Final State FSSM Guideline Upload

Government of Rajasthan
GUIDELINES
Faecal Sludge
&
Septage
Public Health
Management
Partnership
Building
Environment
Urban Local
Governance
2018
Local Self Government Department

Faecal Sludge
& Septage
Management
Guidelines for
Urban Rajasthan
Shanti Dhariwal
Minister
UDH & LSGD
The State of Rajasthan has witnessed numerous remarkable changes in Urban

Development Paradigm with the implementation of Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). The
SBM scheme invigorated and bolstered the State's determination and initiatives towards
improving its sanitation and hygiene conditions, further paving way for a historic journey
and a movement to providing safe sanitation to all citizens.
The concerted efforts of Department of Local Self-Government and Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) of the State resulted in the elimination of the undignified and unhealthy practice of
open defecation from all urban areas of the State by March 2018. Considering numerous
challenges of geography, spatial extent ; this accomplishment and the successful
implementation of Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is definitely a moment to celebrate.
First of all, I would like to congratulate all Urban Local Bodies who were the front runners
of this movement. Without their pro-activeness, it would not have been possible. The
ULBs under SBM have not only built the capacity to improve the city-wide sanitation but
developed new modalities, innovative solutions, and processes which have contributed to
the ongoing endeavours towards safe sanitation. With that notion, I also want to convey
that attaining the open defecation-free status is just a milestone in the existing expedition
of the State towards safe sanitation, the vision of sanitised city is still far to achieve. Not
only the construction of new toilets helped in achieving the status of open defecation free
but simultaneously created new challenges of managing the waste produced from these
toilets that depends on On-site sanitation facilities such as Septic Tanks, Kui, Pits, etc.
Sanitising the city and providing safe sanitation to the individuals cannot be accomplished
without addressing the safe management of faecal sludge and septage generated in
Septic tanks, Kui, and Pits. This will be the biggest upcoming challenge of sanitation for the
ULBs which may adversely impact the public health and the environment, if not managed
timely. Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM) can address this issue in a timely
and affordable manner. Urban Local Bodies need to take a proactive role in implementing
FSSM to address the faecal sludge and septage on an urgent basis.
I am sure the FSSM guideline will go long way in accomplishing the vision of safe sanitation,
better public health, and protection of the environment. I am optimistic that the guidelines
will be a valuable document for the State and ULBs to address the sanitation needs
pertaining to the safe management of the waste produced by on-site sanitation systems.
(Shanti Dhariwal)
Devendra Bhushan Gupta
Chief Secretary
The Government of Rajasthan has been continuously driving its cities towards a better
quality of life. Over the years the urban development of Rajasthan State is moving towards
the course of enhancing the liveability and prosperity. Today, results of state-level efforts
are evident at the local level and have resulted into cities of Rajasthan becoming role
models.
Urban Local bodies are being facilitated and encouraged by the State through capacity-
building and engaging in a dialogue with them at various workshops and discussions. This
has enabled the local leadership in shouldering the responsibility to achieve the targets
and have responded phenomenally by constructing nearly 4 lakhs toilets under SBM.
The leadership and capacity formulated during the Swachh Bharat were not only bound to
the sanitation but also expanded the horizon of the ULBs to manage all municipal services.
Examples of such efforts are the ongoing expedition of the ULBs to manage faecal sludge
and septage generated and collected in underground containments such as Septic Tanks,
Kui, Pits etc. The ULBs are moving from just providing toilets to the next step of managing
the waste produced from these containment units. The GoR through the grant support
from BMGF is developing a pilot project in ULBs such as Phulera, Lalsot, and Khandela
to build some of the very 1st FSTP in Rajasthan. Such a success story is also going to
be expanded in other suitable small and medium town for achieving the vision of 100%
sanitation coverage, safe disposal, and re-use in all urban local bodies of Rajasthan.
It is in this backdrop that the Department of Local Self Government has developed
guidelines on “Faecal Sludge and Septage Management” clearly defining the steps and
responsibility for the State and town level interventions to implement FSSM solutions.
This will help the ULBs in managing faecal sludge and septage in urban areas which are
not served by the sewer network. The septage management is cost-effective, easy to
implement, and can leverage existing resources such as internalising the unorganised
private desludging operators, who are the lifeline in septage management in every city.
The implementation of guidelines would help in the safe management of faecal sludge
and septage, and will help to establish robust institutional and regulatory mechanism at
the State and ULB level to bridge the existing value chain gap.
(Devendra Bhushan Gupta)

Sidharth Mahajan
Secretary
The Guidelines for State Faecal Sludge and Septage Management will help the ULBs to
streamline the FSSM-based sanitation value chain. The urban areas whether it’s a large
city or a small town the FSSM value chain exists in some or other form. These guidelines
will provide a roadmap to every city irrespective of its size or geography for addressing the
sanitation needs pertaining to faecal sludge and septage.
Rajasthan`s endeavour for providing safe sanitation can be understood with the fact that a
total of 37 STPs are operational and 100 STPs are under construction. The total sewerage
treatment capacity is expected to become 1260 MLD by 2021 indeed that can only
serve less than 60% of the total urban population of the State. Nearly, 40% of the urban
population will depend on the On-site sanitation facilities which require management
of the waste produced, through proper and safe system of emptying, transportation,
treatment and disposal.
Also, sewerage is always seen as the only option to manage the wastewater produced
in cities, whereas most of the households depend on on-site sanitation system that can
be economically and efficiently catered by FSSM. The sewerage system can be a non-
feasible solution to water-scarce towns where there are high chances of either nullified
built infrastructure or result in expensive operation and management. Particularly, small
towns with limited financial capacity will not be able to accommodate the O & M cost
linked to the sewerage network. The FSSM interventions are the effective solutions to
these challenges.
Further, the strategy for Swachh Bharat Mission followed by the State of Rajasthan
was not merely a construction activity, but it was complemented with the mechanism
of promoting the use of toilets, eliminating open defecation practices, and managing
wastewater generated in these toilets. The central idea was to improve public health and
liveability in all urban areas.
The Department of Local Self Government along with ULBs has already been working
towards addressing the issues of faecal sludge and septage. These FSSM guidelines
provide insights into planning and management of faecal sludge and septage to Urban
Local bodies for implementing the FSSM. Our effort was to produce a comprehensive
document that is user-friendly for all concerned stakeholders.
(Sidharth Mahajan)
Acknowledgement
Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project (RUIDP) under the guidance of Local
Self Governance Department has prepared “Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
(FSSM)” Guidelines for operationalizing the FSSM in all towns of the State. These guidelines
prepared under the project “Capacity Building Support for Innovative Sanitation Solution in
Rajasthan” supported by the Asian Development Bank and funded by Bill and Melinda Gate
Foundation (BMGF) are in line with the National FSSM Policy and the Draft State FSSM Policy.
I am gratified to ADB and BMGF for supporting the exploration of innovative sanitation
solutions in Rajasthan.
I would like to present my sincere gratitude to Mr. P.K. Goyal, Additional Chief Secretary,
UDH & LSGD and Mr. Naveen Mahajan, former Secretary LSGD for their humble guidance in
formalize these guidelines. This document prepared for operationalizing the FSSM, can be
considered as one of the valuable documents in leveraging safe sanitation practices to all
Urban Households.
The FSSM requires a new and participatory approach for planning and implementation
which is altogether a different and a challenging endeavour. I would like to congratulate key
persons Mr. G.S. Hada (Addl. Project Director, RUIDP), Mr. Hemant Sharma (ACE, RUDISCO),
Mr. Suresh Gupta (Dy. Project Director (T), RUIDP) and Dr. D.R. Jangid (SE-WW, RUIDP) along
with whole RUIDP team for supporting the overall FSSM initiatives and successful delivery
of guidelines.
The FSSM guidelines hold a great value as it has been prepared in collaboration of various
state agencies whose past experiences are well internalized. The guidelines reflect the
experience and efforts of Rajasthan Urban Drinking Water Sewerage & Infrastructure
Corporation Limited (RUDSICO), Directorate of Local Body (DLB), Public Health Engineering
Department (PHED), Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) and several other ULBs.
The formative journey of the preparation of these guidelines stretches from past one year,
which included numerous engagements and informative consultations with many ULBs.
However, I would like to mention the name of four ULBs which took initiatives and extended
these guidelines into the reality and displayed the courage and willingness towards accepting
new innovations in terms of septage management, namely: Nagar Palika of Phulera, Sambhar,
Lalsot, and Khandela.
I would also take the opportunity to extend my regards to IPE Global Limited and its team
for playing a leading role in delivering the Guidelines within the stringent timelines without
compromising on the quality. IPE Global Limited has invariably included its valuable
experiences from the pilot towns where they are currently working in partnership with ULBs
to showcase the end-to-end FSSM approach under the guidance of Rajasthan Government.
(Dr. Preetam B. Yashvant, IAS)

Project Director, RUIDP
Abbreviations
AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CBO Community Based Organization
CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DEWATSTM Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System
DLB Directorate of Local Bodies
DPR Detailed Project Report
DAY-NULM Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihood Mission
FSSM Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
GIS Geographical Information System
GoI Government of India
GoR Government of Rajasthan
IEC Information Education Communication
lpcd Litres per capita per day
IS Indian Standard
LSG Local Self Government
MIS Management Information System
MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
NGO Non-Government Organization
O&M Operation & Maintenance
OSSF On-site Sanitation Facility
PPP Public Private Partnership
RSPCB Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board
RUIDP Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project
RUDSICO Rajasthan Urban Drinking Water, Sewerage and Infrastructure Corporation
SBM Swachh Bharat Mission
SHG Self Help Group
SS Suspended Solids
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
UDH Urban Development & Housing Department
ULB Urban Local Body
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
VGF Viability Gap Fund
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WHO World Health Organization
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
Contents
1. Background . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18
2. Current Scenario & Need of FSSM in Rajasthan . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19
3. Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Guidelines for Rajasthan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4. Key Elements of FSSM State Chapter. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24
4.1 Approach and Selection Criteria for FSSM Interventions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Cluster Based Intervention Approach.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3 Roles and Responsibilities of State Level Departments & Agencies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4 Constituting State FSSM Committee and Cell .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.5 Partnership Building.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39
5. Key Elements of FSSM Town Chapter. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44
5.1 City Level Resolutions for the implementation of FSSM.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 Constitution of the City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45
5.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.4 Design and Construction of Septic Tanks and other OSSFs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.5 On-Site Sanitation Facilities Cleaning - Scheduled and On-call .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51
5.6 User Charges.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53
5.7 Septage Transport and Disposal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.8 Licensing of desludging operators.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57
5.9 Septage Treatment and Reuse.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.10 Penalties for Non-Compliance.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62
5.11 Database, Reporting, and Record Keeping.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.12 Public Awareness and Stakeholder Engagement.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.13 Capacity Building & Training.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.14 Helpline and Grievance Redressal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.15 Service Level Benchmarks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
A. ANNEXURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Annexure
1. Model Resolutions need to be adopted by Urban Local Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2. Formats for Management of Desludging Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3. Design and Specification of Onsite Sanitation Facilities . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87
4. Conversion of Insanitary Latrines into Pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5. Capacity Building Stages for stakeholder consultation. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96
6. Capacity Building Gap Assessment and Training Modalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7. Clustering Strategies for Sharing of FSTPs and STPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8. Site Selection for a Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9. Eligibility Criteria for Licensing and Detail of Licensing Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
10. General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
11. Co-Treatment of Faecal Sludge in STP’s . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 117
12. Compendium of Technology Options for FSTP and Desludging Equipment. . . 122
13. Government Ordar for State Level Committee . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 130
14. Service Level Improvement Plan for FSSM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
15. Mobile Based App - Desludging Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
16. Steps for FSSM Guideline Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

List of Table
Table 4.1: Town Selection Matrix for FSSM Interventions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 4.2: Roles and Responsibilities of State Level Departments & Agencies .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31
Table 4.3: Work function of various wing of FSSM Cell .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 5.1: Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 5.2: Service Level Benchmark.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68
Table A.1: Technical Specification of De-sludging Equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72
Table A.2: Sanitation Cell Member’s Responsibilities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Table A.3: Recommended Sizes of Septic Tanks as per Number of Users.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Table A.4: Existing guide lines for design and construction of septic tanks .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Table A.5: Twin Pit Specifications in Different Situation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table A.6: Recommended Size of Pits for Individual Dwelling Units.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 93
Table A.7: Conversion of Insanitary Latrines into Pits.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95
Table A.8: Capacity Building Stages for stakeholder consultation.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96
Table A.9: Checklist for Capacity Gap Assessment of Stakeholder on FSSM .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Table A.10: Site Selection for FSTP.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Table A.11: Technical Specification of De-sludging Equipment .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Table A.12: General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Table A.13: Treated Bio-solids characteristics for Fertilizer application:.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Table A.14: Sample Calculation for STP Loading.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Table A.15: General Description of Primary Treatments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Table A.16: Decision making matrix for primary treatment of sludge .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 124
Table A.17: General Description of Effluent Treatments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Table A.18: Decision making Matrix for effluent treatment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127
Table A.19: Technology for Sludge Treatment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Table A.20: Decision Making Matrix for sludge treatment .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
List of Maps
Map A.1: Map showing population of all Local Bodies of Rajasthan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Map A.2: Illustrative Buffer map of all the local bodies of Rajasthan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Map A.3: Map of Possible cluster in Rajasthan.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 105
Map A.4: Possible inclusion of town with neighboring treatment facility .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
List of Figures
Figure 4.1: Organizational Structure of FSSM Cell.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Figure 5.1: Process of Licensing for De-sludging Operators.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Figure 5.2: Schematic Diagram for Scheduled Desludging System in ULB.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 5.3: Approach to Capacity Building .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure A.1: Typical section of septic tank .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Figure A.2: Typical section of Twin Pit (CPHEEO,2013) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92
Figure A.3: Details of bio-digester with reed bed.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94
Figure A.4: Allowable septage loadings to a STP having septage-holding tank.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 118
Figure A.5: Addition Population Load of Septage vs Operation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 121
Information Brochures
1. Town Selection Criteria for FSSM Interventions ...........................................................................28
2. Clustering Strategy ........................................................................................................................................30
3. Partnership Building ......................................................................................................................................40
4. Steps of FSSM Guidelines Implementation : State Level ..........................................................41
5. Resolution to be adopted at Town Level ............................................................................................46
6. User Charges for illegal practices ..........................................................................................................54
7. Option for Desludging Services , steps through mobile app and job card.......................56
8. Licensing criteria and benefits of Desludging Operations.......................................................58
9. Do’s and Don’ts for Desludging Operators .......................................................................................60
10. Penalties on FSSM related illegal practices .....................................................................................63
11. Steps for FSSM Guidelines Implementation : Town Level .......................................................69
12. Advantages of FSSM over Sewerage ...............................................................................................137
13. Mobile application for FSSM services - Interface Design ......................................................138
01
Introduction
1 Background
The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on 2nd October 2014 to

eradicate open defecation from both, rural and urban India. The focus
of this mission was majorly on toilet construction and provide complete
access to toilets for the general public. This mission also aims at promoting
cleanliness and hygiene, with better management of solid and liquid
waste produce along with in eliminating the unhealthy practice of open
defecation. In conjunction to this, the Ministry of Housing and Urban affairs
(MoHUA), Government of India formulated “National Faecal Sludge and
Septage Management Policy” in 2017 with an overarching goal of making
‘All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable
and ensure sustenance of good sanitation practices with improved Onsite
Sanitation Services together with faecal sludge and septage management
to achieve optimum public health status and maintain clean environment
with special focus on the poor’.
The National FSSM Policy recommends safe collection, transportation,

and disposal of septage, and installation of appropriate operation and
maintenance (O&M) systems for the upkeep of infrastructure and
equipments. The National FSSM Policy also advises the Governments at
the Centre, all States/UTs and even the towns and cities to create FSSM
Guidelines that are tailored according to their context and requirements.
To bolster the preparation of FSSM Guidelines, it is imperative to stress
on the existing codes of practice, such as the National Building Code,
2005, IS - 2470 brought out by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS),
National advisory on Septage Management in Urban India, and the Manual
on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment prepared by the CPHEEO. These
documents aggregate as the major sources of standards and guidelines
for enabling Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in India.
Guidelines for Urban Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
18
2 Current Scenario & Need of
FSSM in Rajasthan
After successful implementation of the mission to construct toilets in

various towns under Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM); Rajasthan State has
now total 2.73 million toilets1 , out of which 70 % of urban households are
dependent on underground containment system such as Kui, Pits, Septic
tanks etc. The Government of Rajasthan (GoR) is now also looking at
Faecal Sludge Management as an imperative step to tackle the increasing
amount of faecal sludge that will be accumulated in containment systems
owing to the increase in the number of toilets. Many other efforts have
been put forward for FSSM during last one year (2017). The GoR through
grants support from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) is developing
pilot project in ULBs like Phulera, Lalsot and Khandela to build some of
very 1st Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP) of State and to facilitate
the adoption of town-specific FSSM regulations. The determination of the
State towards the environmental safety and public health encouraged it
to undertake a rapid assessment of strategically selected 100 small and
medium towns with less than one lakh (100,000) population in the State of
Rajasthan. These selected towns do not have an underground sewerage
system where citywide FSSM can be easily implemented. Further, through
the Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP), a group of experts and
organisations committed to the goal of sanitation has structured a program
on sensitisation, capacity-building, and technical support in Rajasthan. This
platform is supporting and facilitating numerous incremental changes and
capacity building for establishing FSSM in pilot project towns in Rajasthan.
The Government of Rajasthan has sought to provide its own services for
emptying and transporting faecal sludge by commissioning vacuum trucks
in most of the 191 ULBs in the State. These vacuum trucks will function
along with those owned by private service providers. This increment in the
number of vacuum trucks is a welcome initiative, as it would introduce a
1
Including 0.33 Million toilet built under Urban SBM and achieving the target of ODF on march 2018
19
mechanical desludging and eliminating manual scavenging. Numerous other attempts are
ongoing, being implemented by the State Government, ULBs, NGOs, and various other
agencies regarding FSSM to ensure incremental efforts towards the vision of achieving
complete sanitation in Rajasthan.
According to the proposal established in the State’s Sewerage and Waste Water Policy,
2016, sewerage networks would be expanded in the forthcoming years. Considering various
on-going and proposed programs of the GoR, through AMRUT Mission and RUIDSCO; it is
expected to have a total 1260 MLD treatment facility by the year 2021 in Rajasthan. This
would serve close to 60% of the state’s urban population whereas rest 40% of the population
would be dependent on on-site containment units. The existing treatment facility (STPs) is
very limitedly available in 27 ULBs, which accounts for only 14% of total ULBs. The proposed
investments will able to build treatment facility in 84 ULBs out of 191, that leaves 107 towns
where immediate attention is needed.
Many towns in Rajasthan have limited source of funding apart from SBM to improve their
overall sanitation conditions. These towns equipped with covered or uncovered storm
water drains only, require technical and financial assistance to improve their environmental
conditions and establishing and maintaining basic public health and sanitation, especially in
the towns declared in the dark zones2.
In order to move up the environmental sanitation ladder resulting in improved environmental

conditions (clean ground and surface water bodies and soil) and public health, FSSM is the
next incremental step. For defining the FSSM strategy and its implementation in the selected
towns, it is essential to have a set of operative Guidelines that will formalise the entire
sanitation value chain. These Guidelines propose the recognition of good practices in the
disposal and treatment of septage/faecal sludge and efﬁcient regulation of the sanitation
value chain where necessary.
2
140 of the 249 blocks in Rajasthan have been declared as the overexploited or dark zone towns and 50 of them are critical
according to Central Ground Water Board of Ministry of Water Resources in India ( Accessed at http://cgwb.gov.in/gw_profiles/
st_Rajasthan.htm on 5.5.2017; List of blocks notified as critical and over exploited http://www.cgwb.gov.in/CGWA/documents/
Notice_Societies.pdf )
Guidelines for Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
20
3
Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management Guidelines
for Rajasthan
These operative Guidelines are formulated by the GoR, drawing from the
provisions and specifications for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
from the National Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Policy, 2017;
Rajasthan Wastewater and Sewerage Policy, 2016, Primer on Faecal
Sludge and Septage Management, 2016; National Building Code, 2005;
revised CPHEEO Manual on Sewage and Sewerage Treatment 2012;
Advisory Note on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Urban India,
2013; and National Urban Sanitation Policy, 2008.
The objective of these Guidelines is to promote a comprehensive and

integrated approach to Faecal Sludge and Septage Management covering
the attributes of the collection, storage, desludging, transportation,
treatment, disposal and reuse, and ensure the compliance with various
national-level guidelines and regulations. These Guidelines intends:
ÂÂ To be facilitators for all relevant stakeholders for their individual

