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Final State FSSM Guideline Upload
Final State FSSM Guideline Upload
GUIDELINES
Faecal Sludge
&
Septage
Public Health
Management
Partnership
Building
Environment
Urban Local
Governance
2018
Faecal Sludge
& Septage
Management
Guidelines for
Urban Rajasthan
Shanti Dhariwal
Minister
UDH & LSGD
Government of Rajasthan
The concerted efforts of Department of Local Self-Government and Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) of the State resulted in the elimination of the undignified and unhealthy practice of
open defecation from all urban areas of the State by March 2018. Considering numerous
challenges of geography, spatial extent ; this accomplishment and the successful
implementation of Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is definitely a moment to celebrate.
First of all, I would like to congratulate all Urban Local Bodies who were the front runners
of this movement. Without their pro-activeness, it would not have been possible. The
ULBs under SBM have not only built the capacity to improve the city-wide sanitation but
developed new modalities, innovative solutions, and processes which have contributed to
the ongoing endeavours towards safe sanitation. With that notion, I also want to convey
that attaining the open defecation-free status is just a milestone in the existing expedition
of the State towards safe sanitation, the vision of sanitised city is still far to achieve. Not
only the construction of new toilets helped in achieving the status of open defecation free
but simultaneously created new challenges of managing the waste produced from these
toilets that depends on On-site sanitation facilities such as Septic Tanks, Kui, Pits, etc.
Sanitising the city and providing safe sanitation to the individuals cannot be accomplished
without addressing the safe management of faecal sludge and septage generated in
Septic tanks, Kui, and Pits. This will be the biggest upcoming challenge of sanitation for the
ULBs which may adversely impact the public health and the environment, if not managed
timely. Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM) can address this issue in a timely
and affordable manner. Urban Local Bodies need to take a proactive role in implementing
FSSM to address the faecal sludge and septage on an urgent basis.
I am sure the FSSM guideline will go long way in accomplishing the vision of safe sanitation,
better public health, and protection of the environment. I am optimistic that the guidelines
will be a valuable document for the State and ULBs to address the sanitation needs
pertaining to the safe management of the waste produced by on-site sanitation systems.
(Shanti Dhariwal)
Devendra Bhushan Gupta
Chief Secretary
Government of Rajasthan
The Government of Rajasthan has been continuously driving its cities towards a better
quality of life. Over the years the urban development of Rajasthan State is moving towards
the course of enhancing the liveability and prosperity. Today, results of state-level efforts
are evident at the local level and have resulted into cities of Rajasthan becoming role
models.
Urban Local bodies are being facilitated and encouraged by the State through capacity-
building and engaging in a dialogue with them at various workshops and discussions. This
has enabled the local leadership in shouldering the responsibility to achieve the targets
and have responded phenomenally by constructing nearly 4 lakhs toilets under SBM.
The leadership and capacity formulated during the Swachh Bharat were not only bound to
the sanitation but also expanded the horizon of the ULBs to manage all municipal services.
Examples of such efforts are the ongoing expedition of the ULBs to manage faecal sludge
and septage generated and collected in underground containments such as Septic Tanks,
Kui, Pits etc. The ULBs are moving from just providing toilets to the next step of managing
the waste produced from these containment units. The GoR through the grant support
from BMGF is developing a pilot project in ULBs such as Phulera, Lalsot, and Khandela
to build some of the very 1st FSTP in Rajasthan. Such a success story is also going to
be expanded in other suitable small and medium town for achieving the vision of 100%
sanitation coverage, safe disposal, and re-use in all urban local bodies of Rajasthan.
It is in this backdrop that the Department of Local Self Government has developed
guidelines on “Faecal Sludge and Septage Management” clearly defining the steps and
responsibility for the State and town level interventions to implement FSSM solutions.
This will help the ULBs in managing faecal sludge and septage in urban areas which are
not served by the sewer network. The septage management is cost-effective, easy to
implement, and can leverage existing resources such as internalising the unorganised
private desludging operators, who are the lifeline in septage management in every city.
The implementation of guidelines would help in the safe management of faecal sludge
and septage, and will help to establish robust institutional and regulatory mechanism at
the State and ULB level to bridge the existing value chain gap.
The Guidelines for State Faecal Sludge and Septage Management will help the ULBs to
streamline the FSSM-based sanitation value chain. The urban areas whether it’s a large
city or a small town the FSSM value chain exists in some or other form. These guidelines
will provide a roadmap to every city irrespective of its size or geography for addressing the
sanitation needs pertaining to faecal sludge and septage.
Rajasthan`s endeavour for providing safe sanitation can be understood with the fact that a
total of 37 STPs are operational and 100 STPs are under construction. The total sewerage
treatment capacity is expected to become 1260 MLD by 2021 indeed that can only
serve less than 60% of the total urban population of the State. Nearly, 40% of the urban
population will depend on the On-site sanitation facilities which require management
of the waste produced, through proper and safe system of emptying, transportation,
treatment and disposal.
Also, sewerage is always seen as the only option to manage the wastewater produced
in cities, whereas most of the households depend on on-site sanitation system that can
be economically and efficiently catered by FSSM. The sewerage system can be a non-
feasible solution to water-scarce towns where there are high chances of either nullified
built infrastructure or result in expensive operation and management. Particularly, small
towns with limited financial capacity will not be able to accommodate the O & M cost
linked to the sewerage network. The FSSM interventions are the effective solutions to
these challenges.
Further, the strategy for Swachh Bharat Mission followed by the State of Rajasthan
was not merely a construction activity, but it was complemented with the mechanism
of promoting the use of toilets, eliminating open defecation practices, and managing
wastewater generated in these toilets. The central idea was to improve public health and
liveability in all urban areas.
The Department of Local Self Government along with ULBs has already been working
towards addressing the issues of faecal sludge and septage. These FSSM guidelines
provide insights into planning and management of faecal sludge and septage to Urban
Local bodies for implementing the FSSM. Our effort was to produce a comprehensive
document that is user-friendly for all concerned stakeholders.
(Sidharth Mahajan)
Acknowledgement
Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project (RUIDP) under the guidance of Local
Self Governance Department has prepared “Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
(FSSM)” Guidelines for operationalizing the FSSM in all towns of the State. These guidelines
prepared under the project “Capacity Building Support for Innovative Sanitation Solution in
Rajasthan” supported by the Asian Development Bank and funded by Bill and Melinda Gate
Foundation (BMGF) are in line with the National FSSM Policy and the Draft State FSSM Policy.
I am gratified to ADB and BMGF for supporting the exploration of innovative sanitation
solutions in Rajasthan.
I would like to present my sincere gratitude to Mr. P.K. Goyal, Additional Chief Secretary,
UDH & LSGD and Mr. Naveen Mahajan, former Secretary LSGD for their humble guidance in
formalize these guidelines. This document prepared for operationalizing the FSSM, can be
considered as one of the valuable documents in leveraging safe sanitation practices to all
Urban Households.
The FSSM requires a new and participatory approach for planning and implementation
which is altogether a different and a challenging endeavour. I would like to congratulate key
persons Mr. G.S. Hada (Addl. Project Director, RUIDP), Mr. Hemant Sharma (ACE, RUDISCO),
Mr. Suresh Gupta (Dy. Project Director (T), RUIDP) and Dr. D.R. Jangid (SE-WW, RUIDP) along
with whole RUIDP team for supporting the overall FSSM initiatives and successful delivery
of guidelines.
The FSSM guidelines hold a great value as it has been prepared in collaboration of various
state agencies whose past experiences are well internalized. The guidelines reflect the
experience and efforts of Rajasthan Urban Drinking Water Sewerage & Infrastructure
Corporation Limited (RUDSICO), Directorate of Local Body (DLB), Public Health Engineering
Department (PHED), Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) and several other ULBs.
The formative journey of the preparation of these guidelines stretches from past one year,
which included numerous engagements and informative consultations with many ULBs.
However, I would like to mention the name of four ULBs which took initiatives and extended
these guidelines into the reality and displayed the courage and willingness towards accepting
new innovations in terms of septage management, namely: Nagar Palika of Phulera, Sambhar,
Lalsot, and Khandela.
I would also take the opportunity to extend my regards to IPE Global Limited and its team
for playing a leading role in delivering the Guidelines within the stringent timelines without
compromising on the quality. IPE Global Limited has invariably included its valuable
experiences from the pilot towns where they are currently working in partnership with ULBs
to showcase the end-to-end FSSM approach under the guidance of Rajasthan Government.
12. Compendium of Technology Options for FSTP and Desludging Equipment. . . 122
List of Maps
Map A.1: Map showing population of all Local Bodies of Rajasthan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Map A.2: Illustrative Buffer map of all the local bodies of Rajasthan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Map A.3: Map of Possible cluster in Rajasthan.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 105
Map A.4: Possible inclusion of town with neighboring treatment facility .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
List of Figures
Figure 4.1: Organizational Structure of FSSM Cell.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Figure 5.1: Process of Licensing for De-sludging Operators.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Figure 5.2: Schematic Diagram for Scheduled Desludging System in ULB.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 5.3: Approach to Capacity Building .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure A.1: Typical section of septic tank .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Figure A.2: Typical section of Twin Pit (CPHEEO,2013) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92
Figure A.3: Details of bio-digester with reed bed.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94
Figure A.4: Allowable septage loadings to a STP having septage-holding tank.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 118
Figure A.5: Addition Population Load of Septage vs Operation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 121
Information Brochures
1. Town Selection Criteria for FSSM Interventions ...........................................................................28
2. Clustering Strategy ........................................................................................................................................30
3. Partnership Building ......................................................................................................................................40
4. Steps of FSSM Guidelines Implementation : State Level ..........................................................41
5. Resolution to be adopted at Town Level ............................................................................................46
6. User Charges for illegal practices ..........................................................................................................54
7. Option for Desludging Services , steps through mobile app and job card.......................56
8. Licensing criteria and benefits of Desludging Operations.......................................................58
9. Do’s and Don’ts for Desludging Operators .......................................................................................60
10. Penalties on FSSM related illegal practices .....................................................................................63
11. Steps for FSSM Guidelines Implementation : Town Level .......................................................69
12. Advantages of FSSM over Sewerage ...............................................................................................137
13. Mobile application for FSSM services - Interface Design ......................................................138
01
Introduction
1 Background
Guidelines for Urban Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
18
2 Current Scenario & Need of
FSSM in Rajasthan
1
Including 0.33 Million toilet built under Urban SBM and achieving the target of ODF on march 2018
Guidelines for Urban Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
19
mechanical desludging and eliminating manual scavenging. Numerous other attempts are
ongoing, being implemented by the State Government, ULBs, NGOs, and various other
agencies regarding FSSM to ensure incremental efforts towards the vision of achieving
complete sanitation in Rajasthan.
According to the proposal established in the State’s Sewerage and Waste Water Policy,
2016, sewerage networks would be expanded in the forthcoming years. Considering various
on-going and proposed programs of the GoR, through AMRUT Mission and RUIDSCO; it is
expected to have a total 1260 MLD treatment facility by the year 2021 in Rajasthan. This
would serve close to 60% of the state’s urban population whereas rest 40% of the population
would be dependent on on-site containment units. The existing treatment facility (STPs) is
very limitedly available in 27 ULBs, which accounts for only 14% of total ULBs. The proposed
investments will able to build treatment facility in 84 ULBs out of 191, that leaves 107 towns
where immediate attention is needed.
Many towns in Rajasthan have limited source of funding apart from SBM to improve their
overall sanitation conditions. These towns equipped with covered or uncovered storm
water drains only, require technical and financial assistance to improve their environmental
conditions and establishing and maintaining basic public health and sanitation, especially in
the towns declared in the dark zones2.
2
140 of the 249 blocks in Rajasthan have been declared as the overexploited or dark zone towns and 50 of them are critical
according to Central Ground Water Board of Ministry of Water Resources in India ( Accessed at http://cgwb.gov.in/gw_profiles/
st_Rajasthan.htm on 5.5.2017; List of blocks notified as critical and over exploited http://www.cgwb.gov.in/CGWA/documents/
Notice_Societies.pdf )
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
20
3
Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management Guidelines
for Rajasthan
These operative Guidelines are formulated by the GoR, drawing from the
provisions and specifications for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
from the National Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Policy, 2017;
Rajasthan Wastewater and Sewerage Policy, 2016, Primer on Faecal
Sludge and Septage Management, 2016; National Building Code, 2005;
revised CPHEEO Manual on Sewage and Sewerage Treatment 2012;
Advisory Note on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Urban India,
2013; and National Urban Sanitation Policy, 2008.
Guidelines for Urban Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
21
04
Key Elements of FSSM
State Chapter
4 Key Elements of FSSM
State Chapter
5. Partnership Building
Guidelines for Urban Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
24
4.1 Approach and Selection Criteria for FSSM Interventions
ÂÂ Cities where investment are limited for a sewerage solution, population growth
restricted to address economic feasibility and further Insufficient water supply
for ensuring smooth operations of a sewered network; septage management can
be adopted as an intermediate or long-term solution. However, it would require
incremental augmentation of grey water management to serve and supplement as a
medium of wastewater management similar to a sewerage system.
ÂÂ In order to reach the goal of providing safe and clean sanitation to all citizens,
FSSM interventions are needed in most of the towns in one or other form as an
immediate action in compliance to providing safe sanitation solution. To achieve the
goal of expanding sanitation coverage to all households in urban areas; three broad
intervention approaches were identified, namely: Full-scale, Partial and Gap-filling
solution.
ÂÂ Full-scale FSSM solutions are more suitable for a population base of less than 50,000
residents, whereas the Partial and Gap-filling solutions may be applicable to a city of
any scale (Large, Medium and Small) based on its requirement. Even the towns with
less than 50,000 residents with functional STPs can opt for the Partial or Gap-filling
sanitation solutions.
Intervention Approach
SN Parameters Category - I Category – II Category - III
Remarks
Full Scale 1
Partial Scale 2
GAP Filling3
1 Population Less than Applicable in Applicable in Partial-Scale and Gap-
50,000 zones pockets filling solutions are
(Class III & IV) applicable to all cities
(except Distt. irrespective of their
Headquarter) population level.
