................................................... 20
PICAXE Project Boards .................................................................................... 21
Software Installation ...................................................................................... 22
Installation on RM CC3 networks ...................................................................... 22
Installing the AXE027 USB cable drivers ............................................................ 23
Downloading over a network using TCP/IP ......................................................... 24
PICAXE Power Supply ...................................................................................... 25
PICAXE-08M/08 Pinout and Circuit ................................................................... 27
PICAXE-14M2/14M Pinout and Circuit ............................................................... 28
PICAXE-20X2/20M2/20M Pinout and Circuit ....................................................... 30
PICAXE-18M2/18X/18M/18A/18 Pinout and Circuit ............................................ 32
PICAXE-28X2/28X1/28X/28A Pinout and Circuit ................................................. 34
PICAXE-28X2 Module (AXE200/AXE201) ............................................................. 36
PICAXE-40X2/40X1/40X Pinout and Circuit ........................................................ 38
USB Download Circuit ..................................................................................... 41
Serial Download Circuit ................................................................................... 42
Enhanced Serial Download Circuit ..................................................................... 43
Download Cables ............................................................................................ 43
Reset Circuit .................................................................................................. 44
Resonator ..................................................................................................... 44
Testing the System ......................................................................................... 46
Hard-reset procedure ...................................................................................... 47
Download Checklist ........................................................................................ 48
Understanding the PICAXE memory. .................................................................. 49
Parallel Task Processing ................................................................................... 59
Flowchart or BASIC? ....................................................................................... 63
BASIC Simulation ........................................................................................... 64
Interfacing Circuit Summary ............................................................................ 67
Tutorial 1 – Understanding and using the PICAXE System .................................... 68
Input / Output Pin Naming Conventions ........................................................... 69
Tutorial 2 - Using Symbols, Comments & White-space ......................................... 72
Tutorial 3 - For…Next Loops ........................................................................... 73
Tutorial 4 - Making Sounds .............................................................................. 74
Tutorial 5 – Using Digital Inputs ...................................................................... 75
Tutorial 6 – Using Analogue Sensors ................................................................. 76
Tutorial 7 - Using Debug ................................................................................. 77
Tutorial 8 - Using Serial Terminal with Sertxd ..................................................... 77
Tutorial 9 - Number Systems ............................................................................ 78
Tutorial 10 - Sub-procedures ............................................................................ 79
Tutorial 11 - Using Interrupts .......................................................................... 81
The next step - your own PICAXE project! .......................................................... 84
This first section provides general information for getting started with the PICAXE
system. No prior understanding of microcontrollers is required. A series of
tutorials introduce the main features of the system.
For more specific information, syntax and examples of each BASIC Command
please see section 2 ‘BASIC Commands’.
Software Overview
Revolution Education Ltd publish 4 software titles for use with the PICAXE
microcontroller chips. Two are free, the other two are low cost options.
AXEpad
AXEpad is a simpler, free version of the Programming Editor software for use on
the Linux and Mac operating systems. It supports the BASIC programming
method.
PICAXE VSM
PICAXE VSM is a full Berkeley SPICE circuit simulator, which will simulate
complete electronic circuits using PICAXE chips. The BASIC program can be
stepped through line by line whilst watching the input/output peripheral react to
the program.
Please see the separate Logicator manual for more details about the Logicator flowchart
programming method.
Software Comparison
Linux Version X
On Screen Simulation X X X
Key:
X = Supported
(X) = Supported, but more suitable product also available,
e.g. for the flowchart method of programming ‘Logicator for PIC
micros’ is recommended, but the ‘PICAXE Programming Editor’
may also be used in the legacy flowchart mode.
This peelable layer protects the user solderable pads during manufacture and
storage, to keep the pads clean and grease free.
Note also that the solder pads on our PCBs may now be a dull white “milky”
colour, not “shiny silver” as in the past. This is due to the more “environmentally
friendly” lead-free chemicals now used for plating RoHS compliant PCBs.
This is not a fault and the pad can still be hand soldered just as easily as the older
style ‘shiny’ solder pads. No cleaning is generally required prior to soldering.
1. Install the Programming Editor software from the CDROM (or download
from www.picaxe.co.uk).
2. Insert either the AXE026 serial cable into the 9 pin serial COM socket at the
rear of the computer or the AXE027 USB cable into an available USB port
(and install the USB driver when prompted - see the AXE027 datasheet for
more details).
3. Start the Programming Editor software (click Start>Programs>Revolution
Education>Programming Editor). Then click View>Options menu to display
the Options panel (this may also automatically appear on startup). On the
‘Mode’ tab select the correct type of PICAXE chip. On the ‘Ports’ tab also
select the appropriate serial COM port (the port where you connected the
serial / USB cable).
4. Connect an LED and 330 ohm resistor to the output pin 4 of the PICAXE
chip. On ‘home-made’ or prototype circuits connect the LED/resistor between
the output pin and 0V. On project boards (which have a Darlington transistor
buffered output) connect the LED/resistor between V+ and the output pin.
Ensure correct polarity of the LED.
5. Connect the PICAXE cable to the hardware.
6. Connect the 4.5V (3xAA battery) or 5V regulated power supply to the project
board. Do NOT use a 9V PP3 battery.
7. Using the software, type in the following program:
main: high 4
pause 1000
low 4
pause 1000
goto main
V+
output pin 4
330R
330R
project board
output 4
0V connection
At a glance - specifications:
Power Supply:
4.5V or 5V DC is recommended. Do not use 6V, 7.2V or 9V battery packs, these
could permanently damage the chip. For trouble-shooting use 3xAA cells only.
28X2/40X2 parts were also optionally available in special low power (1.8V to 3.3V)
variants called the 28X2-3V and 40X2-3V. Note that 4.5V or 5V will permanently
damage these special low power parts.
Outputs:
Each output can sink or source 20mA. This is enough to light an LED but will
not, for instance, drive a motor. Total maximum current per chip is 90mA.
Inputs:
An input should be above (0.8 x power supply voltage) to be high, below (0.2 x
power supply voltage) to be low. It is recommended, but not essential, to tie
unused inputs low via a 10k resistor.
ADC:
The ADC range is the power supply voltage range. The maximum recommended
input impedance is 20k. Unconnected ADC will ‘float’ giving varying false
readings. However ‘touch sensor’ pins must float (no pullup/pulldown).
Reset pin:
The reset pin (if present) must never be left floating. This will give unreliable
operation. Always tie high (ie to the positive supply) via a 4k7 or 10k resistor.
serial out
Above view
serial in
22k 0V
x x
x x a
10k
a
b
x
b PICAXE
c
c
PICAXE-08M
+V 1 8 0V
Serial In 2 7 Out 0 / Serial Out / Infraout
ADC 4 / Out 4 / In 4 3 6 In 1 / Out 1 / ADC 1
Infrain / In 3 4 5 In 2 / Out 2 / ADC 2 / pwm 2 / tune PICAXE-18X
ADC 2 / Input 2 1 18 Input 1 / ADC 1
PICAXE-14M Serial Out 2 17 Input 0 / ADC 0 / Infrain
Serial In 3 16 Input 7 / keyboard data
+V 1 14 0V Reset 4 15 Input 6 / keyboard clock
Serial In 2 13 Output 0 / Serial Out / Infraout 0V 5 14 +V
ADC 4 / Input 4 3 12 Output 1 Output 0 6 13 Output 7
Infrain / Input 3 4 11 Output 2 i2c sda / Output 1 7 12 Output 6
Input 2 5 10 Output 3 Output 2 8 11 Output 5
Input 1 6 9 Output 4 pwm 3 / Output 3 9 10 Output 4 / i2c scl
ADC 0 / Input 0 7 8 Output 5
PICAXE-18M PICAXE-28X1
ADC 2 / Input 2 1 18 Input 1 / ADC 1 Reset 1 28 Output 7
Serial Out 2 17 Input 0 / ADC 0 / Infrain ULPWU / ADC 0 / In a0 2 27 Output 6
Serial In 3 16 Input 7 / keyboard data ADC 1 / In a1 3 26 Output 5
Reset 4 15 Input 6 / keyboard clock ADC 2 / In a2 4 25 Output 4 / hpwm D
0V 5 14 +V ADC 3 / In a3 5 24 Output 3
Output 0 / infraout 6 13 Output 7 Serial In 6 23 Output 2 / hpwm B
Output 1 7 12 Output 6 Serial Out 7 22 Output 1 / hpwm C
Output 2 8 11 Output 5 0V 8 21 Output 0
Output 3 / pwm 3 9 10 Output 4 Resonator 9 20 +V
Resonator 10 19 0V
PICAXE-20M timer clk / Out c0 / In 0 11 18 In 7 / Out c7 / hserin / kb data
pwm 1 / Out c1 / In 1 12 17 In 6 / Out c6 / hserout / kb clk
+V 1 20 0V
hpwm A / pwm 2 / Out c2 / In 2 13 16 In 5 / Out c5 / spi sdo
Serial In 2 19 Serial Out
spi sck / i2c scl / Out c3 / In 3 14 15 In 4 / Out c4 / i2c sda / spi sdi
ADC 7 / Input 7 3 18 Output 0 / Infraout
Input 6 4 17 Output 1
Input 5 5 16 Output 2
Input 4 6 15 Output 3 PICAXE-40X1
ADC 3 / Input 3 7 14 Output 4
Reset 1 40 Output 7
ADC 2 / Input 2 8 13 Output 5
ULPWU / ADC 0 / In a0 2 39 Output 6
ADC 1 / Input 1 9 12 Output 6
ADC 1 / In a1 3 38 Output 5
Infrain / Input 0 10 11 Output 7
ADC 2 / In a2 4 37 Output 4
ADC 3 / In a3 5 36 Output 3
Serial In 6 35 Output 2
Serial Out 7 34 Output 1
(c) Revolution Education Ltd ADC 5 8 33 Output 0
www.picaxe.co.uk ADC 6 9 32 +V
ADC 7 10 31 0V
+V 11 30 Input 7 / kb data
0V 12 29 Input 6 / kb clk
Resonator 13 28 Input 5
Resonator 14 27 Input 4
timer clk / Out c0 / In c0 15 26 In c7 / Out c7 / hserin
pwm 1 / Out c1 / In c1 16 25 In c6 / Out c6 / hserout
pwm 2 / Out c2 / In c2 17 24 In c5 / Out c5 / spi sdo
i2c scl / spi sck / Out c3 / In c3 18 23 In c4 / Out c4 / i2c sda / spi sdi
Input 0 19 22 Input 3
Input 1 20 21 Input 2
PICAXE-14M2
+V 1 14 0V
(In) Serial In / C.5 2 13 B.0 / Serial Out (Out / hserout / DAC)
(Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.4 3 12 B.1 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / SRI / hserin)
(In) C.3 4 11 B.2 (In / Out/ ADC / Touch / pwm / SRQ)
(hpwm A / pwm / Out / In) C.2 5 10 B.3 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hi2c scl)
(hpwm B / Out / In) C.1 6 9 B.4 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / pwm / hi2c sda)
(hpwm C / pwm / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.0 7 8 B.5 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hpwm D)
PICAXE-18M2
(DAC / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.2 1 18 C.1 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(SRQ / Out) Serial Out / C.3 2 17 C.0 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(In) Serial In / C.4 3 16 C.7 (In / Out)
(In) C.5 4 15 C.6 (In / Out)
0V 5 14 +V
(SRI / Out / In) B.0 6 13 B.7 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(i2c sda / Touch / ADC / Out / In) B.1 7 12 B.6 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / pwm)
(hserin / Touch / ADC / Out / In) B.2 8 11 B.5 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hserout)
(pwm / Touch / ADC / Out / In) B.3 9 10 B.4 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / i2c scl)
PICAXE-20M2
+V 1 20 0V
Serial In 2 19 Serial Out (DAC)
(Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.7 3 18 B.0 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / SRI)
(In) C.6 4 17 B.1 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / SRQ / pwm)
(hpwm A / pwm / Out / In) C.5 5 16 B.2 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(hpwm B / Out / In) C.4 6 15 B.3 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(hpwm C / pwm / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.3 7 14 B.4 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hpwm D)
(kb clk / pwm / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.2 8 13 B.5 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hi2c sda)
(kb data / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.1 9 12 B.6 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hserin)
(hserout / Out / In) C.0 10 11 B.7 (In / Out / hi2c scl)
PICAXE-20X2
+V 1 20 0V
Serial In 2 19 A.0 / Serial Out (Out)
(ADC3 / Out / In) C.7 3 18 B.0 (In / Out / ADC1 / hint1)
(In) C.6 4 17 B.1 (In / Out / ADC2 / hint2 / SRQ)
(hpwm A / pwm C.5 / Out / In) C.5 5 16 B.2 (In / Out / ADC4 / Comp2+)
(hpwm B / SRNQ / Out / In) C.4 6 15 B.3 (In / Out / ADC5 / Comp2-)
(hpwm C / ADC7 / Out / In) C.3 7 14 B.4 (In / Out / ADC6 / hpwm D / Comp1-)
(kb clk / ADC8 / Out / In) C.2 8 13 B.5 (In / Out / ADC10 / hi2c sda / hspi sdi)
(hspi sdo / kb data / ADC9 / Out / In) C.1 9 12 B.6 (In / Out / ADC11 / hserin)
(hserout / Out / In) C.0 10 11 B.7 (In / Out / hi2c scl / hspi sck)
PICAXE-28X2
Reset 1 28 B.7 (In / Out)
{touch} (Comp1- / ADC0 / Out / In) A.0 2 27 B.6 (In / Out)
{touch} (Comp2- / ADC1 / Out / In) A.1 3 26 B.5 (In / Out) {ADC13 / touch / pwm}
{DAC / touch} (Comp2+ / ADC2 / Out / In) A.2 4 25 B.4 (In / Out / ADC11) {touch / hpwm D}
{touch} (Comp1+ / ADC3 / Out / In) A.3 5 24 B.3 (In / Out / ADC9) {touch}
Serial In 6 23 B.2 (In / Out / ADC8 / hint2) {touch / hpwm B}
{SRNQ} (Out) Serial Out / A.4 7 22 B.1 (In / Out / ADC10 / hint1) {touch / hpwm C}
0V 8 21 B.0 (In / Out / ADC12 / hint0) {touch / pwm / SRI}
Resonator 9 20 +V
Resonator 10 19 0V
(timer clk / Out / In) C.0 11 18 C.7 (In / Out / hserin / kb data) {ADC19 / touch}
(pwm / Out / In) C.1 12 17 C.6 (In / Out / hserout / kb clk) {ADC18 / touch}
{hpwm A / touch / ADC14} (pwm / Out / In) C.2 13 16 C.5 (In / Out / hspi sdo) {ADC17 / touch}
{touch / ADC4} (hi2c scl / hspi sck / Out / In) C.3 14 15 C.4 (In / Out / hi2c sda / hspi sdi) {ADC16 / touch}
PICAXE-40X2
Reset 1 40 B.7 (In / Out)
{touch} (Comp1- / ADC0 / Out / In) A.0 2 39 B.6 (In / Out)
{touch} (Comp2- / ADC1 / Out / In) A.1 3 38 B.5 (In / Out) {ADC13 / touch}
{DAC / touch} (Comp2+ / ADC2 / Out / In) A.2 4 37 B.4 (In / Out / ADC11) {touch}
{touch} (Comp1+ / ADC3 / Out / In) A.3 5 36 B.3 (In / Out / ADC9) {touch}
Serial In 6 35 B.2 (In / Out / ADC8 / hint2) {touch}
{SRNQ} (Out) Serial Out / A.4 7 34 B.1 (In / Out / ADC10 / hint1) {touch}
{touch} (ADC5 / Out / In) A.5 8 33 B.0 (In / Out / ADC12 / hint0) {touch / SRI}
{touch} (ADC6 / Out / In) A.6 9 32 +V
{touch} (ADC7 / Out / In) A.7 10 31 0V
+V 11 30 D.7 (In / Out / hpwm D / kb data) {ADC27 / touch}
0V 12 29 D.6 (In / Out / hpwm C / kb clk) {ADC26 / touch}
Resonator 13 28 D.5 (In / Out / hpwm B) {ADC25 / touch}
Resonator 14 27 D.4 (In / Out) {ADC24 / touch}
(timer clk / Out / In) C.0 15 26 C.7 (In / Out / hserin) {ADC19 / touch}
(pwm / Out / In) C.1 16 25 C.6 (In / Out / hserout) {ADC18 / touch}
{touch / ADC14} (hpwm A / pwm / Out / In) C.2 17 24 C.5 (In / Out / hspi sdo) {ADC17 / touch}
{touch / ADC4} (hi2c scl / hspi sck / Out / In) C.3 18 23 C.4 (In / Out / hi2c sda / hspi sdi) {ADC16 / touch}
{touch / ADC20} (Out / In) D.0 19 22 D.3 (In / Out) {ADC23 / touch}
{touch / ADC21} (Out / In) D.1 20 21 D.2 (In / Out) {ADC22 / touch}
What is a microcontroller?