roles and responsibility;
ÂÂ To establish a robust institutional and regulatory mechanism at the
State and ULB-level to bridge the existing gaps in FSSM value chain;
ÂÂ To provide clarity on selections of towns and intervention
approaches to kick-start implementation;
ÂÂ To provide necessary guidance for planning and implementing
FSSM interventions at a town and city-level;
ÂÂ To facilitate the adherence to proper design, collection, treatment,
disposal and reuse standards in managing faecal sludge/septage
with the existing infrastructural capabilities of the ULBs;
ÂÂ To further strengthen the framework focused on implementing the
provisions of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers
and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
21
04
Key Elements of FSSM
State Chapter
4 Key Elements of FSSM
State Chapter
1. Approach and Selection Criteria for FSSM Interventions
2. Cluster Based Intervention Approach
3. Roles and Responsibilities of State Level Departments & Agencies
4. Constituting State FSSM Committee and Cell
5. Partnership Building
24
4.1 Approach and Selection Criteria for FSSM Interventions
ÂÂ Cities where investment are limited for a sewerage solution, population growth
restricted to address economic feasibility and further Insufficient water supply
for ensuring smooth operations of a sewered network; septage management can
be adopted as an intermediate or long-term solution. However, it would require
incremental augmentation of grey water management to serve and supplement as a
medium of wastewater management similar to a sewerage system.
ÂÂ In order to reach the goal of providing safe and clean sanitation to all citizens,
FSSM interventions are needed in most of the towns in one or other form as an
immediate action in compliance to providing safe sanitation solution. To achieve the
goal of expanding sanitation coverage to all households in urban areas; three broad
intervention approaches were identified, namely: Full-scale, Partial and Gap-filling
solution.
ÂÂ Full-scale FSSM solutions are more suitable for a population base of less than 50,000
residents, whereas the Partial and Gap-filling solutions may be applicable to a city of
any scale (Large, Medium and Small) based on its requirement. Even the towns with
less than 50,000 residents with functional STPs can opt for the Partial or Gap-filling
sanitation solutions.
Table 4.1: Town Selection Matrix for FSSM Interventions
Intervention Approach
SN Parameters Category - I Category – II Category - III
Remarks
Full Scale 1
Partial Scale 2
GAP Filling3
1 Population Less than Applicable in Applicable in Partial-Scale and Gap-
50,000 zones pockets filling solutions are
(Class III & IV) applicable to all cities
(except Distt. irrespective of their
Headquarter) population level.
2 Water 75 % of town - Low-lying FSSM should be avoided
Ponding geography pockets in cities with high
permits and areas incidences of water
gravity having poor ponding. Incidence of
disposal of accessibility water ponding will create
grey water for desludging challenges for safe
vehicle. disposal of greywater.
1
Partial scale – Left-out population can be served through desludging operations and disposal can be done at the existing STP
locations.
2
Zones are part of urban area and left out from existing municipal coverage of sewerage network
3
Pockets can be any small habitation of municipal area where both laying down the sewerage network and undertaking desludging
services (accessibility constrain) are not feasible.
25
Intervention Approach
SN Parameters Category - I Category – II Category - III
Remarks
Full Scale 1
Partial Scale 2
GAP Filling3
3 Topography - - Low-lying Small pockets in low-lying
pockets areas with limited scope
and areas of desludging are suitable
having poor for on-site sanitation
accessibility solutions
4 Soil Type Pervious Soil - - Presence of pervious
soil increases the safe
percolation of greywater
and reduces the situation
of water logging/ponding.
5 Water Less than 70 - - Towns with inadequate
Supply LPCD water supply should
not opt for a sewerage
system.
6 Existing - Co-treatment - STP can be upgraded
sewerage in existing with a co-treatment
coverage STP unit for handling sludge
with disposal and sludge
availability management.
of STP
7 Population - Less than - It would be an expensive
Density 40 persons/ task to install a sewerage
hectare network in low-density
settlements.*
8 Water Table >6m - - As double story

basement (B2) is allowed
in the state. Higher
water table increase
susceptibility of ground
water contamination
9 Isolated & - Yes Yes Scattered settlements
Scattered needs high cost to
settlements connect with sewerage .
* Planned development such as new townships and colony of housing board, UIT Schemes etc. will needs to be exempted from
this standard.
26
ÂÂ The towns which fulfil most of the parameters in category-I shall opt a full-scale FSSM
as an immediate and long-term solution. This can be incrementally supplemented with
greywater management. The towns with less than 50,000 populations and different
to most of the listed parameters of category I, may opt for FSSM as an ad-hoc or
interim solution.
ÂÂ The Partial-scale approach would be applicable to the towns where STPs are
functional and can be upgraded with a co-treatment facility. These solutions would
serve pockets either where it is not possible to provide a sewerage network or it is
an expensive task to lay down a network. The ULBs may assess the cost-benefit of
desludging and disposal of septage to the existing STP versus setting-up a dedicated
FSTP unit. The process and parameters required for the provision of co-treatment are
enclosed in the Annexure 11. The Gap-filling solutions would be applicable in the cities
with an adequate sewer network, but unable to serve the pockets in difficult terrains
or/and poor road accessibility. In such case, a decentralised and on-site treatment unit
could be set-up with an improved discharge of the effluent.
ÂÂ The implementation of FSSM solutions can also be adopted in the cities where the
sewerage network is very old and dysfunctional, also in urban areas where sewerage
network would be expensive to lay due to the rocky strata or with other topographical
disadvantages. The ULBs with a small and medium population (preferably of Class
III & IV) and with a limited financial capacity for O&M of the sewerage system
should necessarily opt for FSSM as an incremental approach towards an improved
management of generated wastewater.
27
4.2 Cluster Based Intervention Approach
Clustering of adjacent Urban Areas (preferably with the radius of 20 Km) can reduce the
requirement of a dedicated treatment facility (FSTP/STP), and upcoming treatment units
could be shared to a large beneficiary group. This will also help in reducing the financial burden
on the ULBs and increase the functionality of the plant operations. A GIS-based proximity
analysis of all 191 ULBs of Rajasthan suggests the possibility of 24 clusters formulations
where, either co-treatment or sharing of FSTP can be institutionalised. The analysis showed
that 107 out of 191 ULBs do not have treatment facility of any sort, and such clustering
would provide an immediate solution to 26 ULBs out of 107 ULBs by the provision of a co-
treatment facility with an existing or upcoming STP or FSTP. The ULBs and other agencies
responsible for the operation of STPs or FSTPs may prepare a formal agreement supported
by a financial mechanism with the cities/Towns willing to treat the sludge in their facility. The
future proposal of dedicated FSTPs may also explore the possibility of such clustering while
increasing the beneficiary coverage of treatment facility.
Based on the population of a town, the land availability for setting-up a treatment facility,
the existing financial capacity, physical location etc.; The ULBs may opt to be a part of a
clustering set-up. Town(s) which fall under the cluster of a neighbouring town may opt for
large desludging vehicles in a form of a mobile transfer station to efficiently reduce the cost
on long-distance transport. For example, a Small-capacity trucks, preferably of 3000 Litres,
may serve the towns in needs for desludging operations and transfer the collected sludge to
a mobile desludging truck, preferably of 9000 Litres for transporting the sludge to a remote
plant location.
The following suggestions can be considered for executing sludge transfer operations:
ÂÂ Designating a location where large desludging vehicles would be parked/stationed

and sludge transfer operations may take place.
ÂÂ Usage of safety gears such as face masks, gloves, glasses, and other safety equipment
is a must for all workers while performing the operations.
ÂÂ The Large-capacity desludging truck should securely off-load the stored sludge at the
designed treatment unit within 3 days of the collection. This can be very depending on
technology adopted.
ÂÂ Option for Pooling of large desludging trucks to address the sludge transfer needs
of neighbouring towns/settlements can be also explored to further reduce the
operational cost.
A Detailed Options Analysis and GIS-based clustering illustration for all 191 ULBs of Rajasthan
are present in Annexure – 7.
29
4.3 Roles and Responsibilities of State Level Departments & Agencies
The roles of the State Government departments and agencies which would be engaged
in FSSM have been clearly defined in the table below for eliminating any ambiguities and
overlapping of their functions.
Table 4.2: Roles and Responsibilities of State Level Departments & Agencies
Agency/ Roles and Responsibilities

Department
Local Self Government Overall supervision of FSSM operations in Rajasthan.
Department (LSGD), GoR
Coordinate with the State government on matters pertaining
to FSSM, including the financial grant for Capital and O&M
expenses.
Channelise funds from various Central, State, bilateral/ multilateral
and other sources to a dedicated State Sanitation Fund and
ensure the dissemination to all the ULBs
Set-up of a State FSSM Committee for inter-department
coordination and related decisions.
Any other responsibility as deemed fit by the State Government.
Directorate of Local Nodal agency for supervising and managing the planning and
Bodies (DLB) implementation of FSSM operations across all the ULBs in
Rajasthan.
Set-up of a State FSSM Cell for closely working & performance
monitoring of respective ULBs.
Setting-up Urban State Sanitation Fund.
Establish a framework and platform to encourage an innovative
funding mechanism such as CSR, PPP, Guarantee Funds,
Crowdfunding , Social and Development Impact Bonds, ULB
Incentive Fund, UPIF, etc.
Arrange for and manage funds, allocate annual budget,
disseminate grants/aids, VGF for the provision of FSSM
infrastructure at local-level and expenses for IEC & capacity-
building programmes, etc.
Coordinating networking among various key stakeholders,
responsible for building partnerships and further connecting to
the ULBs based on their requirement. The ULBs may engage with
the professionals through an empanelment to provide technical
assistance to ULBs for the realisation of FSSM operations.
31
Department
Directorate of Local Formulate a uniform structure for planning, designing, project
Bodies (DLB) preparation, appraisal, sanction, and implementation across all
the ULBs.
Formulating, notifying, and ensure the implementation of the
important documents, such as the State FSSM Guideline,
Policy, Action Plan, Strategy, Standard Operative Procedure,
Amendments in the Model Building Byelaws related to sanitation,
etc.
Assisting and guiding the ULBs for the preparation of
containment unit user database, City FSSM Plan and Strategy,
setting service-level benchmarks, selection of an appropriate
treatment technology, preparation of DPRs, and carrying out
other responsibilities related to FSSM.
Coordinate with various other State government departments
and local-level authorities to ensure convergence of FSSM Plans
and Strategy with other ongoing and proposed projects.
Inviting public and private agencies to be involved in FSSM
operations at various levels of sanitation value chain and build
partnerships.
Coordinate with City Sanitation Committees for annual financial
audits against the budget and targets.
Conduct the social impact assessment of sanitation-related
initiatives across the State and develop goals and actions for
further improvement.
Formulate a monitoring and evaluation mechanism to conduct
annual reviews of the FSSM progress and associated gaps across
all the ULBs.
Prepare a Training Calendar to conduct training and workshops
across the State, customised to the targets of various
stakeholders such as ULB officials, service providers, NGOs,
CBOs, Corporates and Public.
Undertake IEC activities/public awareness campaigns at the
State-level and also facilitate for IEC material to the ULBs.
Developing and Managing the State-wide MIS System on
Sanitation for all Urban Areas. Furthermore, prepare annual
progress status reports.
32
Department
Rajasthan State Pollution Ensure the compliance of FSSM operations through inspections,
Control Board environmental monitoring, etc.
Address grievance related to the environmental hazards due to
FSSM operations.
Assist in the formulation of relevant advisories, guidelines,
manuals, etc. to ensure the environmental compliance of FSSM
operations.
Rajasthan Urban Drinking Ensure coverage of all non-sewer pockets and areas in their
Water, Sewerage & project towns through appropriate FSSM interventions .
Infrastructure Corporation
Capacity-Building and Awareness of ULBs, Service Providers
and other stakeholders for the implementation of FSSM in their
project towns
Other State Government Sufficiently incorporating the provision of this Guideline in their
Departments projects, schemes, programs, plans, guidelines, activities, etc.
Provide necessary sectoral inputs towards the State FSSM
strategy, roadmaps, plans, etc.
Private Sector Active participation in the service delivery of FSSM at the State
and City-level
Financial Institutions Providing financial assistance to desludging operators for
purchasing new vehicles or upgrading existing equipment.
Extending low-interest loans to the households for construction,

repair of toilets and septic tanks.
Facilitate identification of possible financial resources for the

creation of community or city-level assets – community toilets,
treatment plants, transfer stations, etc.
33
Department
Academic, Research, Include the module of FSSM as part of school curriculum and
Non-Government and Civil introduce a dedicated course on FSSM to incorporate this in the
Society Organizations mainstream education and produce more skilled/trained human
resource in the long run.
Undertake primary researches on safe and sustainable FSSM.
Develop models for safe and sustainable delivery of FSSM
services to all.
Support the implementation of FSSM activities at ground level.
Raise the awareness and sensitisation on the importance of
FSSM amongst the general public.
Provide monitoring support to the ULBs on any unsafe practices
that could impact an effective FSSM.
Set up regular interactions with the ULBs to discuss operational
issues and play a crucial role in imparting other potential and
possible solutions.
Media Agency Active participation in spreading the awareness, and provide
relevant information to residents and other relevant stakeholder
groups.
Highlighting the emerging issues and showcasing good examples
during project implementations.
4.4 Constituting State FSSM Committee and Cell
A dedicated State FSSM Committee & Cell shall be set-up to manage FSSM-related
initiatives such as projects, annual targets and performance monitoring of ULBs, awareness
campaigns, building partnerships, etc. The State FSSM committee would be responsible for
the overall supervision, coordination with various State departments, and request the GoR
for relevant funding assistance.
The composition of the Committee and Cell shall have an adequate representation of women.
Various external agencies and line department can be engaged for different initiatives and
functions.
4.4.1 Constitution of State FSSM Committee at LSG

The State FSSM Committee shall comprise of 12 members. The committee shall meet
quarterly, i.e., once in three months. The Minutes would be managed for each meeting,
signed by the Chairman and the Member Secretary. All decisions made in the meeting need
to be agreed upon and should be signed by both, the Chairman and the Member Secretary.
A Separate committee under the LSG Secretary Chairman has already been formed for the
implementation of the State Sewerage and Water Policy. The Office Order for the same can
be seen in Annexure - 13. The same Committee can be given a mandate for overall review
34
and progress monitoring for FSSM as well as, further committee can guide to resolve any
pertinent issue of inter-department and establish convergence to ongoing projects of
other departments with the FSSM. However, there would also be a need to ensure women
participation within the Committee, and the Committee may include members from research
and academic institutes for providing an independent voice during relevant discussions.
The State FSSM Committee would include of the following members:

1. Principal Secretary, LSG, GOR Chairman
2. Principal Secretary/Secretary, PHED, GOR Member
3. Managing Director, RIICO or his/her representative, not Member
below the rank of the Joint Secretary or equivalent
4. Principal Secretary, Agriculture RIICO or his/her Member
representative, not below the rank of the Joint Secretary or
equivalent
5. Member Secretary, Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board Member
RIICO or his/her representative not below the rank of the
Joint Secretary or equivalent
6. Joint Secretary, Finance Member
7. Director, Local Bodies Member
8. Executive Director, RUDSICO Member Secretary
9. Representative from research institutions/universities Member
10. 3 Nominees recommended by the Chairman (From Wash Member
-Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene with adequate women
representation)
Responsibilities of State FSSM Committee :
ÂÂ To monitor the implementation of the State FSSM Policy and Guidelines.

ÂÂ Establishing inter-departmental coordination on the matters pertaining to FSSM.
ÂÂ Responsible for building partnerships.
ÂÂ Request the GoR for the assistance regarding funding support for the implementation
of complete coverage of FSSM by the year 2025.
ÂÂ Review work performance of the FSSM Cell at the end of each year to assess
various accomplishments, shortcomings, and provide suggestions and inputs for the
perspective year to bridge the gaps.
4.4.2 Constitution of State FSSM Cell at DLB

The State FSSM Cell shall comprise of 12 members. The State FSSM Cell would be the
Nodal agency for supervising and managing the planning and implementation of the FSSM
operations across all the ULBs in Rajasthan. The major responsibility of the Cell would be to
formulate an approach for the realisation of the State Urban FSSM Policy and Guidelines at
the local level. The Cell would be involved in the day-to-day operations for resolving all the
issues pertaining to the management of the overall FSSM in close coordination with other
line departments, key stakeholders, and ULBs. The organisational structure of the State
35
FSSM Cell is depicted in following figure.
Figure 4.1: Organizational Structure of FSSM Cell
2 Environmental/
Social/ Urban Communication Account
2 Civil Engineers
Planner Expert Manager
1 Environmental Procurement Expert Computer

Engineer Operator
Responsibilities of State FSSM Cell:.
1. Support & provide the technical guidance to ULBs on the matters pertaining to FSSM.
2. Assist ULBs in the preparation of annual service-level targets of FSSM in line with the
service-level benchmarks, and propose structure of incentives in accordance with the
performance
3. Empanelment of consultants/contractors/service providers/other qualified
professionals for providing support and services to ULBs for realising an adequate
FSSM coverage in all towns.
4. Monitoring of fund disbursement and expenditures of ULBs, and dispense necessary
support for the same. A State Sanitation Fund could be set-up that would consolidate
funds and resources from these aforementioned sources, in addition to the Central
Government schemes and programmes, 14th Finance Commission, State funds, etc.
5. Coordinate with various State Government departments and Local-level authorities to
ensure the convergence of FSSM Plans and Strategy with other ongoing and proposed
projects.
6. Identify various stakeholders and coordinate with them to ensure active and inclusive
participation.
7. Invite public and private agencies to get involved in FSSM operations at various levels of
sanitation value chain and build partnerships.
36
8. Establish a framework and platform to encourage an innovative funding mechanism
such as CSR, PPP, Guarantee Funds, Crowdsourcing, Crowdfunding, Social and
Development Impact Bonds, ULB Incentive fund, UPIF, etc.
9. In coordination with other line departments, convergence would be ensured between
the funds and goals of various Central Government programmes such as AMRUT, SBM,
Smart Cities, DAY-NULM, etc., and State Government programmes such as RUSDP
Phase-III, etc.
10. Coordinate with State Sanitation Committees for establishing interdepartmental
coordination and facilitate and organise for annual work progress review meetings.
11. Conduct the social impact assessment of sanitation-related initiatives across the State,
and develop goals and actions for further improvement.
12. Monitoring performances and arranging for performance-linked incentives through
Service-level Benchmark assessment.
13. Organise workshops, conference, events, and exposure visit in close coordination with
partners, relevant officials of the line department, and other key stakeholders.
Table 4.3: Work function of various wing of FSSM Cell
Sl Sub-Division/ Work Function

No. Wing of FSSM
Cell
1 Engineering Technical assistance to all ULBs.
Technical scrutiny/review of all submitted FSSM DPRs by ULBs.
Organise technical capacity-building workshops for ULBs.
Pilot demonstration for planning and implementation of the

infrastructure component of FSSM.
Close coordination with the empanelled technical partner of DLB.
2 Planning and Annual performance review of ULBs against the set FSSM targets
Management and the service-level benchmarks.
Organise all workshops, events, conference, exposure visits in

coordination with the empanelled capacity-building partner.
Review the cost recovery and financial sustainability of submitted

projects of ULBs.
Pilot demonstration for planning and implementation of planning

and management component of FSSM.
Preparation of model contract document for FSSM on PPP, EPC, etc.
Explore various FSSM modules suitable to run on PPP model.
37
No. Wing of FSSM
Cell
2 Planning and Prepare a Training Calendar (in coordination with the empanelled
Management capacity-building partner) to conduct training and workshops
across the State, and which is customised to the targets of other
stakeholders such as of ULB officials, service providers, NGOs,
CBOs, Corporates and Public.
Coordinate with the ULBs and engage with professionals to provide
training on FSSM.
3 Communication Responsible for building partnerships and single point contact for all
external communication for networking and building relationships.
Preparation of minutes for all important meetings, press notes, and
record keeping.
Review and providing inputs on all project communication materials
in close coordination with the empanelled partner media and
awareness campaign agency.
Releasing annual newsletter of the FSSM Cell.
4 Financial Management of all financial grants, loans, and other funds received
Management from various government support of any form, including grants from
the multilateral and bi-lateral agency, and CSR support from the
Corporate Sector.
Record-keeping of all transactions involved for approved activity/
project by the CEO of the Cell.
Support in annual audits and writing proposals on grant/loan/other
funding requests.
5 Cell Manager Responsible for filling the vacancies within the Cell.
Day-to-day coordination with all officials of the Cell for making
work action plan and closely work on the progress review of team
members.
Report to the CEO and hold regular interactions with all members of
the Cell.
Coordinate with respective wings and assist with all required
support, and if required, escalate the matters to the CEO/DLB
Director.
Prepare monthly progress reports on the work progress of Cell.
Prepare monthly task matrices for all team members.
Responsible for exploring new and Innovative modalities for
financing FSSM.
38
No. Wing of FSSM
Cell
6 CEO (Chief Signatory authority for all approvals involving financial implications.
Engineer, DLB)
Heading the FSSM Cell.
Overall supervision and close coordination with the Cell Manager for
updates on work progress.
Review monthly progress reports and monthly task matrices.
The release of all communication material.
Networking with various research agencies, academic institute,
donors, and potential CSR for funding assistance towards the State
Urban Sanitation Fund.
Represent the DLB at various FSSM-based conferences, meetings,
and other similar events.
4.5 Partnership Building