2 Water 75 % of town - Low-lying FSSM should be avoided
Ponding geography pockets in cities with high
permits and areas incidences of water
gravity having poor ponding. Incidence of
disposal of accessibility water ponding will create
grey water for desludging challenges for safe
vehicle. disposal of greywater.
1
Partial scale – Left-out population can be served through desludging operations and disposal can be done at the existing STP
locations.
2
Zones are part of urban area and left out from existing municipal coverage of sewerage network
3
Pockets can be any small habitation of municipal area where both laying down the sewerage network and undertaking desludging
services (accessibility constrain) are not feasible.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
25
Intervention Approach
SN Parameters Category - I Category – II Category - III
Remarks
Full Scale 1
Partial Scale 2
GAP Filling3
3 Topography - - Low-lying Small pockets in low-lying
pockets areas with limited scope
and areas of desludging are suitable
having poor for on-site sanitation
accessibility solutions
4 Soil Type Pervious Soil - - Presence of pervious
soil increases the safe
percolation of greywater
and reduces the situation
of water logging/ponding.
5 Water Less than 70 - - Towns with inadequate
Supply LPCD water supply should
not opt for a sewerage
system.
6 Existing - Co-treatment - STP can be upgraded
sewerage in existing with a co-treatment
coverage STP unit for handling sludge
with disposal and sludge
availability management.
of STP
7 Population - Less than - It would be an expensive
Density 40 persons/ task to install a sewerage
hectare network in low-density
settlements.*
* Planned development such as new townships and colony of housing board, UIT Schemes etc. will needs to be exempted from
this standard.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
26
ÂÂ The towns which fulfil most of the parameters in category-I shall opt a full-scale FSSM
as an immediate and long-term solution. This can be incrementally supplemented with
greywater management. The towns with less than 50,000 populations and different
to most of the listed parameters of category I, may opt for FSSM as an ad-hoc or
interim solution.
ÂÂ The Partial-scale approach would be applicable to the towns where STPs are
functional and can be upgraded with a co-treatment facility. These solutions would
serve pockets either where it is not possible to provide a sewerage network or it is
an expensive task to lay down a network. The ULBs may assess the cost-benefit of
desludging and disposal of septage to the existing STP versus setting-up a dedicated
FSTP unit. The process and parameters required for the provision of co-treatment are
enclosed in the Annexure 11. The Gap-filling solutions would be applicable in the cities
with an adequate sewer network, but unable to serve the pockets in difficult terrains
or/and poor road accessibility. In such case, a decentralised and on-site treatment unit
could be set-up with an improved discharge of the effluent.
ÂÂ The implementation of FSSM solutions can also be adopted in the cities where the
sewerage network is very old and dysfunctional, also in urban areas where sewerage
network would be expensive to lay due to the rocky strata or with other topographical
disadvantages. The ULBs with a small and medium population (preferably of Class
III & IV) and with a limited financial capacity for O&M of the sewerage system
should necessarily opt for FSSM as an incremental approach towards an improved
management of generated wastewater.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
27
4.2 Cluster Based Intervention Approach
Clustering of adjacent Urban Areas (preferably with the radius of 20 Km) can reduce the
requirement of a dedicated treatment facility (FSTP/STP), and upcoming treatment units
could be shared to a large beneficiary group. This will also help in reducing the financial burden
on the ULBs and increase the functionality of the plant operations. A GIS-based proximity
analysis of all 191 ULBs of Rajasthan suggests the possibility of 24 clusters formulations
where, either co-treatment or sharing of FSTP can be institutionalised. The analysis showed
that 107 out of 191 ULBs do not have treatment facility of any sort, and such clustering
would provide an immediate solution to 26 ULBs out of 107 ULBs by the provision of a co-
treatment facility with an existing or upcoming STP or FSTP. The ULBs and other agencies
responsible for the operation of STPs or FSTPs may prepare a formal agreement supported
by a financial mechanism with the cities/Towns willing to treat the sludge in their facility. The
future proposal of dedicated FSTPs may also explore the possibility of such clustering while
increasing the beneficiary coverage of treatment facility.
Based on the population of a town, the land availability for setting-up a treatment facility,
the existing financial capacity, physical location etc.; The ULBs may opt to be a part of a
clustering set-up. Town(s) which fall under the cluster of a neighbouring town may opt for
large desludging vehicles in a form of a mobile transfer station to efficiently reduce the cost
on long-distance transport. For example, a Small-capacity trucks, preferably of 3000 Litres,
may serve the towns in needs for desludging operations and transfer the collected sludge to
a mobile desludging truck, preferably of 9000 Litres for transporting the sludge to a remote
plant location.
The following suggestions can be considered for executing sludge transfer operations:
A Detailed Options Analysis and GIS-based clustering illustration for all 191 ULBs of Rajasthan
are present in Annexure – 7.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
29
4.3 Roles and Responsibilities of State Level Departments & Agencies
The roles of the State Government departments and agencies which would be engaged
in FSSM have been clearly defined in the table below for eliminating any ambiguities and
overlapping of their functions.
Table 4.2: Roles and Responsibilities of State Level Departments & Agencies
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
31
Agency/ Roles and Responsibilities
Department
Directorate of Local Formulate a uniform structure for planning, designing, project
Bodies (DLB) preparation, appraisal, sanction, and implementation across all
the ULBs.
Formulating, notifying, and ensure the implementation of the
important documents, such as the State FSSM Guideline,
Policy, Action Plan, Strategy, Standard Operative Procedure,
Amendments in the Model Building Byelaws related to sanitation,
etc.
Assisting and guiding the ULBs for the preparation of
containment unit user database, City FSSM Plan and Strategy,
setting service-level benchmarks, selection of an appropriate
treatment technology, preparation of DPRs, and carrying out
other responsibilities related to FSSM.
Coordinate with various other State government departments
and local-level authorities to ensure convergence of FSSM Plans
and Strategy with other ongoing and proposed projects.
Inviting public and private agencies to be involved in FSSM
operations at various levels of sanitation value chain and build
partnerships.
Coordinate with City Sanitation Committees for annual financial
audits against the budget and targets.
Conduct the social impact assessment of sanitation-related
initiatives across the State and develop goals and actions for
further improvement.
Formulate a monitoring and evaluation mechanism to conduct
annual reviews of the FSSM progress and associated gaps across
all the ULBs.
Prepare a Training Calendar to conduct training and workshops
across the State, customised to the targets of various
stakeholders such as ULB officials, service providers, NGOs,
CBOs, Corporates and Public.
Undertake IEC activities/public awareness campaigns at the
State-level and also facilitate for IEC material to the ULBs.
Developing and Managing the State-wide MIS System on
Sanitation for all Urban Areas. Furthermore, prepare annual
progress status reports.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
32
Agency/ Roles and Responsibilities
Department
Rajasthan State Pollution Ensure the compliance of FSSM operations through inspections,
Control Board environmental monitoring, etc.
Address grievance related to the environmental hazards due to
FSSM operations.
Assist in the formulation of relevant advisories, guidelines,
manuals, etc. to ensure the environmental compliance of FSSM
operations.
Rajasthan Urban Drinking Ensure coverage of all non-sewer pockets and areas in their
Water, Sewerage & project towns through appropriate FSSM interventions .
Infrastructure Corporation
Capacity-Building and Awareness of ULBs, Service Providers
and other stakeholders for the implementation of FSSM in their
project towns
Other State Government Sufficiently incorporating the provision of this Guideline in their
Departments projects, schemes, programs, plans, guidelines, activities, etc.
Provide necessary sectoral inputs towards the State FSSM
strategy, roadmaps, plans, etc.
Private Sector Active participation in the service delivery of FSSM at the State
and City-level
Financial Institutions Providing financial assistance to desludging operators for
purchasing new vehicles or upgrading existing equipment.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
33
Agency/ Roles and Responsibilities
Department
Academic, Research, Include the module of FSSM as part of school curriculum and
Non-Government and Civil introduce a dedicated course on FSSM to incorporate this in the
Society Organizations mainstream education and produce more skilled/trained human
resource in the long run.
Undertake primary researches on safe and sustainable FSSM.
Develop models for safe and sustainable delivery of FSSM
services to all.
Support the implementation of FSSM activities at ground level.
Raise the awareness and sensitisation on the importance of
FSSM amongst the general public.
Provide monitoring support to the ULBs on any unsafe practices
that could impact an effective FSSM.
Set up regular interactions with the ULBs to discuss operational
issues and play a crucial role in imparting other potential and
possible solutions.
Media Agency Active participation in spreading the awareness, and provide
relevant information to residents and other relevant stakeholder
groups.
Highlighting the emerging issues and showcasing good examples
during project implementations.
A dedicated State FSSM Committee & Cell shall be set-up to manage FSSM-related
initiatives such as projects, annual targets and performance monitoring of ULBs, awareness
campaigns, building partnerships, etc. The State FSSM committee would be responsible for
the overall supervision, coordination with various State departments, and request the GoR
for relevant funding assistance.
The composition of the Committee and Cell shall have an adequate representation of women.
Various external agencies and line department can be engaged for different initiatives and
functions.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
34
and progress monitoring for FSSM as well as, further committee can guide to resolve any
pertinent issue of inter-department and establish convergence to ongoing projects of
other departments with the FSSM. However, there would also be a need to ensure women
participation within the Committee, and the Committee may include members from research
and academic institutes for providing an independent voice during relevant discussions.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
35
FSSM Cell is depicted in following figure.
Figure 4.1: Organizational Structure of FSSM Cell
2 Environmental/
Social/ Urban Communication Account
2 Civil Engineers
Planner Expert Manager
1. Support & provide the technical guidance to ULBs on the matters pertaining to FSSM.
2. Assist ULBs in the preparation of annual service-level targets of FSSM in line with the
service-level benchmarks, and propose structure of incentives in accordance with the
performance
3. Empanelment of consultants/contractors/service providers/other qualified
professionals for providing support and services to ULBs for realising an adequate
FSSM coverage in all towns.
4. Monitoring of fund disbursement and expenditures of ULBs, and dispense necessary
support for the same. A State Sanitation Fund could be set-up that would consolidate
funds and resources from these aforementioned sources, in addition to the Central
Government schemes and programmes, 14th Finance Commission, State funds, etc.
5. Coordinate with various State Government departments and Local-level authorities to
ensure the convergence of FSSM Plans and Strategy with other ongoing and proposed
projects.
6. Identify various stakeholders and coordinate with them to ensure active and inclusive
participation.
7. Invite public and private agencies to get involved in FSSM operations at various levels of
sanitation value chain and build partnerships.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
36
8. Establish a framework and platform to encourage an innovative funding mechanism
such as CSR, PPP, Guarantee Funds, Crowdsourcing, Crowdfunding, Social and
Development Impact Bonds, ULB Incentive fund, UPIF, etc.
9. In coordination with other line departments, convergence would be ensured between
the funds and goals of various Central Government programmes such as AMRUT, SBM,
Smart Cities, DAY-NULM, etc., and State Government programmes such as RUSDP
Phase-III, etc.
10. Coordinate with State Sanitation Committees for establishing interdepartmental
coordination and facilitate and organise for annual work progress review meetings.
11. Conduct the social impact assessment of sanitation-related initiatives across the State,
and develop goals and actions for further improvement.
12. Monitoring performances and arranging for performance-linked incentives through
Service-level Benchmark assessment.
13. Organise workshops, conference, events, and exposure visit in close coordination with
partners, relevant officials of the line department, and other key stakeholders.
2 Planning and Annual performance review of ULBs against the set FSSM targets
Management and the service-level benchmarks.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
37
Sl Sub-Division/ Work Function
No. Wing of FSSM
Cell
2 Planning and Prepare a Training Calendar (in coordination with the empanelled
Management capacity-building partner) to conduct training and workshops
across the State, and which is customised to the targets of other
stakeholders such as of ULB officials, service providers, NGOs,
CBOs, Corporates and Public.
Coordinate with the ULBs and engage with professionals to provide
training on FSSM.
3 Communication Responsible for building partnerships and single point contact for all
external communication for networking and building relationships.
Preparation of minutes for all important meetings, press notes, and
record keeping.
Review and providing inputs on all project communication materials
in close coordination with the empanelled partner media and
awareness campaign agency.
Releasing annual newsletter of the FSSM Cell.
4 Financial Management of all financial grants, loans, and other funds received
Management from various government support of any form, including grants from
the multilateral and bi-lateral agency, and CSR support from the
Corporate Sector.
Record-keeping of all transactions involved for approved activity/
project by the CEO of the Cell.
Support in annual audits and writing proposals on grant/loan/other
funding requests.
5 Cell Manager Responsible for filling the vacancies within the Cell.
Day-to-day coordination with all officials of the Cell for making
work action plan and closely work on the progress review of team
members.
Report to the CEO and hold regular interactions with all members of
the Cell.
Coordinate with respective wings and assist with all required
support, and if required, escalate the matters to the CEO/DLB
Director.
Prepare monthly progress reports on the work progress of Cell.
Prepare monthly task matrices for all team members.
Responsible for exploring new and Innovative modalities for
financing FSSM.
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Sl Sub-Division/ Work Function
No. Wing of FSSM
Cell
6 CEO (Chief Signatory authority for all approvals involving financial implications.
Engineer, DLB)
Heading the FSSM Cell.
Overall supervision and close coordination with the Cell Manager for
updates on work progress.
Review monthly progress reports and monthly task matrices.
The release of all communication material.
Networking with various research agencies, academic institute,
donors, and potential CSR for funding assistance towards the State
Urban Sanitation Fund.
Represent the DLB at various FSSM-based conferences, meetings,
and other similar events.
Agreements (such as MoUs) may be drawn as to be signed with prominent partners outlining a
common agenda for the development and provision of FSSM services in Rajasthan. Other various
agencies can be designated with the specific charge for providing their inputs, such as ‘Knowledge
Partner’, ‘Sanitation Technology Partner’, ‘Media Partner’, ‘Campaign Partner’, ‘Capacity Building
Partner’, etc. The State-Level Action Plan for partnership building will include:
1. EOI for the engagement of strategy partners (technical, media, etc.) - either combined (with
other sectors), or stand-alone for Sanitation/FSSM.