A microcontroller is often described as
a ‘computer-on-a-chip’.
DE
F
CL
EA
The PICAXE system overcomes this problem by use of a much simpler, easy to
learn, BASIC programming language. Programs can also be created graphically by
use of the flowchart editor.
Output transducers are electronic devices that can be switched on and off by the
process block of the electronic system. Some of the output transducers of the
electronic toy are:
• a motor to make the eyes and mouth move
• a speaker to produce sounds
• an infrared LED (light-emitting diode) to send signals to other toys.
infra-red
receiver motor
light infra-red
dependent microcontroller transmitter
resistor
speaker
tilt switch
press switch
The PICAXE uses a simple BASIC language (or graphical flowcharts) that younger
students can start generating programs with within an hour of first use. It is much
easier to learn and debug than industrial programming languages (C or assembler
code).
Unlike other BASIC ‘module’ based systems, all PICAXE programming is at the
‘chip’ level. Therefore instead of buying an expensive pre-assembled (and difficult
to repair) surface mount module, with the PICAXE system you simply purchase a
standard chip and use it directly in your project board.
The PICAXE ‘Programming Editor’ software is free and so the only cost per
computer is the low-cost download cable. In the educational environment this
enables students to buy their own cable and for schools to equip every single
computer with a download cable. Other systems that require an expensive
programmer or ‘module’ are generally too expensive to implement in this way.
Finally as the PICAXE chip never leaves the project board, all leg damage (as can
occur when the chip is moved back and forth from a programmer) is eliminated.
If you wish to make your own PCB some reference designs are available at the
PCB section of the PICAXE website at www.picaxe.co.uk
PCB samples are available for educational use in the popular realPCB and PCB
Wizard formats.
The PICAXE bootstrap code is not available for programming into blank
microcontrollers. You must purchase PICAXE microcontrollers (rather than
blank, un-programmed microcontrollers) for use in the PICAXE system.
More recent M2 parts are custom parts ‘factory engraved’ with the full PICAXE
name. Other parts are simply ‘engraved’ with the Microchip part name.
Educational:
08 PICAXE-08M
14 PICAXE-14M (14M2 when released in 2011)
18 PICAXE-18M2
20 PICAXE-20M (20M2 when released in 2011)
Standard:
18 PICAXE-18M2
28 PICAXE-28X1
40 PICAXE-40X1
Advanced:
20 PICAXE-20X2
28 PICAXE-28X2
40 PICAXE-40X2
The following table shows the primary functional differences between the
available PICAXE microcontrollers.
All parts default to operation at 4MHz (8MHz for X2 parts). For use at higher
speeds please see the ‘setfreq’ command in part 2 of the manual.
The older 14, 18 and 20 pin ‘A’, ‘M’ and ‘X’ parts are no longer manufactured as they
have now been superseded by the M2 parts.
The older 28 and 40 pin ‘A’ and ‘X’ parts are no longer manufactured as they have now
been superseded by the X1 and X2 parts.
All these items are included within all the PICAXE ‘starter’ packs.
To run the AXEpad software you require a PC with a x386 Linux distribution or
Mac with OSX (10.2 or later).
The computer also requires a USB port (for AXE027 USB cable) or 9 pin serial
port for connecting the AXE026 serial download cable. See the USB/Serial Port
setup section for more details.
revolution
‘Help’ menu of the software.
(c) Revolution Education Ltd. Web: www.picaxe.co.uk 21
All rights reserved. Version 7.1 12/2010
www.picaxe.co.uk GETTING STARTED
Section 1 22
Software Installation
Computer Requirements:
To install the software you require a computer running Windows 95 or later with
approximately 50MB free space. Any computer that runs the Windows operating
system will work in textual ‘BASIC’ mode, however a Pentium 4 processor or later
is recommended for graphical flowchart work.
Installation:
1) Start up and log into your computer (some operating systems require that you
log in as ‘Administrator’ to install software).
2) Insert the CD, or download and run the installation file from the software
page at www.picaxe.co.uk
3) Follow the on-screen instructions to install the software. On older computers
you may be instructed to restart the computer after installation.
4) Insert the AXE026 cable into the 9 pin serial port at the back of the computer.,
or the AXE027 USB cable into the USB port. The AXE027 will require a
software driver when first used, a ‘New hardware found’ wizard will
automatically start (see the AXE027 datasheet for more details).
5) Click Start>Programs>Revolution Education>Programming Editor to start the
software.
6) If the Options screen does not automatically appear, click the View>Options
menu. On the ‘Mode’ tab select the size and type of PICAXE microcontroller
you are using. On the ‘Port’ tab select the appropriate serial COM port then
click OK.
The USB interface system is an intelligent system that requires the connected
device to automatically configure itself when connected to the computers USB
port. Although it is theoretically possible to build a USB version of the PICAXE,
the extra memory required would increase the cost of every single PICAXE chip by
almost £3 ($5).
Therefore an alternate system is used. The user purchases a one-off low-cost ‘USB
to serial’ cable (part AXE027), which is a special intelligent PICAXE cable that
allows chips to be programmed via the USB port.
(Please see the USB Cable (AXE027.pdf) help file for more detailed instructions.
This is available on the software page at www.picaxe.co.uk or the \USB folder of
the CDROM).
Notes:
• Windows 95 and NT do not support USB devices.
For further details please see the Serial Ethernet Connection software datasheet.
IMPORTANT NOTE - this manual describes use of the standard range (3-5.5V) parts.
The 28X2 and 40X2 parts are also optionally available in special low power (1.8V to
3.3V) variants. Use of a 5V supply on a 3.3V part will permanently damage it!
Do not use a 9V PP3 battery, this is above the maximum rating of the PICAXE
chip and will cause permanent damage. Note that most 3xAA and 4xAA battery
boxes use the same ‘press-stud’ style connector and battery snap/clip as a PP3 9V
battery. Note the provision of this style of clip does not mean that a project board
should use a PP3 9V battery, it is just unfortunate that all battery boxes use the
same style connector.
PP3 9V batteries are designed for very low-current, long term applications (e.g. a
smoke alarm or multi-meter). Although a PP3 9V supply regulated to 5V will
work for short periods with a microcontroller, it will drain very quickly when an
output device (e.g. LED, motor or buzzer) is connected. Therefore always use AAA
or AA battery packs rather than 9V PP3 batteries in microcontroller projects (as
used with many portable consumer goods e.g. CD players, LED torches etc.) Take
care when inserting PICAXE chips into your circuit to ensure they are the correct
way around. Take extra care with 18 pin chips, as if inserted ‘upside-down’ the
power supply connections will be reversed causing permanent damage to the
chip.
AA Battery Packs
Alkaline AA cells have a nominal voltage of 1.5V, so 3 cells will give 4.5V. If you
wish to use 4 cells, also use a 1N4001 diode in series with the battery pack. The
diode provides voltage polarity protection, and as the diode has a 0.7V drop the
microcontroller voltage will be an acceptable 5.3V (6V-0.7V).
Rechargeable AA cells have a nominal voltage of 1.2V, so 4 cells will give 4.8V.
Take care not to short circuit any battery pack, as the large short circuit current
may cause considerable heat damage or start a fire.
Never try to use a 9V PP3 battery with this circuit. The PP3 battery has insufficient
current capability and is not recommended for any PICAXE project work.
1N4001
>8V 78(L)05 +5V
regulator
+ +
In Out
100n 100u 100n 100u
0V 0V
input input
0V 0V
output output
IMPORTANT NOTE - this manual describes use of the standard range (3-5V) parts.
The X2 parts are also optionally available in special low power (1.8V to 3.3V) variants.
Use of a 5V supply on a 3.3V part will permanently damage it!
PICAXE-08 PICAXE-08M
+V 1 8 0V +V 1 8 0V
Serial In 2 7 Output 0 / Serial Out Serial In 2 7 Out 0 / Serial Out / Infraout
Out 4 / In 4 3 6 In 1 / Out 1 / ADC 1 ADC 4 / Out 4 / In 4 3 6 In 1 / Out 1 / ADC 1
In 3 4 5 In 2 / Out 2 Infrain / In 3 4 5 In 2 / Out 2 / ADC 2 / pwm 2 / tune
5V
1 8
22k
serial in
2 7 out 0
serial out
08
in / out 4 3 6 in / out 1
in 3 4 5 in / out 2
10k
1
2
3
0V
See the Serial Download Circuit section of this manual for more details about the
download circuit.
Notes:
1) The 10k/22k resistors must be included for reliable operation.
DO NOT leave the serial in pin floating as THE PROGRAM WILL NOT RUN!
2) Output pin 0 (leg 7) is used during the program download, but can also be
used as a general purpose output once the download is complete. On the
project boards a jumper link allows the microcontroller leg to either be
connected to the download socket (PROG position) or to the output (OUT
position). Remember to move the jumper into the correct position when
testing your program!
If you are making your own pcb you can include a similar jumper link or small
switch, or you may prefer to connect the microcontroller leg to both the output
device and the program socket at the same time. In this case you must remember
that your output device will rapidly switch on and off as the download takes
place (not a problem with simple outputs like LEDs, but could cause problems
with other devices such as motors).