A strong network of partners in various sectors and of varied backgrounds would be established,
including renowned specialists or experts, corporates, research/academic institutions, civil
society groups/CBOs/NGOs/SHGs/women collectives, private service providers, donor agencies,
bilateral/multilateral agencies, etc. for bolstering capacities and expanding knowledge base in the
sanitation sector. Other necessary platforms shall be established such as periodic conferences,
workshops, summits, meetings, events, formal groups/associations, and others for regular
interaction amongst various stakeholders and partners for knowledge sharing, peer-learning,
progress review, information dissemination, etc.
Agreements (such as MoUs) may be drawn as to be signed with prominent partners outlining a
common agenda for the development and provision of FSSM services in Rajasthan. Other various
agencies can be designated with the specific charge for providing their inputs, such as ‘Knowledge
Partner’, ‘Sanitation Technology Partner’, ‘Media Partner’, ‘Campaign Partner’, ‘Capacity Building
Partner’, etc. The State-Level Action Plan for partnership building will include:
1. EOI for the engagement of strategy partners (technical, media, etc.) - either combined (with
other sectors), or stand-alone for Sanitation/FSSM.
2. RFP for empanelment of service providers - Consultants, Contractors, Operators, etc.
3. Preparing Investment Portfolio/Information Memorandums (for potential investments), and

organising a State-wide Investor’s Meet for inviting private sector funding - CSR, For-profit
businesses, Donors, etc.
4. Preparing the Calendar of events for partners - Events, Workshops, milestones, etc.
5. Allotment of different partners and service providers to different circles/clusters within the
state to assist ULBs in implementing the FSSM.
39
s
05
Key Elements of FSSM
Town Chapter
5 Key Elements of FSSM
Town Chapter
At the town level, these guidelines cover the following key elements of Faecal
Sludge and Septage Management.
1. City Level Resolutions for the implementation of FSSM
2. Constitution of City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell
3. Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
4. Design and Construction of OSSF
5. On-Site Sanitation Facilities Cleaning - Scheduled and On-call
6. User Charges
7. Septage Transport and Disposal
8. Licensing of De-sludging Operators
9. Septage Treatment and Reuse
10. Penalties for Non-Compliance
11. Database, Reporting and Record Keeping
12. Public Awareness and Stakeholder Engagement
13. Capacity Building and Training
14. Helpline and Grievance Redressal
15. Service Level Benchmarks

The guidelines for each of these key elements are as follows.
5.1 City Level Resolutions for the implementation of FSSM
The first step towards FSSM reforms intended at the city-level will initiate by the adoption
of a set of relevant resolutions by the Town Municipal Board. The resolutions are
mentioned as follows:
ÂÂ Disposal of Faecal Sludge from the desludging of On-site sanitation facilities at a
proposed treatment facility.
ÂÂ Licensing of septic tank cleaning operators.
ÂÂ Scheduled septic tank cleaning and periodic user charges.
ÂÂ Amendment in the existing building byelaws
ÂÂ Constituting the City Sanitation Cell and Committee.
However, two out of these five resolutions i.e. the amendment in the existing building
byelaws for the inclusion of toilet design and septic tank location along with the building plan
and the disposal of sludge at a designated treatment plant should be mandatory for every
urban local body. This should be officially communicated by the DLB to all the ULBs of the
State. It is further suggested that the resolutions on building byelaws should be expanded
to all building permissions including any extensions or any augmentation. Resolutions which
are not mandatory can be discussed at the respective Municipal Board and based on mutual
consensus (with or without modification) can be approved by the Municipal Board. Annexure
-1 has enclosed a model document of all five resolutions to be adopted at the ULB level.
5.2 Constitution of the City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell
A City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell shall be constituted within the ULBs
to oversee all Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Operations in the city. Furthermore,
a dedicated helpline would be set-up for receiving Septic Tank/Pit Latrine/Kui cleaning
requests along with public grievances/complaints.
The City Sanitation Committee shall comprise of following members:

1. Executive Officer – ex-officio
2. Chairman – ex-officio
3. Junior Engineer/Town Planner/any other technical officer – ex-officio
4. Sanitary Inspector – ex-officio
5. Ward Councillors – (total members divided by 5) to be changed every year on a rotation
basis with an adequate representation of Women.
The Committee shall be the decision-making body for all Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management related matters within the ULB. The Technical Officer and Sanitary Inspector
will represent the executive wing of the ULB, while the Ward Councillors will represent the
interests of the people. Minutes would be kept for each meeting, signed by the Executive
Officer and the Chairman. All decisions made in the meetings need to be agreed upon and
signed by both, the Executive Officer and the Chairman. The Committee shall meet at least
once a month to review finances, septic tank cleaning records, public grievances, issues,
FSTP related matters, compliance by operators, etc. The Committee may also take up any
unresolved issues at the town Municipal Board for the final say on any suggested mandate.
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The Sanitation Cell within the ULBs shall be the implementation wing for overseeing day-to-
day operations of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in the Municipality area.
The City Sanitation Cell shall comprise of four members: -

1. Sanitary Inspector/Health Inspector
2. Member (designated by city sanitation committee)
3. Computer Operator
4. Assistant/ Helper
The Cell shall be responsible for:

ÂÂ Providing licenses to desludging operators.
ÂÂ Creating a detailed MIS based sanitation database of the city with the support of the
State FSSM Cell.
ÂÂ Managing scheduled desludging operations, only if a ULB opts for a scheduled
desludging system.
ÂÂ Ensure compliance with Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Guidelines and
FSSM Plan provisions.
ÂÂ Impose penalties on non-compliant operators and households.
ÂÂ Undertake public awareness campaigns.
ÂÂ Grievance redressal.
ÂÂ Overseeing FSTP operation and maintenance.
ÂÂ Any other activity assigned by the EO and Municipal Board.
The Sanitation Cell shall present regular reports on monthly/weekly/annual basis to the
Committee on the progress of FSSM services in the ULB. The Sanitary Inspector, as a
member of both, the Committee and Cell shall be the common link between the policy/
decision-making and operational aspects of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management. It is
suggested that both, the Cell and Committee members should undergo a week long training
programme and exposure visit for a better understanding of implementation approach
pertaining to FSSM.
5.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders

Table 5.1: Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders
Stakeholder Roles and Responsibility

ULB Planning, Implementation, Managing, and Monitoring all Faecal Sludge and
Septage Management operations in the city, along with establishing the
coordination with all other stakeholders.
City Sanitation Formulating, notifying, and modifying important city-level documents, such
Committee as the City FSSM Plan and Strategy, changes in the Building Byelaws related
to sanitation, model septic tank/soak-pit design, etc.
Approving and commissioning the construction of new public toilets and
community toilets.
If required/applicable, coordinate with the PHED with regards to the revision
of the monthly sanitation fee/user charge collected through the water bill.
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City Sanitation Formulating an annual action plan/strategy every year for Faecal Sludge and
Committee Septage Management including setting performance targets, setting priority
goals, increasing the coverage of sanitary latrines, monitoring plans, etc. for
the perspective year. The annual action plan/strategy would be reviewed at
the end of the perspective year to assess the performance – achievements,
and shortcomings.
Manage funds for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Operations,
including making decisions on the payment to operators/related staff, fixing
and collecting user charges (monthly and one-time), expenses and revenue
from FSTP, expenses for training/capacity-building/public awareness,
allocation of annual and monthly budget for FSSM, and arrangement of
finances for O&M of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management System.
Coordinate with the State government on matters pertaining to FSSM
including the financial grant for Capital and O&M expenses, assistance for
planning/design/O&M of FSSM infrastructure, capacity-building & training
assistance, etc.
Review of Periodic Progress – performance against targets for scheduled
desludging, amount of septage disposed and treated at the FSTP, public
grievances, instances of non-compliance, etc.
Procurement of equipment, safety gears, land for FSTP, etc. Also, contracting
of operators, advertising media, etc.
Convergence of FSSM activities with the State and Central government
campaigns for IEC and generating awareness for safe and clean sanitation
with related schemes and programs such as SBM, AMRUT, NULM, local
WASH programs , etc.
City Sanitation Providing licenses to desludging operators.
Cell
Creating a detailed sanitation database of the city and receive regular
updates with the help of ward councillors
Managing scheduled desludging operations and the helpline service.
Ensure the compliance with Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
Guideline and FSSM Plan provisions.
Impose penalties on non-compliant operators and households.
Undertake public awareness campaigns.
Redressal of grievances.
Overseeing the FSTP operation & maintenance.
City Sanitation Issuing and renewing licenses of Desludging operators.
Cell – Member
1 - Sanitary Redressal of grievances
Inspector Issuing daily/weekly cleaning schedule to the cleaning operators.
Collecting and scrutinising Job Cards from operators and FSTP records.
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City Sanitation Monthly inspection of Cleaned households by applying sample survey
Cell – Member method.
1 - Sanitary
Inspector Imposing penalties on non-complying cleaning operators.
Coordinate with the FSTP operators regarding day-to-day operations,
septage input, the performance of treatment plant, and other operational
aspects.
City Sanitation Assist households with the construction of on-site containment units, such
Cell – Member as septic tanks, soak-pits, pit latrines, etc. under SBM by providing model
2 designs (booklets/ drawings), trained masons, financial assistance, etc.
Responsible for O&M of public and community toilets.
Facilitate Public outreach and awareness with the help of ward councillors
City Sanitation Maintaining sanitation database of the city including household data,
Cell – Member submitted Job Cards, overall cleaning records, instances of non-compliance/
3 - Computer penalties, data on licensed operators, etc.
Operator
Creating Daily/Weekly/Monthly schedule and submitting the same to Sanitary
Inspector and Fireman
Submitting weekly/monthly progress reports to the Sanitary inspector for the
perusal by the Committee.
Maintain the helpline service.
City Sanitation Telephonic and Field verification of Job Cards submitted by Cleaning
Cell – Member Operators.
4 - Assistant/
Helper Assisting in field surveys for creating sanitation database of the city.
Helping Computer Operators, Fireman and Sanitary Inspector in their tasks.
Ward Disseminate information regarding benefits of periodic desludging, proper
Councillors septic tank designs, user charges, etc. in their respective wards.
Assist in the household survey within their constituencies for compiling
citywide sanitation database, especially households without toilets or on-site
sanitary containment units.
Encouraging households without on-site containment units to construct
the same, including assisting with SBM applications, proper design, and
construction by trained and professional masons.
Desludging Timely application and renewal of license while fulfilling all of the eligibility
Operators criteria.
To carry the license every time when at service.
Follow all provisions prescribed in the Operator’s Manual.
Keep up-to-date records of all cleaning services and regularly submit
completed Job Cards to the respective ULB.
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FSTP Operator Operation and Maintenance of the Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant.
Periodic maintenance of the FSTP.
Keep up-to-date records of daily activities, septage input, effluent status, etc.
Verify and maintain records of all Job Cards from Desludging Operators.
Household Construct Septic Tanks/Pit latrines as per the prescribed design.
Extend full cooperation for household surveys and in the scheduled
desludging services.
Timely payment of user charges.
Remain vigilant and report incidences of non-compliance by nearby residents
and desludging operators.
Masons/ Participate in training programs .
Plumbers
Construction and repair of on-site containment units as per prescribed
techniques.
5.4 Design and Construction of Septic Tanks and other On-Site Sanitation Facil-
ities (OSSFs)
The households are to be encouraged to adopt designs of septic tanks as prescribed by

the BIS code 2470 and CPHEEO manual. Model drawings have been included as part of
Annexure 3. These Septic Tanks should be designed on the basis of a desludging period of
3 to 5-years considering the number of users in the household and space availability within
the dwelling unit.
For households that do not have sufficient space for a Septic Tank, Leach Pits (including twin
pit pour flush latrines and single leach pits) may be installed. Guidelines and model drawings
for Leach Pits have been included as part of Annexure 3.
Other On-Site sanitary containment and treatment options include modified septic
tanks (Anaerobic Baffled Reactors, Anaerobic Filters, Bio-Tanks, etc.) and Decentralised
Wastewater Treatment System (DEWATs) which are suitable for institutional and bulk
consumers, such as universities, industries, hotels, etc.
ULBs need to develop local models for managing community septic tanks and other larger
containment units. ULBs may take the responsibility of such OSSF provided this has the
economic viability through an appropriate user charge.
ULBs shall adopt regulations on septic tank designs and construction methods as a part of
building plan regulations through suitable additions in the ‘Sthaniy Nikay Bhawan Viniyam
2009’. These include:
1. In section 8.6, Table 7, the inclusion of minimum dimensions for Septic Tank/Pit latrines.
2. The dimensions for Septic Tank/Pit latrines shall be applicable for all buildings, including
plots less than 100sq.m in size.
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3. In section 12.5 (A), septic tank/pit latrine location and size (as per Annexure 3) shall be
submitted to the authorised personnel in the respective ULB as a part of the building
plan. The ULB staff should assist applicants in fulfilling this requirement.
4. Addition of Section 8.15, detailed design, drawing and configuration of Septic Tanks and
Pit toilets as per Annexure 3.
It would be required to provide necessary training to local masons and the respective
engineers inspecting these septic tanks as per the construction standards. Such training
could be organised at periodic intervals and necessary support from capacity-building
partners from DLBs could also be extended.
Illustrated booklets shall be designed and disseminated to relevant stakeholders highlighting

the importance of proper on-site sanitary containment units, such as Septic Tanks and Pit
latrines, along with their proper designs, construction, and maintenance guidelines.
The responsible Engineer/Town Planning Official/any other designated official who is

technically qualified shall ensure that the designs of septic tanks conform to the guidelines
at the time of submission (for plots less than 500sq.m) and approval (for plots with area 500
sq.m or more) of building plans.
The responsible Engineer/Town Planner/any other designated official who is technically

qualified, with the help of the Sanitary Inspector/other designated official and assistant
staff shall inspect the septic tanks during their construction to ensure that households are
complying with the submitted/approved designs.
The designated officials shall mobilise the workforce for a survey to compile a household
level database of sanitation facilities in the city, especially for the identification of insanitary
latrines and improperly constructed septic tanks.
All households with insanitary latrines shall be given notices to convert them into septic
tanks, twin pits or lined single pits as per the provisions of the Manual Scavenging Act,
2013. Households with improper septic tanks shall be educated to retrofit them as per the
approved designs. Refer Annexure 3.
5.5 On-Site Sanitation Facilities Cleaning - Scheduled and On-call
The households, institutions, commercial entities, etc., shall undertake proper desludging of
the septic tanks and pits from a licensed operator once in every 3 to 5 years as per the decision
of the respective Municipal Board or whenever the tanks get filled-up, whichever is earlier.
Even though the NBC guidelines and CPHEEO manual suggest a desludging frequency of 2
- 3 years, a relaxation has been given on account of the prevailing site conditions depending
upon large septic tank or pit sizes in Rajasthan, and easing the increased financial burden on
households in getting them cleaned in shorter durations.
ULBs may choose to adopt either a scheduled desludging service or an on-call service. For
ULBs adopting an on-call service, the only requirement shall be of licensing of operators. For
ULBs adopting a scheduled desludging service, besides licensing of operators, suggestive
regulations have been stipulated in section 5.5.1.
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The desludging operators shall obtain licenses for collection and transport operations as per
the formats provided in Annexures 2 . The licenses shall be valid for a period of two years
from the date of issue and shall be revised as per the due process.
The eligibility criteria for licensing have been provided in Annexure 9.
5.5.1 Regulations for Scheduled Cleaning

In ULBs that adopt scheduled cleaning services, all households will be eligible to avail
scheduled desludging services provided by the respective ULB through licensed desludging
operators as per a fixed schedule ranging from 3 to 5 years based on the household surveys.
After a preliminary schedule is prepared, each household shall be notified in advance i.e. at
the start of the month and two days before their turn and would be requested to be present
and oversee the cleaning operation of their Septic Tanks/Kui/Pit Latrines on the scheduled
day.
Cleaning services may be provided on request for the first two instances but will be
completely paid afterward if the deviation with the fixed schedule is more than 12 months,
irrespective of the monthly user charges.
The households can reschedule their cleaning service in case an adult member is not present
at home on the scheduled day or time, but will be requested to inform the respective ULB in
advance i.e. one or two days before the scheduled date.
The households may also reschedule their cleaning service under other circumstances
where the cleaning services are not possible. These circumstances may occur due to some
family functions, special occasions, and other similar events or celebrations.
Households would be asked to provide an alternative date and time for rescheduling the
cleaning operation within the next 30 days. A household may reschedule the cleaning
service for a maximum of two times, after which the scheduled cleaning services would
become void for the current service cycle. The household will have to pay additional charges
to avail these services within the current service cycle.
Any Licensed Private Desludging Operators interested in operating scheduled cleaning

service can directly obtain the cleaning schedule and corresponding Job Cards from the
respective ULBs.
The cleaning schedule can be given on a daily/weekly basis. An operator would be paid for
successful cleaning operation on the basis of the completed Job Cards submitted to the
ULB with the signature of the household member and the treatment plant operator. It would
be necessary that all fields in the Job Card should be completed.
The ULB would verify each Job Card the through phone calls, arranging visits to the
households and random inspections or sample surveys. The operators would be penalised if
any discrepancies are found as stated in the Section 5.10.
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5.6 User Charges
User charges for on-call services shall be levied at the time of desludging of the OSSF,
which will cover the expenditure requirement for O&M of desludging operations, as well
as for the treatment facility. The Municipal Board on the recommendation of the Sanitation
Committee will fix a User Fee applicable to all licensed operators and also for different uses
like residential, industrial, commercial, institutional and public toilets. The Municipal Board
can decide for differential charges within a city to facilitate the economically weaker section
and other vulnerable groups, for example, people living in slums, urban poor, single women
households, etc.
For Scheduled Desludging, multiple options may be explored for user charges:
Scheduled cleaning of Septic Tanks/Pit Latrine is not practically possible in case of one-
time user charges at the time of service due to a variety of reasons. Most households would
be unwilling to pay for a scheduled service and would refuse. So, in order to encourage
households to avail for scheduled desludging services, no charges may be solicited at the
time of the scheduled service. A periodic charge, called a Sanitation Fee, may be levied to
fund scheduled desludging operations. The following are the suggested three options for
ULBs to explore scheduled desludging:
Option 1: The fee could be combined with the water bill for all households within the ULB.
Separate charges would be levied for commercial, institutional, and industrial connections
which could be decided by the Municipal Board on the recommendation of the City Sanitation
Committee. As per the State Sewerage and Waste Water Policy, 2016, 13% additional
surcharge on water bills is recommended for the operation of the treatment facility. The
same can also be applicable for all towns with an available treatment facility, whether it is
a dedicated facility or the towns are served by the treatment facility of their neighbouring
town.
The households availing scheduled desludging services would be required to present a paid
water bill receipt in original of past 6 months. The cleaning service would not be provided
to households which do not furnish a paid water bill receipt from the past 6 months. The
cleaning service may be rescheduled within the next 30 days on request and the household
has to fulfil this condition on the rescheduled date.
Option 2: The fee could be combined with the waste collection charges for the solid waste
for all households within the ULB. Separate charges would be levied for commercial,
institutional, and industrial units which could be decided by the Municipal Board on the
recommendation of the City Sanitation Committee.
Households availing scheduled desludging services would be required to present paid waste
collection charge receipts of past 6 months. The cleaning service would not be provided to
households which do not furnish a paid receipt.
The cleaning service may be rescheduled within the next 30 days on request and the
household has to fulfil this condition on the rescheduled date.
Option 3: A separate FSSM cess may be levied on a monthly or annual basis on each
household within the ULB. Separate charges would be levied for commercial, institutional,
and industrial units which could be decided by the Municipal Board on the recommendation
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of the City Sanitation Committee. This will even encourage households without septic tanks
to install a suitable on-site containment unit since they would be obliged to pay for the
scheduled desludging services.
The desludging services may be provided onrequest for the first two instances but will be
completely paid afterward if the deviation from the fixed schedule is more than 12 months,
irrespective of the monthly user charges.
Households that are unwilling to pay these charges shall be surcharged with the standard
desludging rate as notified by the ULB or charges as directly negotiated with a private
licensed cleaning operator.
5.7 Septage Transport and Disposal
It is mandatory that all faecal sludge/septage is pumped out from on-site sanitation systems,
such as Kui, Single/Twin Pit Latrines, Septic Tanks, etc., within the ULB by private/municipal
septic tank cleaning operators, and should be safely transported and disposed at the
proposed Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant within ULB once it is operational.
In an event where the operator is unable to transport the collected septage themselves, the
operator shall notify the ULB to request for transport of the septage to the treatment plant.
in case of scheduled desludging, the operator will be charged for the transportation and will
only be eligible for only a half of the cleaning fee. The operator will also hand-over the Job
Card for the cleaning service.
The ULB would monitor the operations and ensure the compliance with these provisions and
has the power to levy penalties on non-complying operators. The residents of the respective
ULB area would be urged to be vigilant and report incidences of arbitrary/illegal disposal to
the ULB.
At the treatment facility, the operator shall notify the treatment plant operator, and show
the Job Card and operator’s license to the treatment plant operator. Once the treatment
plant operator is assured that the operator possesses a valid license along with a valid Job
Card, the cleaning operator will proceed to dispose the waste into the treatment facility.
The treatment plant operator will sign on the Job Card to indicate successful disposal at the
treatment facility. The format of the Job Card is enclosed as part of annexure -2 .
Other innovative options such as an app-based desludging service may also be explored
based on ULBs information (in case of schedule desludging), or with the user request (in
case of on-call services) for desludging services can be availed. Individuals not comfortable
with the online system may also use the services via a phone call/SMS. This will also help the
ULB to update the database on a real-time basis and apprise on the user feedback if any. An
illustrative interface of mobile-based desludging is enclosed as part of Annexure - 15.
Exceptional Circumstances for disposal of Septage: In case the treatment plant is unable to
accept the faecal sludge or septage due to overloading of the plant or undesirable quality of
septage/faecal sludge, the operator will have to obtain the reason for rejection in writing from
the designated personnel at the treatment plant with the concerned personnel’s signature.
Under this condition, the operator will have to dispose the waste at another designated
location to be notified by the ULB.
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5.8 Licensing of desludging operators
ULBs should certify and license all eligible private operators to desludge, transport waste to
the designated treatment facility and its disposal. The process shall be performed only by
licensed operators. The licenses would be valid for an initial period of 2 years and could be
subsequently renewed for a period of three years. An operators manual shall also be made
available to the operators outlining the standard operating procedure along with expected
service standards, penalties, terms of payment, vehicle maintenance, safety protocol, etc.
The ULB shall organise necessary training programs for licensed operators with the help
of the State Government/external agencies/academic institutions to make them familiar
with the provisions of the operator’s manual, and acquaint them with the standard operating
procedure for collection, transport, disposal and reporting of septic tank cleaning. The
resolution is in line with the Section 105 and 340 of Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009.
The eligibility criteria have been classified into three broad categories, namely:
Technical Criteria – Pertaining to the equipment quality, specification, and condition.