4. Preparing the Calendar of events for partners - Events, Workshops, milestones, etc.
5. Allotment of different partners and service providers to different circles/clusters within the
state to assist ULBs in implementing the FSSM.
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s
05
Key Elements of FSSM
Town Chapter
5 Key Elements of FSSM
Town Chapter
At the town level, these guidelines cover the following key elements of Faecal
Sludge and Septage Management.
6. User Charges
The first step towards FSSM reforms intended at the city-level will initiate by the adoption
of a set of relevant resolutions by the Town Municipal Board. The resolutions are
mentioned as follows:
ÂÂ Disposal of Faecal Sludge from the desludging of On-site sanitation facilities at a
proposed treatment facility.
ÂÂ Licensing of septic tank cleaning operators.
ÂÂ Scheduled septic tank cleaning and periodic user charges.
ÂÂ Amendment in the existing building byelaws
ÂÂ Constituting the City Sanitation Cell and Committee.
However, two out of these five resolutions i.e. the amendment in the existing building
byelaws for the inclusion of toilet design and septic tank location along with the building plan
and the disposal of sludge at a designated treatment plant should be mandatory for every
urban local body. This should be officially communicated by the DLB to all the ULBs of the
State. It is further suggested that the resolutions on building byelaws should be expanded
to all building permissions including any extensions or any augmentation. Resolutions which
are not mandatory can be discussed at the respective Municipal Board and based on mutual
consensus (with or without modification) can be approved by the Municipal Board. Annexure
-1 has enclosed a model document of all five resolutions to be adopted at the ULB level.
5.2 Constitution of the City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell
A City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell shall be constituted within the ULBs
to oversee all Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Operations in the city. Furthermore,
a dedicated helpline would be set-up for receiving Septic Tank/Pit Latrine/Kui cleaning
requests along with public grievances/complaints.
The Committee shall be the decision-making body for all Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management related matters within the ULB. The Technical Officer and Sanitary Inspector
will represent the executive wing of the ULB, while the Ward Councillors will represent the
interests of the people. Minutes would be kept for each meeting, signed by the Executive
Officer and the Chairman. All decisions made in the meetings need to be agreed upon and
signed by both, the Executive Officer and the Chairman. The Committee shall meet at least
once a month to review finances, septic tank cleaning records, public grievances, issues,
FSTP related matters, compliance by operators, etc. The Committee may also take up any
unresolved issues at the town Municipal Board for the final say on any suggested mandate.
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The Sanitation Cell within the ULBs shall be the implementation wing for overseeing day-to-
day operations of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in the Municipality area.
The Sanitation Cell shall present regular reports on monthly/weekly/annual basis to the
Committee on the progress of FSSM services in the ULB. The Sanitary Inspector, as a
member of both, the Committee and Cell shall be the common link between the policy/
decision-making and operational aspects of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management. It is
suggested that both, the Cell and Committee members should undergo a week long training
programme and exposure visit for a better understanding of implementation approach
pertaining to FSSM.
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Stakeholder Roles and Responsibility
City Sanitation Formulating an annual action plan/strategy every year for Faecal Sludge and
Committee Septage Management including setting performance targets, setting priority
goals, increasing the coverage of sanitary latrines, monitoring plans, etc. for
the perspective year. The annual action plan/strategy would be reviewed at
the end of the perspective year to assess the performance – achievements,
and shortcomings.
Manage funds for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Operations,
including making decisions on the payment to operators/related staff, fixing
and collecting user charges (monthly and one-time), expenses and revenue
from FSTP, expenses for training/capacity-building/public awareness,
allocation of annual and monthly budget for FSSM, and arrangement of
finances for O&M of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management System.
Coordinate with the State government on matters pertaining to FSSM
including the financial grant for Capital and O&M expenses, assistance for
planning/design/O&M of FSSM infrastructure, capacity-building & training
assistance, etc.
Review of Periodic Progress – performance against targets for scheduled
desludging, amount of septage disposed and treated at the FSTP, public
grievances, instances of non-compliance, etc.
Procurement of equipment, safety gears, land for FSTP, etc. Also, contracting
of operators, advertising media, etc.
Convergence of FSSM activities with the State and Central government
campaigns for IEC and generating awareness for safe and clean sanitation
with related schemes and programs such as SBM, AMRUT, NULM, local
WASH programs , etc.
City Sanitation Providing licenses to desludging operators.
Cell
Creating a detailed sanitation database of the city and receive regular
updates with the help of ward councillors
Managing scheduled desludging operations and the helpline service.
Ensure the compliance with Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
Guideline and FSSM Plan provisions.
Impose penalties on non-compliant operators and households.
Undertake public awareness campaigns.
Redressal of grievances.
Overseeing the FSTP operation & maintenance.
City Sanitation Issuing and renewing licenses of Desludging operators.
Cell – Member
1 - Sanitary Redressal of grievances
Inspector Issuing daily/weekly cleaning schedule to the cleaning operators.
Collecting and scrutinising Job Cards from operators and FSTP records.
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Stakeholder Roles and Responsibility
City Sanitation Monthly inspection of Cleaned households by applying sample survey
Cell – Member method.
1 - Sanitary
Inspector Imposing penalties on non-complying cleaning operators.
Coordinate with the FSTP operators regarding day-to-day operations,
septage input, the performance of treatment plant, and other operational
aspects.
City Sanitation Assist households with the construction of on-site containment units, such
Cell – Member as septic tanks, soak-pits, pit latrines, etc. under SBM by providing model
2 designs (booklets/ drawings), trained masons, financial assistance, etc.
Responsible for O&M of public and community toilets.
Facilitate Public outreach and awareness with the help of ward councillors
City Sanitation Maintaining sanitation database of the city including household data,
Cell – Member submitted Job Cards, overall cleaning records, instances of non-compliance/
3 - Computer penalties, data on licensed operators, etc.
Operator
Creating Daily/Weekly/Monthly schedule and submitting the same to Sanitary
Inspector and Fireman
Submitting weekly/monthly progress reports to the Sanitary inspector for the
perusal by the Committee.
Maintain the helpline service.
City Sanitation Telephonic and Field verification of Job Cards submitted by Cleaning
Cell – Member Operators.
4 - Assistant/
Helper Assisting in field surveys for creating sanitation database of the city.
Helping Computer Operators, Fireman and Sanitary Inspector in their tasks.
Ward Disseminate information regarding benefits of periodic desludging, proper
Councillors septic tank designs, user charges, etc. in their respective wards.
Assist in the household survey within their constituencies for compiling
citywide sanitation database, especially households without toilets or on-site
sanitary containment units.
Encouraging households without on-site containment units to construct
the same, including assisting with SBM applications, proper design, and
construction by trained and professional masons.
Desludging Timely application and renewal of license while fulfilling all of the eligibility
Operators criteria.
To carry the license every time when at service.
Follow all provisions prescribed in the Operator’s Manual.
Keep up-to-date records of all cleaning services and regularly submit
completed Job Cards to the respective ULB.
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Stakeholder Roles and Responsibility
FSTP Operator Operation and Maintenance of the Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant.
Periodic maintenance of the FSTP.
Keep up-to-date records of daily activities, septage input, effluent status, etc.
Verify and maintain records of all Job Cards from Desludging Operators.
Household Construct Septic Tanks/Pit latrines as per the prescribed design.
Extend full cooperation for household surveys and in the scheduled
desludging services.
Timely payment of user charges.
Remain vigilant and report incidences of non-compliance by nearby residents
and desludging operators.
Masons/ Participate in training programs .
Plumbers
Construction and repair of on-site containment units as per prescribed
techniques.
5.4 Design and Construction of Septic Tanks and other On-Site Sanitation Facil-
ities (OSSFs)
For households that do not have sufficient space for a Septic Tank, Leach Pits (including twin
pit pour flush latrines and single leach pits) may be installed. Guidelines and model drawings
for Leach Pits have been included as part of Annexure 3.
Other On-Site sanitary containment and treatment options include modified septic
tanks (Anaerobic Baffled Reactors, Anaerobic Filters, Bio-Tanks, etc.) and Decentralised
Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATs) which are suitable for institutional and bulk
consumers, such as universities, industries, hotels, etc.
ULBs need to develop local models for managing community septic tanks and other larger
containment units. ULBs may take the responsibility of such OSSF provided this has the
economic viability through an appropriate user charge.
ULBs shall adopt regulations on septic tank designs and construction methods as a part of
building plan regulations through suitable additions in the ‘Sthaniy Nikay Bhawan Viniyam
2009’. These include:
1. In section 8.6, Table 7, the inclusion of minimum dimensions for Septic Tank/Pit latrines.
2. The dimensions for Septic Tank/Pit latrines shall be applicable for all buildings, including
plots less than 100sq.m in size.
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3. In section 12.5 (A), septic tank/pit latrine location and size (as per Annexure 3) shall be
submitted to the authorised personnel in the respective ULB as a part of the building
plan. The ULB staff should assist applicants in fulfilling this requirement.
4. Addition of Section 8.15, detailed design, drawing and configuration of Septic Tanks and
Pit toilets as per Annexure 3.
It would be required to provide necessary training to local masons and the respective
engineers inspecting these septic tanks as per the construction standards. Such training
could be organised at periodic intervals and necessary support from capacity-building
partners from DLBs could also be extended.
The designated officials shall mobilise the workforce for a survey to compile a household
level database of sanitation facilities in the city, especially for the identification of insanitary
latrines and improperly constructed septic tanks.
All households with insanitary latrines shall be given notices to convert them into septic
tanks, twin pits or lined single pits as per the provisions of the Manual Scavenging Act,
2013. Households with improper septic tanks shall be educated to retrofit them as per the
approved designs. Refer Annexure 3.
The households, institutions, commercial entities, etc., shall undertake proper desludging of
the septic tanks and pits from a licensed operator once in every 3 to 5 years as per the decision
of the respective Municipal Board or whenever the tanks get filled-up, whichever is earlier.
Even though the NBC guidelines and CPHEEO manual suggest a desludging frequency of 2
- 3 years, a relaxation has been given on account of the prevailing site conditions depending
upon large septic tank or pit sizes in Rajasthan, and easing the increased financial burden on
households in getting them cleaned in shorter durations.
ULBs may choose to adopt either a scheduled desludging service or an on-call service. For
ULBs adopting an on-call service, the only requirement shall be of licensing of operators. For
ULBs adopting a scheduled desludging service, besides licensing of operators, suggestive
regulations have been stipulated in section 5.5.1.
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The desludging operators shall obtain licenses for collection and transport operations as per
the formats provided in Annexures 2 . The licenses shall be valid for a period of two years
from the date of issue and shall be revised as per the due process.
After a preliminary schedule is prepared, each household shall be notified in advance i.e. at
the start of the month and two days before their turn and would be requested to be present
and oversee the cleaning operation of their Septic Tanks/Kui/Pit Latrines on the scheduled
day.
Cleaning services may be provided on request for the first two instances but will be
completely paid afterward if the deviation with the fixed schedule is more than 12 months,
irrespective of the monthly user charges.
The households can reschedule their cleaning service in case an adult member is not present
at home on the scheduled day or time, but will be requested to inform the respective ULB in
advance i.e. one or two days before the scheduled date.
The households may also reschedule their cleaning service under other circumstances
where the cleaning services are not possible. These circumstances may occur due to some
family functions, special occasions, and other similar events or celebrations.
Households would be asked to provide an alternative date and time for rescheduling the
cleaning operation within the next 30 days. A household may reschedule the cleaning
service for a maximum of two times, after which the scheduled cleaning services would
become void for the current service cycle. The household will have to pay additional charges
to avail these services within the current service cycle.
The cleaning schedule can be given on a daily/weekly basis. An operator would be paid for
successful cleaning operation on the basis of the completed Job Cards submitted to the
ULB with the signature of the household member and the treatment plant operator. It would
be necessary that all fields in the Job Card should be completed.
The ULB would verify each Job Card the through phone calls, arranging visits to the
households and random inspections or sample surveys. The operators would be penalised if
any discrepancies are found as stated in the Section 5.10.
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5.6 User Charges
User charges for on-call services shall be levied at the time of desludging of the OSSF,
which will cover the expenditure requirement for O&M of desludging operations, as well
as for the treatment facility. The Municipal Board on the recommendation of the Sanitation
Committee will fix a User Fee applicable to all licensed operators and also for different uses
like residential, industrial, commercial, institutional and public toilets. The Municipal Board
can decide for differential charges within a city to facilitate the economically weaker section
and other vulnerable groups, for example, people living in slums, urban poor, single women
households, etc.
For Scheduled Desludging, multiple options may be explored for user charges:
Scheduled cleaning of Septic Tanks/Pit Latrine is not practically possible in case of one-
time user charges at the time of service due to a variety of reasons. Most households would
be unwilling to pay for a scheduled service and would refuse. So, in order to encourage
households to avail for scheduled desludging services, no charges may be solicited at the
time of the scheduled service. A periodic charge, called a Sanitation Fee, may be levied to
fund scheduled desludging operations. The following are the suggested three options for
ULBs to explore scheduled desludging:
Option 1: The fee could be combined with the water bill for all households within the ULB.
Separate charges would be levied for commercial, institutional, and industrial connections
which could be decided by the Municipal Board on the recommendation of the City Sanitation
Committee. As per the State Sewerage and Waste Water Policy, 2016, 13% additional
surcharge on water bills is recommended for the operation of the treatment facility. The
same can also be applicable for all towns with an available treatment facility, whether it is
a dedicated facility or the towns are served by the treatment facility of their neighbouring
town.
The households availing scheduled desludging services would be required to present a paid
water bill receipt in original of past 6 months. The cleaning service would not be provided
to households which do not furnish a paid water bill receipt from the past 6 months. The
cleaning service may be rescheduled within the next 30 days on request and the household
has to fulfil this condition on the rescheduled date.