PICAXE-14M2
+V 1 14 0V
(In) Serial In / C.5 2 13 B.0 / Serial Out (Out / hserout / DAC)
(Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.4 3 12 B.1 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / SRI / hserin)
(In) C.3 4 11 B.2 (In / Out/ ADC / Touch / pwm / SRQ)
(hpwm A / pwm / Out / In) C.2 5 10 B.3 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hi2c scl)
(hpwm B / Out / In) C.1 6 9 B.4 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / pwm / hi2c sda)
(hpwm C / pwm / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.0 7 8 B.5 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hpwm D)
PICAXE-14M
+V 1 14 0V
Serial In 2 13 Output 0 / Serial Out / Infraout
ADC 4 / Input 4 3 12 Output 1
Infrain / Input 3 4 11 Output 2
Input 2 5 10 Output 3
Input 1 6 9 Output 4
ADC 0 / Input 0 7 8 Output 5
5V
1 14
22k
serial in
2 13 out 0
serial out
in 4 3 12 out 1
in 3 4 11 out 2
14
10k
in 2 5 10 out 3
1 in 1 6 9 out 4
2
3 in 0 7 8 out 5
0V
See the USB / Serial Download Circuit section of this manual for more details
about the download circuit.
Notes:
1) The 10k/22k resistors must be included for reliable operation.
DO NOT leave the serial in pin floating as THE PROGRAM WILL NOT RUN!
2) Output pin 0 (leg 7) is used during the program download, but can also be
used as a general purpose output once the download is complete. On the
project boards a jumper link allows the microcontroller leg to either be
connected to the download socket (PROG position) or to the output (OUT
position). Remember to move the jumper into the correct position when
testing your program!
If you are making your own pcb you can include a similar jumper link or small
switch, or you may prefer to connect the microcontroller leg to both the output
device and the program socket at the same time. In this case you must remember
that your output device will rapidly switch on and off as the download takes
place (not a problem with simple outputs like LEDs, but could cause problems
with other devices such as motors).
PICAXE-20X2
+V 1 20 0V
Serial In 2 19 A.0 / Serial Out (Out)
(ADC3 / Out / In) C.7 3 18 B.0 (In / Out / ADC1 / hint1)
(In) C.6 4 17 B.1 (In / Out / ADC2 / hint2 / SRQ)
(hpwm A / pwm C.5 / Out / In) C.5 5 16 B.2 (In / Out / ADC4 / Comp2+)
(hpwm B / SRNQ / Out / In) C.4 6 15 B.3 (In / Out / ADC5 / Comp2-)
(hpwm C / ADC7 / Out / In) C.3 7 14 B.4 (In / Out / ADC6 / hpwm D / Comp1-)
(kb clk / ADC8 / Out / In) C.2 8 13 B.5 (In / Out / ADC10 / hi2c sda / hspi sdi)
(hspi sdo / kb data / ADC9 / Out / In) C.1 9 12 B.6 (In / Out / ADC11 / hserin)
(hserout / Out / In) C.0 10 11 B.7 (In / Out / hi2c scl / hspi sck)
PICAXE-20M2
+V 1 20 0V
Serial In 2 19 Serial Out (DAC)
(Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.7 3 18 B.0 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / SRI)
(In) C.6 4 17 B.1 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / SRQ / pwm)
(hpwm A / pwm / Out / In) C.5 5 16 B.2 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(hpwm B / Out / In) C.4 6 15 B.3 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(hpwm C / pwm / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.3 7 14 B.4 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hpwm D)
(kb clk / pwm / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.2 8 13 B.5 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hi2c sda)
(kb data / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.1 9 12 B.6 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hserin)
(hserout / Out / In) C.0 10 11 B.7 (In / Out / hi2c scl)
PICAXE-20M
+V 1 20 0V
Serial In 2 19 Serial Out
ADC 7 / Input 7 3 18 Output 0 / Infraout
Input 6 4 17 Output 1
Input 5 5 16 Output 2
Input 4 6 15 Output 3
ADC 3 / Input 3 7 14 Output 4
ADC 2 / Input 2 8 13 Output 5
ADC 1 / Input 1 9 12 Output 6
Infrain / Input 0 10 11 Output 7
Note pin C.6 is input only on the 20M2 and 20X2 parts. This is due to the
internal silicon design of the chip and cannot be altered.
5V
1 20
22k
serial in
2 19
serial out
in 7 3 18 out 0
in 6 4 17 out 1
10k
in 5 5 16 out 2
20
1 in 4 6 15 out 3
2
3 in 3 7 14 out 4
in 2 8 13 out 5
in 1 9 12 out 6
in 0 10 11 out 7
0V
See the USB / Serial Download Circuit section of this manual for more details
about the download circuit.
Notes:
1) The 10k/22k resistors must be included for reliable operation.
DO NOT leave the serial in pin floating as THE PROGRAM WILL NOT RUN!
PICAXE-18M2
(DAC / Touch / ADC / Out / In) C.2 1 18 C.1 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(SRQ / Out) Serial Out / C.3 2 17 C.0 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(In) Serial In / C.4 3 16 C.7 (In / Out)
(In) C.5 4 15 C.6 (In / Out)
0V 5 14 +V
(SRI / Out / In) B.0 6 13 B.7 (In / Out / ADC / Touch)
(i2c sda / Touch / ADC / Out / In) B.1 7 12 B.6 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / pwm)
(hserin / Touch / ADC / Out / In) B.2 8 11 B.5 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / hserout)
(pwm / Touch / ADC / Out / In) B.3 9 10 B.4 (In / Out / ADC / Touch / i2c scl)
PICAXE-18 PICAXE-18A
ADC 2 / Input 2 1 18 Input 1 / ADC 1 ADC 2 / Input 2 1 18 Input 1 / ADC 1
Serial Out 2 17 Input 0 / ADC 0 Serial Out 2 17 Input 0 / ADC 0 / Infrain
Serial In 3 16 Input 7 Serial In 3 16 Input 7 / keyboard data
Reset 4 15 Input 6 Reset 4 15 Input 6 / keyboard clock
0V 5 14 +V 0V 5 14 +V
Output 0 6 13 Output 7 Output 0 6 13 Output 7
Output 1 7 12 Output 6 Output 1 7 12 Output 6
Output 2 8 11 Output 5 Output 2 8 11 Output 5
Output 3 9 10 Output 4 Output 3 9 10 Output 4
PICAXE-18M PICAXE-18X
ADC 2 / Input 2 1 18 Input 1 / ADC 1 ADC 2 / Input 2 1 18 Input 1 / ADC 1
Serial Out 2 17 Input 0 / ADC 0 / Infrain Serial Out 2 17 Input 0 / ADC 0 / Infrain
Serial In 3 16 Input 7 / keyboard data Serial In 3 16 Input 7 / keyboard data
Reset 4 15 Input 6 / keyboard clock Reset 4 15 Input 6 / keyboard clock
0V 5 14 +V 0V 5 14 +V
Output 0 / infraout 6 13 Output 7 Output 0 6 13 Output 7
Output 1 7 12 Output 6 Output 1 / i2c sda 7 12 Output 6
Output 2 8 11 Output 5 Output 2 8 11 Output 5
Output 3 / pwm 3 9 10 Output 4 Output 3 / pwm 3 9 10 Output 4 / i2c scl
5V
4k7
in 2 1 18 in 1
serial out
2 17 in 0
22k
serial in
3 16 in 7
PICAXE-18
4 15 in 6
5 14
10k
out 0 6 13 out 7
1 out 1 7 12 out 6
2
3 out 2 8 11 out 5
0V
See the USB / Serial Download Circuit section of this manual for more details
about the download circuit.
Notes:
1) The 10k/22k resistors must be included for reliable operation.
DO NOT leave the serial in pin floating as THE PROGRAM WILL NOT RUN!
2) The reset pin must be tied high with the 4k7 resistor to operate on non-M2
parts. On 18M2 parts there is no reset pin, this is a general purpose input.
3) No external resonator is required as the chips have an internal resonator.
PICAXE-28X2
Reset 1 28 B.7 (In / Out)
{touch} (Comp1- / ADC0 / Out / In) A.0 2 27 B.6 (In / Out)
{touch} (Comp2- / ADC1 / Out / In) A.1 3 26 B.5 (In / Out) {ADC13 / touch / pwm}
{DAC / touch} (Comp2+ / ADC2 / Out / In) A.2 4 25 B.4 (In / Out / ADC11) {touch / hpwm D}
{touch} (Comp1+ / ADC3 / Out / In) A.3 5 24 B.3 (In / Out / ADC9) {touch}
Serial In 6 23 B.2 (In / Out / ADC8 / hint2) {touch / hpwm B}
{SRNQ} (Out) Serial Out / A.4 7 22 B.1 (In / Out / ADC10 / hint1) {touch / hpwm C}
0V 8 21 B.0 (In / Out / ADC12 / hint0) {touch / pwm / SRI}
Resonator 9 20 +V
Resonator 10 19 0V
(timer clk / Out / In) C.0 11 18 C.7 (In / Out / hserin / kb data) {ADC19 / touch}
(pwm / Out / In) C.1 12 17 C.6 (In / Out / hserout / kb clk) {ADC18 / touch}
{hpwm A / touch / ADC14} (pwm / Out / In) C.2 13 16 C.5 (In / Out / hspi sdo) {ADC17 / touch}
{touch / ADC4} (hi2c scl / hspi sck / Out / In) C.3 14 15 C.4 (In / Out / hi2c sda / hspi sdi) {ADC16 / touch}
PICAXE-28X1
Reset 1 28 Output 7
ULPWU / ADC 0 / In a0 2 27 Output 6
ADC 1 / In a1 3 26 Output 5
ADC 2 / In a2 4 25 Output 4 / hpwm D
ADC 3 / In a3 5 24 Output 3
Serial In 6 23 Output 2 / hpwm B
Serial Out 7 22 Output 1 / hpwm C
0V 8 21 Output 0
Resonator 9 20 +V
Resonator 10 19 0V
timer clk / Out c0 / In 0 11 18 In 7 / Out c7 / hserin / kb data
pwm 1 / Out c1 / In 1 12 17 In 6 / Out c6 / hserout / kb clk
hpwm A / pwm 2 / Out c2 / In 2 13 16 In 5 / Out c5 / spi sdo
spi sck / i2c scl / Out c3 / In 3 14 15 In 4 / Out c4 / i2c sda / spi sdi
PICAXE-28A PICAXE-28X
Reset 1 28 Output 7 Reset 1 28 Output 7
ADC 0 2 27 Output 6 ADC 0 / In a0 2 27 Output 6
ADC 1 3 26 Output 5 ADC 1 / In a1 3 26 Output 5
ADC 2 4 25 Output 4 ADC 2 / In a2 4 25 Output 4
ADC 3 5 24 Output 3 ADC 3 / In a3 5 24 Output 3
Serial In 6 23 Output 2 Serial In 6 23 Output 2
Serial Out 7 22 Output 1 Serial Out 7 22 Output 1
0V 8 21 Output 0 0V 8 21 Output 0
Resonator 9 20 +V Resonator 9 20 +V
Resonator 10 19 0V Resonator 10 19 0V
Input 0 / Infrain 11 18 Input 7 / Keyboard data In0 / Out c0 / Infrain 11 18 In7 / Out c7 / keyboard data
Input 1 12 17 Input 6 / Keyboard clock In 1 / Out c1 / pwm 1 12 17 In6 / Out c6 / keyboard clock
Input 2 13 16 Input 5 In 2 / Out c2 / pwm 2 13 16 In 5 / Out c5
Input 3 14 15 Input 4 In 3 / Out c3 / i2c scl 14 15 In 4 / Out c4 / i2c sda
5V
4k7
1 28 out 7
ADC 0 2 27 out 6
ADC 1 3 26 out 5
ADC 2 4 25 out 4
ADC 3 5 24 out 3
6 23 out 2
PICAXE-28
serial in
22k
serial out 7 22 out 1
10k 8 21 out 0
9 20
4MHz
1 10 19
2
3 in 0 11 18 in 7
in 1 12 17 in 6
in 2 13 16 in 5
in 3 14 15 in 4
reset
0V
See the USB / Serial Download Circuit section of this manual for more details
about the download circuit.
Notes:
1) The 10k/22k resistors must be included for reliable operation.
DO NOT leave the serial in pin floating as THE PROGRAM WILL NOT RUN!
2) The reset pin must be tied high with the 4k7 resistor to operate.
3) Resonator:
28X2 (optional) 4 (16), 8(32), 10 (40) or 16(64) MHz
28X2-5V (optional) 4 (16), 8(32), or 10(40) MHz
28X2-3V (optional) 4 (16), 8(32), 10 (40) or 16(64) MHz
28X1 (optional) 16MHz
28X 4, 8 or 16MHz
28 / 28A 4MHz
The 28X1 and 28X2 have an internal resonator (4 or 8MHz) and so the external
resonator is optional. On 28A and 28X parts it is compulsory.
The 28X2 has an internal 4xPLL circuit. This multiplies the external clock speed
by 4. Therefore an external 8MHz resonator gives an actual internal operating
clock frequency of 4x8MHz=32MHz.
IMPORTANT NOTE - this manual describes use of the standard range (3-5V) parts.
The X2 parts are also available in special low power (1.8V to 3.3V) variants. Use of a
5V supply on a 3.3V part will permanently damage it!