ÂÂ Leak-Proof equipment – photographic evidence and random inspection of the drive
system (tractor specifications - engine, chassis, etc.), pump, hose, pipe, seals, tank,
trailer chassis, etc.
ÂÂ Proof of vehicle maintenance in the last one-year.
ÂÂ Adequate inspection equipment, such as sight gauge, and a well-stocked toolbox
Submission of detailed vehicle & equipment specification
Figure 5.1: Process of Licensing for De-sludging Operators
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Administrative Criteria – Pertaining to statutory and regulatory stipulations.
ÂÂ Name and identify of the owner, driver and helper – Minimum two personnel per
vehicle
ÂÂ Proof of ownership – Vehicle Registration (Commercial), Bills for equipment,
insurance, etc.
ÂÂ Up-to-date P.U.C Certificate
ÂÂ Vehicle Fitness Certificate
ÂÂ Driver to have a valid driver’s license (LMV – TR)
ÂÂ Certification after attending short-term course/training session on proper desludging
operations as per operative manual
Health & Safety Criteria – Pertaining to hygiene and safety.

ÂÂ First-Aid/Medical Kit on every vehicle; Anti-septic Soap on the vehicle and at the
designated parking/ office.
ÂÂ Proper Safety Equipment – Safety googles or glasses with side splash protection;
Dust mask that fits over nose and mouth; Clean rubber gloves; Dedicated uniform
with apron; Work boots; Battery operated torch.
ÂÂ Health & Life insurance of truck operators (driver) and helper for minimum of 2 lakhs
yearly limit including the death compensation limit of 10 Lakhs.
The underlined criteria are suggested as mandatory eligibility criteria, while the others can
be fulfilled incrementally over a period of 12 to 24 months, which would be monitored during
periodic review by the ULB.
Proof of Cleaning and Disposal

Each licensed Operator has to carry Job Cards in prescribed formats (attached as Annexure
2) from the ULB, fill out all necessary information and get it signed by the households at the
time of cleaning and by the treatment plant operator at the time of disposal. The difference
between the time of cleaning and time of disposal should not be more than 24 hours. One
copy has to be given to the household, one submitted to the treatment plant. The job card
will have to be submitted within 48 hours of the time of disposal, failing which the operator
has to fill out a new Job card and get it signed by the household and treatment plant operator
again.
5.8.1 Rules for Desludging Operators:

1. The licensed operator shall have workers equipped with uniforms, safety gear, tools,
and vacuum trucks as defined in the Manual Scavenging Act, 2013.
2. The licensed operator shall keep records of cleaning operations for all Septic Tank, Kui,
Pit Latrine, etc. in the prescribed format which should be periodically submitted to the
ULB.
3. The licensed operator shall be provided with an operator’s manual and a training session
on the same.
4. The operator would be required to adopt the standards and procedures for pumping
and desludging as per the manual.
5. Desludging workers shall wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including
rubber gloves, rubber boots, a face mask, helmet, safety belt, eye protection glasses,
and uniform.
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6. The operator shall ensure the availability of protective gear for workers and materials
for desludging operations on a daily basis.
7. After desludging, workers should follow proper hygiene practices such as washing
hands with soap.
8. After each desludging operation, the area shall be properly cleaned and disinfected with
relevant cleaning agents such as bleaching powder and lime.
9. Expected service standards and penalties would be detailed out in the Operator’s
Manual.
10. Service providers shall deploy and maintain septage vehicles that meet the approved
standards for desludging and transport of the sludge/septage.
11. The driver and service providers shall be responsible for safe operation of the vehicle
and equipment at all times.
12. In the event of accidental spillage of sludge/septage, the operator shall immediately
take action to contain the sludge/septage, minimise the environmental impact, and
initiate clean-up procedures.
5.9 Septage Treatment and Reuse
Septage/Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant: The ULB shall facilitate construction and operation
of a septage treatment plant in case a suitable Sewage Treatment plant of sufficient
capacity (size and load) is not available within 20 km radius. In case of availability/proposal
of treatment plant (STP or dedicated FSTP) in close proximity (less than 20 km); option of
clustering (Refer Annexure 7) may be explored for smaller towns to maintain the financial
viability for the FSSM implementation. However, the technical feasibility of an existing/
proposed plant should be undertaken to access the viability for handling the additional load
of faecal sludge.
The capacity of the treatment facility shall be based on the current and future septage
generation in the city calculated as per the number and capacity of on-site containment
units in the city, type of septic tank or other containment units, type of cleaning/desludging
system (scheduled, on-call or mixed), number of households need to be served on a daily
basis.
The Site for Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant: An appropriate site should be identified for
the construction of a septage treatment plant giving due consideration to the required
environmental compliances and standards (refer Annexure 10). In case of a non-availability
of any suitable land, a portion of land allocated for solid-waste management may be used
for the construction of a treatment facility. The site selection needs to consider the criteria
provided in Annexure 8 after deciding on the technology of FSTP. The public consultation
and awareness campaign shall be carried out in order to avoid any resistance from families
residing nearby to the proposed plant set-up.
The ULB shall adopt an appropriate financing model for the O&M of septage treatment
and disposal facilities and shall levy user charges as appropriate for meeting the O&M
expenditure. The State Government shall assist the ULBs with empanelled consultants/
agencies for:
1) Preparing the FSSM plan/design/investment strategy,
2) Construction/operation of the plant.
The septage treatment plant shall adopt appropriate technology for treating septage and
the disposed sludge and wastewater after treatment shall strictly comply with the norms as
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per the relevant legislation. It is the responsibility of the operator of the treatment plant to
ensure the compliance with treatment and discharge norms. The reuse of the treated waste
shall be permitted as per the prevailing standards and norms. The standards for the treated
wastewater discharge are provided in Annexure 10. The treatment will ideally ensure the
maximum reuse of the end residual product, including treated effluent water and treated
sludge within the standards and norms.
The treated effluent wastewater may be utilised for irrigation, groundwater recharge,
gardening, etc. while the treated sludge is suggested to be co-composted with the organic
municipal solid waste to form valuable compost. Other options for reuse of the treated
sludge can be vermicomposting, palletisation, direct sale to farmers as a soil conditioner, etc.
The idea is to turn residual waste into a valuable commodity in order to recover the O&M and
even capital costs of the treatment plant. The treated effluents shall be tested periodically to
ensure a consistent output that is compliant with the discharge norms. The compliance that
needs to be followed for the agricultural application of biosolids and treated wastewater has
been provided in Annexure 10. The class - A bio-solids criteria should be followed in areas
where there is high probability of runoff from agricultural fields to mix with surface water
body.
As stated in the previous section, it shall be mandatory for all licensed operators for
collection and transport of septage to dispose the septage only at the treatment plant as
per the approved process. The desludging service providers are prohibited from disposing
the septage at any other location and would attract penalties for the same. The ULBs would
notify/revise penalty structure from time to time.
5.10 Penalties for Non-Compliance
The following is a list of suggestive penalties that may be levied on operators and households
in the following conditions.
For Operators:
1. For illegal disposal of Septage/Faecal Sludge by licensed operators, individual, or group
of individuals, a penalty would be imposed. More than three incidences would result in
termination of the license.
2. A penalty would be levied on operators not using protective/safety gear such as
uniforms, masks, gloves, boots, etc., or any other incidence where workers come in the
direct contact with the faecal waste. More than 3 incidences would result in termination
of the license.
3. If any spillage caused during cleaning or transport of septage, the containment unit,
and the nearby area is not properly cleaned and sanitised by the operator as per the
standard procedure prescribed in the operator’s manual, a penalty would be imposed on
the operator. More than 5 incidences would result in termination of the license.
4. A penalty would be imposed on operators in case of improperly/partially cleaning Septic
Tanks/Pits. Further, in case of any damage to the property of a household due to the
operator’s negligence, a penalty would be charged, and the operator shall reimburse the
owner for the damages. More than 5 incidences per quarter would result in temporary
suspension of the license and more than 8 incidences would result in termination of the
license.
5. If any discrepancies are found between the information in the submitted Job Cards,
FSTP records, and during field/telephonic verification of Job Cards, a fine would
be levied. This includes incidences of under-reporting or over-reporting of cleaned
62
63
households, falsification of information in the Job Cards, etc.
6. A penalty would be imposed on operators working without a valid license.
7. A penalty would be imposed on operators who fail to present their license at the time of
inspection by a Municipal official. The operator would be required to present the original
license within 2 days or a fine may be imposed.
For Households:
1. Households discharging sewage directly into drains without on-site containment shall
be penalised for the first incident. These households will be given 6 months to get
an on-site containment unit constructed. After the first warning, if the household still
discharges sewage into the drains, a penalty would be imposed each month till the time
the containment unit is not constructed.
2. People found practicing Open defecation would be penalised.
3. Households availing services from manual scavengers or engaging in the practice of
bucket desludging would be penalised.
5.11 Database, Reporting, and Record Keeping
The urban local body may create a computerised database of sanitation infrastructure,
staff, and schedule at household, ward, and city level, including septage generation from
households and commercial establishments, insanitary latrines, location of septic tanks,
details of operators responsible for the collection of sludge/septage, and details of septage
treatment plant.
Each operator has to carry Job Cards in prescribed formats (attached as Annexure 2) from the
respective ULB, fill-in all necessary information and get the Cards signed by the households
at the time of cleaning and by the treatment plant operator at the time of disposal.
The ULB shall ensure that desludging operators keep recording the details of operations
in the Job Cards, covering households, areas and location, type of septic tank, the age of
septic tank, date of desludging, quantity of septage, user charges collected, accidents and
spillages, and the next date of scheduling for desludging.
The ULBs shall maintain and preserve the collected records for a minimum of 5 years,
preferably with a backup documentation in computers. Each service provider shall be
required to submit copies of all Job Cards for each day on a daily basis to the Municipality.
The difference between the time of cleaning and time of disposal should not be more than
24 hours. One copy has to be given to the household, one submitted to the treatment plant.
The Job Card would have to be submitted within 48 hours from the time of disposal, failing
which the operator would have to fill out a new Job Card and get it signed by each attended
household and treatment plant operator again.
64
Figure 5.2: Schematic Diagram for Scheduled Desludging System in ULB
Fo r the Desludging Operator
Collect Job Card Formats from the Fill the Job Card with Details from the Job Card Details at the time
Municipality. Fill in details of, location, of desludging;
disposal
• Name of Owner/ Occupant/ User
• Vehicle number • Amount Of Septage disposed
Address & Phone no.
• Owner/ Driver • Signature of Treatment Plant
• Permit no. Type of Containment Operator
• Amount of Septage pumped
• Signature of Owner/ Occupant/
User
Fro m Municipality At Desludging Location At FSTP
Daily Submission of Job Card

Copy
Monthly Submission of Records
Random Sample of Cleaned

Cross Verification of Locations
J ob cards by Municipality
FSTP Records
The treatment plant operators shall also maintain a daily log of activities performed including
the daily inflow of septage from licensed operators, details in the Job Cards, day-to-day
activities performed, maintenance/cleaning activities, the status of each treatment module,
the amount of final treated effluent released/stored each day, etc. A weekly/monthly report
would have to be submitted to the City Sanitation Cell for its review by the City Sanitation
Committee. In case of app-based desludging services, the real-time update of services,
including the database of household desludging, disposal at the treatment facility, and the
payment to operators, would be managed at the Central MIS System of the ULB.
5.12 Public Awareness and Stakeholder Engagement
ULBs shall develop appropriate IEC materials and undertake IEC campaigns through public
meetings, print and electronic media, outdoor medium, and consultations and workshops
targeting the residents to sensitise the health and environmental impact of illegal disposal,
promote the adoption of proper toilet designs, construction methods, periodic desludging,
and safe sanitation practices. The State FSSM Cell may also help the ULBs to connect with
empaneled partner agency for media and campaign activity.
The Ward Councillors shall play a prominent role in engaging residents in their wards during
household level surveys and dissemination of information. They can be key actors to convey
and persuade the general public on various code of conducts.
The builders, masons, and suppliers of the Septic Tanks and Pits shall be constantly exposed
to better designs and better methods of construction through training and illustrated
materials.
65
The desludging operators shall be provided with the information on standard operating
procedures.
Non-Government Organisations (NGOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs), women’s

groups, and school children shall be extensively involved in undertaking IEC campaigns.
Pride of the neighbourhood or community may prove to be a powerful motivator for
communities, which should be part of IEC champaign. The IEC for FSSM implementation
should be practiced keeping the community at the centre and ensuring their integrated and
coordinated involvement in all stages.
The City Sanitation Committee will take necessary action to involve the community, especially
in poor areas, by formulating women-led neighbourhood groups, working with SHGs and
NGOs in implementing the sanitation programme. Public awareness and community
participation should not be just limited to toilet designs, construction methods, periodic
desludging schedules, and sanitation practices but also need to include various motivational
aspects such as negative impact of illegal dumping of sludge, untreated sewage discharge
into freshwater/stormwater drain etc., the amount of user fee to be paid towards the FSSM
and it modality, penalties that can be imposed on households with adverse behaviour, the
responsibility of private operators towards desludging and transport of sludge/septage,
compensation by the operator in the event of any damages to the property, reporting of
spillages, discrepancies, illegal disposal by the operator, grievance redressal mechanism, etc.
5.13 Capacity Building & Training
The ULB shall support capacity building of various stakeholders including its own staff
through appropriate institutions.
The ULB may also coordinate with the State Government (FSSM Cell) to engage with
empaneled partner agencies for capacity -building to undertake training needs assessment,
design training modules, and deliver the training programme. The different approach for
capacity building along with stages is listed below.
Figure 5.3: Approach to Capacity Building
Setting up a framework by introducing the ULB officials to the National and State
1 Orientation Overview and Background FSSM Policies, City FSSM Plan, and state FSSM guidelines
2 Education Explaining various Components across value chain Educating ULBs and public for safe and sustainable sanitation, proposed approaches,
adoption of regulatory reforms and their individual roles and responsibilities
3
Customized Training for the employees of City Sanitation Cell, Service Providers such
Training Instructing on individual tasks as Desludging /Treatment plant operators, masons, plumbers etc.
4
Continuous handholding of the employees of City Sanitation Cell on operationalizing
Hand - holding Hands-on Support during O&M and maintaining the proposed interventions
Refresher training and follow- up assistance to the employees of City Sanitation Cell
5 Follow-up Revision, Evaluation and Updates and Service Providers after six months and a year.
66
Brief of Training:
1. For ULB Staff & Ward Councillors – On budgeting for FSM, planning of FSM system,
O&M of FSTP, monitoring and licensing of operators, service-level benchmarking, the
constitution of the Committee and Cell, database management and record keeping,
public awareness strategies, etc.
2. For Desludging Operators – On operative guidelines and standard operating procedure
for the proper septage collection/transport/disposal, record keeping, vehicle
maintenance, licensing procedure and user charges, fleet management, maintenance
and asset management for the desludging operators.
3. For masons & plumbers – On design, specification and construction techniques for
Septic Tanks, Pit Latrines, piping, and plumbing, etc.
4. For FSTP operator – On standard operating procedure, record keeping, periodic
maintenance, and management of treated effluent/residue in the Faecal Sludge
Treatment Plant.
5. Residents – Public Meetings for introducing the FSSM concept and relevant provisions
of FSSM Guidelines.
6. Women-led community networks such as voluntary neighbourhood groups especially
working in poor areas- on hygiene and advantages of FSSM to individual households
7. Youth Groups, Schools champions etc. - sensitizing the timely desludging and advantage
of it on environment and Public health.
Involvement of men and women in planning and implementation will better address the
gender concerns and in mitigating the gender-based sanitation insecurity directly related
to FSSM.
Training Modalities: Innovative practices should be adopted to promote interactive learning

sessions with a focus on poor and non-poor areas through various message multipliers and
segmented targeting. Several types of modalities for capacity-building programmes might
be explored, for example:
1. Interactive workshop
2. Consultation workshop
3. One-on-one training
4. Public announcements
5. Illustrations and live demonstration
6. Pamphlets, Brochures, flyers, Posters etc.
7. Advertisement (Newspaper, Television, Radio etc.)
8. Interactive learning sessions
Details on capacity building stages for various stakeholders, brief of all training modalities
and checklist for capacity-building gap assessment are enclosed in Annexure -6.
5.14 Helpline and Grievance Redressal
The ULB shall establish a dedicated helpline with the trained staff for providing support to
residents on all aspects of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management including complaints &
grievances, septic tank designs, approval process, methods of construction, information on
masons, the periodicity of desludging, and contact details of operators and so on.
All queries and grievances received by the Municipal Board would be forwarded to the
suitable entity (Sanitary Inspector, Operator, Service provider, etc.) and would be replied
within 48 hours and would be addressed within 3 working days of reply.
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5.15 Service Level Benchmarks
All FSSM services in the Municipal Board shall be periodically evaluated on the basis of the
Service-level indicators in the table below. These service level benchmarks shall indicate the
performance of the FSSM operations in the city.
Table 5.2: Service Level Benchmark
Indicator Target Present Expected

Service Situation Service
Level for Level
20__
Percentage and number of Households connected to 100%
Sanitary Containment Units/Sewerage Connection
Number of households desludged by licensed operator 100%
Vs Target
Efficiency in collection of user charges >90%
Efficiency of treatment against emptier sludge 100%
Incidences of Non-Compliance by Operators Less than 3
per month
Amount of Reusable end product – Compost, treated 100 %
wastewater, Bio- Gas, etc. generated
Percentage of O&M Cost Recovery through sale of 100%
Reusable end product from FSTP
Grievances received < 20%
% of grievances addressed within stipulated timeframe >80%
Annual targets would be set by the City Sanitation Committee as a part of the annual action
plan which will be evaluated as per the performance at the end of the perspective year. SLBs
may also be linked to the current SLB/SLIP, etc. Such information can inform about the State
level decisions and thereon National policies. The State FSSM Cell may coordinate with all
ULBs on building capacity for filling relevant information of SLBs and accordingly undertake
the annual performance monitoring review for the further course of actions.
68
A ANNEXURES
1. Model Resolutions need to be adopted by Urban Local Body
2. Formats for Management of Desludging Operations
3. Design and Specification of Onsite Sanitation Facilities
4. Conversion of Insanitary Latrines into Pits
5. Capacity Building Stages for stakeholder consultation
6. Capacity Building Gap Assessment and Training Modalities
7. Clustering Strategies for Sharing of FSTP and STPs
8. Site Selection for a Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
9. Eligibility Criteria for Licensing and Detail of Licensing Kit
10. General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants
11. Co-Treatment of Faecal Sludge in STP’s
12. Compendium of technology options for FSTP and Desludging Equipment
13. Government Order for State Level Committee - State Sewerage & WW Policy
14. Service Level Improvement Plan for FSSM
15. SANKALP - Mobile Application for FSSM

16.
01 Model Resolutions need to be adopted by Urban Local Body
RESOLUTION - 1
NOTICE
Subject: Disposal of Septage/Faecal Sludge from desludging of On-Site Sanitation

Facilities (Kui, Septic Tanks, Pit latrines, etc.) at the proposed Faecal Sludge Treatment
Plant/Designated Treatment site or Disposal Facility.
As per the resolution passed in the municipal board meeting dated -- / -- /----, it has been
agreed that all faecal sludge/septage pumped out from on-site sanitation systems such as
Kui, Pit latrines, septic tanks, etc. within the jurisdiction of urban local body by private and
Municipal septic tank cleaning operators, through mechanical methods, should be safely
transported and disposed at the proposed Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant/Designated
Treatment site or Disposal Facility (location:……………………………………....).
Once this facility is operational, it will be the responsibility of the cleaning operator (Municipal
or Private) to transport the septage/faecal sludge to the treatment plant site. In case the
operator is unable to transport the septage/faecal sludge, the operator shall inform the
Municipality to ensure safe transport of septage/faecal sludge to the Treatment Plant. The
resolution is in line with Section 105 and 340 of Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009.