Option 2: The fee could be combined with the waste collection charges for the solid waste
for all households within the ULB. Separate charges would be levied for commercial,
institutional, and industrial units which could be decided by the Municipal Board on the
recommendation of the City Sanitation Committee.
Households availing scheduled desludging services would be required to present paid waste
collection charge receipts of past 6 months. The cleaning service would not be provided to
households which do not furnish a paid receipt.
The cleaning service may be rescheduled within the next 30 days on request and the
household has to fulfil this condition on the rescheduled date.
Option 3: A separate FSSM cess may be levied on a monthly or annual basis on each
household within the ULB. Separate charges would be levied for commercial, institutional,
and industrial units which could be decided by the Municipal Board on the recommendation
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of the City Sanitation Committee. This will even encourage households without septic tanks
to install a suitable on-site containment unit since they would be obliged to pay for the
scheduled desludging services.
The desludging services may be provided onrequest for the first two instances but will be
completely paid afterward if the deviation from the fixed schedule is more than 12 months,
irrespective of the monthly user charges.
Households that are unwilling to pay these charges shall be surcharged with the standard
desludging rate as notified by the ULB or charges as directly negotiated with a private
licensed cleaning operator.
It is mandatory that all faecal sludge/septage is pumped out from on-site sanitation systems,
such as Kui, Single/Twin Pit Latrines, Septic Tanks, etc., within the ULB by private/municipal
septic tank cleaning operators, and should be safely transported and disposed at the
proposed Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant within ULB once it is operational.
In an event where the operator is unable to transport the collected septage themselves, the
operator shall notify the ULB to request for transport of the septage to the treatment plant.
in case of scheduled desludging, the operator will be charged for the transportation and will
only be eligible for only a half of the cleaning fee. The operator will also hand-over the Job
Card for the cleaning service.
The ULB would monitor the operations and ensure the compliance with these provisions and
has the power to levy penalties on non-complying operators. The residents of the respective
ULB area would be urged to be vigilant and report incidences of arbitrary/illegal disposal to
the ULB.
At the treatment facility, the operator shall notify the treatment plant operator, and show
the Job Card and operator’s license to the treatment plant operator. Once the treatment
plant operator is assured that the operator possesses a valid license along with a valid Job
Card, the cleaning operator will proceed to dispose the waste into the treatment facility.
The treatment plant operator will sign on the Job Card to indicate successful disposal at the
treatment facility. The format of the Job Card is enclosed as part of annexure -2 .
Other innovative options such as an app-based desludging service may also be explored
based on ULBs information (in case of schedule desludging), or with the user request (in
case of on-call services) for desludging services can be availed. Individuals not comfortable
with the online system may also use the services via a phone call/SMS. This will also help the
ULB to update the database on a real-time basis and apprise on the user feedback if any. An
illustrative interface of mobile-based desludging is enclosed as part of Annexure - 15.
Exceptional Circumstances for disposal of Septage: In case the treatment plant is unable to
accept the faecal sludge or septage due to overloading of the plant or undesirable quality of
septage/faecal sludge, the operator will have to obtain the reason for rejection in writing from
the designated personnel at the treatment plant with the concerned personnel’s signature.
Under this condition, the operator will have to dispose the waste at another designated
location to be notified by the ULB.
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5.8 Licensing of desludging operators
ULBs should certify and license all eligible private operators to desludge, transport waste to
the designated treatment facility and its disposal. The process shall be performed only by
licensed operators. The licenses would be valid for an initial period of 2 years and could be
subsequently renewed for a period of three years. An operators manual shall also be made
available to the operators outlining the standard operating procedure along with expected
service standards, penalties, terms of payment, vehicle maintenance, safety protocol, etc.
The ULB shall organise necessary training programs for licensed operators with the help
of the State Government/external agencies/academic institutions to make them familiar
with the provisions of the operator’s manual, and acquaint them with the standard operating
procedure for collection, transport, disposal and reporting of septic tank cleaning. The
resolution is in line with the Section 105 and 340 of Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009.
The eligibility criteria have been classified into three broad categories, namely:
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Administrative Criteria – Pertaining to statutory and regulatory stipulations.
ÂÂ Name and identify of the owner, driver and helper – Minimum two personnel per
vehicle
ÂÂ Proof of ownership – Vehicle Registration (Commercial), Bills for equipment,
insurance, etc.
ÂÂ Up-to-date P.U.C Certificate
ÂÂ Vehicle Fitness Certificate
ÂÂ Driver to have a valid driver’s license (LMV – TR)
ÂÂ Certification after attending short-term course/training session on proper desludging
operations as per operative manual
The underlined criteria are suggested as mandatory eligibility criteria, while the others can
be fulfilled incrementally over a period of 12 to 24 months, which would be monitored during
periodic review by the ULB.
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6. The operator shall ensure the availability of protective gear for workers and materials
for desludging operations on a daily basis.
7. After desludging, workers should follow proper hygiene practices such as washing
hands with soap.
8. After each desludging operation, the area shall be properly cleaned and disinfected with
relevant cleaning agents such as bleaching powder and lime.
9. Expected service standards and penalties would be detailed out in the Operator’s
Manual.
10. Service providers shall deploy and maintain septage vehicles that meet the approved
standards for desludging and transport of the sludge/septage.
11. The driver and service providers shall be responsible for safe operation of the vehicle
and equipment at all times.
12. In the event of accidental spillage of sludge/septage, the operator shall immediately
take action to contain the sludge/septage, minimise the environmental impact, and
initiate clean-up procedures.
Septage/Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant: The ULB shall facilitate construction and operation
of a septage treatment plant in case a suitable Sewage Treatment plant of sufficient
capacity (size and load) is not available within 20 km radius. In case of availability/proposal
of treatment plant (STP or dedicated FSTP) in close proximity (less than 20 km); option of
clustering (Refer Annexure 7) may be explored for smaller towns to maintain the financial
viability for the FSSM implementation. However, the technical feasibility of an existing/
proposed plant should be undertaken to access the viability for handling the additional load
of faecal sludge.
The capacity of the treatment facility shall be based on the current and future septage
generation in the city calculated as per the number and capacity of on-site containment
units in the city, type of septic tank or other containment units, type of cleaning/desludging
system (scheduled, on-call or mixed), number of households need to be served on a daily
basis.
The Site for Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant: An appropriate site should be identified for
the construction of a septage treatment plant giving due consideration to the required
environmental compliances and standards (refer Annexure 10). In case of a non-availability
of any suitable land, a portion of land allocated for solid-waste management may be used
for the construction of a treatment facility. The site selection needs to consider the criteria
provided in Annexure 8 after deciding on the technology of FSTP. The public consultation
and awareness campaign shall be carried out in order to avoid any resistance from families
residing nearby to the proposed plant set-up.
The ULB shall adopt an appropriate financing model for the O&M of septage treatment
and disposal facilities and shall levy user charges as appropriate for meeting the O&M
expenditure. The State Government shall assist the ULBs with empanelled consultants/
agencies for:
1) Preparing the FSSM plan/design/investment strategy,
2) Construction/operation of the plant.
The septage treatment plant shall adopt appropriate technology for treating septage and
the disposed sludge and wastewater after treatment shall strictly comply with the norms as
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per the relevant legislation. It is the responsibility of the operator of the treatment plant to
ensure the compliance with treatment and discharge norms. The reuse of the treated waste
shall be permitted as per the prevailing standards and norms. The standards for the treated
wastewater discharge are provided in Annexure 10. The treatment will ideally ensure the
maximum reuse of the end residual product, including treated effluent water and treated
sludge within the standards and norms.
The treated effluent wastewater may be utilised for irrigation, groundwater recharge,
gardening, etc. while the treated sludge is suggested to be co-composted with the organic
municipal solid waste to form valuable compost. Other options for reuse of the treated
sludge can be vermicomposting, palletisation, direct sale to farmers as a soil conditioner, etc.
The idea is to turn residual waste into a valuable commodity in order to recover the O&M and
even capital costs of the treatment plant. The treated effluents shall be tested periodically to
ensure a consistent output that is compliant with the discharge norms. The compliance that
needs to be followed for the agricultural application of biosolids and treated wastewater has
been provided in Annexure 10. The class - A bio-solids criteria should be followed in areas
where there is high probability of runoff from agricultural fields to mix with surface water
body.
As stated in the previous section, it shall be mandatory for all licensed operators for
collection and transport of septage to dispose the septage only at the treatment plant as
per the approved process. The desludging service providers are prohibited from disposing
the septage at any other location and would attract penalties for the same. The ULBs would
notify/revise penalty structure from time to time.
The following is a list of suggestive penalties that may be levied on operators and households
in the following conditions.
For Operators:
1. For illegal disposal of Septage/Faecal Sludge by licensed operators, individual, or group
of individuals, a penalty would be imposed. More than three incidences would result in
termination of the license.
2. A penalty would be levied on operators not using protective/safety gear such as
uniforms, masks, gloves, boots, etc., or any other incidence where workers come in the
direct contact with the faecal waste. More than 3 incidences would result in termination
of the license.
3. If any spillage caused during cleaning or transport of septage, the containment unit,
and the nearby area is not properly cleaned and sanitised by the operator as per the
standard procedure prescribed in the operator’s manual, a penalty would be imposed on
the operator. More than 5 incidences would result in termination of the license.
4. A penalty would be imposed on operators in case of improperly/partially cleaning Septic
Tanks/Pits. Further, in case of any damage to the property of a household due to the
operator’s negligence, a penalty would be charged, and the operator shall reimburse the
owner for the damages. More than 5 incidences per quarter would result in temporary
suspension of the license and more than 8 incidences would result in termination of the
license.
5. If any discrepancies are found between the information in the submitted Job Cards,
FSTP records, and during field/telephonic verification of Job Cards, a fine would
be levied. This includes incidences of under-reporting or over-reporting of cleaned
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households, falsification of information in the Job Cards, etc.
6. A penalty would be imposed on operators working without a valid license.
7. A penalty would be imposed on operators who fail to present their license at the time of
inspection by a Municipal official. The operator would be required to present the original
license within 2 days or a fine may be imposed.
For Households:
1. Households discharging sewage directly into drains without on-site containment shall
be penalised for the first incident. These households will be given 6 months to get
an on-site containment unit constructed. After the first warning, if the household still
discharges sewage into the drains, a penalty would be imposed each month till the time
the containment unit is not constructed.
2. People found practicing Open defecation would be penalised.
3. Households availing services from manual scavengers or engaging in the practice of
bucket desludging would be penalised.
The urban local body may create a computerised database of sanitation infrastructure,
staff, and schedule at household, ward, and city level, including septage generation from
households and commercial establishments, insanitary latrines, location of septic tanks,
details of operators responsible for the collection of sludge/septage, and details of septage
treatment plant.
Each operator has to carry Job Cards in prescribed formats (attached as Annexure 2) from the
respective ULB, fill-in all necessary information and get the Cards signed by the households
at the time of cleaning and by the treatment plant operator at the time of disposal.
The ULB shall ensure that desludging operators keep recording the details of operations
in the Job Cards, covering households, areas and location, type of septic tank, the age of
septic tank, date of desludging, quantity of septage, user charges collected, accidents and
spillages, and the next date of scheduling for desludging.
The ULBs shall maintain and preserve the collected records for a minimum of 5 years,
preferably with a backup documentation in computers. Each service provider shall be
required to submit copies of all Job Cards for each day on a daily basis to the Municipality.
The difference between the time of cleaning and time of disposal should not be more than
24 hours. One copy has to be given to the household, one submitted to the treatment plant.
The Job Card would have to be submitted within 48 hours from the time of disposal, failing
which the operator would have to fill out a new Job Card and get it signed by each attended
household and treatment plant operator again.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
64
Figure 5.2: Schematic Diagram for Scheduled Desludging System in ULB
Collect Job Card Formats from the Fill the Job Card with Details from the Job Card Details at the time
Municipality. Fill in details of, location, of desludging;
disposal
• Name of Owner/ Occupant/ User
• Vehicle number • Amount Of Septage disposed
Address & Phone no.
• Owner/ Driver • Signature of Treatment Plant
• Permit no. Type of Containment Operator
• Amount of Septage pumped
• Signature of Owner/ Occupant/
User
The treatment plant operators shall also maintain a daily log of activities performed including
the daily inflow of septage from licensed operators, details in the Job Cards, day-to-day
activities performed, maintenance/cleaning activities, the status of each treatment module,
the amount of final treated effluent released/stored each day, etc. A weekly/monthly report
would have to be submitted to the City Sanitation Cell for its review by the City Sanitation
Committee. In case of app-based desludging services, the real-time update of services,
including the database of household desludging, disposal at the treatment facility, and the
payment to operators, would be managed at the Central MIS System of the ULB.
ULBs shall develop appropriate IEC materials and undertake IEC campaigns through public
meetings, print and electronic media, outdoor medium, and consultations and workshops
targeting the residents to sensitise the health and environmental impact of illegal disposal,
promote the adoption of proper toilet designs, construction methods, periodic desludging,
and safe sanitation practices. The State FSSM Cell may also help the ULBs to connect with
empaneled partner agency for media and campaign activity.
The Ward Councillors shall play a prominent role in engaging residents in their wards during
household level surveys and dissemination of information. They can be key actors to convey
and persuade the general public on various code of conducts.
The builders, masons, and suppliers of the Septic Tanks and Pits shall be constantly exposed
to better designs and better methods of construction through training and illustrated
materials.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
65
The desludging operators shall be provided with the information on standard operating
procedures.
The City Sanitation Committee will take necessary action to involve the community, especially
in poor areas, by formulating women-led neighbourhood groups, working with SHGs and
NGOs in implementing the sanitation programme. Public awareness and community
participation should not be just limited to toilet designs, construction methods, periodic
desludging schedules, and sanitation practices but also need to include various motivational
aspects such as negative impact of illegal dumping of sludge, untreated sewage discharge
into freshwater/stormwater drain etc., the amount of user fee to be paid towards the FSSM
and it modality, penalties that can be imposed on households with adverse behaviour, the
responsibility of private operators towards desludging and transport of sludge/septage,
compensation by the operator in the event of any damages to the property, reporting of
spillages, discrepancies, illegal disposal by the operator, grievance redressal mechanism, etc.