PICAXE-28X2 MODULE
{Out} Serial Out / A4 1 28 VIN (7-12V)
Serial In 2 27 0V
LED 3 26 Reset
0V 4 25 +5V
(timer clk/Out/In) C.0 5 24 B.7 (In/Out)
(pwm/Out/In) C.1 6 23 B.6 (In/Out)
{hpwm A/touch/ADC14} (pwm/Out/In) C.2 7 22 B.5 (In/Out) {ADC13/touch/pwm}
28X2-5V Module
{touch/ADC4} (hspi sck/hi2c scl/Out/In) C.3 8 21 B.4 (In/Out/ADC11) {touch/hpwm D}
part AXE200 {touch/ADC16} (hi2c sda / hspi sdi/Out/In) C.4 9 20 B.3 (In/Out/ADC9) {touch}
{touch/ADC17} (hspi sdo/Out/In) C.5 10 19 B.2 (In/Out/ADC8/hint2) {touch/hpwmB)
{touch/ADC18} (hserout / kb clk/Out/In) C.6 11 18 B.1 (In/Out/ADC10/hint1) {touch/hpwmC}
{touch/ADC19} (hserin / kb data/Out/In) C.7 12 17 B.0 (In/Out/ADC12 / hint0) {touch/pwm}
{touch} (C1- /ADC0/Out/In) A.0 13 16 A.2 (In/Out/ADC2/C2+) {touch/DAC}
{touch} (C2- /ADC1/Out/In) A.1 14 15 A.3 (In/Out/ADC3/C1+) {touch}
1 28 Connector for
2 27 AXE027 USB or
LED 3 26 AXE026 serial
4 25 download cable
5 24
6 23 5V 500mA low
32/64MHz 7 22 dropout regulator
Resonator 8 21
9 20
10 19 PICAXE-28X2
11 18
12 17
13 16 Reset switch
14 15
Notes:
The module is supplied in a 28 pin carrier socket. It is highly recommended that
the module is left in this socket at all times - ie use a separate socket on the
project board. Then if a leg is accidentally snapped off the carrier socket it is
possible to very carefully remove and replace the low-cost carrier socket.
AXE201/AXE200
The AXE201 and AXE200 are physically identical apart from chip and resonator:
AXE201 AXE200
- PICAXE-28X2 - PICAXE-28X2-5V
- 16MHz resonator - 8MHz resonator
(=64MHz operation) (=32 MHz operation)
The AXE201 also supports the additional new PICAXE-28X2 silicon features such
as touch sensors and additional analogue / pwm channels. These are marked
within the { } brackets above.
Power
Power can be supplied at 7-12V DC via pin 28. This is then regulated on-board
via a 5V 500mA low drop out regulator. The 5V output is available at pin 25.
Alternately a 4.5V or 5V supply can be connected directly to pin 25, leaving pin
28 unconnected.
Reset Switch
There is an on -board reset switch (with 4k7 pull up included on -board). The
module can also be reset by connecting the reset pin (pin 26) to 0V.
Downloads
Download can be made via the on-board socket (AXE027 USB or AXE026 serial
download cable) or via the Serial In / Serial Out pins.
LED
The LED pin (pin 3) connects to an on-board LED/330R resistor which then
connects to 0V. If left unconnected the LED does not operate, and hence draws no
current (sometimes desirable in battery based systems). To use the LED as a
power indicator simply connect the LED pin (pin 3) to 5V (pin 25). Alternately
the LED pin can be connected to an output pin and hence controlled by high /
low commands within the user program.
PICAXE-40X2
Reset 1 40 B.7 (In / Out)
{touch} (Comp1- / ADC0 / Out / In) A.0 2 39 B.6 (In / Out)
{touch} (Comp2- / ADC1 / Out / In) A.1 3 38 B.5 (In / Out) {ADC13 / touch}
{DAC / touch} (Comp2+ / ADC2 / Out / In) A.2 4 37 B.4 (In / Out / ADC11) {touch}
{touch} (Comp1+ / ADC3 / Out / In) A.3 5 36 B.3 (In / Out / ADC9) {touch}
Serial In 6 35 B.2 (In / Out / ADC8 / hint2) {touch}
{SRNQ} (Out) Serial Out / A.4 7 34 B.1 (In / Out / ADC10 / hint1) {touch}
{touch} (ADC5 / Out / In) A.5 8 33 B.0 (In / Out / ADC12 / hint0) {touch / SRI}
{touch} (ADC6 / Out / In) A.6 9 32 +V
{touch} (ADC7 / Out / In) A.7 10 31 0V
+V 11 30 D.7 (In / Out / hpwm D / kb data) {ADC27 / touch}
0V 12 29 D.6 (In / Out / hpwm C / kb clk) {ADC26 / touch}
Resonator 13 28 D.5 (In / Out / hpwm B) {ADC25 / touch}
Resonator 14 27 D.4 (In / Out) {ADC24 / touch}
(timer clk / Out / In) C.0 15 26 C.7 (In / Out / hserin) {ADC19 / touch}
(pwm / Out / In) C.1 16 25 C.6 (In / Out / hserout) {ADC18 / touch}
{touch / ADC14} (hpwm A / pwm / Out / In) C.2 17 24 C.5 (In / Out / hspi sdo) {ADC17 / touch}
{touch / ADC4} (hi2c scl / hspi sck / Out / In) C.3 18 23 C.4 (In / Out / hi2c sda / hspi sdi) {ADC16 / touch}
{touch / ADC20} (Out / In) D.0 19 22 D.3 (In / Out) {ADC23 / touch}
{touch / ADC21} (Out / In) D.1 20 21 D.2 (In / Out) {ADC22 / touch}
Not Connected
C.6
C.5
C.4
D.3
D.2
D.1
D.0
C.3
C.2
C.1
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
A.0
A.1
A.2
A.3
Reset
Not Connected
Not Connected
PICAXE-40X1
Reset 1 40 Output 7
ULPWU / ADC 0 / In a0 2 39 Output 6
ADC 1 / In a1 3 38 Output 5
ADC 2 / In a2 4 37 Output 4
ADC 3 / In a3 5 36 Output 3
Serial In 6 35 Output 2
Serial Out 7 34 Output 1
ADC 5 8 33 Output 0
ADC 6 9 32 +V
ADC 7 10 31 0V
+V 11 30 Input 7 / kb data
0V 12 29 Input 6 / kb clk
Resonator 13 28 Input 5
Resonator 14 27 Input 4
timer clk / Out c0 / In c0 15 26 In c7 / Out c7 / hserin
pwm 1 / Out c1 / In c1 16 25 In c6 / Out c6 / hserout
pwm 2 / Out c2 / In c2 17 24 In c5 / Out c5 / spi sdo
i2c scl / spi sck / Out c3 / In c3 18 23 In c4 / Out c4 / i2c sda / spi sdi
Input 0 19 22 Input 3
Input 1 20 21 Input 2
In c4 / Out c4 / i2c sda / spi sdi
In c2 / Out c2 / pwm 2
In c1 / Out c1 / pwm 1
Not Connected
Input 3
Input 2
Input 1
Input 0
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
PICAXE-40X
Reset 1 40 Output 7
ADC 0 / In a0 2 39 Output 6
ADC 1 / In a1 3 38 Output 5
ADC 2 / In a2 4 37 Output 4
ADC 3 / In a3 5 36 Output 3
Serial In 6 35 Output 2
Serial Out 7 34 Output 1
ADC 5 8 33 Output 0
ADC 6 9 32 +V
ADC 7 10 31 0V
+V 11 30 Input 7 / keyboard data
0V 12 29 Input 6 / keyboard clock
Resonator 13 28 Input 5
Resonator 14 27 Input 4
In c0 / Out c0 15 26 In c7 / Out c7
In c1 / Out c1 / pwm 1 16 25 In c6 / Out c6
In c2 / Out c2 / pwm 2 17 24 In c5 / Out c5
In c3 / Out c3 / i2c scl 18 23 In c4 / Out c4 / i2c sda
Input 0 / Infrain 19 22 Input 3
Input 1 20 21 Input 2
The minimum operating circuit for the 40 pin device is the same as the 28 pin
minimum circuit (altering the appropriate pin numbers as required).
See the USB / Serial Download Circuit section of this manual for more details
about the download circuit.
Notes:
1) The 10k/22k resistors must be included for reliable operation.
DO NOT leave the serial in pin floating as THE PROGRAM WILL NOT RUN!
2) The reset pin must be tied high with the 4k7 resistor to operate.
3) Resonator:
40X2 (optional) 4 (16), 8(32), 10 (40) or 16(64) MHz
40X2-5V (optional) 4 (16), 8(32), or 10(40) MHz
40X2-3V (optional) 4 (16), 8(32), 10 (40) or 16(64) MHz
40X1 (optional) 16MHz
40X 4, 8 or 16MHz
The 40X1 and 40X2 have an internal resonator (4 or 8MHz) and so the external
resonator is optional. On 40X parts it is compulsory.
The 40X2 has an internal 4xPLL circuit. This multiplies the external clock speed
by 4. Therefore an external 4MHz resonator gives an actual internal operating
clock frequency of 4x4MHz=16MHz.
IMPORTANT NOTE - this manual describes use of the standard range (3-5V) parts.
The X2 parts are also available in special low power (1.8V to 3.3V) variants. Use of a
5V supply on a 3.3V part will permanently damage it!
Note this circuit can also be used for the AXE026 serial cable. Therefore the same
circuit can be used with either USB or serial cable.
serial out
Above view
serial in
22k 0V
x x
x x a
10k
a
b
x
b PICAXE
c
c
Note that the two resistors are not a potential divider. The 22k resistor works with
the internal microcontroller diodes to clamp the serial voltage to the PICAXE
supply voltage and to limit the download current to an acceptable limit. The 10k
resistor stops the serial input ‘floating’ whilst the download cable is not
connected. This is essential for reliable operation.
The two download resistors must be included on every PICAXE circuit (i.e. not
built into the cable). The serial input must never be left unconnected. If it is left
unconnected the serial input will ‘float’ high or low and will cause unreliable
operation, as the PICAXE chip will receive spurious floating signals which it may
interpret as a new download attempt.
The minimum download circuit is shown here. This circuit is appropriate for
most educational and hobbyist work.
serial out
Above view
serial in
22k 0V
x x
x x a
10k
a
b
x
b PICAXE
c
c
serial out
serial in
22k 0V
10k
1 PICAXE
2
3
1
2
3
2. to PICAXE serial out
3. to PICAXE serial in
5. to PICAXE 0V
Note that the two resistors are not a potential divider. The 22k resistor works with
the internal microcontroller diodes to clamp the serial voltage to the PICAXE
supply voltage and to limit the download current to an acceptable limit. The 10k
resistor stops the serial input ‘floating’ whilst the download cable is not
connected. This is essential for reliable operation.
The two download resistors must be included on every PICAXE circuit (i.e. not
built into the cable). The serial input must never be left unconnected. If it is left
unconnected the serial input will ‘float’ high or low and will cause unreliable
operation, as the PICAXE chip will receive spurious floating signals which it may
interpret as a new download attempt.
180
serial out
Above view
serial in
22k 0V
x x
x x
10k
x BAT85 PICAXE
The BAT85 Shokkty diode operate at a lower device voltage than the internal
microcontroller diodes, providing a more accurate voltage reference. The
additional 180R resistor provides additional preventative short circuit and static
protection on the serial output pin.
Download Cables
The USB download cable (AXE027) is recommended for all modern computers.
It is compatible with any computer with a USB port.
All serial computer connection is via the serial port (9 pin D connector).If you
have a very old computer with a 25pin serial port, you require a 25-9 pin adapter
(part ADA010), which are also available from most high street computer stores.
Reset Circuit
All 18 (excluding 18M2), 28 and 40 pin PICAXE have a ‘reset’ pin. This pin must
be in the high condition for the PICAXE microcontroller to function. If this pin is
left unconnected the microcontroller will not operate reliably. To tie this pin high
connect a 4.7k resistor between the reset pin and V+ supply rail (do not connect
the pin directly to V+, always use a resistor). A reset switch is optional, but highly
recommended. This should be a ‘push to make’ type and connected between the
reset pin and 0V.
All 8, 14 and 20 pin PICAXE do not have a reset pin. Therefore to reset the
microcontroller the power supply must be disconnected and then reconnected.
Note that, when using capacitors in your supply circuit, these capacitors may hold
enough charge to keep the microcontroller powered for several seconds after the
power supply is disconnected.
Resonator
Different PICAXE chips have internal or external (or both) options:
28A - 4
28X - 4,8,16
28X1 4,8 4,8,16
28X2-5V 4,8 4 (=16), 8 (=32), 10 (=40)
28X2-3V 4,8,16 4 (=16), 8 (=32), 10 (=40), 16 (=64)
40X - 4,8,16
40X1 4,8 4,8,16
40X2-5V 4,8 4 (=16), 8 (=32), 10 (=40)
40X2-3V 4,8,16 4 (=16), 8 (=32), 10 (=40), 16 (=64)
All 28 and 40 pin PICAXE can use an external resonator (the resonator is internal
within the 08, 14, 20 and 18 pin PICAXE). Note that the internal resonator
within the 08,14,20 and 18 PICAXE is not quite as accurate as an external
resonator. Although this does not cause any issues with the majority of projects, if
a specialised project requires very high precision a 28 or 40pin PICAXE should be
used.