Each Operator has to carry Job Cards as per the prescribed format (attached in format 3
of Annexure II ) issued by the ULBs, fill-in all necessary information and get them signed by
each household at the time of cleaning and by the treatment plant operator at the time of
disposal. The difference between the time of cleaning and the time of disposal should not be
more than 24 hours. A copy of these cards has to be given to the attended households, and
a copy has to be submitted to the treatment plant. The Job Cards will have to be submitted
within 48 hours from the time of disposal, failing which the operator will have to fill-in new
Job Cards and get them signed by each household and the treatment plant operator all over
again.
Penalty
A penalty of INR …………… would be imposed on any individual or group of operators who are
found disposing this waste at a location other than the Treatment Plant, except in case of
exceptional circumstances as mentioned below. The ULBs would monitor the operations
and ensure the compliance with these provisions and has the power to levy penalties on
non-complying operators. The residents of the town are and will be urged to be vigilant and
report incidences of arbitrary/illegal disposal to the ULB.
Exceptional Circumstances
In case the treatment plant is unable to accept the faecal sludge or septage from the
truck operator (due to the overloading of the plant or undesirable quality of septage/faecal
sludge), the operator will have to get the reason for rejection in writing from the designated
personnel at the treatment plant, along with the personnel’s signature. Under this condition,
the operator will have to dispose the waste at a designated location to be notified later.
Chairman Executive Officer/Commissioner

ULB ULB
RESOLUTION - 2
NOTICE
Subject: Licensing of Septic Tank Cleaning Operators
As per the resolution passed in the ULB Meeting dated --/--/----, it has been agreed that
all operators (Public and Private) for pumping out faecal sludge/septage from on-site
sanitation systems such as Kui, pit latrines, septic tanks, etc. within the jurisdiction of the
Municipality, through mechanical methods, shall be provided with licenses, and no operator
would be allowed to function without a valid license from the date of the commencement
of the proposed Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant/Treatment Facility (location-………………………….).
The application forms for the Cleaning Operators License can be obtained from the
respective ULB (location-…………....…) beginning --/--/----. The format of this application form
has been attached as Format 1 of Annexure II. The licenses would be valid for an initial period
of 2 years and could be subsequently renewed for a period of three years. An operators’
manual shall also be made available to the operators outlining the standard operating
procedures along with expected service standards, penalties, terms of payment, vehicle
maintenance, safety protocol, etc. The ULBs shall organise necessary training programs
for the licensed operators with the help of state government/external agencies/academic
institutions to make them familiarise with the provisions of the operators’ manual and
acquaint them with the standard operating procedures for collection, transport, disposal of
faecal sludge/septage and reporting for cleaning of septic tanks. The resolution is in line with
Section 105 and 340 of Rajasthan Municipalities
The eligibility criteria:

Technical Criteria – Pertains to equipment quality, specification and condition.
ÂÂ Leak-Proof equipment – photographic evidence and random inspection – drive system
(tractor specifications - engine, chassis, etc.), pump, hose, pipe, seals, tank, trailer
chassis, etc.
ÂÂ Proof of vehicle maintenance in the last one year.
ÂÂ Adequate inspection equipment (such as sight gauge) and a well-stocked toolbox.
ÂÂ Submission of detailed vehicle & equipment specification.
Table A.1: Technical Specification of De-sludging Equipment
Sl. No. Components Description Remarks

1 Type
1.1 Tank Capacity
1.2 Construction
1.3 Material
1.4 Vacuum pump
1.5 Suction Hose (length)
1.6 ISO Certified Company
2 Truck/Tractor Chassis
2.1 Max Power
2.2 Manufactured by
72
Administrative Criteria – Pertains to statutory and regulatory stipulations.
ÂÂ Name and identity proofs of the owner, driver, and helper – Minimum two personnel per
vehicle.
ÂÂ Proof of the ownership – Commercial Vehicle Registration, Bills of the equipment,
insurance, etc.
ÂÂ Up-to-date P.U.C Certificate.
ÂÂ Vehicle Fitness Certificate.
ÂÂ A valid commercial driver’s license for the driver (LMV – TR).
ÂÂ Certification after attending short-term course/training session on proper desludging
operations
ÂÂ as per the operators’ manual.
Health & Safety Criteria – Pertains to hygiene and safety.

ÂÂ Well-stocked First-Aid/Medical Kit on every vehicle; Anti-septic soaps in the vehicle and
at the
ÂÂ designated parking/office.
ÂÂ Adequate safety equipment – Safety goggles or glasses with side splash protection;
Dust mask that fits over nose and mouth; Clean rubber gloves; Dedicated uniform with
an apron; Work boots; and Battery-operated torch.
ÂÂ Health & Life insurance of truck operators (drivers) and helpers with a minimum INR 2
lakhs yearly limit including the death compensation limit of INR 10 Lakhs.
The criteria underlined are to be considered as a mandatory requirement, while others can
be incrementally fulfilled over a period of 12 to 24 months, monitored during the periodic
review by the respective ULBs.
The licensed operator shall be expected to:

ÂÂ Always carry a copy of the license and present the license to each household before
beginning the cleaning service.
ÂÂ Only dispose of the collected Septage/Faecal Sludge at the Treatment Plant.
ÂÂ Strictly adhere to the safety and hygiene protocol as per the Operators’ Manual (to be
notified soon).
ÂÂ Follow the standard operating procedure as per the Operators’ Manual (to be notified
soon).
ÂÂ Keep a record of all desludging operations and regularly submit the copies of Job
Cards to the Municipality office.

ÂÂ Each licensed operator has to carry Job Cards in prescribed formats (attached as
Format 3 of Annexure II) obtained from the ULBs, fill-in all necessary information
and get them signed by the households at the time of each cleaning visits and by the
treatment plant operator at the time of disposal. The difference between the time of
cleaning and the time of disposal should not be more than 24 hours. A copy of these
cards has to be given to the attended households, and a copy has to be submitted
to the treatment plant. The Job Cards will have to be submitted within 48 hours from
the time of disposal, failing which the operator will have to fill-in new Job Cards and
get them signed by each household and the treatment plant operator all over again.
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User charges applicable for On-call desludging services
The user charges collected by private operator within municipal jurisdiction will be
subjected to discretion of operator. The charges need note to be more than as given in the
various use/type of below section :-
• Residential : INR……………../trip
• Commercial : INR……………../trip
• Institutional : INR……………../trip
• Industrial : INR……………./trip
• Public Toilet : INR ……………/trip
• Others (Slum neighbourhoods, Vulnerable Groups – to be approved by Sanitation
Committee)
a. ……………………………… INR……………../trip
b. ……………………………… INR……………../trip
User Charges applicable for Schedule desludging

User charges for schedule desludging will be applicable as per resolution “Scheduled
Septic Tank Cleaning and Periodic User Charges”.
Penalty
ÂÂ A Penalty of INR ……………would be imposed on any individual or group of operators who
are found disposing this waste at a location other than the Treatment Plant (except
in case of exceptional circumstances). Incidences of more than 3 illegal disposals per
quarter would result in termination of the license. The operators will have to reapply
for the license post-termination.
ÂÂ A penalty of INR ……………would be imposed on operators found violating safety and
hygiene protocols including inadequate use of safety equipment during cleaning and
disposal of septage (other detailed in the operators manual)
ÂÂ A penalty of INR ……………would be imposed on the operators in case of any spillage
during the cleaning procedure of the septic tanks and the transport of septage. More
than 5 incidences of spillage may result in a temporary suspension of the operators’
license.
ÂÂ A penalty of INR ……………would be imposed on operators working without a valid
license.
ÂÂ A penalty of INR …………… would be imposed on operators who fail to present their
operators’ license at the time of inspection by a Municipal official. The operators
would be required to present the original operators’ license within 2 days or a fine
may be imposed.
ÂÂ The operator would be penalised with a fine of INR …………… per mismatched record
if any discrepancy is found in the submitted records, Job cards of the operator, the
records at the FSTP and during verification of Job Cards by Municipality through
telephonic follow-up, and sample survey. Failing to submit Job Cards on time on more
than 5 occasions per quarter may result in a temporary suspension of operators
license.
Other penalties as codified and detailed in the Operators’ Manual and the State FSSM
Guidelines. The respective ULBs would monitor the operations and ensure compliance
with these provisions and has the power to levy penalties on non-complying operators. The
residents of the city are and will be urged to be vigilant and report incidences of arbitrary/
illegal disposal, spillage of faecal sludge/septage from septic tanks, or other discrepancies
to the ULBs.
74
Exceptional Circumstances: : In case the treatment plant is unable to accept the faecal
sludge or septage from the truck operator (due to overloading of the plant or undesirable
quality of septage/faecal sludge), the operator will have to get the reason for rejection
in writing from the designated personnel at the treatment plant with the personnel’s
signature. Under this condition, the operator has to dispose the waste at a designated
location to be notified later.

ULB ULB
75
RESOLUTION - 3
NOTICE
Subject: Scheduled Septic Tank Cleaning and periodic user charges
As per the resolution passed in the ULB Meeting dated --/--/----, it has been agreed
that all households within a respective Municipality will be periodically provided with the
cleaning service of septic tank/pit latrine/Kui etc. every 3 to 5 years based on the size
of on-site containment unit with a maximum period of 5 years, in line with the provisions
of the CHPEEO manual, BIS Code 2470 and prevailing site conditions in a Municipality. The
Resolution is in line with the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009, Section 104.
Moreover, the households will not be charged with a one-time fee for this cleaning service,
and instead, an additional monthly/yearly sum of INR ……………, proposed to be either:
Option I: Combined with their existing water tariff of all connections,; or
Option II: Combined with solid waste collection from every household charges; or
Option III: Levied as FSSM cess to be collected from every household separately.
This resolution has been passed to encourage residents without on-site containment units
to construct a suitable unit and for introducing a shift towards regular cleaning of on-site
sanitation containment units so as to maintain public health and hygiene. Many households
request for such cleaning services from untrained and unlicensed private cleaning operators.
Furthermore, such requests are made only when a household’s on-site containment units
start to overflow into drains, which could create a major nuisance and a public health hazard.
Households that are unwilling to pay these charges shall be charged the standard desludging
rate as notified by the ULB or charges as directly negotiated with private cleaning operator
(licensed).(refer resolution II of licensing of private operators for notified desludging tariff for
on-call services )
Payment to Operator
Any Licensed Private Desludging Operators interested in operating scheduled cleaning
service can directly obtain the cleaning schedule and corresponding Job Cards from the
concerned Municipality. Cleaning schedule can be given on a daily/weekly basis. The operator
would be paid for successful cleaning operations on the basis of the completed Job Cards
submitted to the Municipality with the signature of a household-member of each household
visited and Treatment Plant operator, and with all fields of the Job Card completely filled.
The Municipality would verify each Job Card through phone calls, conducting visits to the
households, and random inspections/sample surveys. The Operators would be penalised in
cases of any discrepancies as per the provisions of the City FSSM Resolutions and Operator’s
Manual.
76
Scheduling
The services will be directly provided by the Municipality through trained and licensed
operators who comply with the proposed operator’s manual and the state FSSM Guideline.
A survey shall be undertaken to identify all on-site sanitation containment units in the
Municipality and a periodic cleaning schedule shall be made, based on which each household
will be offered this service. After the preparation of a preliminary schedule, each household
shall be notified in advance i.e. at the start of the month and two days before their turn and
would be requested to be present and oversee the cleaning of their Septic tanks/Kui/Pit
latrines on the scheduled day.
Households availing scheduled desludging services would be required to present an original

paid water/solid waste collection charge receipt from the past 6 months. Cleaning service
would not be provided to Households which do not furnish a paid receipt. The Cleaning
service may be rescheduled within the next 30 days on request and the household has to
fulfill this condition on the rescheduled date.
Cleaning services may be provided on request for the first two instances but will be
completely a paid service afterwards if the deviation with the fixed schedule is more than 12
months, irrespective of the monthly/annually user charges.
Rescheduling
The households can reschedule their cleaning service in case an adult member is not
present at home on the scheduled day or time but will be requested to inform the concerned
Municipality in advance i.e. one or two days before the scheduled date.
The households may also reschedule their cleaning service under other circumstances when
the cleaning job would not possible because of any scheduled events, special occasion, etc.
In such circumstances, the households would be asked to provide an alternative date

and time for cleaning the on-site sanitation containment units within the next 30 days. A
household may reschedule the cleaning service a maximum of two times, after which the
scheduled cleaning service would become void for the current cycle and the household will
have to pay additional charges to avail these services in the current cycle.
Other Provisions
1. Public Awareness and Stakeholder Engagement Campaign to make people more

aware, accepting and solicit opinions and suggestions to improve the scheme. The ward
councillors will take a leading role in making residents of their constituency aware of the
scheduled service, user charges, and corresponding roles and responsibilities of each
household.
2. Creation of a database of all on-site sanitation systems in the Municipality for making
the schedule for cleaning on-site sanitation containment units.
3. Steps to increase the coverage of on-site sanitation containment units such as Septic
tanks, Pit latrines, etc.
4. Licensing of Cleaning Operators and engaging them for participating in the scheduled
desludging work.
5. In case of Option I: Follow-up with PHED for the approval of a scheme to combine the
collection of sanitation fee with the water bill and a mechanism for the revenue transfer.
6. Institutional capacity building within the Municipality – Creation of Sanitation
77
Committee for monitoring and decision-making including sanitation funds; and creation
of Sanitation Cell for managing day-to-day operations including creating, managing and
maintaining schedule, coordination with desludging operators, manage Job Cards and
desludging records, follow-up with households, and grievance redressal.
7. Comprehensive regulatory and monitoring framework to ensure smooth compliance.
8. These provisions would be applicable once the treatment Plant is operational.

ULB ULB
78
RESOLUTION - 4
NOTICE
Subject: Amendment in the building byelaws
As per the resolution passed in the ULB Meeting dated --/--/----, it has been agreed
that from --/--/----, submission of building applications have to include for the provision of a
suitable sanitary toilet containment unit such as Septic tank/Pit latrine in line with the model
drawings (Annexure III of State FSSM Guideline) as a part of the building application. A site
inspection by designated Municipal officials will be made to ensure that a suitable sanitary
toilet has been constructed in line with standards. Some modifications would be made to
the Municipal Building Bye-laws (Sthaniy Nikay Bhawan Viniyam 2009) for the same.
The changes will be in accordance to the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009, Section 340.
Some modifications are mentioned below:

ÂÂ In section 8.6, Table 7, the inclusion of minimum dimensions for Septic tank/Pit
latrines.
ÂÂ The dimensions for Septic tank/Pit latrines shall be applicable for all buildings,
including plots less than 100sq.m.
ÂÂ In section 12.5 (A), location and size specifications of the Septic tank/Pit latrine (as
per Annexure 3, The State FSSM Guidelines) shall be submitted to the authorised
personnel in the ULB as a component of the building plan. The ULB staff should assist
the applicants in fulfilling this requirement.
ÂÂ Addition of Section 8.15, detailed design, drawing and configuration of Septic tanks
and Pit toilets as per Annexure 3 of The State FSSM Guidelines.
ÂÂ Households with a toilet but without a safe on-site containment unit such as septic
tank/soak pit be encouraged to apply for relevant assistance under Swachh Bharat
Mission for construction of the same.

ULB ULB
79
RESOLUTION - 5
NOTICE
Subject: Constituting the City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell
As per the resolution passed in the ULB Meeting dated --/--/----, it has been agreed that
a City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell shall be constituted to oversee
all Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Operations in the city. In case the Urban Local
Body already has a constituted city sanitation committee, it may also include the mandate of
FSSM and the committee structure can be also modified accordingly.
Furthermore, a dedicated helpline would be set-up for receiving Septic tank/Pit latrine/
Kui cleaning requests along with public grievances/complaints. The committee is being
constituted as per the provision specified in Section 55, Para 3 of the Rajasthan Municipalities
Act, 2009.
The Sanitation Committee

It shall comprise of the following members:
1. Executive Officer/Commissioner – ex-officio
2. Chairman – ex-officio
3. Junior Engineer/Town Planner/any other highest technical officer – ex-officio
4. Sanitary/Health Inspector – ex-officio
5. Ward Councilors – (total members divided by 5) to be changed every year on rotation
while ensuring women participation.
The Committee shall be the decision-making body for all Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management related matters within the Municipality. The Junior Engineer and Sanitary
Inspector will represent the Executive Wing of the Municipality, while the Ward Councillors
will represent the interest of the people. The Minutes would be kept for each meeting, signed
by the Executive Officer/Commissioner and the Chairman. All decisions made in the meeting
need to be agreed upon and signed by both, the Executive Officer and the Chairman. The
Committee shall meet at least once a month to review finances, septic tank cleaning records,
public grievances, issues, FSTP-related matters, compliance by operators, etc.
Major Responsibilities of the Sanitation Committee include:

ÂÂ Formulating, notifying and modifying important city-level documents, such as the city
FSSM Strategy, City FSSM Resolutions, changes in the Building Byelaws related to
sanitation, model septic tank/soak-pit design, etc.
ÂÂ Approving and commissioning new public toilets and community toilets.
ÂÂ Coordinating with various agencies/stakeholders for the collection of user charges
ÂÂ Formulating an annual action plan/strategy every year for Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management including setting performance targets, setting priority goals, increasing
coverage of sanitary latrines, monitoring plan, etc. for the perspective year. The annual
action plan/strategy would be reviewed at the end of the perspective year to assess
performance – successes, and shortcomings.
ÂÂ Manage funds for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Operations, including
decisions payment to operators/related staff, fixing and collecting user charges (one-
time and monthly), expenses & revenue from FSTP, expenses for training/capacity
building/public awareness, the allocation of annual and monthly budget for FSSM, and
the arrangement of finances for O&M of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
System.
80
ÂÂ Coordinate with the State Government on matters pertaining to FSSM including the
financial grant for Capital and O&M expenses, assistance for planning/design/O&M of
FSSM infrastructure, capacity-building and training assistance, etc.
ÂÂ Monthly Progress Review – performance against target for scheduled desludging,
amount of septage disposed and treated at the FSTP, public grievances, instances of
non-compliance, etc.
The Sanitation Cell

The Sanitation cell within the ULBs shall be the implementation wing for overseeing day-
to-day operations of Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in its Municipality area. The
Sanitation Cell shall be responsible for:
ÂÂ Providing licenses to operators.
ÂÂ Creating a detailed sanitation database of the city with the help of ward councillors.
ÂÂ Managing scheduled desludging operations, if Scheduled Desludging system is
adopted.
ÂÂ Ensure the compliance with the City FSSM Resolutions and FSSM Plan provisions.
ÂÂ Impose penalties on non-compliant operators and households.
ÂÂ Undertake public awareness campaigns.
ÂÂ Grievance redressal.
ÂÂ Overseeing FSTP operation & maintenance.
The Members and responsibilities include:
Table A.2: Sanitation Cell Member’s Responsibilities
Member Term Responsibility

Member – 1: Sanitary Ex-Officio Issuing and renewing licenses of Desludging
Inspector Operators
Grievance Redressal
Issuing daily/weekly cleaning schedule to cleaning
operators (in case of scheduled desludging)
Collecting and scrutinizing Job Cards from Operators
and FSTP records
Monthly inspection (sample survey) of cleaned
households
Imposing penalties on non-complying cleaning
operators
Coordinate with the FSTP operator regarding day-
to-day operations, septage input, performance of
treatment plant and other operational aspects.
Member - 2 Ex-Officio as Assist households with the construction of on-site
designated by containment units such as septic tanks, soak-pits, pit
the Committee latrines, etc. under SBM by providing model designs
(preferably (booklets/ drawings), trained masons, financial
the official assistance, etc.
responsible for
SBM activities) Responsible for O&M of public and community toilets
Facilitate in Public outreach and awareness with the
help of ward councillors
81
Member Term Responsibility
Member – 3: On Contract/ Creating and maintaining a sanitation database of the
Computer Operator designated by city including household data, submitted Job Cards,
the Committee overall cleaning record, instances of non-compliance/
penalties, data on licensed operators, etc.
Creating Daily/Weekly/Monthly schedule and
submitting to Sanitary Inspector and Fireman
Submitting weekly/monthly progress reports to the
Sanitary inspector for the perusal of the committee
Maintain helpline
Member – 4: On Contract/ Telephonic and Field Verification of Job Cards
Assistant/ Helper designated by submitted by Cleaning Operators
the Committee
Assisting in field surveys for creating sanitation
database of the city
Helping the Computer Operators, Fireman and
Sanitary Inspector in their tasks
The Sanitation Cell shall present regular reports (monthly/weekly/annual) to the committee
on the progress of FSSM services within the jurisdiction area of the Municipality. The
Sanitary Inspector, as a member of both, the Committee and Cell shall be the common link
between the policy/decision-making and operational aspects of Faecal Sludge and Septage
Management in the jurisdiction area of the Municipality
The Sanitation Committee and Cell shall be constituted immediately after the City FSSM
Resolutions are notified. A more detailed structure, roles, and responsibilities for the
Committee and the Cell shall be followed as given in State FSSM Guidelines. The ULBs shall
also seek assistance from the State Government for training and capacity-building.