The ULB shall support capacity building of various stakeholders including its own staff
through appropriate institutions.
The ULB may also coordinate with the State Government (FSSM Cell) to engage with
empaneled partner agencies for capacity -building to undertake training needs assessment,
design training modules, and deliver the training programme. The different approach for
capacity building along with stages is listed below.
Figure 5.3: Approach to Capacity Building
Setting up a framework by introducing the ULB officials to the National and State
1 Orientation Overview and Background FSSM Policies, City FSSM Plan, and state FSSM guidelines
2 Education Explaining various Components across value chain Educating ULBs and public for safe and sustainable sanitation, proposed approaches,
adoption of regulatory reforms and their individual roles and responsibilities
3
Customized Training for the employees of City Sanitation Cell, Service Providers such
Training Instructing on individual tasks as Desludging /Treatment plant operators, masons, plumbers etc.
4
Continuous handholding of the employees of City Sanitation Cell on operationalizing
Hand - holding Hands-on Support during O&M and maintaining the proposed interventions
Refresher training and follow- up assistance to the employees of City Sanitation Cell
5 Follow-up Revision, Evaluation and Updates and Service Providers after six months and a year.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
66
Brief of Training:
1. For ULB Staff & Ward Councillors – On budgeting for FSM, planning of FSM system,
O&M of FSTP, monitoring and licensing of operators, service-level benchmarking, the
constitution of the Committee and Cell, database management and record keeping,
public awareness strategies, etc.
2. For Desludging Operators – On operative guidelines and standard operating procedure
for the proper septage collection/transport/disposal, record keeping, vehicle
maintenance, licensing procedure and user charges, fleet management, maintenance
and asset management for the desludging operators.
3. For masons & plumbers – On design, specification and construction techniques for
Septic Tanks, Pit Latrines, piping, and plumbing, etc.
4. For FSTP operator – On standard operating procedure, record keeping, periodic
maintenance, and management of treated effluent/residue in the Faecal Sludge
Treatment Plant.
5. Residents – Public Meetings for introducing the FSSM concept and relevant provisions
of FSSM Guidelines.
6. Women-led community networks such as voluntary neighbourhood groups especially
working in poor areas- on hygiene and advantages of FSSM to individual households
7. Youth Groups, Schools champions etc. - sensitizing the timely desludging and advantage
of it on environment and Public health.
Involvement of men and women in planning and implementation will better address the
gender concerns and in mitigating the gender-based sanitation insecurity directly related
to FSSM.
Details on capacity building stages for various stakeholders, brief of all training modalities
and checklist for capacity-building gap assessment are enclosed in Annexure -6.
The ULB shall establish a dedicated helpline with the trained staff for providing support to
residents on all aspects of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management including complaints &
grievances, septic tank designs, approval process, methods of construction, information on
masons, the periodicity of desludging, and contact details of operators and so on.
All queries and grievances received by the Municipal Board would be forwarded to the
suitable entity (Sanitary Inspector, Operator, Service provider, etc.) and would be replied
within 48 hours and would be addressed within 3 working days of reply.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
67
5.15 Service Level Benchmarks
All FSSM services in the Municipal Board shall be periodically evaluated on the basis of the
Service-level indicators in the table below. These service level benchmarks shall indicate the
performance of the FSSM operations in the city.
Annual targets would be set by the City Sanitation Committee as a part of the annual action
plan which will be evaluated as per the performance at the end of the perspective year. SLBs
may also be linked to the current SLB/SLIP, etc. Such information can inform about the State
level decisions and thereon National policies. The State FSSM Cell may coordinate with all
ULBs on building capacity for filling relevant information of SLBs and accordingly undertake
the annual performance monitoring review for the further course of actions.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
68
A ANNEXURES
13. Government Order for State Level Committee - State Sewerage & WW Policy
RESOLUTION - 1
NOTICE
As per the resolution passed in the municipal board meeting dated -- / -- /----, it has been
agreed that all faecal sludge/septage pumped out from on-site sanitation systems such as
Kui, Pit latrines, septic tanks, etc. within the jurisdiction of urban local body by private and
Municipal septic tank cleaning operators, through mechanical methods, should be safely
transported and disposed at the proposed Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant/Designated
Treatment site or Disposal Facility (location:……………………………………....).
Once this facility is operational, it will be the responsibility of the cleaning operator (Municipal
or Private) to transport the septage/faecal sludge to the treatment plant site. In case the
operator is unable to transport the septage/faecal sludge, the operator shall inform the
Municipality to ensure safe transport of septage/faecal sludge to the Treatment Plant. The
resolution is in line with Section 105 and 340 of Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009.
Penalty
A penalty of INR …………… would be imposed on any individual or group of operators who are
found disposing this waste at a location other than the Treatment Plant, except in case of
exceptional circumstances as mentioned below. The ULBs would monitor the operations
and ensure the compliance with these provisions and has the power to levy penalties on
non-complying operators. The residents of the town are and will be urged to be vigilant and
report incidences of arbitrary/illegal disposal to the ULB.
Exceptional Circumstances
In case the treatment plant is unable to accept the faecal sludge or septage from the
truck operator (due to the overloading of the plant or undesirable quality of septage/faecal
sludge), the operator will have to get the reason for rejection in writing from the designated
personnel at the treatment plant, along with the personnel’s signature. Under this condition,
the operator will have to dispose the waste at a designated location to be notified later.
As per the resolution passed in the ULB Meeting dated --/--/----, it has been agreed that
all operators (Public and Private) for pumping out faecal sludge/septage from on-site
sanitation systems such as Kui, pit latrines, septic tanks, etc. within the jurisdiction of the
Municipality, through mechanical methods, shall be provided with licenses, and no operator
would be allowed to function without a valid license from the date of the commencement
of the proposed Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant/Treatment Facility (location-………………………….).
The application forms for the Cleaning Operators License can be obtained from the
respective ULB (location-…………....…) beginning --/--/----. The format of this application form
has been attached as Format 1 of Annexure II. The licenses would be valid for an initial period
of 2 years and could be subsequently renewed for a period of three years. An operators’
manual shall also be made available to the operators outlining the standard operating
procedures along with expected service standards, penalties, terms of payment, vehicle
maintenance, safety protocol, etc. The ULBs shall organise necessary training programs
for the licensed operators with the help of state government/external agencies/academic
institutions to make them familiarise with the provisions of the operators’ manual and
acquaint them with the standard operating procedures for collection, transport, disposal of
faecal sludge/septage and reporting for cleaning of septic tanks. The resolution is in line with
Section 105 and 340 of Rajasthan Municipalities
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
73
User charges applicable for On-call desludging services
The user charges collected by private operator within municipal jurisdiction will be
subjected to discretion of operator. The charges need note to be more than as given in the
various use/type of below section :-
• Residential : INR……………../trip
• Commercial : INR……………../trip
• Institutional : INR……………../trip
• Industrial : INR……………./trip
• Public Toilet : INR ……………/trip
• Others (Slum neighbourhoods, Vulnerable Groups – to be approved by Sanitation
Committee)
a. ……………………………… INR……………../trip
b. ……………………………… INR……………../trip
Penalty
ÂÂ A Penalty of INR ……………would be imposed on any individual or group of operators who
are found disposing this waste at a location other than the Treatment Plant (except
in case of exceptional circumstances). Incidences of more than 3 illegal disposals per
quarter would result in termination of the license. The operators will have to reapply
for the license post-termination.
ÂÂ A penalty of INR ……………would be imposed on operators found violating safety and
hygiene protocols including inadequate use of safety equipment during cleaning and
disposal of septage (other detailed in the operators manual)
ÂÂ A penalty of INR ……………would be imposed on the operators in case of any spillage
during the cleaning procedure of the septic tanks and the transport of septage. More
than 5 incidences of spillage may result in a temporary suspension of the operators’
license.
ÂÂ A penalty of INR ……………would be imposed on operators working without a valid
license.
ÂÂ A penalty of INR …………… would be imposed on operators who fail to present their
operators’ license at the time of inspection by a Municipal official. The operators
would be required to present the original operators’ license within 2 days or a fine
may be imposed.
ÂÂ The operator would be penalised with a fine of INR …………… per mismatched record
if any discrepancy is found in the submitted records, Job cards of the operator, the
records at the FSTP and during verification of Job Cards by Municipality through
telephonic follow-up, and sample survey. Failing to submit Job Cards on time on more
than 5 occasions per quarter may result in a temporary suspension of operators
license.
Other penalties as codified and detailed in the Operators’ Manual and the State FSSM
Guidelines. The respective ULBs would monitor the operations and ensure compliance
with these provisions and has the power to levy penalties on non-complying operators. The
residents of the city are and will be urged to be vigilant and report incidences of arbitrary/
illegal disposal, spillage of faecal sludge/septage from septic tanks, or other discrepancies
to the ULBs.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
74
Exceptional Circumstances: : In case the treatment plant is unable to accept the faecal
sludge or septage from the truck operator (due to overloading of the plant or undesirable
quality of septage/faecal sludge), the operator will have to get the reason for rejection
in writing from the designated personnel at the treatment plant with the personnel’s
signature. Under this condition, the operator has to dispose the waste at a designated
location to be notified later.
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75
RESOLUTION - 3
NOTICE
As per the resolution passed in the ULB Meeting dated --/--/----, it has been agreed
that all households within a respective Municipality will be periodically provided with the
cleaning service of septic tank/pit latrine/Kui etc. every 3 to 5 years based on the size
of on-site containment unit with a maximum period of 5 years, in line with the provisions
of the CHPEEO manual, BIS Code 2470 and prevailing site conditions in a Municipality. The
Resolution is in line with the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009, Section 104.
Moreover, the households will not be charged with a one-time fee for this cleaning service,
and instead, an additional monthly/yearly sum of INR ……………, proposed to be either:
Option II: Combined with solid waste collection from every household charges; or
Option III: Levied as FSSM cess to be collected from every household separately.
This resolution has been passed to encourage residents without on-site containment units
to construct a suitable unit and for introducing a shift towards regular cleaning of on-site
sanitation containment units so as to maintain public health and hygiene. Many households
request for such cleaning services from untrained and unlicensed private cleaning operators.
Furthermore, such requests are made only when a household’s on-site containment units
start to overflow into drains, which could create a major nuisance and a public health hazard.
Households that are unwilling to pay these charges shall be charged the standard desludging
rate as notified by the ULB or charges as directly negotiated with private cleaning operator
(licensed).(refer resolution II of licensing of private operators for notified desludging tariff for
on-call services )
Payment to Operator
Any Licensed Private Desludging Operators interested in operating scheduled cleaning
service can directly obtain the cleaning schedule and corresponding Job Cards from the
concerned Municipality. Cleaning schedule can be given on a daily/weekly basis. The operator
would be paid for successful cleaning operations on the basis of the completed Job Cards
submitted to the Municipality with the signature of a household-member of each household
visited and Treatment Plant operator, and with all fields of the Job Card completely filled.
The Municipality would verify each Job Card through phone calls, conducting visits to the
households, and random inspections/sample surveys. The Operators would be penalised in
cases of any discrepancies as per the provisions of the City FSSM Resolutions and Operator’s
Manual.
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76
Scheduling
The services will be directly provided by the Municipality through trained and licensed
operators who comply with the proposed operator’s manual and the state FSSM Guideline.
A survey shall be undertaken to identify all on-site sanitation containment units in the
Municipality and a periodic cleaning schedule shall be made, based on which each household
will be offered this service. After the preparation of a preliminary schedule, each household
shall be notified in advance i.e. at the start of the month and two days before their turn and
would be requested to be present and oversee the cleaning of their Septic tanks/Kui/Pit
latrines on the scheduled day.
Cleaning services may be provided on request for the first two instances but will be
completely a paid service afterwards if the deviation with the fixed schedule is more than 12
months, irrespective of the monthly/annually user charges.
Rescheduling
The households can reschedule their cleaning service in case an adult member is not
present at home on the scheduled day or time but will be requested to inform the concerned
Municipality in advance i.e. one or two days before the scheduled date.
The households may also reschedule their cleaning service under other circumstances when
the cleaning job would not possible because of any scheduled events, special occasion, etc.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
77
Committee for monitoring and decision-making including sanitation funds; and creation
of Sanitation Cell for managing day-to-day operations including creating, managing and
maintaining schedule, coordination with desludging operators, manage Job Cards and
desludging records, follow-up with households, and grievance redressal.
7. Comprehensive regulatory and monitoring framework to ensure smooth compliance.
8. These provisions would be applicable once the treatment Plant is operational.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
78
RESOLUTION - 4
NOTICE
As per the resolution passed in the ULB Meeting dated --/--/----, it has been agreed
that from --/--/----, submission of building applications have to include for the provision of a
suitable sanitary toilet containment unit such as Septic tank/Pit latrine in line with the model
drawings (Annexure III of State FSSM Guideline) as a part of the building application. A site
inspection by designated Municipal officials will be made to ensure that a suitable sanitary
toilet has been constructed in line with standards. Some modifications would be made to
the Municipal Building Bye-laws (Sthaniy Nikay Bhawan Viniyam 2009) for the same.
The changes will be in accordance to the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009, Section 340.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
79
RESOLUTION - 5
NOTICE
Subject: Constituting the City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell
As per the resolution passed in the ULB Meeting dated --/--/----, it has been agreed that
a City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell shall be constituted to oversee
all Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Operations in the city. In case the Urban Local
Body already has a constituted city sanitation committee, it may also include the mandate of
FSSM and the committee structure can be also modified accordingly.
Furthermore, a dedicated helpline would be set-up for receiving Septic tank/Pit latrine/
Kui cleaning requests along with public grievances/complaints. The committee is being
constituted as per the provision specified in Section 55, Para 3 of the Rajasthan Municipalities
Act, 2009.