All parts default to 4MHz internal operation, apart from the X2 parts which
default to 8MHz internal operation.
The 28X2 and 40X2 contain an internal 4xPLL circuit. This means that the
internal operating frequency is 4x the external resonator frequency. The
maximum speed of these devices is therefore 64MHz (using a 16MHz resonator).
V+
output pin 4
330R
330R
project board
output 4
0V connection
1. Connect the PICAXE cable to the computer USB/serial port. Note which port
it is connected to (e.g. COM1 or COM6).
2. Start the Programming Editor software.
3. Select View>Options to select the Options screen (this may automatically
appear).
4. Click on the ‘Mode’ tab and select the correct PICAXE type.
5. Click on the ‘Serial Port’ tab and select the serial port (virtual COM port for
USB cable) that the PICAXE cable is connected to.
6. Click ‘OK’
7. Type in the following program:
main: high 4
pause 1000
low 4
pause 1000
goto main
(NB note the colon (:) directly after the label ‘main’ and the spaces between
the commands and numbers)
8. Make sure the PICAXE circuit is connected to the serial cable, and that the
batteries are connected. Make sure the LED and 330R resistor are connected
to output 4.
9. Select PICAXE>Program
A download bar should appear as the program downloads. When the
download is complete the program should start running automatically – the
LED on output 4 should flash on and off every second.
If your program does not download use the check list and hard-reset procedure
described in the next two sections to isolate the mistake.
Hard-reset procedure
The download process involves the PICAXE microcontroller regularly checking
the serial input line for a new download signal from the computer. This is
automatic and not noticed by the PICAXE user. However there can be rare
occasions when the PICAXE does not check the serial input line quickly enough
whilst running its program. These situations can include:
• Corrupt program in PICAXE (e.g. if power or cable removed part way through
a new download)
• Incorrect clock frequency (set by setfreq command)
• Pause or wait commands longer than 5 seconds used in program.
• Use of serin, infrain or keyin within program.
Fortunately it is very simple to resolve this issue, as the very first thing any
PICAXE chip does on power reset is check for a new computer download.
Therefore if you reset the PICAXE whilst a download is being started by the
computer, the new download will always be recognised. This process is called a
hard-reset.
Download Checklist
If you cannot download your program, check the following items. Remember
that all new PICAXE are pre-programmed and tested, therefore if a new chip does
not download it is generally a hardware setup issue.
If the program fails part way through a download this is generally a power supply
issue (or loose cable connection). Try with 3 new alkaline cells giving exactly
4.5V.
PICAXE microcontroller
• Is the correct PICAXE chip correctly inserted in socket
• Is a PICAXE chip (not blank un-programmed PIC chip) being used.
• Is a damaged PICAXE chip being used (e.g. chip that has had over-voltage or
reverse power supply applied)
• Is a smooth 4.5V to 5.5V DC supply correctly connected. TEST ON ACTUAL
CHIP V+ and 0V pins with a multimeter!
• Is the reset pin connected to V+ via 4.7k resistor (18 / 28 / 40 pin chips)
• Is the correct 3 pin resonator connected if required (28 / 40 pin chips)
• Are the serial download 10k/22k resistors correctly connected.
Software
• Latest version Programming Editor installed (v5.3.0 or later, see software page
at www.picaxe.co.uk for up to date information)
• Correct serial port selected (View>Options>Port menu).
• Correct resonator speed selected (if appropriate) (View>Options>Mode
menu)
• No conflicting serial port software running on computer (in particular PDA
type ‘hotsync’ software and interactive whiteboard software)
Program Memory.
Program memory is where the program is stored after a new download. This is
‘FLASH’ rewritable memory that can be reprogrammed up to (typically) 100,000
times. The program is not lost when power is removed, so the program will start
running again as soon as the power is reconnected.
On standard PICAXE chips (M2, X, X1) you can download around 600 to 1000
lines of BASIC code. On A or M revision parts you can download around 80 lines
and on educational parts around 40 lines. X2 parts support up to 4 programs of
1000 lines. Note these values are approximate as different commands require
different amounts of memory space. To check your memory usage use the
PICAXE>Check Syntax menu option.
On X1 and X2 parts 256 bytes of the program memory can also be ‘reserved’ as a
lookup table (e.g. for LCD messages). See the table / readtable commands in part
2 of the manual for more details.
Data Memory
Data memory is additional storage space within the microcontroller. The data is
also not lost when power is removed. Each download resets all data bytes to 0,
unless the EEPROM command has been used to ‘preload’ data into the data
memory. See the EEPROM, read and write command descriptions for more
details.
On the PICAXE-08 / 08M / 14M / 20M / 18 / 18M / 18M2 the data memory is
‘shared’ with the program memory Therefore larger programs will result is a
smaller available data memory area.
On all other PICAXE chips the data and program memory are completely
separate.
RAM (Variables)
The RAM memory is used to store temporary data in variables as the program
runs. It loses all data when the power is removed. There are four types of variable
- general purpose, storage, scratchpad and special function.
Variables are memory locations within the PICAXE microcontroller that store
data whilst the program is running. All this information is lost when the
microcontroller is reset.
For information about variable mathematics see the ‘let’ command information
in part 2 of the manual.
However for larger numbers two byte variables can be combined to create a word
variable, which is capable of storing integer numbers between 0 and 65535.
These word variables are labelled w0, w1 etc, and are constructed as follows:
w0 = b1 : b0
w1 = b3 : b2
w2 = b5 : b4
w3 = b7 : b6
w4 = b9 : b8
w5 = b11 : b10
w6 = b13 : b12 etc.
Therefore the most significant byte of w0 is b1, and the least significant byte of
w0 is b0.
In addition bytes b0 and b1 (w0) are broken down into individual bit variables.
These bit variables can be used where you just require a single bit (0 or 1) storage
capability.
You can use any word, byte or bit variable within any mathematical assignment
or command that supports variables. However take care that you do not
accidentally repeatedly use the same ‘byte’ or ‘bit’ variable that is being used as
part of a ‘word’ variable elsewhere.
Storage Variables.
Storage variables are additional memory locations allocated for temporary storage
of byte data. They cannot be used in mathematical calculations, but can be used
to temporarily store byte values by use of the peek and poke commands.
The number of available storage locations varies depending on PICAXE type. The
following table gives the number of available byte variables with their addresses.
These addresses vary according to technical specifications of the microcontroller.
See the poke and peek command descriptions for more information.
Scratchpad
PICAXE-20X2 128 0 to 127 ($00 to $7F)
PICAXE-28X1 128 0 to 127 ($00 to $7F)
PICAXE-28X2 1024 0 to 1023 ($00 to $3FF)
PICAXE-40X1 128 0 to 127 ($00 to $7F)
PICAXE-40X2 1024 0 to 1023 ($00 to $3FF)
The variable pins is broken down into individual bit variables for reading from
individual inputs with an if...then command. Only valid input pins are
implemented.
PICAXE-14M2/18M2/20M2 SFR
When used on the left of an assignment ‘pins’ applies to the ‘output’ pins e.g.
let outpinsB = %11000000
will switch outputs 7,6 high and the others low.
When used on the right of an assignment ‘pins’ applies to the input pins e.g.
let b1 = pinsB
will load b1 with the current state of the input pin on portB.
The variable pinsX is broken down into individual bit variables for reading from
individual inputs with an if...then command. Only valid input pins are
implemented e.g.
pinsB = pinB.7 : pinB.6 : pinB.5 : pinB.4 :
pinB.3 : pinB.2 : pinB.1 : pinB.0
The variable outpinX is broken down into individual bit variables for writing
outputs directly. Only valid output pins are implemented. e.g.
outpinsB = outpinB.7 : outpinB.6 : outpinB.5 : outpinB.4 :
outpinB.3 : outpinB.2 : outpinB.1 : outpinB.0
The variable dirsX is broken down into individual bit variables for setting inputs/
outputs directly e.g.
dirsB = dirB.7 : dirB.6 : dirB.5 : dirB.4 :
dirB.3 : dirB.2 : dirB.1 : dirB.0
See the ‘Variables - General’ section in Part 2 of the manual for more information
about @bptr, @bptrinc, @bptrdec
Note that pins is a ‘pseudo’ variable that can apply to both the input and output
port.
When used on the left of an assignment pins applies to the ‘output’ port e.g.
let pins = %11000011
will switch outputs 7,6,1,0 high and the others low.
When used on the right of an assignment pins applies to the input port e.g.
let b1 = pins
will load b1 with the current state of the input port.
To avoid this confusion it is recommended that the name ‘outpins’ is used is this
type of statement e.g.
let outpins = pins
The variable pins is broken down into individual bit variables for reading from
individual inputs with an if...then command. Only valid input pins are
implemented.
The variable outpins is broken down into individual bit variables for writing
outputs directly. Only valid output pins are implemented.
Note that pins is a ‘pseudo’ variable that can apply to both the input and output
port.
When used on the left of an assignment pins applies to the ‘output’ port e.g.
let pins = %11000011
will switch outputs 7,6,1,0 high and the others low.
When used on the right of an assignment pins applies to the input port e.g.
let b1 = pins
will load b1 with the current state of the input port.
To avoid this confusion it is recommended that the name ‘outpins’ is used is this
type of statement e.g.
let outpins = pins
The variable pins is broken down into individual bit variables for reading from
individual inputs with an if...then command. Only valid input pins are
implemented.
The variable outpins is broken down into individual bit variables for writing
outputs directly. Only valid output pins are implemented.
Note that pins is a ‘pseudo’ variable that can apply to both the input and output
port.
When used on the left of an assignment pins applies to the ‘output’ port e.g.
let pins = %11000011
will switch outputs 7,6,1,0 high and the others low.
When used on the right of an assignment pins applies to the input port e.g.
let b1 = pins
will load b1 with the current state of the input port.
To avoid this confusion it is recommended that the name ‘outpins’ is used is this
type of statement e.g.
let outpins = pins
The variable pins is broken down into individual bit variables for reading from
individual inputs with an if...then command. Only valid input pins are
implemented.
The variable outpins is broken down into individual bit variables for writing
outputs directly. Only valid output pins are implemented.
When used on the left of an assignment ‘outpins’ applies to the ‘output’ port e.g.
let outpins = %11000011
will switch outputs 7,6,1,0 high and the others low.
When used on the right of an assignment ‘pins’ applies to the input port e.g.
let b1 = pins
will load b1 with the current state of the input port.
The variable pins is broken down into individual bit variables for reading from
individual inputs with an if...then command. Only valid input pins are
implemented.
pins = pin7 : pin6 : pin5 : pin4 : pin3 : pin2 : pin1 : pin0
The variable outpins is broken down into individual bit variables for writing
outputs directly. Only valid output pins are implemented.
outpins = outpin7 : outpin6 : outpin5 : outpin4 :
outpin3 : out pin2 : outpin1 : outpin0
The scratchpad pointer variable is broken down into individual bit variables:
ptr = ptr7 : ptr6 : ptr5 : ptr4 : ptr3 : ptr2 : ptr1 : ptr0
The system ‘flags’ byte is broken down into individual bit variables. If the special
hardware feature of the flag is not used in a program the individual flag may be
freely used as a user defined bit flag.
When used on the left of an assignment ‘pins’ applies to the ‘output’ pins e.g.
let pinsB = %11000000
will switch outputs 7,6 high and the others low.
When used on the right of an assignment ‘pins’ applies to the input pins e.g.
let b1 = pinsB
will load b1 with the current state of the input pin on portB.
The variable pinsX is broken down into individual bit variables for reading from
individual inputs with an if...then command. Only valid input pins are
implemented e.g.
pinsB = pinB.7 : pinB.6 : pinB.5 : pinB.4 :
pinB.3 : pinB.2 : pinB.1 : pinB.0
The variable outpinX is broken down into individual bit variables for writing
outputs directly. Only valid output pins are implemented. e.g.
outpinsB = outpinB.7 : outpinB.6 : outpinB.5 : outpinB.4 :
outpinB.3 : outpinB.2 : outpinB.1 : outpinB.0
The variable dirsX is broken down into individual bit variables for setting inputs/
outputs directly e.g.
dirsB = dirB.7 : dirB.6 : dirB.5 : dirB.4 :
dirB.3 : dirB.2 : dirB.1 : dirB.0
The byte scratchpad pointer variable is broken down into individual bit variables:
bptrl = bptr7 : bptr6 : bptr5 : bptr4 : bptr3 : bptr2 : bptr1 : bptr0
See the ‘Variables - General’ section (manual part 2) for more information about
@bptr, @bptrinc, @bptrdec
The scratchpad pointer variable is broken down into individual bit variables:
ptrl = ptr7 : ptr6 : ptr5 : ptr4 : ptr3 : ptr2 : ptr1 : ptr0
ptrh = xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : xxxx : ptr9 : ptr8
See the ‘Variables - Scratchpad’ section (manual part 2) for more information
about
@ptr, @ptrinc, @ptrdec
The system ‘flags’ byte is broken down into individual bit variables. If the special
hardware feature of the flag is not used in a program the individual flag may be
freely used as a user defined bit flag.