ULB ULB
82
02 Formats for Management of Desludging Operations
FORMAT 1: LICENSE FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF SEPTAGE
In accordance with all the terms and conditions of the Resolution - 2, Licensing of Septic
Tank Cleaning Operators passed on --/--/----, the special license conditions accompanying
this license and applicable rules and laws of Government of Rajasthan, the permission is
hereby granted to:
NAME OF LICENSEE_______________________________________________________________
ADDRESS_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ _______
For the collection, transport and disposal of septage from septic tanks, pit latrines, kui
and other on-site sanitation units in ………………………………. Municipality This license is based
on information provided by the desludging operator in the Septage Collection and
Transportation License Application. This license is effective for a period of …….. years from
date of issue, set forth below.
EFFECTIVE DATE: ___________________________

EXPIRATION DATE: __________________________
The license may be suspended or revoked for Condition of non-compliance and is not
transferable.
FORMAT 2: APPLICATION FOR THE LICENSE OF COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION
AND DISPOSAL OF SEPTAGE IN ULB
Name of the applicant: Shri/Ms. ………………………………………………………………………………………
Address:
Regd. office: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………
Head office: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Telephone No.: (O) …………………………………………………………….Mobile No …..……………………..……………...………
Email ID: ………………………………………………………………………................................................................……… ..............................
Registration No. of Vehicle: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………
Pollution certificate of the vehicle valid up to: ……………………………………………………………………………………
Insurance of the vehicle valid up to: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Fitness of the vehicle valid up to: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ....

Vehicle, whether fitted with GPS: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….......

Details of the vehicles indicating model, type, capacity, leak proof, odour and spill proof
having proper vacuum/ suction and discharging arrangement (with photographic evidence)
Processing fee for license Rs………………/- (Non-refundable)
D.D. No............................................................... Date: ............................................ Bank: ....................................................
I/We certify that information given by me/us in column 1 to 11 is true to the best of my
knowledge and belief. I also certify that I have read and understood the attached terms
and conditions as per the Operators Manual and agree to abide by them. I agree that
if any information given by me is found wrong the application for license will be liable for
cancellation at any time.
Signature(s) of applicant(s) Date:
No. of document attached:
1)
2)
3)
84
FORMAT 3: JOB CARD FOR DESLUDGING OPERATOR
Sr. No._______________
Name of the City_______________ Date ____________________ Time __________________ am/pm
1. Basic Information (must be completed by the septage emptier)
a. What is the Volume of septage emptied (litres) ________________________________________________

b. Number of trips____________________________________________________________________________
c. What is the type of container emptied? (Tick the correct option)
Kuii Septic Tank Soak Pit/Pit latrine Other (specify) _____________________
d. Source: Residential Restaurant Office/commercial Industrial other
2. Household Information (to be filled by households)
a. Complete name: ___________________________________________________________________________
b. Phone number: ____________________________________________________________________________
c. Complete address:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Water Supply Account: _____________________________________________________________________
The undersigned being duly authorized hereby certifies to the accuracy of the source and type of
collected Septage identified above and subject to this manifest.
Date: ______________ Signature of Customer: ___________________________________________________
3. Information about the wastewater emptier (vehicle):

a. Name of Operators (Driver & Helper): _________________________________________________________
b. Permit Number: ___________________________________________________________________________
c. Vehicle Number: ___________________________________________________________________________
……………………&………........................……&……………………….......….Tear Here………….........................&..........................………………&…………..……
4. Acceptance of Septage by FSTP operator

The above emptier delivered the described septage to this disposal facility and it was accepted.
Disposal date & time: _________________________________________________________________________
Signature of authorized official and title: ________________________________________________________

5.Acceptance of Job Card by Municipal Council
Signature of authorized official and title: ________________________________________________________
85
FORMAT 4: FOR PREPARATION OF DATABASE OF ONSITE SANITATION FACILITIES
Form No……………. Surveyed By ……………. Date……….
Location (City and District) …………………….
(Individual Toilets) – Survey Form
Name of Respondent Ward no.
Type of Property ☐ Residential ☐ Commercial ☐ Institutional ☐ Industrial
Locality
Disposal of Grey Water ☐ Open Drain ☐ Close drain Other ……………….

(Bathroom and Kitchen)
No. of Toilets in the House …………….. No. of ………….
Containment
Size of Containment L……B……H….. or Dia …………..Depth…….…..
Type of Toilet Disposal (1) Single Pit ☐ (2) Twin Pit ☐
(3) Septic Tank – (4) Septic Tank- with soak

☐ ☐
Two Cham. pit
(5) Other -Specify……………………
Disposal System (1) Effluent is (2) House accessible by ☐

connected to Drain ☐
large desludging truck
(Multiple Tick)
(3) Have cover to
☐ (4) Accessible from Road ☐
Open
(5) Cannot be
☐
open (Plastered, ☐ (6) On the Road
tiles)
Is Disposal System Used by ☐ Yes ☐ No
Multiple Dwellings
Year of Construction House (……...) Toilet (…………) Containment (…....)
Year of Last Desludging (Last

cleaning)
Number of Cleaning in last 10
Year
Cost paid against Desludging
86
03 Design and Specification of Onsite Sanitation Facilities
On-site sanitation can be defined as a system where human excreta are retained and
treated on the site of defecation in a way that is hygienic and does not adversely affect the
environment. The Onsite sanitation facilities predominant are Septic Tank, Twin pit, and
Single pit. Single pits are not recommended but can be opted in extreme conditions provided
no adverse impact to ground water. Proper OSSF design considers the following factors:
ÂÂ Sized properly with appropriate sludge detention time
ÂÂ Volume and hydraulic retention time.
ÂÂ Proper inlet and outlet structures
ÂÂ Water tight
ÂÂ Access port for each compartment that allows for inspection and pumping
Design of Onsite Sanitation Facilities:
1. Septic Tank System
Depending on the geography, soil condition, water seepage capacity of the soil the design
can be prepared and approved by the Local Bodies. Proper septic tank design considers the
following factors:
ÂÂ Sized properly with appropriate sludge detention time, volume and hydraulic retention
time Proper inlet and outlet structures
ÂÂ At least one baffle separating the tank into multiple compartments
ÂÂ Water tight
ÂÂ Access port for each compartment that allows for inspection and pumping Table1:
Table A.3: Recommended Sizes of Septic Tanks as per Number of Users
Number of Users Length (M) Breadth (M) Liquid Depth for a Cleaning Interval of 5 Years
(M)
5 2.3 1.15 1.35
10 3.1 1.55 1.4
15 3.7 1.8 1.45
20 4 2 1.55
Number of Users Length (M) Breadth (M) Liquid Depth for a Cleaning Interval of 3 Years
(M)
5 1.5 0.75 1.05
10 2 0.9 1.4
15 2 0.9 2
20 2.3 1.1 1.8
50 5 2 1.24
100 7.5 2.65 1.24
150 10 3 1.24
200 12 3.3 1.24
300 15 4 1.24
Note: The CPHEEO Manual and NBC code IS 2470 Part I 1985 may be referred for exact calculations
Table A.4: Existing guide lines for design and construction of septic tanks
Parameters Existing Guidelines Source of General

Guideline Observations
Location Septic tanks are recommended CPHEEO While all existing
only for individual homes, small guidelines
communities and institutions whose
contributory population size doesn’t
exceed 300 Manual state that the
location of septic
tank should
A sub soil dispersion system shall not NBC, Part 3: be given due
be closer than 18 meters from any Development consideration, in
source of drinking water, such as well, Control Rules reality, the location
to mitigate the possibility of bacterial and General of the septic tanks
pollution of water supply Building are
Requirements
Septic tank should be located at a IS 2470, Part- 1 practically based

place open to sky, as far away as on the land
possible from the exterior of the wall availability within
of building and should not be located the household
in swampy areas or areas prone to vicinity
flooding.
88
Design and Septic tanks should have a minimum NBC, Part 3: Local masons
Construction width of 750 mm, depth of 1 meter Development unaware of the
below water level and a minimum Control Rules existing design/
water capacity of 1 cubic meter. The and General construction
length of the tank shall be 2 to 4 times Building guidelines for
the width. Requirements construction
The minimum nominal diameter of of septic tanks.

the pipe shall be 100 mm. Further The criterion
at junctions of pipes in manholes, governing the
direction of flow from a branch design and
connection shall not make an angle construction
exceeding 45 degrees with the
direction of flow in main pipe
Every septic tank shall be provided IS 2470, Part-1

with a ventilation pipe of at least 50
mm diameter
Design and When served for a population above IS 2470, Part- 1

Construction 100, the septic tank may be divided
into independent parallel chambers for
operation and maintenance
89
Design and Baffles are provided at inlet and outlet
Construction and should dip 25 to 30 cm into and
project 15 cm above the liquid. The
invert of the outlet pipe should be
provided at 5 to 7 cm below the invert
level of inlet pipe.
The height of the ventilation pipe
should extend at least 2 m above the
height of the highest building within
20 meters radius
Effluent from septic tanks should
be discharged into a soak pit or
dispersion trenches depending on
water Table. Soak pits or dispersion
trenches can be adopted in all porous
soils, where soak percolation rate is
below 25 minutes per cm and the
depth of water table is 2 m or more
from the ground level.
“Improved Septic Tank” - the walls of CSE Policy
the conventional septic tank can be Paper on
replaced with baffle walls to have a septage
multi chambered baffled septic tank. management in
The paper states “This movement India
of wastewater inside the tank helps
in creating the turbulent flow which
causes enhanced mixing of the
raw sewage with already existing
activated sludge and accelerates the
decomposition of the solids because
of intensive contact between
90
Figure A.1: Typical section of septic tank
91
2. Twin Pit System: It consists of superstructure (Toilet) and treatment units (two chambers). T
underground chambers (pits) are provided to hold fecal sludge. These are normally offset from
toilet and should be at least 1 meter apart. A single pipe leads from the toilet to a small divers
chamber,
2. Twinfrom which separate
Pit System: It consistspipes lead to
treatment theoftwo
units twounderground
chambers. The chambers. The pits should
two underground
chambers (pits)
with open-jointed are provided
brickwork. Eachto pit
hold fecal sludge.
should Theseto
be designed are normally
hold offset
at least from theaccumula
12 months
toilet and should be at least 1 meter apart. A single pipe leads from the toilet to a small
fecal sludge.
diversionWastewater
chamber, from is discharged
which separateto one
pipeschamber until
lead to the it is
two full of fecalchambers.
underground sludge. Discharge
switched
The to
pitsthe second
should chamber.
be lined Just before the
with open-jointed secondEach
brickwork. chamber is fullbe
pit should ofdesigned
fecal sludge,
to the co
hold
the first pitatare
least 12 out.
dug months accumulation
During the time of of fecal sludge.
storage, Wastewater
digestion shouldis discharged
ensure thattoitoneis odorless
chamber until it is full of fecal sludge. Discharge is then switched to the second chamber.
of pathogens.
Just before The
thedetail
second drawing
chamberandisspecification is available
full of fecal sludge, in SBMof(Urban)
the contents the firstGuideline
pit are and C
manual,
dug2013. Specifications
out. During the time of are provided
storage, to guide
digestion theensure
should construction
that it isof twin pits
odorless andinfree
different co
of pathogens. The detail drawing and specification is available in SBM (Urban) Guideline
Table 2 Twin and
Pit Specifications
CPHEEO manual,in Different Situation
2013. Specifications are provided to guide the construction of
twin pits in different conditions
High subsoil Where the subsoil water level rises to less than 300 mm below ground level,
waterTable
level of the pitsinshould
A.5: Twin Pit Specifications Different be raised by 300 mm above the likely subsoil water level an
Situation
should be filled all-round the pits and latrine floor raised as stated above.
High subsoil Where the subsoil water level rises to less than 300 mm below ground level, the top
Waterwater
loggedlevel Thepits
of the pitshould
top should
be raised bebyraised
300 mm byabove
300 mm above
the likely thewater
subsoil likelylevel
level
andof water above
earth
area: level
should beat theall-round
filled time ofthewater logging.
pits and Earth
latrine floor should
raised then
as stated be filled well compacted
above.
Water Theround
pit top the
shouldpitsbeup to 1.0
raised m distance
by 300 mm abovefrom thelevel
the likely pit of
and up above,
water to its ground
top. The raising
logged area: level pitat will necessitate
the time rising Earth
of water logging. of latrine
shouldfloor
then be also.
filled well compacted all-round
the pits up to 1.0 m distance from the pit and up to its top. The raising of the pit will
Black cotton soil: necessitate
Pits in black cotton
rising of latrine soil
floorshould
also. be designed taking infiltrative rate of 10 l/m/d
However, a vertical fill (envelope) 300 mm in width with sand, gravel or balla
Black cotton Pits in black cotton soil should be designed taking infiltrative rate of 10 l/m/d. However,
soil: small fill
a vertical sizes should300
(envelope) be provided
mm in width all-round
with sand,the pit or
gravel outside thesmall
ballast of pit lining.
sizes
Where space is a should Where circular
be provided pits ofthe
all-round standard
pit outsidesizes
the pitcannot
lining. be constructed due to space con
constraint:
Where deeper
Where pitpits
circular with small diameter
of standard sizes cannot (not less than 750
be constructed due mm),
to spaceorconstraints,
combined oval, sq
space is a rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition
deeper pit with small diameter (not less than 750 mm), or combined oval, square wall may
constraint: or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall may be
provided. In case of combined pits and the partition wall should not have hol
provided. In case of combined pits and the partition wall should not have holes. The
partition
partition wall should
wall should go 225 mm go deeper
225 mm thandeeper thanand
the pit lining theplastered
pit lining andsides
on both plastered on
withsides
cement with cement mortar.
mortar.
Figure A.2: Typical section of Twin Pit (CPHEEO,2013)
Figure 2 Typical section of Twin Pit (CPHEEO,2013)

92
3. Single Pit System: Single pits are not recommended and shall be used only in extreme
conditions. For single pits following must be adhered.
a. The pit must be a maximum of 6 feet in depth
b. The pit must be emptied once every 2 years
c. The groundwater table must be at least 2m below the pit
d. The pit must be at least 18 m away from any source of water (National Building Code,
2005).
Table A.6: Recommended Size of Pits for Individual Dwelling Units
Sl. No. Nos. of User Diameter Liquid Liquid Capacity Per capita liquid
Depth (with 3-year volume (m3/
cleaning period) head)
1 5 1.8 1.1 2.8 0.56
2 10 2.2 1.4 5.32 0.53
3 15 2.5 1.55 7.61 0.51
4 20 2.75 1.7 10.1 0.5
4. Biodigester Toilet (Developed by DRDO)
Description
A bio-digester toilet is an anaerobic multi-compartment tank with inoculum (anaerobic
bacteria) which digests organic material biologically. The details of bio- digester toilets are
shown in Figure 3. This system converts faecal waste into usable water and gases in an
eco-friendly manner. It can be connected to the toilet or a series of toilets. The toilet can
be a superstructure fixed on the bio-digester or a separate unit. Bio-digester has an inlet, an
outlet and a gas pipe.
The tank has two components, namely, anaerobic microbial inoculum (seed bacteria) and
specially designed fermentation tank. The tank can be made out of Stainless steel, Mild
steel, FRP or concrete. Semi-treated water from bio-digester tank is needed to be further
disposed into a soak pit or a reed bed arrangement for its treatment to acceptable levels of
discharge.
Advantages
ÂÂ As there is no sludge formation, there is no need for de-sludging and treatment. It is
therefore more economical in the long-term as it conserves water and has minimum
O&M
ÂÂ Night soil degradation occurs through microbial reaction which converts it into bio
gas and odorless water.
ÂÂ Technology is environmental friendly, maintenance free and efficient without
depending on conventional energy sources.
ÂÂ Permits use of toilet cleansing agents.
ÂÂ Suitable for mobile and stationary platforms.
ÂÂ Lifelong usage bio-digester tank does not need recharging, re-shifting or maintenance.
ÂÂ Costs lesser than the conventional toilets.
ÂÂ Easy to transport and install.
ÂÂ One-third to one-fourth capacity of septic tank
ÂÂ Space requirement is less.
93
Specifications Bio tank
(a) Land requirement – 25 sq. ft.
(b) Tank internal dimensions – 1336 mm x1036 mm x 900 mm
(c) Diagonal partition wall of 8mm thickness (adequately stiffened by ribs)
(d) Tank is buried 600mm deep and anchored by 300mm long stainless steel(SS316) anchor
bolts at corners
(e) FRP tanks of 8mm thickness
(f) Provision of water sealed outlet from the tank
(g) For 5-6 users:
a. Total capacity: 700 liters (1000 mmX700 mm and 1000 mm depth). Where
space is a constraint the depth of the tank can be increased to 1.5 m
b. Volume of anaerobic Compartment (30% of total capacity): 210 liters
c. Tank may be constructed with masonry also.
Figure A.3: Details of bio-digester with reed bed
94
04 Conversion of Insanitary Latrines into Pits
Table A.7: Conversion of Insanitary Latrines into Pits
Parameters Existing Guidelines Source

Size (five members) Diameter – 1000 mm preferred but 750 mm also CPHEEO
permitted where space is a constraint Depth – 1300
mm
Shape Circular preferred; but rectangular, oval and square also CPHEEO
allowed where space is a constraint
Location Pits should be placed symmetrically at the back side of CPHEEO
the pan. Can be located within premises, under foot pat/
road/narrow lane
The distance between foundation and pit should be
between 0.2 to 1.3 m
A minimum distance of 3 to 10 m from water sources
such as tube wells and 3 to 10 m from water mains
Water pipe should not cut across the pit
Design and The pits should be lined to avoid collapsing. Bricks CPHEEO
construction joined in 1:6 mortar commonly used for lining. Stones or
laterite bricks of cement concrete rings could also be
used.
Lining brick work 115 mm thick (half brick) with honey
combing up to the invert level of incoming pipe or drain.
Size of holes 50 mm wide up to the height of brick
course Pit bottom should be left in natural condition
RCC slab is used for pit cover
Toilet pan is connected to the pit through a 75 mm brick
channel of U shape
05 Capacity Building Stages for stakeholder consultation
Table A.8: Capacity Building Stages for stakeholder consultation
Stage Stakeholders Subject Description Modality
I ULB officials State FSSM • Concept and need of FSSM, Interactive
Guideline • FSSM process across the Workshop
sanitation value chain,
• Issues and challenges,
• Statutory provisions,
• Roles and responsibilities,
• State level Operative Manuals
and Guidelines
I & II ULB officials City FSSM Plan & • Understanding existing Consultation
of all the City level Septage sanitation situation, need for Workshop
project towns Management FSSM interventions, approach,
Resolutions roles and responsibilities.
• Adoption of Regulatory

reforms for city level septage
management.
• Setting up of City Sanitation

Committee & Cell.
III Survey Team Household level • Collection of data on One-on-one training
Septic Tank household size; availability,
Database type, size and structure of
containments; water supply
connection, last desludging
date etc.
III & Computer Scheduled • Preparation of a schedule for One-on-One