The Committee shall be the decision-making body for all Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management related matters within the Municipality. The Junior Engineer and Sanitary
Inspector will represent the Executive Wing of the Municipality, while the Ward Councillors
will represent the interest of the people. The Minutes would be kept for each meeting, signed
by the Executive Officer/Commissioner and the Chairman. All decisions made in the meeting
need to be agreed upon and signed by both, the Executive Officer and the Chairman. The
Committee shall meet at least once a month to review finances, septic tank cleaning records,
public grievances, issues, FSTP-related matters, compliance by operators, etc.
The Sanitation Cell shall present regular reports (monthly/weekly/annual) to the committee
on the progress of FSSM services within the jurisdiction area of the Municipality. The
Sanitary Inspector, as a member of both, the Committee and Cell shall be the common link
between the policy/decision-making and operational aspects of Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management in the jurisdiction area of the Municipality
The Sanitation Committee and Cell shall be constituted immediately after the City FSSM
Resolutions are notified. A more detailed structure, roles, and responsibilities for the
Committee and the Cell shall be followed as given in State FSSM Guidelines. The ULBs shall
also seek assistance from the State Government for training and capacity-building.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
82
02 Formats for Management of Desludging Operations
In accordance with all the terms and conditions of the Resolution - 2, Licensing of Septic
Tank Cleaning Operators passed on --/--/----, the special license conditions accompanying
this license and applicable rules and laws of Government of Rajasthan, the permission is
hereby granted to:
NAME OF LICENSEE_______________________________________________________________
ADDRESS_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ _______
For the collection, transport and disposal of septage from septic tanks, pit latrines, kui
and other on-site sanitation units in ………………………………. Municipality This license is based
on information provided by the desludging operator in the Septage Collection and
Transportation License Application. This license is effective for a period of …….. years from
date of issue, set forth below.
The license may be suspended or revoked for Condition of non-compliance and is not
transferable.
FORMAT 2: APPLICATION FOR THE LICENSE OF COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION
AND DISPOSAL OF SEPTAGE IN ULB
Address:
Regd. office: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………
I/We certify that information given by me/us in column 1 to 11 is true to the best of my
knowledge and belief. I also certify that I have read and understood the attached terms
and conditions as per the Operators Manual and agree to abide by them. I agree that
if any information given by me is found wrong the application for license will be liable for
cancellation at any time.
1)
2)
3)
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
84
FORMAT 3: JOB CARD FOR DESLUDGING OPERATOR
Sr. No._______________
The undersigned being duly authorized hereby certifies to the accuracy of the source and type of
collected Septage identified above and subject to this manifest.
……………………&………........................……&……………………….......….Tear Here………….........................&..........................………………&…………..……
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
85
FORMAT 4: FOR PREPARATION OF DATABASE OF ONSITE SANITATION FACILITIES
Locality
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
86
03 Design and Specification of Onsite Sanitation Facilities
On-site sanitation can be defined as a system where human excreta are retained and
treated on the site of defecation in a way that is hygienic and does not adversely affect the
environment. The Onsite sanitation facilities predominant are Septic Tank, Twin pit, and
Single pit. Single pits are not recommended but can be opted in extreme conditions provided
no adverse impact to ground water. Proper OSSF design considers the following factors:
ÂÂ Water tight
ÂÂ Access port for each compartment that allows for inspection and pumping
Depending on the geography, soil condition, water seepage capacity of the soil the design
can be prepared and approved by the Local Bodies. Proper septic tank design considers the
following factors:
ÂÂ Sized properly with appropriate sludge detention time, volume and hydraulic retention
time Proper inlet and outlet structures
ÂÂ Water tight
ÂÂ Access port for each compartment that allows for inspection and pumping Table1:
Number of Users Length (M) Breadth (M) Liquid Depth for a Cleaning Interval of 5 Years
(M)
20 4 2 1.55
Number of Users Length (M) Breadth (M) Liquid Depth for a Cleaning Interval of 3 Years
(M)
10 2 0.9 1.4
15 2 0.9 2
50 5 2 1.24
150 10 3 1.24
300 15 4 1.24
Note: The CPHEEO Manual and NBC code IS 2470 Part I 1985 may be referred for exact calculations
Table A.4: Existing guide lines for design and construction of septic tanks
A sub soil dispersion system shall not NBC, Part 3: be given due
be closer than 18 meters from any Development consideration, in
source of drinking water, such as well, Control Rules reality, the location
to mitigate the possibility of bacterial and General of the septic tanks
pollution of water supply Building are
Requirements
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
88
Parameters Existing Guidelines Source of General
Guideline Observations
Design and Septic tanks should have a minimum NBC, Part 3: Local masons
Construction width of 750 mm, depth of 1 meter Development unaware of the
below water level and a minimum Control Rules existing design/
water capacity of 1 cubic meter. The and General construction
length of the tank shall be 2 to 4 times Building guidelines for
the width. Requirements construction
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
89
Parameters Existing Guidelines Source of General
Guideline Observations
Design and Baffles are provided at inlet and outlet
Construction and should dip 25 to 30 cm into and
project 15 cm above the liquid. The
invert of the outlet pipe should be
provided at 5 to 7 cm below the invert
level of inlet pipe.
The height of the ventilation pipe
should extend at least 2 m above the
height of the highest building within
20 meters radius
Effluent from septic tanks should
be discharged into a soak pit or
dispersion trenches depending on
water Table. Soak pits or dispersion
trenches can be adopted in all porous
soils, where soak percolation rate is
below 25 minutes per cm and the
depth of water table is 2 m or more
from the ground level.
“Improved Septic Tank” - the walls of CSE Policy
the conventional septic tank can be Paper on
replaced with baffle walls to have a septage
multi chambered baffled septic tank. management in
The paper states “This movement India
of wastewater inside the tank helps
in creating the turbulent flow which
causes enhanced mixing of the
raw sewage with already existing
activated sludge and accelerates the
decomposition of the solids because
of intensive contact between
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
90
Figure A.1: Typical section of septic tank
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
91
2. Twin Pit System: It consists of superstructure (Toilet) and treatment units (two chambers). T
underground chambers (pits) are provided to hold fecal sludge. These are normally offset from
toilet and should be at least 1 meter apart. A single pipe leads from the toilet to a small divers
chamber,
2. Twinfrom which separate
Pit System: It consistspipes lead to
treatment theoftwo
units twounderground
chambers. The chambers. The pits should
two underground
chambers (pits)
with open-jointed are provided
brickwork. Eachto pit
hold fecal sludge.
should Theseto
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at least from theaccumula
12 months
toilet and should be at least 1 meter apart. A single pipe leads from the toilet to a small
fecal sludge.
diversionWastewater
chamber, from is discharged
which separateto one
pipeschamber until
lead to the it is
two full of fecalchambers.
underground sludge. Discharge
switched
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with open-jointed secondEach
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pit should ofdesigned
fecal sludge,
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hold
the first pitatare
least 12 out.
dug months accumulation
During the time of of fecal sludge.
storage, Wastewater
digestion shouldis discharged
ensure thattoitoneis odorless
chamber until it is full of fecal sludge. Discharge is then switched to the second chamber.
of pathogens.
Just before The
thedetail
second drawing
chamberandisspecification is available
full of fecal sludge, in SBMof(Urban)
the contents the firstGuideline
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out. During the time of are provided
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that it isof twin pits
odorless andinfree
different co
of pathogens. The detail drawing and specification is available in SBM (Urban) Guideline
Table 2 Twin and
Pit Specifications
CPHEEO manual,in Different Situation
2013. Specifications are provided to guide the construction of
twin pits in different conditions
High subsoil Where the subsoil water level rises to less than 300 mm below ground level,
waterTable
level of the pitsinshould
A.5: Twin Pit Specifications Different be raised by 300 mm above the likely subsoil water level an
Situation
should be filled all-round the pits and latrine floor raised as stated above.
High subsoil Where the subsoil water level rises to less than 300 mm below ground level, the top
Waterwater
loggedlevel Thepits
of the pitshould
top should
be raised bebyraised
300 mm byabove
300 mm above
the likely thewater
subsoil likelylevel
level
andof water above
earth
area: level
should beat theall-round
filled time ofthewater logging.
pits and Earth
latrine floor should
raised then
as stated be filled well compacted
above.
Water Theround
pit top the
shouldpitsbeup to 1.0
raised m distance
by 300 mm abovefrom thelevel
the likely pit of
and up above,
water to its ground
top. The raising
logged area: level pitat will necessitate
the time rising Earth
of water logging. of latrine
shouldfloor
then be also.
filled well compacted all-round
the pits up to 1.0 m distance from the pit and up to its top. The raising of the pit will
Black cotton soil: necessitate
Pits in black cotton
rising of latrine soil
floorshould
also. be designed taking infiltrative rate of 10 l/m/d
However, a vertical fill (envelope) 300 mm in width with sand, gravel or balla
Black cotton Pits in black cotton soil should be designed taking infiltrative rate of 10 l/m/d. However,
soil: small fill
a vertical sizes should300
(envelope) be provided
mm in width all-round
with sand,the pit or
gravel outside thesmall
ballast of pit lining.
sizes
Where space is a should Where circular
be provided pits ofthe
all-round standard
pit outsidesizes
the pitcannot
lining. be constructed due to space con
constraint:
Where deeper
Where pitpits
circular with small diameter
of standard sizes cannot (not less than 750
be constructed due mm),
to spaceorconstraints,
combined oval, sq
space is a rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition
deeper pit with small diameter (not less than 750 mm), or combined oval, square wall may
constraint: or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall may be
provided. In case of combined pits and the partition wall should not have hol
provided. In case of combined pits and the partition wall should not have holes. The
partition
partition wall should
wall should go 225 mm go deeper
225 mm thandeeper thanand
the pit lining theplastered
pit lining andsides
on both plastered on
withsides
cement with cement mortar.
mortar.
Sl. No. Nos. of User Diameter Liquid Liquid Capacity Per capita liquid
Depth (with 3-year volume (m3/
cleaning period) head)
1 5 1.8 1.1 2.8 0.56
2 10 2.2 1.4 5.32 0.53
3 15 2.5 1.55 7.61 0.51
4 20 2.75 1.7 10.1 0.5
Description
A bio-digester toilet is an anaerobic multi-compartment tank with inoculum (anaerobic
bacteria) which digests organic material biologically. The details of bio- digester toilets are
shown in Figure 3. This system converts faecal waste into usable water and gases in an
eco-friendly manner. It can be connected to the toilet or a series of toilets. The toilet can
be a superstructure fixed on the bio-digester or a separate unit. Bio-digester has an inlet, an
outlet and a gas pipe.
The tank has two components, namely, anaerobic microbial inoculum (seed bacteria) and
specially designed fermentation tank. The tank can be made out of Stainless steel, Mild
steel, FRP or concrete. Semi-treated water from bio-digester tank is needed to be further
disposed into a soak pit or a reed bed arrangement for its treatment to acceptable levels of
discharge.
Advantages
ÂÂ As there is no sludge formation, there is no need for de-sludging and treatment. It is
therefore more economical in the long-term as it conserves water and has minimum
O&M
ÂÂ Night soil degradation occurs through microbial reaction which converts it into bio
gas and odorless water.
ÂÂ Technology is environmental friendly, maintenance free and efficient without
depending on conventional energy sources.
ÂÂ Permits use of toilet cleansing agents.
ÂÂ Suitable for mobile and stationary platforms.
ÂÂ Lifelong usage bio-digester tank does not need recharging, re-shifting or maintenance.
ÂÂ Costs lesser than the conventional toilets.
ÂÂ Easy to transport and install.
ÂÂ One-third to one-fourth capacity of septic tank
ÂÂ Space requirement is less.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
93
Specifications Bio tank
(a) Land requirement – 25 sq. ft.
(b) Tank internal dimensions – 1336 mm x1036 mm x 900 mm
(c) Diagonal partition wall of 8mm thickness (adequately stiffened by ribs)
(d) Tank is buried 600mm deep and anchored by 300mm long stainless steel(SS316) anchor
bolts at corners
(e) FRP tanks of 8mm thickness
(f) Provision of water sealed outlet from the tank
(g) For 5-6 users:
a. Total capacity: 700 liters (1000 mmX700 mm and 1000 mm depth). Where
space is a constraint the depth of the tank can be increased to 1.5 m
b. Volume of anaerobic Compartment (30% of total capacity): 210 liters
c. Tank may be constructed with masonry also.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
94
04 Conversion of Insanitary Latrines into Pits
I ULB officials State FSSM • Concept and need of FSSM, Interactive
Guideline • FSSM process across the Workshop
sanitation value chain,
• Issues and challenges,
• Statutory provisions,
• Roles and responsibilities,
• State level Operative Manuals
and Guidelines
I & II ULB officials City FSSM Plan & • Understanding existing Consultation
of all the City level Septage sanitation situation, need for Workshop
project towns Management FSSM interventions, approach,
Resolutions roles and responsibilities.
III Survey Team Household level • Collection of data on One-on-one training
Septic Tank household size; availability,
Database type, size and structure of
containments; water supply
connection, last desludging
date etc.