However the new PICAXE microcontroller educational range (M2 parts) can now
simulate ‘parallel processing’ by repeatedly switching between a number of tasks
at very high speed. This is made possible by the increased operating speeds of the
newer parts - for instance running 4 tasks at 16MHz is approximately equal to
running one task at 4MHz. All tasks therefore ‘appear’ to be processed in parallel.
Parallel tasks are designed for educational use to simplify programming by
younger students. This is best demonstrated by example.
A student wants to build a bicycle alarm. Every 5 seconds an LED briefly flashes
to indicate the alarm is active. However when the chain (wire) is cut a buzzer
must immediately sound.
start0:
pause 5000
if pinC.2 = 1 then alarm
high B.1
pause 500
low B.1
goto start0
alarm:
high B.3
goto alarm
The correct single task solution is to break the large 5 second delay into much
smaller ‘chunks’ e.g. 50 loops of 0.1s (100ms) as shown in flowchart 2 overleaf.
Therefore the input is checked much more frequently and the alarm sounds
almost instantaneously. However this solution is not so easy to understand and
most students will not initially reach this solution without teacher guidance.
start0:
for b4 = 1 to 50
pause 100
if pinC.2 = 1 then alarm
next b4
high B.1
pause 500
low B.1
goto start0
alarm:
high B.3
goto alarm
Flowchart 3 below shows a simpler way to achieve the correct outcome using
parallel tasks. Task 1 simply flashes the LED whilst task 2 checks the switch. In
this solution the input is detected even faster than with the single task solution
above. This parallel task solution is also generally easier for students to
understand than flowchart 2.
start0:
pause 5000
high B.1
pause 500
low B.1
goto start0
start1:
if pinC.2 = 1 then alarm
goto start1
alarm:
high B.3
goto alarm
The commands are processed in a circular manner, for example with two tasks the
first command in task 0 is processed, then the first command in task 1 is
processed, then the second command in task 0 is processed and so on. Therefore
the processing core ‘cycles’ between the different tasks. During task ‘dead’
processing time (e.g. during delays such as within a pause command) the core
automatically realises that there is no current processing to be carried out within
that task and moves immediately onto the next task. Therefore the response of
another task is not affected by a pause delay.
The start (“top”) of the program is always task 0. This is the first task that is
started when the chip is reset. If desired an optional ‘start0:’ label may be used,
but this is also implied by default if not used. If used, ‘start0:’ must always be on
the very first line of program code.
Within BASIC programs the second task, task 1, is indicated by use of the ‘start1:’
label. Likewise task 2 is indicated by ‘start2:’ and so on. Within Logicator
flowcharts a new ‘start’ cell is simply dragged onto the flowchart to indicate the
new start positions.
The compiler automatically recognises the extra ‘start’ labels and therefore
switches the part into multi-task mode upon the new program download.
Each task has its own program counter and stack. Therefore sub-procedures can
be shared between different tasks if required, however this is not generally
recommended. There is one interrupt (setint command) which will interrupt all
current tasks.
Suspending tasks
It is possible to disable tasks during the program by use of the ‘suspend’
command. A suspended task can later be resumed by a ‘resume’ command within
a different task.
The task currently being processed is stored in a special user variable called ‘task’.
The ‘task’ variable is updated very time the core switches to a new task. Therefore
the command ‘suspend task’ will always suspend the current task. To have a
particular task suspended at reset simply make sure that ‘suspend task’ is the first
command within that task.
Take care not to suspend all tasks at the same time, or no processing will take
place! A particular task can also be restarted by using the ‘restart’ command. Note
that ‘restart’ does not reset the entire chip (use the ‘reset’ command to do this), so
variables etc. are not cleared by the ‘restart’ command.
‘Sleep’ and ‘nap’ commands switch off the core and place the chip into low power
mode. Therefore a nap or sleep command within any task will suspend all of the
tasks.
BASIC simulation
When simulating BASIC program the ‘Programming Editor’ software process all
tasks in parallel as expected, but only normally ‘traces’ (highlights on screen) the
BASIC code for one task at a time to avoid confusion. Task 0 is traced by default,
however a different task can be traced by including a ‘#simtask X’ directive within
the program. This directs the software to trace task X instead. ‘#simtask all’ is also
accepted and will rapidly highlight the line being processed in each task, which
can be confusing to watch!
Limitations.
Parallel tasking is primarily designed for simpler educational projects. It works
very well using simple input/output commands and programs that contain pause
commands within the tasks. This covers the vast majority of school educational
projects.
Parallel tasking is not designed for complex parallel tasks with each task trying to
use different advanced features simultaneously e.g. trying to use serial / infra-red /
1-wire communication protocols simultaneously in 3 different tasks! In this
situation the end user should use a single core program to process each advanced
feature in turn.
Commands that require total core processing to maintain critical timing integrity
(e.g. readtemp, sertxd, debug, serin, irin etc.) will ‘block’ the parallel tasking until
that command has finished/timed out. Therefore the other tasks will appear to
momentarily ‘hang’ during the processing of that command.
Due to the task cycling the timing between each command in a particular task
cannot be guaranteed, because different length commands within the other tasks
will be processed in the interval. This also means that the accuracy of pause
commands will be slightly decreased. If a program specifically requires high
timing accuracy a single task should be used instead.
The ‘setfreq’ command is not available in parallel task programs, as the core will
automatically switch the frequency as required to maintain a high parallel task
processing speed. However most commands will ‘appear’ to be operating at
4MHz, so commands such as pulsout/pulsin, serout/serin, count etc. should be
calibrated as for 4MHz operation. Background servo pulsing will continue to
operate, but may have a decreased accuracy with occasional ‘twitches’. The change
in background frequency may also affect background pwm pulse generation, so it
is recommended that single task mode is used for programs containing pwmout
commands.
Processing multiple tasks is much more complex than a single task and so in
parallel task mode the core requires use of additional dedicated RAM memory.
Therefore, on the 18M2 in parallel task mode only, bytes 128 to 255 of the user
RAM are reserved as additional RAM for use by the core. Bytes 0-127 are still
available to the end user via peek/poke commands. In parallel task mode the byte
pointer (bptr) on the 18M2 will therefore overflow back to 0 after 127 (it
overflows at 255 in single task mode). This does not apply to other M2 chips (e.g.
14M2, 20M2) as the silicon of these later developed chips was designed to
include more RAM for this purpose.
Flowchart or BASIC?
The Programming Editor and AXEpad software support textual BASIC
programming. Programming Editor also has a legacy simple flowcharting
interface, but this is no longer developed as it has been superseded by the more
user friendly Logicator flowcharting software.
The Logicator for PIC micros software provides a graphical flowchart method of
programming. It is widely used within schools.
All programming methods use the same BASIC commands and syntax. The
flowchart method simply provides a graphical way of joining the BASIC
commands together, to save typing in programs. Flowcharting uses a smaller sub-
set of the BASIC commands, and is generally used by younger students in the
educational environment.
Most hobbyist and experienced educational users prefer the textual BASIC
method of programming. It is much more powerful than flowcharts, which can
become very complicated for large programs.
Logicator has its own, separate, instruction manual. For further information on
the (now discontinued) simple flowchart programming method within
Programming Editor, please see the flowchart appendix at the end of this manual.
main:
low 1
high 3
pause 500
high 1
low 3
pause 500
goto main
BASIC Simulation
Simulations are available when using the ‘colour syntax’ mode. This option is
selected from the View>Options>Editor menu.
When a BASIC program has been entered, the simulation is started by clicking the
Simulate >Run menu (or pressing <Ctrl> + <F5>)
The main simulation panel is always displayed during a simulation, but varies in
appearance to match the current PICAXE chip mode (View > Options menu).
However similar functions apply in each case.
Inputs are shown as buttons with LED indicator. To change condition simply
click on the button. LED on indicates a logic level 1.
Analogue input values are shown in a grid and can be altered by the scroll up/
down buttons or by typing over the value directly (0-255). These are the
values used by the ‘readadc’ command.
The ‘generic’ value operates in a similar manner (0-65535) and is used by the
following commands as the input value: count, pulsin, readadc10,
readtemp, readtemp12 etc.
The reset (RST) button resets the simulation (program flow starts again from
top of the program and all variables are reset).
To single step a program place a breakpoint on the first line you want to study
and then click Run. From that point on use } to step through the program.
Display of the other available panels (upon simulation start) is determined by the
Simulate > Simulation Panels options.
Variables Panel
The variables panel shows the current
byte (b0, b1 etc) or word (w0, w1 etc)
variable values. To change a variable value
double click over the variable whilst the
program is paused. You can then enter a new
value.
Memory Panel
The memory panel displays the current
values of the data EEPROM or SFR or
scratchpad memory areas. For PICAXE chips
that also store the user program in the data
EEPROM the memory locations currently
used by the program are indicated with a ‘P’.
Simulation Options
Simulation Delay
This slider sets the time delay over each line as the program is simulated.
Highlight Labels
This option highlights and delays over labels that are on a line by themselves.
This slows down the simulation but enables the user to clearly see which label
has been jumped to.
Beep
This option simulates sounds with a beep instead of a sound. This is only for use
on older computers without a soundcard fitted.
Simulate LCD
Serout commands on the selected output will display a simulated LCD panel.
This simulation matches the standard AXE033 or FRM010 serial LCD commands
(custom characters, AXE033 clock and AXE033 alarm functions are not
simulated).
Simulate EEPROM
Adds a simulated 24LC16B or 24LC256 EEPROM for i2c commands.
output pin 4
PICAXE
0V
Digital Inputs 5V
Digital input switches can be
interfaced with a 10k pull down
resistor. The resistor is essential as it
prevents the input ‘floating’ when the
switch is in the open position. This
input pin
would give unreliable operation.
10k
PICAXE
Note the 10k resistor is pre-fitted to
the project board inputs.
0V
V+
Analogue Inputs
Analogue inputs can be connected in a
potential divider arrangement between V+
and 0V. The analogue reference is the
analogue ADC pin
supply voltage, and the analogue signal input
must not exceed the supply voltage.
PICAXE
0V
The program will start running on the PICAXE automatically. However the
program can also be restarted at any time by pressing the reset switch (if
available) or by cycling the power off and back on.
Therefore input and outputs pins were just referred to by their pin number
In the case of if...then statements which check the status of the input pin variable,
the naming convention of these input pin variables have changed in a similar
style from
if pin1 =1 then...
to
if pinC.1 = 1 then...
The name of the input pins byte for each port is changed from
pins
to
pinsA, pinsB, pinsC, pinsD
The name of the output pins byte for each port is changed from
outpins
to
outpinsA, outpinsB, outpinsC, outpinsD
The name of the data direction register for each port is changed from
dirs
to
dirsA, dirsB, dirsC, dirsD
This manual generally uses the newer PORT.PIN format in the examples unless an
example is specifically for an older part.
Please see the pinout diagrams for the chip you are using. Note that input /
output pin numbers used within commands are not the same as the physical leg
numbers!
This program uses the high and low commands to control output pin 4, and uses
the pause command to make a delay (1000 ms = 1 second).
The last goto main command makes the program ‘jump’ back to the label main:
at the start of the program. This means the program loops forever. Note that the
first time the label is used it must be followed by the colon (:) symbol. This tells
the computer the word is a new label.
(NB note the colon (:) directly after the label ‘main’ and the spaces between
the commands and numbers)
6. Connect an LED (and 330R resistor) to output pin 4. If connecting the LED
directly to a PICAXE chip on a proto (or home-made) board, connect the
LED between the output pin and 0V. When using the project boards (as
supplied within the 14, 18 and 28 starter packs), connect the LED between
V+ and the output connector, as the output is buffered by the darlington
driver chip on the project board. (Make sure the LED is connected the correct
way around!).
7. Make sure the PICAXE circuit is connected to the serial cable, and that the
batteries are connected.
8. Select PICAXE>Run. A download bar should appear as the program
downloads. When the download is complete the program will start running
automatically – the LED should flash on and off every second.
To simulate the program simply click the Simulate>Run menu. Each line of the
BASIC code will be highlighted as it is processed, and an on-screen graphic shows
the status of all input and output pins.
To change the status of an input simply click on the input button which is beside
the corresponding leg of the chip on the graphic.
Remember that comments (an explanation after the ; symbol) can make each
line of a program much easier to understand. These comments are ignored by the
computer when it downloads a program to the PICAXE
A label (e.g. main: in the program above) can be any word (apart from keywords
such as ‘switch’), but must begin with a letter. When the label is first defined it
must end with a colon (:). The colon ‘tells’ the computer that the word is a new
label.
This program uses the wait command. The commands wait and pause both
create time delays. However wait can only be used with whole seconds, pause can
be used for shorter time delays (measured in milliseconds (1000th of a second)).
It is also a good programming technique to use tabs (or spaces) at the start of
lines without labels so that all the commands are neatly aligned. The term ‘white-
space’ is used by programmers to define tabs, spaces and blank lines, and the
correct use of white-space can make the program listing much easier to read and
understand. See the example program on the next page, where code between the
for...next commands is also indented with a tab for clarity.