IV operator of desludging and desludging, training and
the Sanitation O&M • Receiving calls for desludging handholding
Cell requests,
• Receiving complaints and
grievances, and
• Maintaining records and
database
II, III & Sanitary O&M, Monitoring • Scheduled desludging One-on-one training
IV Inspector of and Evaluation approach, and continuous
the Sanitation • Post- cleaning inspection, handholding
Cell • Management of Finances-
Revenue and Expenditures,
• Redressal of grievances,
• Monitoring and evaluation
against service level
benchmarks,
• Preparation of progress
reports
III & Fireman Support in IEC • Assisting with collection of Demonstrations
IV and Ward activities household database and assistance
Councilors • Ensuring proper construction
of containments and
desludging operations
• Gathering and educating
people
• Distributing education and
awareness material
II Households Public awareness • Need for sanitary Focus Group

programs containments systems, Discussions, Public
• Benefits of Scheduled announcements
desludging; and pamphlets
• Health and safety hazards of distribution
open discharge,
• Adverse impacts of open
defecation,
• Proper usage of the public
toilets and urinals
• Proper desludging process,
• Incentives and penalties,
• Payment of user charges
II Households Public awareness • Applying for emergency Demonstration and

programs desludging request, interactive learning
• Registering complaints and session
grievances,
• Filling up the records in job
card with the desludging
operator
III Masons and Construction • Proper containment size, Operative manual &
plumbers of Sanitary specifications and design Guidelines;
Containments • Proper techniques to Illustrations
construct a septic tank, and live on- site
pit latrine, soak pit, toilet demonstrations;
superstructure, etc. Certificate or
• Various construction empanelment by
materials to be used and its Nagar Palika
sources
III Desludging Licensing of • Licensing procedure and Brochure

Operators operators its terms and conditions for
the private desludging
operators
III Code of Conduct • Proper process of desludging, Operative manual &
• Use of Safety gear. Guidelines;
• Maintenance of equipment, Live on- site
• Filling up the job card, and demonstration and
• Submitting the records with assistance
the FSSM Cell
• Incentives and penalties in
case of non- compliance
III & Treatment O&M of • Treatment technology Operative manual &
IV Plant Treatment Plant • Detailed procedure of Guidelines;
operators operations and maintenance Continuous training
• Keeping records and and handholding
manifests
• Storage and sale of compost
generated from the plant
III Public toilet O&M of Public • Regular cleaning and Operative manual &
operators Toilets maintenance of public toilets/ Guidelines;
urinals On-site
• Keeping log of users demonstrations
• Collection of user charges
II Farmers Benefits of • Adverse impacts of disposal Public

Organic Compost of untreated sludge on announcements
farmlands and pamphlets
• Benefits of the compost distribution
generated from the treatment
plant along with the ways to
procure it
III Volunteers Support in IEC • Carrying out rallies and public Demonstration and
from other activities awareness campaigns interactive learning
institutions session
06 Capacity Building Gap Assessment and Training Modalities
Table A.9: Checklist for Capacity Gap Assessment of Stakeholder on FSSM
Capacity Gaps
Stakeholders
Components
Equipment/
Knowledge
Manpower
Resources
Finances
Skills/
ULB Containments No mechanism or database to impose
penalties on households who do not
have any containment and discharge
night soil directly into open drains.
Collection Lack of capacity to provide regular

desludging services to all the households
No system for maintaining the records

of the received requests and services
delivered
No equipment to provide desludging

services in narrow streets inaccessible
by the trucks
Conveyance Poor maintenance of desludging trucks

available with the Nagar Palika
Treatment No faecal sludge/ sewage treatment

facility available
Disposal Arbitrary disposal of faecal sludge at

open land or solid waste dumping site
Institutional Lack of enough capacity to monitor and

capacity evaluate the desludging operations
Lack of regulatory framework to

formalize the private desludging
operators
No mechanism for registering

complaints and grievances, & poor
capacity to address them.
Financial Lack of dedicated funds for the purpose

Capacity of sanitation and desludging services.
Households Containments Non- standard construction of septic

tanks without soak pit or leach pit
Open defecation even after IHHL have

been provided under SBM
Poor cleanliness and hygiene while using

public toilets
Households Collection Direct discharge or valves for discharge

of accumulated sludge into open drains
Lack of awareness to get desludging

done at regular intervals
Capacity Gaps
Stakeholders
Components
Equipment/
Knowledge
Manpower
Resources
Finances
Skills/
Masons and Containments Lack of knowledge and skill to construct
Plumbers containment systems as per the national
standards
Desludging Collection Bucket desludging in inaccessible areas

Operators
No use of safety gear during desludging
such as gloves, mask, goggles, boots etc.
Conveyance No permit by Nagar Palika for private

desludging operators
Poor maintenance of desludging trucks
Treatment/ Arbitrary disposal of collected faecal

Disposal sludge
Adequate
Absent
Partly adequate but needs to be upgraded/streamlined
Training Modalities
Interactive workshop for ULB officials will include presentations, audio- visual illustrations,
and Q&A sessions.
Consultation workshop for ULB officials of Project Towns will include the presentations,
audio- visual illustrations and Q&A sessions on City FSSM Plan and Septage Management
Resolutions along with round-table discussions inviting suggestions for their respective
towns. Interactive exercises can be held for managing the Sanitation Committee, Cell and
City Sanitation Funds by putting up sample problems.
One-on-one training of survey team shall include training on framing questions in front
of households and extracting necessary information through interactive conversations.
Assistance shall be given in the field for filling up of first few survey questionnaires to ensure
they are being done right.
Similarly, One-on-one Training for computer operators of City Sanitation Cell of all the
Project Towns shall include coaching with learning to use the hardware and software
properly. Handholding shall be done for at least a month to ensure proper techniques are
being followed.
Targeted Training of Sanitary Inspector of all the Project Towns through sample problems,
illustrations, presentations and audio-visuals. Handholding shall be done for at least a
month through weekly follow-ups and assistance in preparing progress reports.
100
Presentations, demonstrations and discussions
Focus Group Discussions shall be targeted at the group of households who practice open
defecation, discharge night soil and septic tank overflow directly into open drain, etc. through
assistance from Ward Councilors and Health Officer.
Public announcements can be made through speakers mounted on cycle rickshaws, solid
waste collection trucks, desludging trucks, public toilets, and other public places.
Pamphlets can be distributed through newspaper; service providers such as solid waste
collector, milkman; distributed along with utility bills such as water and electricity bills; given
to shopkeepers and government offices for distributing amongst visitors and other such
public activities.
Interactive learning sessions for public shall be held by gathering local residents at
community halls and public places. They will be familiarized with emergency desludging
requests, complaints/ grievances, filling up a job card and general vigilance.
Brochures and Operative Manuals and guidelines for service providers such as masons,
plumbers, desludging operators, public toilet operators and treatment plant operators
shall be made available at the Nagar Palika office, other public offices and shops that sell
equipment to these service providers.
Illustrations and live demonstrations shall be conducted for service providers such as
masons, plumbers, desludging operators and public toilet operators at a sample site by
carrying out dedicated training for each target group.
Follow up and refresher training for masons, plumbers, desludging operators and treatment
plant operators after six months and one year at site, ensure proper operations and
maintenance.
Pamphlets distribution at farmers’ assistance center and seeds stores.
Each stakeholder shall be engaged in trainings, education and awareness programs for
their individual roles and responsibilities through training modules customized for target
audience. The material for pamphlets, brochures, Operative manuals and guidelines shall
be provided by the consultant and the modules shall be delivered with the assistance from
supportive agencies.
101
07 Clustering Strategies for Sharing of FSTPs and STPs
Clustering of nearby town (preferably less than 20Km) can reduce the requirement of
dedicated FSTP and built treatment units can be shared to larger beneficiary group. This
will also help to reduce the financial burden on ULBs and increase the functionality of plant
operations. GIS Based proximity analysis of all 191 ULB of Rajasthan suggest the possibility
of 24 clusters formulations (Map 3) where either co-treatment or sharing of FSTP can be
institutionalized. Three different scenarios of clustering are illustrated for detail deliberations.
The ULBs can adopt one of these scenarios for clustering in line with their existing financial
situation, physical location, demographic profile etc. Town(s) which fall under cluster of
neighboring town may opt for Larger desludging vehicles or Mobile Transfer station to
efficiently reduce the inter-town trip length. Small capacity of desludging trucks (preferably
of 3000 L) may serve the town needs of desludging operations and accordingly transfer the
sludge to the larger desludging truck (preferably of 9000L) .
Scenario 1- Co – Treatment with Existing STPs in nearby

Towns
STPs are designed for long term and have spare capacity
Existing
in term of both pollution load and flow. It is suggested that Facility
smaller towns closer to medium or large towns can co-treat STP
the waste to existing STPs available in nearby towns till town

sets up its own dedicated plants. It was also suggested to
explore the possibility of desludging at existing sewerage Medium/Large
Town
manholes. However situations like existing water flow (with
adequate self-cleaning velocity) and network pipe diameter Small Town
also needs to be taken into consideration. This may help to
reduce the existing trip length of desludging trucks. ULB
should accordingly enforce the monitoring mechanism. FSTP to
be
proposed
Scenario 2 – Based on FSTP
This Scenario is for towns of less than 50,000 which are

located at a distance lesser than 20 KM. This towns can Small Town
Comparatively
Smaller town
share the FSTP along with capital and O & M expenditure.
This will help smaller town to increase sustainability of FSSM FSTP to Existing
be STP
operations and help safeguarding the local environment. proposed
The plant should be constructed in bigger town to reduce
the trip length . In case if land is not available, plant can be
constructed in the smaller town. The depended town (one
without the plant) will be taking care of desludging in their
premises and disposing it to Treatment Plant.
ComparativelyMedium/Large
Small Town
Smaller town Town
Scenario 3 – Clustering with census towns & nearby
villages
Nearby Villages
This scenario explains clustering of town and its nearby

villages. The ULB of the respective town will consider the
population of nearby villages while designing the FSTP. This
Town
will help to manage ongoing load of urbanization outside
the Municipal Limits.
Map A.1: Map showing population of all Local Bodies of Rajasthan
103
Map A.2: Illustrative Buffer map of all the local bodies of Rajasthan
20 Km
104
Map A.3: Map of Possible cluster in Rajasthan
105
Map A.4: Possible inclusion of town with neighboring treatment facility - Cluster formation
106
08 Site Selection for a Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
Site selection for setting the dedicated plants for treatment feacal sludge is important for
optimizing the distance require for desludging operation in a city. ULBs need to identify the
land for FSTP on following parameters:
Land availability: • Land identification and allotment should be given priority in the city
wide FSSM planning. FSTP should be adjacent to Solid waste Disposal site to facilitate the
possibility of co-composting. In case it is not feasible to combine with solid waste site, ULBs
need to identify the suitable land banks to set FSTP. Land should be adequate for current
and future requirement.
Topography of Site: Preference should be given to site with natural slope where gravitation
flow can be utilize to reduce the pumping cost.
Distance of Site from center of City: Site should be located such that distance of center
of city to FSTP site can be optimize, it will allow to reduce the trip length of desludging
equipment. Site located far from city center usually results in more fuel costs to public and
private operator which reduces the profit margin.
Road Connectivity: Site should have accessibility from road, in absence of road connectivity
overall cost of plant increases due to construction of approach road.
Reliability of Electricity: Treatment technology which either needs pumping or mechanical

parts need regular supply of electricity. In case of fluctuations, it may increase the treatment
time and effect optimal performance of plant. Provision of Solar power should be considered
in such cases.
Nearby habitation: A treatment plant, depending of technology can generate nuisance,

especially bad odors. Plant should be located to an appropriate distance from the residential
areas.
Geological Parameters: Assessment of existing geological conditions on site like

groundwater table, type of soil, prone of flooding is always recommended for the selection
of better technology option.
Table A.10: Site Selection for FSTP
S.No. Description Proposed Treatment Site- 1 Proposed Treatment Site – 2
1 Land Available for

Plant (Sqm.)
2 Land Ownership ☐ Public (ULB) ☐ Public (ULB)

☐ Public (Other) ☐ Public (Other)
☐ Private ☐ Private
3 Enough land available ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Yes ☐ No
for future expansion at
proposed site
4 Distance of existing
septage disposal site
from (Km)
5 Distance of SWM
treatment or disposal
facility from (Km)
6 Type of SWM
treatment facility
7 Average distance and Distance (Km) Time (Min) Distance (Km) Time (Min)
duration of emptying
trip to site ……………… …………….. ……………… ……………..
8 Electricity availability ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Yes ☐ No
If No, then nearest availability If No, then nearest availability

(in Km) ……………………….. (in Km) ………………………..
9 Nearby Habitation
(meters)
10 Water Table (Meters)
11 Soil Type
12 Availability of Large ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Yes ☐ No

Drain
13 Prone to flooding ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Yes ☐ No
108
09 Eligibility Criteria for Licensing and Detail of Licensing Kit
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR LICENSING OF DESLUDGING OPERATORS
Technical Criteria – Pertains to equipment quality, specification and condition.
ÂÂ Leak-Proof equipment – photographic evidence and random inspection – drive

system (tractor specifications - engine, chassis, etc.), pump, hose, pipe, seals, tank,
trailer chassis, etc.
ÂÂ Proof of vehicle maintenance in the last one-year
ÂÂ Adequate inspection equipment (such as sight gauge) and a well-stocked toolbox
ÂÂ Submission of detailed vehicle & equipment specification
Table A.11: Technical Specification of De-sludging Equipment
Sl. No. Components Description Remarks

1 Type
1.1 Tank Capacity
1.2 Construction
1.3 Material
1.4 Vacuum pump
1.5 Suction Hose (length)
1.6 ISO Certified Company
2 Truck/Tractor Chassis
2.1 Max Power
2.2 Manufactured by
Administrative Criteria – Pertains to statutory and regulatory stipulations.

ÂÂ Name and identify of the owner, driver and helper – Minimum two personnel per
vehicle
ÂÂ Proof of ownership – Vehicle Registration (Commercial), Bills for equipment,
insurance, etc.
ÂÂ Up-to-date P.U.C Certificate
ÂÂ Vehicle Fitness Certificate
ÂÂ Driver to have a valid driver’s license (LMV – TR)
ÂÂ Certification after attending short-term course/training session on proper de-sludging
operations as per operative manual
Health & Safety Criteria – Pertains to hygiene and safety.
ÂÂ First-Aid/Medical Kit on every vehicle; Anti-septic Soap on the vehicle and at the
designated parking/ office.
ÂÂ Proper Safety Equipment – Safety googles or glasses with side splash protection;
Dust mask that fits over nose and mouth; Clean rubber gloves; Dedicated uniform
with apron; Work boots; Battery operated torch.
ÂÂ Health & Life insurance of truck operators(driver) and helper for minimum of 2 lakhs
yearly limit including the death compensation limit of 10 Lakhs.
The criteria underlined are suggested as mandatory while others can be incrementally
fulfilled over a period of 12 to 24 months, monitored during periodic review by the ULB.
LICENSE KIT
A license kit should be part of registration process of desludging operators. The kit will
comprise of following:
1. License: A License for Collection & Transportation of Faecal Sludge from septic
tanks, pit latrines, kui and other on-site sanitation units in ULB, will be provided to all
authorized operators, in accordance with all terms & conditions of the State FSSM
Guidelines, by ULB.
110
2. First-aid kit: A first aid kit contents include elastic bandages, antiseptic wipes, gauze
pads, antibiotic ointment, ice packs, compresses, pain relievers, an instructional first
aid guide, and more.
3. Safety Gear: These includes protective gear for workers including rubber gloves, rubber
boots, face mask, safety belt, uniform with apron, helmet, eye protection glasses, torch
and anti-septic soap.
111
1. Health Insurance for workers: Considering
the unsafe handling of waste and unskilled
man power involved in this entire operation
leads to various accidental and critical
health issues, the health insurance for the
workers will hence ensure security and
provide claims up to INR 2 lakh.
2. GPS for live vehicle tracking: This

device will be used to track the vehicle’s
movements, stoppages, intervals, live
location and distance and to determine
the time required to reach a location from
another. There are various data tracking
software available for smartphones with
GPS capability.
112
10 General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants
Table A.12: General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants
S. No. Parameter Inland surface Public Land for

water sewers irrigation
1 Suspended solids mg/l, max. 100 600 200
2 Particle size of suspended solids shall pass 850 - -
microns IS Sieve
3 pH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0
4 Temperature shall not exceed
5 oC above the
receiving water
temperature
5 Oil and grease, mg/l max, 10 20 10
6 Total residual chlorine, mg/l max 1 - -
7 Ammonical nitrogen (as N),mg/l, max. 50 50 -
8 Total kjeldahl nitrogen (as N);mg/l, 100 - -
max. mg/l, max.
9 Free ammonia (as NH3), mg/l,max. 5 - -
10 Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days 30 350 100
at 27oC), mg/l, max.
11 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l, max. 250 - -
12 Arsenic (as As). 0.2 0.2 0.2
13 Mercury (As Hg), mg/l, max. 0.01 0.01 -
14 Lead (as Pb) mg/l, max 0.1 1 -
15 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l, max 2 1 -
16 Hexavalent chromium (as Cr + 6),mg/l, 0.1 2 -
max.
17 Total chromium (as Cr) mg/l, max. 2 2 -
18 Copper (as Cu) mg/l, max. 3 3 -
19 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l, max. 5 15 -
20 Selenium (as Se) 0.05 0.05 -
21 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l, max. 3 3 -
22 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l, max. 0.2 2 0.2
23 Fluoride (as F) mg/l, max. 2 15 -
24 Dissolved phos- phates (as P),mg/l, 5 - -
max.
S. No. Parameter Inland surface Public Land for
water sewers irrigation
25 Sulphide (as S) mg/l, max. 2 - -
26 Phenolic compounds (as C6H50H) 1 5 -
mg/l, max.
27 Radioactive materials:
(a) Alpha emitters micro curie mg/l, 10-7 10-7 10-8
max.
(b)Beta emitter micro curie mg/l 10-6 10-6 10-7
28 Bio-assay test 90% survival 90% survival 9 0 %
of fish after 96 of fish after survival of
hours in 100% 96 hours fish after
effluent in 100% 96 hours
effluent in 100%
effluent
29 Manganese 2 mg/l 2 mg/l -
30 Iron (as Fe) 3mg/l 3mg/l -
31 Vanadium (as V) 0.2mg/l 0.2mg/l -
32 Nitrate Nitrogen 10 mg/l - -
114
Revised Effluent discharge standards set by MOEF &CC 2017
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 13th October, 2017
G.S.R. 1265(E).—In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government hereby makes the following
rules further to amend the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, namely:- 1. Short title and
commencement.—(1) These rules may be called the Environment (Protection) Amendment
Rules, 2017. (2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official
Gazette. 2. In the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, in Schedule – I, after serial number
104 and the entries relating thereto, the following serial number and entries shall be inserted,
namely: —
Sl. Industry Parameters Standards

No.
Effluent discharge standards (applicable to all mode of disposal)
“105 Sewage Location Concentration
Treatment not to exceed
Plants
(STPs) A B
pH Anywhere in the country 6.5-9.0
Bio-Chemical Metro Cities*, all State Capitals except in 20
Oxygen the State of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Demand Manipur, Meghalaya Mizoram, Nagaland,
(BOD) Tripura Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, and
Union territory of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Dadar and Nagar Haveli Daman and
Diu and Lakshadweep
Areas/regions other than mentioned above 30
Total Metro Cities*, all State Capitals except in <50
Suspended the State of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Solids (TSS) Manipur, Meghalaya Mizoram, Nagaland,
Tripura Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir and
Union territory of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Dadar and Nagar Haveli Daman and
Diu and Lakshadweep
Areas/regions other than mentioned above <100
Fecal Coliform Anywhere in the country <1000
(FC) (Most
Probable
Number per
100 milliliter,
MPN/100ml
*Metro Cities are Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Pune.
115
Note :
(i) All values in mg/l except for pH and Fecal Coliform.
(ii) These standards shall be applicable for discharge into water bodies as well as for land
disposal/applications.
(iii) The standards for Fecal Coliform shall not apply in respect of use of treated effluent for
industrial purposes.
(iv) These Standards shall apply to all STPs to be commissioned on or after the 1st June, 2019
and the old/existing STPs shall achieve these standards within a period of five years from
date of publication of this notification in the Official Gazette.
(v) In case of discharge of treated effluent into sea, it shall be through proper marine outfall and
the existing shore discharge shall be converted to marine outfalls, and in cases where the
marine outfall provides a minimum initial dilution of 150 times at the point of discharge and
a minimum dilution of 1500 times at a point 100 meters away from discharge point, then, the
existing norms shall apply as specified in the general discharge standards.
(vi) Reuse/Recycling of treated effluent shall be encouraged and in cases where part of the
treated effluent is reused and recycled involving possibility of human contact, standards as
specified above shall apply.
Central Pollution Control Board/State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees may
issue more stringent norms taking account to local condition under section 5 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986”.
Table A.13: Treated Bio-solids characteristics for Fertilizer application:
Parameters Characteristics
Class A Bio-solids of A Feacal coliform density < 1000 MPN/g
US EPA (either)
Solmonella Sp. Density < 3MPN per 4 g
Class B Bio-solids of A faecal coliform density <2,000,000 MPN/g
US EPA
WHO 2006 Helminth egg concentration < 1 per gram total solids
E-coli 1000 /g total solids
116
11 Co-Treatment of Faecal Sludge in STP’s
Co-Treatment of Faecal Sludge in STP’s