II, III & Sanitary O&M, Monitoring • Scheduled desludging One-on-one training
IV Inspector of and Evaluation approach, and continuous
the Sanitation • Post- cleaning inspection, handholding
Cell • Management of Finances-
Revenue and Expenditures,
• Redressal of grievances,
• Monitoring and evaluation
against service level
benchmarks,
• Preparation of progress
reports
Stage Stakeholders Subject Description Modality
III & Fireman Support in IEC • Assisting with collection of Demonstrations
IV and Ward activities household database and assistance
Councilors • Ensuring proper construction
of containments and
desludging operations
• Gathering and educating
people
• Distributing education and
awareness material
III Masons and Construction • Proper containment size, Operative manual &
plumbers of Sanitary specifications and design Guidelines;
Containments • Proper techniques to Illustrations
construct a septic tank, and live on- site
pit latrine, soak pit, toilet demonstrations;
superstructure, etc. Certificate or
• Various construction empanelment by
materials to be used and its Nagar Palika
sources
III Code of Conduct • Proper process of desludging, Operative manual &
• Use of Safety gear. Guidelines;
• Maintenance of equipment, Live on- site
• Filling up the job card, and demonstration and
• Submitting the records with assistance
the FSSM Cell
• Incentives and penalties in
case of non- compliance
Stage Stakeholders Subject Description Modality
III & Treatment O&M of • Treatment technology Operative manual &
IV Plant Treatment Plant • Detailed procedure of Guidelines;
operators operations and maintenance Continuous training
• Keeping records and and handholding
manifests
• Storage and sale of compost
generated from the plant
III Public toilet O&M of Public • Regular cleaning and Operative manual &
operators Toilets maintenance of public toilets/ Guidelines;
urinals On-site
• Keeping log of users demonstrations
• Collection of user charges
III Volunteers Support in IEC • Carrying out rallies and public Demonstration and
from other activities awareness campaigns interactive learning
institutions session
06 Capacity Building Gap Assessment and Training Modalities
Capacity Gaps
Stakeholders
Components
Equipment/
Knowledge
Manpower
Resources
Finances
Skills/
ULB Containments No mechanism or database to impose
penalties on households who do not
have any containment and discharge
night soil directly into open drains.
Components
Equipment/
Knowledge
Manpower
Resources
Finances
Skills/
Masons and Containments Lack of knowledge and skill to construct
Plumbers containment systems as per the national
standards
Adequate
Absent
Training Modalities
Interactive workshop for ULB officials will include presentations, audio- visual illustrations,
and Q&A sessions.
Consultation workshop for ULB officials of Project Towns will include the presentations,
audio- visual illustrations and Q&A sessions on City FSSM Plan and Septage Management
Resolutions along with round-table discussions inviting suggestions for their respective
towns. Interactive exercises can be held for managing the Sanitation Committee, Cell and
City Sanitation Funds by putting up sample problems.
One-on-one training of survey team shall include training on framing questions in front
of households and extracting necessary information through interactive conversations.
Assistance shall be given in the field for filling up of first few survey questionnaires to ensure
they are being done right.
Similarly, One-on-one Training for computer operators of City Sanitation Cell of all the
Project Towns shall include coaching with learning to use the hardware and software
properly. Handholding shall be done for at least a month to ensure proper techniques are
being followed.
Targeted Training of Sanitary Inspector of all the Project Towns through sample problems,
illustrations, presentations and audio-visuals. Handholding shall be done for at least a
month through weekly follow-ups and assistance in preparing progress reports.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
100
Presentations, demonstrations and discussions
Focus Group Discussions shall be targeted at the group of households who practice open
defecation, discharge night soil and septic tank overflow directly into open drain, etc. through
assistance from Ward Councilors and Health Officer.
Public announcements can be made through speakers mounted on cycle rickshaws, solid
waste collection trucks, desludging trucks, public toilets, and other public places.
Pamphlets can be distributed through newspaper; service providers such as solid waste
collector, milkman; distributed along with utility bills such as water and electricity bills; given
to shopkeepers and government offices for distributing amongst visitors and other such
public activities.
Interactive learning sessions for public shall be held by gathering local residents at
community halls and public places. They will be familiarized with emergency desludging
requests, complaints/ grievances, filling up a job card and general vigilance.
Brochures and Operative Manuals and guidelines for service providers such as masons,
plumbers, desludging operators, public toilet operators and treatment plant operators
shall be made available at the Nagar Palika office, other public offices and shops that sell
equipment to these service providers.
Illustrations and live demonstrations shall be conducted for service providers such as
masons, plumbers, desludging operators and public toilet operators at a sample site by
carrying out dedicated training for each target group.
Follow up and refresher training for masons, plumbers, desludging operators and treatment
plant operators after six months and one year at site, ensure proper operations and
maintenance.
Each stakeholder shall be engaged in trainings, education and awareness programs for
their individual roles and responsibilities through training modules customized for target
audience. The material for pamphlets, brochures, Operative manuals and guidelines shall
be provided by the consultant and the modules shall be delivered with the assistance from
supportive agencies.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
101
07 Clustering Strategies for Sharing of FSTPs and STPs
Clustering of nearby town (preferably less than 20Km) can reduce the requirement of
dedicated FSTP and built treatment units can be shared to larger beneficiary group. This
will also help to reduce the financial burden on ULBs and increase the functionality of plant
operations. GIS Based proximity analysis of all 191 ULB of Rajasthan suggest the possibility
of 24 clusters formulations (Map 3) where either co-treatment or sharing of FSTP can be
institutionalized. Three different scenarios of clustering are illustrated for detail deliberations.
The ULBs can adopt one of these scenarios for clustering in line with their existing financial
situation, physical location, demographic profile etc. Town(s) which fall under cluster of
neighboring town may opt for Larger desludging vehicles or Mobile Transfer station to
efficiently reduce the inter-town trip length. Small capacity of desludging trucks (preferably
of 3000 L) may serve the town needs of desludging operations and accordingly transfer the
sludge to the larger desludging truck (preferably of 9000L) .
STPs are designed for long term and have spare capacity
Existing
in term of both pollution load and flow. It is suggested that Facility
smaller towns closer to medium or large towns can co-treat STP
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
103
Map A.2: Illustrative Buffer map of all the local bodies of Rajasthan
20 Km
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
104
Map A.3: Map of Possible cluster in Rajasthan
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
105
Map A.4: Possible inclusion of town with neighboring treatment facility - Cluster formation
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
106
08 Site Selection for a Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
Site selection for setting the dedicated plants for treatment feacal sludge is important for
optimizing the distance require for desludging operation in a city. ULBs need to identify the
land for FSTP on following parameters:
Land availability: • Land identification and allotment should be given priority in the city
wide FSSM planning. FSTP should be adjacent to Solid waste Disposal site to facilitate the
possibility of co-composting. In case it is not feasible to combine with solid waste site, ULBs
need to identify the suitable land banks to set FSTP. Land should be adequate for current
and future requirement.
Topography of Site: Preference should be given to site with natural slope where gravitation
flow can be utilize to reduce the pumping cost.
Distance of Site from center of City: Site should be located such that distance of center
of city to FSTP site can be optimize, it will allow to reduce the trip length of desludging
equipment. Site located far from city center usually results in more fuel costs to public and
private operator which reduces the profit margin.
Road Connectivity: Site should have accessibility from road, in absence of road connectivity
overall cost of plant increases due to construction of approach road.
4 Distance of existing
septage disposal site
from (Km)
5 Distance of SWM
treatment or disposal
facility from (Km)
6 Type of SWM
treatment facility
7 Average distance and Distance (Km) Time (Min) Distance (Km) Time (Min)
duration of emptying
trip to site ……………… …………….. ……………… ……………..
8 Electricity availability ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Yes ☐ No
11 Soil Type
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
108
09 Eligibility Criteria for Licensing and Detail of Licensing Kit
The eligibility criteria have been classified into three broad categories, namely:
The criteria underlined are suggested as mandatory while others can be incrementally
fulfilled over a period of 12 to 24 months, monitored during periodic review by the ULB.
LICENSE KIT
A license kit should be part of registration process of desludging operators. The kit will
comprise of following:
1. License: A License for Collection & Transportation of Faecal Sludge from septic
tanks, pit latrines, kui and other on-site sanitation units in ULB, will be provided to all
authorized operators, in accordance with all terms & conditions of the State FSSM
Guidelines, by ULB.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
110
2. First-aid kit: A first aid kit contents include elastic bandages, antiseptic wipes, gauze
pads, antibiotic ointment, ice packs, compresses, pain relievers, an instructional first
aid guide, and more.
3. Safety Gear: These includes protective gear for workers including rubber gloves, rubber
boots, face mask, safety belt, uniform with apron, helmet, eye protection glasses, torch
and anti-septic soap.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
111
1. Health Insurance for workers: Considering
the unsafe handling of waste and unskilled
man power involved in this entire operation
leads to various accidental and critical
health issues, the health insurance for the
workers will hence ensure security and
provide claims up to INR 2 lakh.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
112
10 General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
114
Revised Effluent discharge standards set by MOEF &CC 2017
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 13th October, 2017
G.S.R. 1265(E).—In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government hereby makes the following
rules further to amend the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, namely:- 1. Short title and
commencement.—(1) These rules may be called the Environment (Protection) Amendment
Rules, 2017. (2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official
Gazette. 2. In the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, in Schedule – I, after serial number
104 and the entries relating thereto, the following serial number and entries shall be inserted,
namely: —
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
115
Note :
(i) All values in mg/l except for pH and Fecal Coliform.
(ii) These standards shall be applicable for discharge into water bodies as well as for land
disposal/applications.
(iii) The standards for Fecal Coliform shall not apply in respect of use of treated effluent for
industrial purposes.
(iv) These Standards shall apply to all STPs to be commissioned on or after the 1st June, 2019
and the old/existing STPs shall achieve these standards within a period of five years from
date of publication of this notification in the Official Gazette.
(v) In case of discharge of treated effluent into sea, it shall be through proper marine outfall and
the existing shore discharge shall be converted to marine outfalls, and in cases where the
marine outfall provides a minimum initial dilution of 150 times at the point of discharge and
a minimum dilution of 1500 times at a point 100 meters away from discharge point, then, the
existing norms shall apply as specified in the general discharge standards.
(vi) Reuse/Recycling of treated effluent shall be encouraged and in cases where part of the
treated effluent is reused and recycled involving possibility of human contact, standards as
specified above shall apply.
Central Pollution Control Board/State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees may
issue more stringent norms taking account to local condition under section 5 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986”.
Parameters Characteristics
Class A Bio-solids of A Feacal coliform density < 1000 MPN/g
US EPA (either)
Solmonella Sp. Density < 3MPN per 4 g
Class B Bio-solids of A faecal coliform density <2,000,000 MPN/g
US EPA
WHO 2006 Helminth egg concentration < 1 per gram total solids
E-coli 1000 /g total solids
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
116
11 Co-Treatment of Faecal Sludge in STP’s
Impact of Septage addition in STP above a threshold limit it becomes critical, if it`s capacity
(with respect to hydraulic load and organic load) is not augmented or modified to take
septage load.
ÂÂ Increased volume of screenings and grit requiring disposal
ÂÂ Increased order emissions from head works
ÂÂ Scum accumulation in clarifiers
ÂÂ Increased organic loadings to the biological process
ÂÂ Potential order and foaming problem in aerated basins
ÂÂ Increased loading to sludge handling process
ÂÂ Increased sludge volume requiring final disposal
ÂÂ Increased housekeeping requirements
These will create difficulty in functioning of STPs and could not achieve performance
standards.
In absence of primary information’s and data, Figure below provides a method to estimate
the allowable rates of septage addition, assuming that a holding tank is provided and that
septage is added to the sewage flow on a semi-continuous basis (or in batch flow basis) in the
primary units. This holding tank will absorb surge load of septage and it should be designed to
have a homogeneous character with adequate detention time and mechanical arrangement
or effluent recirculation, if necessary. In absence of specific primary information, the chart,
given below, takes into account the current loadings to the plant compared with its design
loadings. Package plants that do not employ adequate flexibility in primary treatment are
the least amenable to septage handling. Also, septage can be dispose to manholes with
appropriate modification; ULBs need to ensure that dumping happens only to predetermine
manhole in well recorded manner. In all cases, allowable septage volume is influenced by
septage characteristics, treatment plant operations, and sewage flow patterns. A factor of
safety should be included in establishing allowable septage volumes.
If septage is added to the solids handling train, allowable loadings must be estimated based
on site-specific information and will vary depending on both the existing solids handling
processes used at the plant and their design capacity. First, information on current process
versus design of hydraulic and design loading parameters (solid and organic) must be studied
and compiled for those respective processes that will be employed to co-treat septage-
sludge mixtures. Such processes may include thickening, aerobic or anaerobic digestion,
dewatering, chemical stabilization and composting. Then, conservative estimates of the
volumes of septage that could be processed without exceeding the design capacity of each
unit process can be developed.
Figure A.4: Allowable septage loadings to a sewage treatment plant having septage-holding tank (U.S. EPA,
`
1984)
2.Figure
Present proposal
2 Allowable septage loadings to a sewage treatment plant having septage-holding tank (U.S. EPA, 1984)
The present study is aimed to scientifically dispose the faecal sludge generated from
2. Proposal
household forinCo-treatment
level the city to the existing sewage treatment plant. Considering that State/
Septage
ULB’s can be co-treated
is planning with sewage
for construction in Sludge Treatment
of sewerage network plant provided
in future the entire
for the availability of spare
town, it is
important that until such services are in operation, an alternative arrangement shall be inof
capacity of pollution load and flow. Considering that State and ULBs is planning for construction
sewerage
place. Statenetwork
FSSM in future for the
Cell/ULB’s will entire town, it
undertake is important
technical that until
feasibility such of
study services
the allareSTPs
in operation,
in the
an alternative arrangement is in well in place. Co-treatment need to be part of
town and will identify their ability to take septage load. In this context, a guiding document the all STPs which will serve
non-sewer
called areas of
Technical city as wellGuideline
Feasibility as nearby Statutory towns, Census
will be prepared towns and villages.
by Sanitation State FSSM cell will
Cell/ULB/DLB/RUIDP,
which shall consist of general guidelines as well as a Field and Desk survey form.toData
undertake technical feasibility study of the all STPs in the town and will identify their ability take of
septage
the
load. In STPs
existing case ofwill
septage is either dumped
be collected and thedirectly to existing
septage STPs
load will bewith small modifications
calculated with use of or the
to dedicated
graph,
inmanholes.
absence of ULBs need todata,
primary ensure that thein
as shown dumping
above happens
Figure. only on predetermined manholes in a well-
recorded manner. ULB responsible for STP need to ensure that the dumping happens only on
predetermined manholes in a well-recorded manner. Co-treatment can be facilitated to nearby towns up
It has been experienced that in most of the towns a few pockets of the town are always
to distance of 25 Km based on cost benefit analysis. In such cases either mobile transfer vehicles or
being left out and devoid of getting direct connection to the sewerage system. This is due to
desludging equipment of large capacity should be used to reduce number of trips between towns.
unfavorable topographical condition, congested road network with narrow roads, inadequate
With these available information, a Detailed Project Report will be prepared, which will discuss the
funds, non-availability of land required for lift pumping station. These pockets need to be
demand estimation, CAPEX, OPEX, recovery of O & M cost, and implementation framework to carry out
served by septage management solution with treatment process as co-treatment with STP
the up-gradation work at selected Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) for disposal of septage.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
118
With the available information, a Detailed Project Report will be prepared, which will discuss
the demand estimation, CAPEX, OPEX, recovery of O&M cost, VTO market size, environment
friendly effluent disposal mechanism and implementation framework to carry out the up-
gradation work of selective Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).