Note:
Some early BASIC languages used ‘line numbers’ rather than labels for ‘goto’
commands. Unfortunately this line number system can be inconvenient to use,
because if you modify your program by later adding, or removing, lines of code
you then have to modify all the line numbers within the ‘goto’ commands
accordingly. The label system, as used in most modern BASIC languages,
overcomes this problem automatically.
This program flashes the LED connected to output pin 1 on and off 15 times. The
number of times the code has been repeated is stored in the general purpose
RAM memory of the PICAXE chip using variable b1 (the PICAXE contains 14
general purpose byte variables labelled b0 to b13). These variables can also be
renamed using the symbol command to make them easier to remember.
main:
for counter = 1 to 15 ; start a for...next loop
high LED ; switch pin 4 high
pause 500 ; wait for 0.5 second
low LED ; switch pin 4 low
pause 500 ; wait for 0.5 second
next counter ; end of for...next loop
Note again how white-space (extra spaces) has been used to clearly show all the
commands that are contained between the for and next commands.
main:
sound B.2,(50,100) ; freq 50, length 100
sound B.2,(100,100) ; freq 100, length 100
0V
sound B.2,(120,100) ; freq 120, length 100
pause 1000 ; wait 1 second
goto main ; loop back to start
To test this program you must add a piezo sounder between the output pin (in
this case output 2) and 0V. Note that on the project boards (supplied in the
PICAXE-14, 18 and 28 starter packs) fitted with a Darlington driver the piezo
must be connected directly to the PICAXE output pin (not the buffered output
connection).
The first number provides the pin number (in this case output 2). The next
number (in brackets) is the tone, followed by the duration. The higher the tone
number the higher pitch the sound (note that only valid tones are 0 to 127).
The following program uses a for…next loop to produce 120 different sounds.
main:
for b0 = 1 to 120 ; start a for...next loop
sound B.2,(b0,50) ; make a sound, freq from b0
next b0 ; next loop
end
The following program does the same task but backwards, by using step value of -
1 (rather than the default of +1 as above).
main:
for b0 = 120 to 1 step -1 ; count down in loop
sound B.2,(b0,50) ; make a sound. freq from b0
next b0 ; next loop
end
• microswitches
• push and rocker switches
• reed switches
This program below shows how to react to switch pushes. In this program output
pin 4 flashes every time the push switch on input pin 3 is pushed. Note that if
using an 18 pin chip you should select a different input pin (e.g. pin0, as pin3
does not exist on this size chip).
In this program the first three lines make up a continuous loop. If the input is off
(=0) the program just loops around time and time again. If the switch is on (=1)
the program jumps to the label called ‘flash’. The program then flashes output 4
on for two seconds before returning to the main loop.
Note carefully the spelling in the if…then line – pin3 is all one word (without a
space). This is because pin3 is the name of a variable that contains the data from
the input pin. Note also that only the label is placed after the command then.
Two switches (or more) can be combined by the AND or OR key words.
To isolate individual pins (e.g. 6 and 7) within the port, mask the pins variable
with an & (logical AND) statement
let b1 = pinsC & %11000000
Voltage
varying voltage signal. This
voltage signal can be
represented by a number in dark
DS18B20 input
representing the correct value is to be pin
The counting system used in everyday activities is the decimal system. This
number system uses the ten familiar digits 0 to 9 to explain how big or small the
number is.
A single binary digit is referred to a bit (binary digit). The PICAXE systems use 8
bits (1 byte), with the least significant bit (LSB), bit 0, on the right hand side and
the most significant bit (MSB), bit 7, on the left hand side.
Therefore the binary number %11001000 means set bits 7,6,3 high (1) and the
others low (0). The % sign tells the computer you are working in binary instead
of decimal.
This means that all 8 outputs can be controlled at the same time, instead of
multiple high and low commands. The following program demonstrates how to
make the seven segment display on the AXE050 tutorial board count from 0 to 9.
main:
let pinsB = %00111111 ; digit 0
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %00000110 ; digit 1
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %01011011 ; digit 2
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %01001111 ; digit 3
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %01100110 ; digit 4
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %01101101 ; digit 5
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %01111101 ; digit 6
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %00000111 ; digit 7
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %01111111 ; digit 8
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
let pinsB = %01101111 ; digit 9
pause 250 ; wait 0.25 second
goto main
Each ‘let pins=’ line changes the number of bars that are lit on the seven segment
display on the tutorial board. This is quicker, and more memory efficient, than
using lots of ‘high’ and ‘low’ commands.
Tutorial 10 - Sub-procedures
A sub-procedure is a separate ‘mini-program’ that can be called from the main
program. Once the sub-procedure has been carried out the main program
continues.
Sub-procedures are often used to separate the program into small sections to
make it easier to understand. Sub-procedures that complete common tasks can
also be copied from program to program to save time.
The X part PICAXE microcontrollers support 255 sub-procedures. All other parts
support 15 sub-procedures.
The following program uses two sub-procedures to separate the two main
sections of the program( ‘flash’ and ‘noise’).
noise:
high buzzer ; buzzer on
pause 2000 ; wait 2 seconds
low buzzer ; buzzer off
return ; return from the sub-procedure
This second program shows how a variable can be used to transfer information
into a sub-procedure. In this case variable b2 is used to tell the microcontroller to
flash 5, and then 15, times.
The interrupt inputs condition is any pattern of ‘0’s and ‘1’s on the input port,
masked by the byte ‘mask’. Therefore any bits masked by a ‘0’ in byte mask will be
ignored.
e.g.
to interrupt on input1 high only
setint %00000010,%00000010
to interrupt on input1 low only
setint %00000000,%00000010
to interrupt on input0 high, input1 high and input 2 low
setint %00000011,%00000111
etc.
Only one input pattern is allowed at any time. To disable the interrupt execute a
SETINT command with the value 0 as the mask byte.
Notes:
1) Every program which uses the SETINT command must have a corresponding
interrupt: sub-procedure (terminated with a return command) at the bottom
of the program.
2) When the interrupt occurs, the interrupt is permanently disabled. Therefore to
re-enable the interrupt (if desired) a SETINT command must be used within
the interrupt: sub-procedure itself. The interrupt will not be enabled until the
‘return’ command is executed.
3) If the interrupt is re-enabled and the interrupt condition is not cleared within
the sub-procedure, a second interrupt may occur immediately upon the return
command.
4) After the interrupt code has executed, program execution continues at the
next program line in the main program. In the case of the interrupted pause,
wait, play or tune command, any remaining time delay is ignored and the
program continues with the next program line.
The second number, the ‘input mask’, defines which pins are to be checked to see
if an interrupt is to be generated ...
- %00000001 will check input pin 0
- %00000010 will check input pin 1
- %01000000 will check input pin 6
- %10000000 will check input pin 7
- etc
These can also be combined to check a number of input pins at the same time...
- %00000011 will check input pins 1 and 0
- %10000100 will check input pins 7 and 2
Having decided which pins you want to use for the interrupt, the first number
(inputs value) states whether you want the interrupt to occur when those
particular inputs are on (1) or off (0).
Once a SETINT is active, the PICAXE monitors the pins you have specified in
‘input mask’ where a ‘1’ is present, ignoring the other pins.
An input mask of %10000100 will check pins 7 and 2 and create a value of
%a0000b00 where bit ‘a’ will be 1 if pin 7 is high and 0 if low, and bit ‘b’ will be
1 if pin 2 is high and 0 if low.
The ‘compare with value’, the first argument of the SETINT command, is what
this created value is compared with, and if the two match, then the interrupt will
occur, if they don’t match then the interrupt won’t occur.
If the ‘input mask’ is %10000100, pins 7 and 2, then the valid ‘compare with
value’ can be one of the following ...
So, if you want to generate an interrupt whenever Pin 7 is high and Pin 2 is low,
the ‘input mask’ is %10000100 and the ‘compare with value’ is %10000000,
giving a SETINT command of ...
- SETINT %10000000,%10000100
The interrupt will then occur when, and only when, pin 7 is high and pin 2 is
low. If pin 7 is low or pin 2 is high the interrupt will not happen as two pins are
‘looked at’ in the mask.
Example:
setint %10000000,%10000000
‘ activate interrupt when pinC.7 only goes high
main:
low B.1 ; switch output 1 off
pause 2000 ; wait 2 seconds
goto main ; loop back to start
interrupt:
high B.1 ; switch output 1 on
if pinC.7 = 1 then interrupt ; loop here until the
; interrupt cleared
pause 2000 ; wait 2 seconds
setint %10000000,%10000000 ; re-activate interrupt
return ; return from sub
In this example an LED on output 1 will light immediately the input is switched
high. With a standard if pin7 =1 then.... type statement the program could take
up to two seconds to light the LED as the if statement is not processed during the
pause 2000 delay time in the main program loop (standard program shown
below for comparison).
main:
low B.1 ; switch output 1 off
pause 2000 ; wait 2 seconds
if pinC.7 = 1 then sw_on
goto main ; loop back to start
sw_on:
high B.1 ; switch output 1 on
if pinC.7 = 1 then sw_on
; loop here until the condition is cleared
pause 2000 ; wait 2 seconds
goto main ; back to main loop
Make sure you also study sections 2 (BASIC Commands) and 3 (Microcontroller
Interfacing Circuits) of the manual for additional information.
There are a large range of project ideas and examples within the Help files of the
Programming Editor software. Studying these exemplar projects will provide
further ideas, as will looking at the very active forum within the technical support
section of the main PICAXE website (www.picaxe.forumco.uk). The forum has a
very large community of helpful PICAXE enthusiasts who can always lend a hand
if you are struggling with a project!
There is no limit to how creative PICAXE users can be! Have a go at your own
project, you might be surprised how quickly you can start developing exciting
microcontroller based electronic projects!
PICAXE-40X/40X1/40X2 Commands
Output high, low, toggle, pulsout, let pins = ,
Input if...then, if portA…then, if portC then…, pulsin, button,
Counting count
ADC readadc, readadc10
Portc config. let dirsc =
Portc output high portc, low portc, let pinsc =
PWM pwmout
RAM peek, poke
Sound sound
Serial serin, serout
Program Flow goto, gosub, return, branch
Loops for...next
Mathematics let (+, -, *, **, /, //, max, min, &, |, ^, &/, |/, ^/ )
Variables if...then, random, lookdown, lookup
Data memory eeprom, write, read
Delays pause, wait, nap, sleep, end
Miscellaneous symbol, debug
Interrupt setint
Servo Control servo
Infrared infrain
Temperature readtemp, readtemp12
1-wire Serial No readowsn
Keyboard keyin, keyled
With the -08, -18 the internal resonator is fixed at 4MHz and cannot be altered.
With the -08M, -14M, -18A, -18M, -18X the internal resonator has a default value
of 4MHz. However it can be increased by the user to 8MHz via use of the ‘setfreq
m8’ command.
With the -28 and -28A an external 4MHz resonator must be used.
With the -28X / -40X an external 4MHz 3 pin ceramic resonator is normally
used, but it is also possible to use a faster resonator (8 or 16Mhz), although this
will affect the operation of some of the commands.
With the -28X1 / -40X1 the internal resonator has a default value of 4MHz.
However it can be increased by the user to 8MHz via use of the ‘setfreq m8’
command or to an external 16/20MHz 3 pin ceramic resonator via use of the
‘setfreq em16 (em20)’ command.
• count
• debug
• readi2c, writei2c, i2cin, i2cout
• pause, wait
• pulsin, pulsout
• pwm. pwmout
• serin, serout, sertxd, serrxd, hsersetup, hserin, hserout
• sound
Note that nap, doze and sleep are not affected by resonator speed as they use
their own, separate, internal timer.
The following commands will not work at 8 or 16MHz due to timing issues with
the external device listed. Note that M2, X1 and X2 parts automatically switch to
internal 4MHz operation to process these commands, so the external frequency
can be higher.
The PICAXE-14M is a very versatile device. In it’s default state, which is designed
primarily for educational use, it has a simple, clean ‘inputs on left’ - ‘outputs on
right’ layout.
However more advanced users can re-configure the bottom 3 pins on each side to
be either inputs or outputs. This has added advantages as follows:
- more flexible quantity of inputs and outputs
- more ADC channels become available
- the option to use pwmout via the pwmout and hpwm commands
The diagram above shows the advanced function of each pin. The 6 pins are
arranged in a ‘port’ (portC) with bits labelled C0-C5. Note that the portC bit
numbers do not correspond to the normal input/output numbers (or even the leg
numbers!). Study the pinout diagram very carefully!
It is not possible to access the portc pins C3-C5 with any other ‘output’ type
commands (serout, pulsout etc). Therefore when used as outputs these pins
should be reserved as simple on/off outputs. Remember that C0-C2 are normal
outputs (3-5) anyway, and so can be used with any output command.
To make the pin an input you must use ‘let dirsc = ‘ as described above.
It is not possible to access the portc pins with any other ‘input’ type commands
(count, pulsin etc). Therefore these pins should be reserved as simple on/off
switches.
Note that ‘dirsc’ uses the common BASIC notation 0 for input and 1 for output.
Pin 0 must always be an output, and pin 3 must always be an input (this is due to
the internal construction of the microcontroller). The other 3 pins can be selected
to be inputs or outputs, and so the user can select any input/output combination
between the limits of 1 input-4 outputs and 4 inputs-1 output.
If you are making your own pcb you can include a similar jumper link or small
switch, or you may prefer to connect the microcontroller leg to both the output
device and the program socket at the same time. In this case you must remember
that your output device will rapidly switch on and off as the download takes
place (not a problem with simple outputs like LEDs, but could cause problems
with other devices such as motors).
Therefore the simplest way to setup outputs is just to put a ‘low’ command at the
start of the program for each output pin. This tells the microcontroller to make
the pin an output, and to make sure the output is condition low (off).
The input and output commands have no effect on pin 0 (output) and pin 3
(input), which cannot be altered.
PORTA Functions
Leg Default Function Second Function
2 analogue 0 porta input 0
3 analogue 1 porta input 1
4 analogue 2 porta input 2
5 analogue porta input 3
PORTB Functions
PORTB pins are fixed as outputs and cannot be altered.
PORTC Functions
Leg Default Second Function Special Function
11 input 0 output portc 0infrared (input)
12 input 1 output portc 1pwm 1 (output)
13 input 2 output portc 2pwm 2 (output)
14 input 3 output portc 3i2c scl clock (input)
15 input 4 output portc 4i2c sda data (input)
16 input 5 output portc 5
17 input 6 output portc 6keyboard clock (input)
18 input 7 output portc 7keyboard data (input)
The portC pins can be used as the default inputs, changed to outputs, or used
with their special function via use of the infrain, keyin, i2cslave, or pwmout
command as appropriate.
It is not possible to access the portA pins with any other ‘input’ type commands
(count, pulsin etc). Therefore these pins should be reserved as simple on/off
switches.
Note that ‘dirsc’ uses the common BASIC notation 0 for input and 1 for output.
(Advanced - If you are more familiar with assembler code programming you may
prefer to use the command ‘let trisc =’ instead, as this uses the inverted assembler
notation - 1 for input and 0 for output. Do not attempt to directly
poke the trisc register (poke command) as the PICAXE bootstrap refreshes the
register setting regularly).
PORTC Functions
Leg Default Second Function Special Function
15 input portc 0 output portc 0
16 input portc 1 output portc 1pwm 1 (output)
17 input portc 2 output portc 2pwm 2 (output)
18 input portc 3 output portc 3i2c scl clock (input)
23 input portc 4 output portc 4i2c sda data (input)
24 input portc 5 output portc 5
25 input portc 6 output portc 6
26 input portc 7 output portc 7
The portC pins can be used as the default inputs, changed to outputs, or used
with their special function via use of the i2cslave or pwmout command
PORTD Functions
Leg Default Function Special Function
19 input 0 infrared (input)
20 input 1
21 input 2
22 input 3
27 input 4
28 input 5
29 input 6 keyboard clock (input)
30 input 7 keyboard data (input)
It is not possible to access the portA pins with any other ‘input’ type commands
(count, pulsin etc). Therefore these pins should be reserved as simple on/off
switches.
(Advanced - If you are more familiar with assembler code programming you may
prefer to use the command ‘let trisc =’ instead, as this uses the inverted assembler
notation - 1 for input and 0 for output. Do not attempt to directly
poke the trisc register (poke command) as the PICAXE bootstrap refreshes the
register setting regularly).
Flowchart Tools
Select Tool
Use this to select and move shapes. When a single shape is selected it’s BASIC
code can be edited in the edit bar at the bottom of the window.
Select Area
Use to select a particular area.
Zoom
Use to zoom in to an area of the graph. Right click to zoom out.
Zoom In/Out
To zoom in click and move the mouse up. To zoom out click and move the
mouse down.
Pan
Use this tool to move around the flowchart.
Line Tool
Use this tool to draw lines between shapes. Corners can be added by clicking
once. When the line is near to a shape it will ‘snap’ to the shape.
Connection Points
Use instead of a long complicated line. This gives two ‘connection points’ that
can be placed at different points within the flowchart.
Label Tool
Use this tool to add descriptive labels or titles to the flowchart.
Drawing Flowcharts
To draw a flowchart click on one of the command menu buttons (out / if / delay /
sub / other) on the toolbar to move to the appropriate command sub-menu.
Select the appropriate command and then click on the screen where the shape is
required. Do not try to locate the shape precisely at first – just drop it in the
general area and then use the select tool to move the shape to the correct
position.
After dropping a shape the cursor will remain in that shape mode until either:
1) the select tool is selected
2) the right hand mouse button is clicked to move back to select mode
Once the shape is in position click on it so that it is highlighted. The BASIC code
for the shape will then appear in the edit bar at the bottom of the screen. Edit the
code as required.
For further information about each command see section 2 of the manual -
‘BASIC Commands’. Any BASIC Command not supported by the simulation can
be added via the ‘generic’ shape, indicated by three dots.
Joining Shapes
Shapes are joined by moving them close together until they ‘snap’ together.
Alternately lines can be drawn between the shapes using the ‘line tool’ from the
main toolbar. Note that it is only possible to join the bottom (side) of shapes to
the top of other shapes (you cannot connect lines to lines). Only one line is
allowed out of the bottom of each shape.
To enable neat diagrams, corners to the lines can be added by clicking with the
mouse. When a line moves close to a connection point it will snap into position
and then a click will finish the line.
Lines cannot be moved. If you try to move a line it will be deleted and a new line
must be created.
start
high 0
wait 1
low 0
wait 1
On Screen Simulation
To simulate the flowchart, click ‘Simulate’ from the Flowchart menu. The
program will then start to run on-screen.
As the program runs each cell is highlighted red as it is carried out. The ‘Inputs/
Outputs’ and ‘Variables’ windows also appear when a simulation is being carried
out. To adjust the input values click the on-screen switch (shown beneath the
output LED) or slide the analogue input slider.
The time delay between shapes can be adjusted via the Flowchart options
(View>Options>Flowchart menu).
Downloading Flowcharts
Flowcharts can be directly downloaded to the microcontroller. Alternately the
flowchart can be converted into a BASIC program, which is then downloaded.
To convert a program select ‘Convert’ from the Flowchart menu. The BASIC
program for downloading will then be created.
Shapes that are not connected to the ‘start’ or ‘sub’ shapes in the flowchart are
ignored when the conversion takes place. The conversion will stop if an
unconnected shape is found. Therefore always use a ‘stop’ shape or line to
complete the flowchart before simulation or conversion.
Zooming
To zoom in and out you can use the two toolbar zoom features, or the rapid
zoom button at the bottom right hand corner of the screen. Left click this button
to zoom-in and right click to zoom-out.
Using Symbols
Inputs, Outputs and Variables can all be renamed using the ‘Symbol Table’ from
the Flowchart menu. When a symbol is renamed the new name appears in the
drop-down menus on the edit bar. Note that you should not use commands (e.g.
switch or sound) as a symbol as this will generate errors in your converted BASIC
program.
There appears to be two PICAXE serial download cables - which should I use?
The standard serial PICAXE cable (part AXE026) ends with a stereo style 3.5mm
plug. If making your own board we recommend this stereo cable cheaper as it is
cheaper, better quality, and our sample PCB files use this connector (part
CON039). The original PICAXE-28 cable (part AXE025) ended with a 3 pin in-
line connector, but this cable is no longer used on any of our project boards or
sample pcbs.
I've built a second pcb (without the download circuit) and the PICAXE program will not
run!
If you program a PICAXE chip in a different board, and then move the chip to a
board without the download circuit, you must ensure that the 'serial in' pin is
tied to ground (0V) on the second board for reliable operation.
I’ve bought some blank PICs and they don’t work in the PICAXE system!
The PICAXE microcontroller is not a blank PICmicro! It is a microcontroller that
has been pre-programmed with a ‘bootstrap’ program that enables the download
via the direct cable link (the bootstrap program tells the microcontroller how to
interpret the direct cable programming commands). Therefore you must buy
‘PICAXE’ microcontrollers, rather than blank microcontrollers, to use with the
PICAXE system. However we sell PICAXE microcontrollers at approx. the same
price as blank devices, so there is very little price difference for the end user,
particularly if you purchase the multi-packs.
Can you reprogram microcontrollers (that I have accidentally erased) with the bootstrap
program?
No. We do not accept microcontrollers from unknown sources due to the correct
storage/handling procedures required by these devices. We use gang programmers
costing several thousand pounds to program the bootstrap code into the blank
microcontrollers, and so must protect this expensive equipment from damage. It
is also likely that if we did offer this service the handling cost would end up more
expensive than new PICAXE microcontrollers anyway!
Can you supply the bootstrap program so that I can make my own PICAXE?
No. The small royalty made on each PICAXE chip sold is the only financial
benefit to our company to support the PICAXE system - the software is free and
the cables/development kits are sold at very low cost. Therefore we do not allow
anyone else to manufacture PICAXE microcontrollers.
Can I see the assembler code that is downloaded into the PICAXE?
If you own a Revolution Serial PIC Programmer, you can convert PICAXE BASIC
programs into assembler code, to program blank PICs or to just learn how
assembler code works by 'disassembly'. However some of the more complex
commands (e.g. serin) are not supported, and the assembler code program
generated is optimised for sequential learning (not optimised for compactness as
with the PICAXE system) and so the code is not 100% identical to that
downloaded to the PICAXE.
Can you alter the input/output pin arrangement of the PICAXE microcontroller?
The PICAXE-08/08M, all M2 and all X2 parts have configurable pins. The other
parts have mainly fixed i/o, although some pins can be changed - see the
appendices at the end of Manual part 1 for more details.
You can use the ‘PICAXE>Check Syntax’ menu to test the length of your program
without a download.
These notes presume the user is familiar with PIC microcontrollers, their
configuration fuse settings and programming in assembler code.
The bootstrap code also contains common routines (such as how to generate a
pause delay or a sound output), so that each download does not have to waste
time downloading this commonly required data. This makes the download time
much quicker.
The second advantage is the direct cable download method. The software is free
and so the only cost per computer is a low-cost download cable. This enables
students to buy their own cable and for schools to equip every single computer
with a download cable. Other systems that require an expensive programmer are
generally too expensive to implement in this way.
Finally as the PICAXE chip never leaves the board, all leg damage (as can occur
when the chip is moved back and forth from a programmer) is eliminated.
The program and read/write memory is overwritten with every download. Use the
eeprom command to preload data (within the program) for the read/write
commands. The readmem/writemem memory is not changed during a download.
What are the electrical characteristics of the PICAXE (e.g. operating voltage range etc.)?
The electrical characteristics of the PICAXE microcontroller is dependent upon
the base PIC microcontroller that is programmed with the PICAXE bootstrap
code to create the PICAXE microcontroller. Therefore see the Microchip datasheet
(from www.microchip.com) for the appropriate microcontroller characteristics.
The lowest recommended operating voltage from these datasheets is 3V (Note
this is the ‘operating voltage’ only. You may require a higher voltage (minimum
4.5V recommended) whilst doing the actual serial download from the computer
to ensure accurate memory programming of the chip). X2 parts are also available
in special 1.8V to 3.3V variants.
Can you supply the bootstrap program so that I can make my own PICAXE?
No. The small royalty made on each PICAXE chip sold is the only financial
benefit to our company to support the PICAXE system - the software is free and
the cables/development kits are sold at very low cost. Therefore we do not allow
anyone else to manufacture PICAXE microcontrollers.
Can I see the assembler code that is downloaded into the PICAXE?
If you own a Revolution Serial PIC Programmer (part BAS800), you can convert
PICAXE BASIC programs into assembler code, to program blank PICs or to just
learn how assembler code works by 'disassembly'. However some of the more
complex commands (e.g. serin) are not supported, and the assembler code
program generated is optimised for sequential learning (not optimised for
compactness as with the PICAXE system) and so the code is not identical to that
downloaded to the PICAXE.
Can you alter the input/output pin arrangement of the PICAXE microcontroller?
The PICAXE-08 has 5 pins that can be configured as desired. The 28 and 40 pin
PICAXE can also be altered to give more inputs or outputs. The 18 pin input/
output pin arrangements are fixed and cannot be altered.
There is no fixed ‘byte’ formula as to memory usage e.g. pause 5, pause 50 and
pause 500 will all take different amounts of memory space! To calculate memory
usage use the ‘Check Syntax’ option from the PICAXE menu. This will report the
amount of memory used.
Why does the PICAXE only support up to 4800 baud rate on serout/serin commands?
Can I send and receive serial data via the download cable?
The maximum baud rates were originally selected for reliable operation with
microcontrollers with internal resonator. The early internal resonators were not
as accurate as an external device, and a slower baud rate ensures reliable
operation. The M2, X1 and X2 parts support much higher baud rates via the
hardware EUSART using the hserout command.
Many parts can send data via the download cable via a ‘sertxd’ command and
receive data via the ‘serrxd’ command.
Software Version
The latest version of the Programming Editor and all other titles can be
downloaded from the following website:
www.picaxe.co.uk
A very active forum for the discussion of PICAXE projects, and for technical
support, also exists at
www.picaxeforum.co.uk
Contact Address
Revolution Education Ltd
http://www.rev-ed.co.uk/
Acknowledgements
Revolution Education would like to thank the following:
Clive Seager
John Bown
LTScotland
Higher Still Development Unit
UKOOA