Septage contains more concentration of coliform than waste sewage water, which
hampers normal functioning of microbes and bacteria that works efficiently in STP. So it
is recommended to reduce coliform load by perchlorinating in holding tank and maintain a
definite favorable pH before promoting for co-treatment. Additionally a recirculation system
of a part of effluent liquid in holding tank could also enhance efficiency of co-treatment.
3. Dimensions of Application
There are 4 dimensions of application of Co-Treatment with STP for septage solution –
(i) Existing STP which had not been designed to take load of additional sanitation coverage;
(ii) Existing STP which had been designed to take load of 100% sanitation coverage, but
selective pockets could not be connected due to practical problems;
(iv) Existing STP which is not getting organic load as designed due to which it is vulnerable
to mal-functioning.
In the first case where existing STP had not been designed without considering additional
load of septage, overall redesign is required. If septage load (in kg per day) is about 10-18%
not more than 10-18% of sewage load measured over an extended time of at least 24 hours,
the existing STP could be utilized with minor modification. If septage organic load is more
than overall rehabilitation of STP is required.
In the second dimension, existing STP had been designed to take load of 100% sanitation
coverage. But due to practical problems selective pockets could not be connected. In this
case there is no requirement of substantial design work in STP. As septage of few selected
pockets will be added in the treatment system as surge, the primary unit, mainly holding tank,
could be modified to solve the problem.
In the third dimension, proposed STP has to be designed to take care of respective load of
septage. It is not an issue. It will be designed from scratch and all considerations sould be
taken care right at the design level. Land could be selected accordingly.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
119
The forth case is most common in India. STPs are designed at a specified organic load.
But due to non-availability of adequate organic load (the reasons are not under purview of
this note). The STPs go into endogenous phase and starts mal-functioning. In this case to
additional organic load, septage should be added to revive the system.
Normally STPs are designed to take overload of 10-20% depending on designer and
requirement of end user, i.e. ULB. In this co-treatment process this provision of overload kept
within design philosophy could be utilized to take additional septage, even if the STP was not
designed for the same. A sample calculation is shown in the following table.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
120
Figure A.5: Addition Population Load of Septage vs Operation
Actual Influent BOD load in STP which was design with 300mg/l influent
There are several important factors to be considered while planning co-treatment of faecal
sludge with the existing sewage treatment plant or by setting up a new Faecal Sludge
Treatment Plant (FSTP) which has direct impact on O & M and monitoring. Since O & M
aspects are important for overall long-term success of the programme, O & M planning,
including the financial provision of funds should be included in the terms of references (ToR)
for designing such facilities. Furthermore, O & M should be reviewed and approved along
with engineering designs and specifications by including operation and maintenance cost.
Extent of O&M activities will depend of which dimension of problem the proposal will fall on.
The following points should be kept in mind for developing such a facility;
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
121
12 Compendium of Technology Options for FSTP and Desludging Equipment
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
123
Treatment Properties Advantages Disadvantages
Option
Belt filter Dewatering of -Good dewatering capacity -Difficulty in controlling odors.
press faecal sludge -Skills required
using belt press -Capital costs are high
-Operating costs are high (Costs can be higher if a polymer is
used.)
-Sludge and effluent need further treatment
Geobags Solid Liquid -Requires minimal equipment -May need a pump for filling.
Separation using -Economical option -Space for storage over long periods.
geo bags -No complicated procedure or parts. -Dried sludge before disposal must be solar dried to ensure
-Can run at all times with minimal labour. pathogen/helminth eradication.
Table A.16: Decision making matrix for primary treatment (Solid liquid separation) of sludge
Technology Land Requirement Energy Ground CAPEX OPEX Skill Discharge Standard
Requirement water
Level
UDB High Low Low Low Low Low Medium
PDB High Low Low Low Low Low Medium
AD Low Low Low Medium Medium High High
Centrifugation Low Medium Low High High Medium Low
S&T Low Medium Low Low Low Medium Medium
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
124
Technology for Effluent Treatment
A liquid part would be produced after primary treatment. This is a partially treated liquid, which needs further treatment before disposal.
The technologies used for effluent (liquid) treatment are waste stabilization ponds (WSP), activated sludge process (ASP), sequence batch
reactor (SBR), membrane bioreactors (MBRs), anaerobic filter (AF), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and constructed wetland (CW).
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
125
Treatment Option Properties Advantages Disadvantages
Sequential batch Batch process, -Requirement of land is low. -High CAPEX and OPEX.
reactor (SBR) similar in concept -Effluent quality is high. -Constant energy supply is required,
to ASP -It can handle high organic load. high energy consumption.
-SBR can be modified to meet specific discharge limits. -Prone to complicated chemical and
microbiological problems
-Requires skilled personnel.
Membrane bio It is a -This operates at higher volumetric loading rates. -Fouling problems is noticeable on
reactors (MBR) combinational -High removal efficiency of BOD, TSS, etc. the membrane surface.
treatment process -Less land required -Complex process.
using aerobic and -No equalization of hydraulic and organic loadings required -High CAPEX and OPEX
membrane based -Energy intensive process
treatment
Constructed Natural process, -It is cheaper to operate than other treatment systems. -High land requirement
wetland (CW) uses certain -Energy is not required because the wetland is entirely -Labor is required for sludge
species of plants gravity operated. removal.
to absorb and -Low CAPEX and OPEX. -Pathogen reduction is low.
treat the effluent. -It provides an environment for a wide range of native
animals.
Anaerobic filter(AF) Anaerobic -It is resistant to hydraulic shocks. -Lower reduction pf pathogens.
filtration of -Energy is not required. -Requires skilled designers and
effluent. -Higher reduction of BOD and TSS laborers.
-It can be built with local materials. -Clogging of filter material possible.
-Moderate CAPEX and OPEX -Cleaning of AF material is tedious.
-Sludge removal frequency is low. -The treated liquid requires further
tertiary treatment.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
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Table A.18: Decision making Matrix for effluent treatment
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
127
Treatment Option Properties Advantages Disadvantages
Sludge Drying Bed Solids are dewatered by -Easy to operate -Requires stabilized sludge to reduce nuisance and odors.
+ Co-composting drying in sludge drying -Energy is not required. -High land requirement.
beds and is further co- -End product can be used as a -Blockage of same bed.
composted along with fertilizer. -Only applicable during dry seasons.
organic municipal solid -Water amount of sludge is
waste reduced
Solar Drying Solids are dewatered in a -Low energy requirements. -High space requirements.
controlled environment to -Low investment costs. -Skilled staff is required
regulate temperature and -High potential dewatering
humidity. efficiency
Deep Row Dewatered faecal sludge is -Inexpensive technique -It may cause groundwater pollution
entrenchment disposed in deep trenches, -Trees planted on top get many -High land availability
which can also be used for benefits such as extra CO2 -Potential nuisance to adjacent areas.
agro forestry. fixation, erosion protection or
potential economic benefits.
Technology Land Requirement Energy Requirement Ground water Level CAPEX OPEX Skill Discharge Standard
Co-composting High Low Low High High Low High
Vermi- High Low Low High High Low High
composting
Sludge drying High Low Low High Medium Low High
bed + Co-
composting
Solar Drying High Low High Medium Medium Medium High
Deep Row High Low High Low Low Low
Entrenchment
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Compendium of Technology for Desludging Equipment
Equipment Type Brief About Technology Advantages Disadvantages O&M Requirement
Vacuum Tankers Vacuum tankers consist of - High de-sludging - Low access – - It is necessary to check the oil level of
a truck or any other mobile speed cannot the vacuum pump, oil-cooling tank,
vehicle combined with a tank - High storage volume reach areas with hydraulic tank and tanker engine daily
and a vacuum pump. They - High mobility smaller roads - The cooling water and the wash water
use a de-sludging technology - Face problems with from the truck also should be checked
which is characterized by high trash which choke - In addition, it is necessary that the cooling
tank volume, high mobility and the inlet radiators for the hydraulic oil and pump oil
fast de-sludging with the help - High capital and are kept running. After each day the oil and
of electricity. operating costs sludge separators should be drained
- Requires repairs, - The tire pressure, lights, indicators, horns,
which can result in valves, gaskets and the hydraulic system
long delays should be checked weekly
Omni-Ingestor The Faecal Sludge Omni- - Integrated solution of - Capital cost is high - Chlorine has to be replenished as and
Ingestor is one of the first handling collection - Is a complex when required
mobile pre-processing and treatment at point system and needs - Pumps and other moving parts need to be
system and can separate of operation skilled manpower lubricated
solid material from the - Can handle different for operation and - Trash and heavy particles must be
sludge and hygienically treat types of sludge maintenance collected and disposed
it right next to the pit. The viscosity - Requires chlorine
FSOI suite of technologies - Pre-processes from and electricity for
includes pumping, debris the sludge, thereby operation
extraction, sludge thickening reducing need for
and disinfection sub-systems. dewatering at
This system is innovative in treatment plant
integrating the collection and - Allows for only
treatment components at a thickened sludge to
single stage. Such a system be transported,
reduces the requirement of reducing cost of
transporting sludge to far transportation
distances for treatment and - Provides an
disposal. opportunity to reuse
the sanitized water
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
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13 Government Ordar for State Level Committee
14 Service Level Improvement Plan for FSSM
Following are major aspects against which the ULB can assess its capacity to provide
the sanitation services in the city. This has been prepared on the lines of ‘Service Level
Improvement Plan’ framework of AMRUT provided by MoHUA. This will assist the ULBs in
identifying their capacity gaps and needs of FSSM, and help identifying projects and other
related requirements to meet the objectives of sustainable sanitation systems.
City Sanitation cell shall prepare this ‘Service Levels Assessment’ at the start of each year
and review its outcomes, and update targets for the perspective year. State Sanitation Cell
shall review these records every year and prepare annual budget and targets for perspective
year. State shall disseminate funds and other assistance to the ULBs based on the service
level gaps, performance in previous year, identified projects and funding requirements etc.
Yes/No
Household level sewerage connections/ on- site containment users database
City FSSM Plan
City Level Resolutions passed from Municipal Board
Updated Building Bye-Laws with on- site containments construction designs and
drawings
Service level benchmark status – last year
Other city level plans and documentation
ÂÂ What is the status of household connections in each zone/ ward? Have you correlated
your data with census 2011 or with latest census data available? Provide latest
information in following table
Zone/ Total No. of HHs with HHs depen- HHs with HHs with HHs with
Ward Households latrine dent upon Piped Sanitary Single Pit
No. facility Community Sewerage Containment System
within Latrines Connections Systems
premise
HH: Households
Are there any areas in the city, which are not connected with sewerage network and inaccessible by
desludging vehicles? (Y/N)
Does the city have any building plan approval mechanism to include on- site containment systems? (Y/N)
Do the building inspectors check the compliance to approved plan during construction? (Y/N)
2. Collection & Conveyance
ÂÂ What is the average interval period for cleaning of on- site sanitation systems (in
years)?
ÂÂ Is there any systematic and organized method to collect and treat waste from on-site
sanitation systems?
ÂÂ Indicate infrastructure available for O&M of the sewerage system and septage
conveyance i.e. vacuum suction emptier, sewer jetting machines etc.?
ÂÂ Indicate human resouce available for O&M of the sewerage/ septage maintenance
system i.e. driver, helper, plumber etc.?
ÂÂ Does the city have dedicated parking, cleaning and washing area for desludging
vehicles? State the parking area and capacity.
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
132
3. Sewage/ Faecal Sludge Treatment System
ÂÂ Does city have Sewage/ Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (STP/ FSTP)? Provide details
in the following table.
ÂÂ Is treated sewage/ septage being reused or recycled? Is treated water being reused
for irrigation or industrial purpose? Has the option of revenue generation from treated
outputs been explored?
ÂÂ How much human resource is available at the treatment facility for O&M?
ÂÂ How much energy is consumed to run the treatment plant? Has the option of
renewable energy been explored?
ÂÂ How much fresh water supply is required to run the treatment plant? Is the treated
water being reused in plant operations?
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
133
4. Institutional Framework
ÂÂ Does the city have a mechanism for keeping records of day-to-day sanitation
operations? (Tick)
ÂÂ Does the city have a mechanism for collection of sanitation user charges?
ÂÂ Does the city have a record of all the incomes and expenditures related to sanitation
services?
Sr. No. Budget Heads Income (in Rs.) Expenditure (in Rs.)
(A) (B)
1 Desludging and Sewerage service charges
2 City Sanitation Cell O&M
3 Desludging Trucks O&M
4 Public/ Community Toilets O&M
5 STP O&M
6 FSTP O & M
7 Toilets/ Containments construction
8 Licensing/ Tipping fee
9 Penalties collection
10 Advertisements
11 IEC Activities
12 Printing, Publications, Office equipment and
stationary etc.
13 Miscellaneous
Total
Revenue (+) / Deficit (-) (in Rs.) A-B
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
134
ÂÂ Does the city have a regular review and monitoring mechanism? (Tick)
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
135
5. Service Level Gaps
ÂÂ What are existing service levels and gaps for sanitation against the set benchmarks.
Provide information in the following table
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
136
15 Mobile Based App - Desludging Service
16 Steps for FSSM Guideline Implementation
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Local Self Government Department
Government of Rajasthan