Co-treatment is a common method for septage treatment with Sewerage Treatment Plants.
A sewage treatment plant (STP) is often located at a convenient and an environmentally
friendly location. This treatment plant could be utilized for septage disposal and treatment.
The existing STP’s in the towns can be modified and proposed to be redesigned to receive
and treat septage effectively along with sewage. Addition of septage, however, can have a
significant impact on plant operations or performance, primarily on primary units of STP, if
receiving facilities are not properly designed or not having adequate reserve capacity to take
extra load. Septage increases plant operation and maintenance (O & M) costs. However, if
effectively designed during the planning stage of the plant, it would not cause any effect to
the plant operation and performance could be achieved.
1. Estimating plant capacity

Determining the ability of an existing plant to handle additional septage and estimating the
amount of material that can be effectively handled are complex processes. The lists the
potential impacts of septage addition to a STP are as below.
Impact of Septage addition in STP above a threshold limit it becomes critical, if it`s capacity
(with respect to hydraulic load and organic load) is not augmented or modified to take
septage load.
ÂÂ Increased volume of screenings and grit requiring disposal
ÂÂ Increased order emissions from head works
ÂÂ Scum accumulation in clarifiers
ÂÂ Increased organic loadings to the biological process
ÂÂ Potential order and foaming problem in aerated basins
ÂÂ Increased loading to sludge handling process
ÂÂ Increased sludge volume requiring final disposal
ÂÂ Increased housekeeping requirements
These will create difficulty in functioning of STPs and could not achieve performance
standards.
In absence of primary information’s and data, Figure below provides a method to estimate
the allowable rates of septage addition, assuming that a holding tank is provided and that
septage is added to the sewage flow on a semi-continuous basis (or in batch flow basis) in the
primary units. This holding tank will absorb surge load of septage and it should be designed to
have a homogeneous character with adequate detention time and mechanical arrangement
or effluent recirculation, if necessary. In absence of specific primary information, the chart,
given below, takes into account the current loadings to the plant compared with its design
loadings. Package plants that do not employ adequate flexibility in primary treatment are
the least amenable to septage handling. Also, septage can be dispose to manholes with
appropriate modification; ULBs need to ensure that dumping happens only to predetermine
manhole in well recorded manner. In all cases, allowable septage volume is influenced by
septage characteristics, treatment plant operations, and sewage flow patterns. A factor of
safety should be included in establishing allowable septage volumes.
If septage is added to the solids handling train, allowable loadings must be estimated based
on site-specific information and will vary depending on both the existing solids handling
processes used at the plant and their design capacity. First, information on current process
versus design of hydraulic and design loading parameters (solid and organic) must be studied
and compiled for those respective processes that will be employed to co-treat septage-
sludge mixtures. Such processes may include thickening, aerobic or anaerobic digestion,
dewatering, chemical stabilization and composting. Then, conservative estimates of the
volumes of septage that could be processed without exceeding the design capacity of each
unit process can be developed.
Figure A.4: Allowable septage loadings to a sewage treatment plant having septage-holding tank (U.S. EPA,
`
1984)
2.Figure
Present proposal
2 Allowable septage loadings to a sewage treatment plant having septage-holding tank (U.S. EPA, 1984)
The present study is aimed to scientifically dispose the faecal sludge generated from
2. Proposal
household forinCo-treatment
level the city to the existing sewage treatment plant. Considering that State/
Septage
ULB’s can be co-treated
is planning with sewage
for construction in Sludge Treatment
of sewerage network plant provided
in future the entire
for the availability of spare
town, it is
important that until such services are in operation, an alternative arrangement shall be inof
capacity of pollution load and flow. Considering that State and ULBs is planning for construction
sewerage
place. Statenetwork
FSSM in future for the
Cell/ULB’s will entire town, it
undertake is important
technical that until
feasibility such of
study services
the allareSTPs
in operation,
in the
an alternative arrangement is in well in place. Co-treatment need to be part of
town and will identify their ability to take septage load. In this context, a guiding document the all STPs which will serve
non-sewer
called areas of
Technical city as wellGuideline
Feasibility as nearby Statutory towns, Census
will be prepared towns and villages.
by Sanitation State FSSM cell will
Cell/ULB/DLB/RUIDP,
which shall consist of general guidelines as well as a Field and Desk survey form.toData
undertake technical feasibility study of the all STPs in the town and will identify their ability take of
septage
the
load. In STPs
existing case ofwill
septage is either dumped
be collected and thedirectly to existing
septage STPs
load will bewith small modifications
calculated with use of or the
to dedicated
graph,
inmanholes.
absence of ULBs need todata,
primary ensure that thein
as shown dumping
above happens
Figure. only on predetermined manholes in a well-
recorded manner. ULB responsible for STP need to ensure that the dumping happens only on
predetermined manholes in a well-recorded manner. Co-treatment can be facilitated to nearby towns up
It has been experienced that in most of the towns a few pockets of the town are always
to distance of 25 Km based on cost benefit analysis. In such cases either mobile transfer vehicles or
being left out and devoid of getting direct connection to the sewerage system. This is due to
desludging equipment of large capacity should be used to reduce number of trips between towns.
unfavorable topographical condition, congested road network with narrow roads, inadequate
With these available information, a Detailed Project Report will be prepared, which will discuss the
funds, non-availability of land required for lift pumping station. These pockets need to be
demand estimation, CAPEX, OPEX, recovery of O & M cost, and implementation framework to carry out
served by septage management solution with treatment process as co-treatment with STP
the up-gradation work at selected Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) for disposal of septage.
118
With the available information, a Detailed Project Report will be prepared, which will discuss
the demand estimation, CAPEX, OPEX, recovery of O&M cost, VTO market size, environment
friendly effluent disposal mechanism and implementation framework to carry out the up-
gradation work of selective Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).
It is prudent, however, to develop realistic site-specific estimates before undertaking co-

treatment at the STP. The first step is to understand the details of the STP including its
operational performance. Key factors to be kept in mind are the characteristics of sewage
arriving at the STP for treatment, spare capacity of the STP, technology and treatment
process employed by the STP, and the sewage diurnal flow patterns as well as the difference
in seasonal flows. The critical variables should be considered when planning to co-treat
wastewater and faecal sludge, viz. organic loading rate, solids load and ammonium/ammonia
nitrogen concentration, solid accumulation.
Septage contains more concentration of coliform than waste sewage water, which
hampers normal functioning of microbes and bacteria that works efficiently in STP. So it
is recommended to reduce coliform load by perchlorinating in holding tank and maintain a
definite favorable pH before promoting for co-treatment. Additionally a recirculation system
of a part of effluent liquid in holding tank could also enhance efficiency of co-treatment.
3. Dimensions of Application
There are 4 dimensions of application of Co-Treatment with STP for septage solution –
(i) Existing STP which had not been designed to take load of additional sanitation coverage;
(ii) Existing STP which had been designed to take load of 100% sanitation coverage, but
selective pockets could not be connected due to practical problems;
(iii) Proposal of STP to take load of sewage and septage, and
(iv) Existing STP which is not getting organic load as designed due to which it is vulnerable
to mal-functioning.
In the first case where existing STP had not been designed without considering additional
load of septage, overall redesign is required. If septage load (in kg per day) is about 10-18%
not more than 10-18% of sewage load measured over an extended time of at least 24 hours,
the existing STP could be utilized with minor modification. If septage organic load is more
than overall rehabilitation of STP is required.
In the second dimension, existing STP had been designed to take load of 100% sanitation
coverage. But due to practical problems selective pockets could not be connected. In this
case there is no requirement of substantial design work in STP. As septage of few selected
pockets will be added in the treatment system as surge, the primary unit, mainly holding tank,
could be modified to solve the problem.
In the third dimension, proposed STP has to be designed to take care of respective load of
septage. It is not an issue. It will be designed from scratch and all considerations sould be
taken care right at the design level. Land could be selected accordingly.
119
The forth case is most common in India. STPs are designed at a specified organic load.
But due to non-availability of adequate organic load (the reasons are not under purview of
this note). The STPs go into endogenous phase and starts mal-functioning. In this case to
additional organic load, septage should be added to revive the system.
Normally STPs are designed to take overload of 10-20% depending on designer and
requirement of end user, i.e. ULB. In this co-treatment process this provision of overload kept
within design philosophy could be utilized to take additional septage, even if the STP was not
designed for the same. A sample calculation is shown in the following table.
Table A.14: Sample Calculation for STP Loading
Population server with sewer 100000 100000 100000 100000 nos.

network
Rate of Wastewater generation 108 108 108 108 lit/day
Wastewater generate 10800 10800 10800 10800 m3/day
Influent BoD of waste to STP 300 250 200 150 mg/l
Organic load 3240 2700 2160 1620 kg/day
Additional population served by 25 67 106 148 %
septage
Population served with Septage 25000 67000 106000 148000 nos.
management
Household size 5 5 5 5 nos/HH
No. of septic tank 5000 13400 21200 29600 nos.
Size of each septic tank 2 2 2 2 m3
Total volume to be cleaned 10000 26800 42400 59200 m3
Cleaning interval 730 730 730 730 days
Volume to be cleaned in each day 14 37 58 81 m3/day
Cleaning operation days 300 300 300 300 days/yr
Peak volume of cleaning 17 45 71 99 m3/day
Influent BoD of septage 20000 20000 20000 20000 mg/l
Organic load 333 893 1413 1973 kg/day
From mass balance,
Total population 125000 167000 206000 248000 nos.
Total Organic load at influent of STP 3573 3593 3573 3593 kg/day
Total waste volume 10817 10845 10871 10898.7 m3/day
Average influent BoD 330 331 329 330 mg/l
% of increase w.r.t. wastewater 10 10 10 10 %
120
Figure A.5: Addition Population Load of Septage vs Operation
Addition Population Load of septage vs STP operating at Influent BOD

within 10% buffer loading
Addition Population Load w.r.t of population
coverage under sewerage system in %
Actual Influent BOD load in STP which was design with 300mg/l influent
4. Operation and maintenance
There are several important factors to be considered while planning co-treatment of faecal
sludge with the existing sewage treatment plant or by setting up a new Faecal Sludge
Treatment Plant (FSTP) which has direct impact on O & M and monitoring. Since O & M
aspects are important for overall long-term success of the programme, O & M planning,
including the financial provision of funds should be included in the terms of references (ToR)
for designing such facilities. Furthermore, O & M should be reviewed and approved along
with engineering designs and specifications by including operation and maintenance cost.
Extent of O&M activities will depend of which dimension of problem the proposal will fall on.
The following points should be kept in mind for developing such a facility;
• Location of disposal sites and its proximity to the residential areas.

• Volume and schedule of FS collection.
• Degree of mechanization of technologies.
• Final end use or disposal of end product.
• Recovering the money by the way of user charges.
• Running it on PPP mechanism and charging the household with a septage tax or on
number of trips made by vacuum trucks.
121
12 Compendium of Technology Options for FSTP and Desludging Equipment
Technology for Primary Treatment (Solid Liquid Separation)

The technologies used for primary treatment are unplanted drying bed (UDB), planted drying bed (PDB), anaerobic digester (AD),
centrifugation, settling and thickening tank (S&T), Imhoff tank (IT), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), belt filter press (BFP) and geobags. The
following table shows a comparison of the above mentioned technologies and a decision making matrix for the same.
Table A.15: General Description of Primary Treatments
Treatment Properties Advantages Disadvantages

Option
UDB Solid-liquid -Ease of Operation and low cost. -High Land Requirement
separation as well -Good dewatering efficiency, especially in -Odors and flies are normally noticeable.
as treatment of dry and hot climates -Limited reduction of pathogens
solid-liquid part. -Skill and energy is not required -Liquid part requires further treatment
PDB Solid liquid -It can handle loading -High Land requirement
separation as well -Sludge treatment is better than that in -Odors and flies may be noticeable.
as stabilization of unplanted drying beds -Liquid part required further treatment.
solids. -Easy to operate -Only applicable during dry seasons, or needs a roof and
-Low CAPEX and OPEX contour bund.
-Energy is not required
-Plants and fruits can be grown in PDBs.
Ad/UASB[1] Stabilization -High reduction of BOD. -Required skilled personnel; difficult to maintain.
Reactor of sludge by -It can handle high organic and hydraulic -Needs consistent quantity and quality of input sludge for good
anaerobic loading rates. performance.
digestion -Low sludge production. -Usually UASB is used in the co-treatment of waste water and
-Biogas can be used for energy sludge.
-Start-up time is long.
-A constant source of electricity is required to operate the
UASB reactor.
-High O&M cost and complexity.
-All components of a UASB reactor are not easily available.
-Sludge removed from a UASB reactor may need thickening
before disposal.
[1] Upflow anaerobic Sludge BlanketGuidelines

Digestion for Urban Faecal Sludge & Septage Management for Urban Rajasthan
122
Option
Centrifugation Dewatering of -It is an enclosed system. -It requires high electricity for operation.
faecal sludge using -It controls odor and moisture. -The centrifugation machine is expensive and internal parts are
centrifuge -Land availability is not a constraint. subject to abrasive wear.
Settling and Solid-liquid -Relatively robust and resilient -Sludge and effluent require further treatment. The end
thickening separation as well products of settling tanks cannot be discharged into water
tank as treatment of bodies or directly used in agriculture.
solid-liquid part -Low reduction of pathogens.
Imhoff tank Solid and liquid -Solid Liquid separation and sludge -Infrastructure is deep; depth may be a problem in case of a
separation of stabilization are combined in one single high groundwater table.
faecal sludge using unit. -Requires a skilled operator.
gravity settling. -It can handle high organic load. -Low reduction of pathogens.
-Less land required. -Effluent, sludge and scum require further treatment before
-Low operating cost. disposal
Anaerobic Anaerobic -Energy is not required. -Requires skilled designers and laborers.
baffle reactor stabilization of -It can handle high organic load. -Sludge and effluent require further treatment.
faecal sludge -Low operating costs, moderate capital. -Pathogen reduction is low.
-Service life is long.
-High reduction of BOD.
-Sludge production is low.
-Land requirement is medium
123
Option
Belt filter Dewatering of -Good dewatering capacity -Difficulty in controlling odors.
press faecal sludge -Skills required
using belt press -Capital costs are high
-Operating costs are high (Costs can be higher if a polymer is
used.)
-Sludge and effluent need further treatment
Geobags Solid Liquid -Requires minimal equipment -May need a pump for filling.
Separation using -Economical option -Space for storage over long periods.
geo bags -No complicated procedure or parts. -Dried sludge before disposal must be solar dried to ensure
-Can run at all times with minimal labour. pathogen/helminth eradication.
Table A.16: Decision making matrix for primary treatment (Solid liquid separation) of sludge
Technology Land Requirement Energy Ground CAPEX OPEX Skill Discharge Standard
Requirement water
Level
UDB High Low Low Low Low Low Medium
PDB High Low Low Low Low Low Medium
AD Low Low Low Medium Medium High High
Centrifugation Low Medium Low High High Medium Low
S&T Low Medium Low Low Low Medium Medium
IT Low Low High Medium Low High Medium

ABR Medium Low Low Medium Low High Medium
BFP Low Medium Low Medium Medium High Low
Geobags High Low Low Medium Medium Low Low
124
Technology for Effluent Treatment
A liquid part would be produced after primary treatment. This is a partially treated liquid, which needs further treatment before disposal.
The technologies used for effluent (liquid) treatment are waste stabilization ponds (WSP), activated sludge process (ASP), sequence batch
reactor (SBR), membrane bioreactors (MBRs), anaerobic filter (AF), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and constructed wetland (CW).
Table A.17: General Description of Effluent Treatments
Treatment Option Properties Advantages Disadvantages

Waste stabilization Natural process -High reduction of BOD, suspended solids and pathogens. -Requires a large land area.
pond (WSP) with usually -High removal of nutrients when it is combined with -High capital costs depending on
three tanks for aquaculture. the price of land.
maturation, -Energy is not required except for pumping. -Requires skilled personnel.
facultative and -No real problems with odor and flies if designed and
aerobic treatment. maintained correctly.
-Low OPEX (drying bed would need manual removal of
dried sludge cake. Once in 10 years, the pond would have
to be desludged and the sludge disposed. This could mean
a significant cost)
Activated sludge Aerobic method -Efficient removal of BOD and pathogens. -High CAPEX and OPEX
process (ASP) for treatment of -High nutrient removal possible. -Constant energy supply is required,
effluent, using -High quality of effluent produced. high energy consumption.
aerators. -Less land is required compared with an extensive natural -Prone to complicated chemical and
system (Eg. Waste stabilization ponds, constructed wetland, microbiological problems.
unplanted/planted drying bed, etc.) -Requires skilled personnel.
-This machine can be modified to meet specific discharge
limits.
125
Sequential batch Batch process, -Requirement of land is low. -High CAPEX and OPEX.
reactor (SBR) similar in concept -Effluent quality is high. -Constant energy supply is required,
to ASP -It can handle high organic load. high energy consumption.
-SBR can be modified to meet specific discharge limits. -Prone to complicated chemical and
microbiological problems
-Requires skilled personnel.
Membrane bio It is a -This operates at higher volumetric loading rates. -Fouling problems is noticeable on
reactors (MBR) combinational -High removal efficiency of BOD, TSS, etc. the membrane surface.
treatment process -Less land required -Complex process.
using aerobic and -No equalization of hydraulic and organic loadings required -High CAPEX and OPEX
membrane based -Energy intensive process
treatment
Constructed Natural process, -It is cheaper to operate than other treatment systems. -High land requirement
wetland (CW) uses certain -Energy is not required because the wetland is entirely -Labor is required for sludge
species of plants gravity operated. removal.
to absorb and -Low CAPEX and OPEX. -Pathogen reduction is low.
treat the effluent. -It provides an environment for a wide range of native
animals.
Anaerobic filter(AF) Anaerobic -It is resistant to hydraulic shocks. -Lower reduction pf pathogens.
filtration of -Energy is not required. -Requires skilled designers and
effluent. -Higher reduction of BOD and TSS laborers.
-It can be built with local materials. -Clogging of filter material possible.
-Moderate CAPEX and OPEX -Cleaning of AF material is tedious.
-Sludge removal frequency is low. -The treated liquid requires further
tertiary treatment.
126
Table A.18: Decision making Matrix for effluent treatment
Technology Land Energy Ground water CAPEX OPEX Skill Discharge

Requirement Requirement Level Standard
WSP High Low Low Medium Low Medium High
ASP Low High Low High High High High
SBR Low High Low High High High High
MBR Low High Low High High High High
ABR + CW High Low Low High Low High High
CW High Low Low High Low High High
AF Low Low High Medium Low Medium Medium
Technology for Sludge Treatment

A solid part would be produced after primary treatment. This is partially treated solid, which needs further treatment before disposal. The
technologies used for sludge treatment are composting, vermicomposting, deep row entrenchment, shallow trenches, solar drying, solar
sludge over, lime stabilization and sludge drying bed.
Table A.19: Technology for Sludge Treatment

Co-composting Solids from the faecal -High pathogen reduction -Requires technical and managerial skills for operation
sludge is composted with -Output of co-composting is a of the co-composting plant and for generating a safe \
organic solid waste good soil conditioner product with value.
Vermi-composting Solids from faecal -Pathogen inactivation is good. -Requires technical and managerial skills for operation
sludge are composted -End product generated from of the vermicomposting plant and for generating a safe
using worms which aid vermicomposting is a good soil product with value.
composting and increase conditioner. -Worms are liable to be affected by toxic components.
the value of the end -Cost is higher than co-composting.
product
127
Sludge Drying Bed Solids are dewatered by -Easy to operate -Requires stabilized sludge to reduce nuisance and odors.
+ Co-composting drying in sludge drying -Energy is not required. -High land requirement.
beds and is further co- -End product can be used as a -Blockage of same bed.
composted along with fertilizer. -Only applicable during dry seasons.
organic municipal solid -Water amount of sludge is
waste reduced
Solar Drying Solids are dewatered in a -Low energy requirements. -High space requirements.
controlled environment to -Low investment costs. -Skilled staff is required
regulate temperature and -High potential dewatering
humidity. efficiency
Deep Row Dewatered faecal sludge is -Inexpensive technique -It may cause groundwater pollution
entrenchment disposed in deep trenches, -Trees planted on top get many -High land availability
which can also be used for benefits such as extra CO2 -Potential nuisance to adjacent areas.
agro forestry. fixation, erosion protection or
potential economic benefits.
Table A.20: Decision Making Matrix for sludge treatment
Technology Land Requirement Energy Requirement Ground water Level CAPEX OPEX Skill Discharge Standard
Co-composting High Low Low High High Low High
Vermi- High Low Low High High Low High
composting
Sludge drying High Low Low High Medium Low High
bed + Co-
composting
Solar Drying High Low High Medium Medium Medium High
Deep Row High Low High Low Low Low
Entrenchment
128
Compendium of Technology for Desludging Equipment
Equipment Type Brief About Technology Advantages Disadvantages O&M Requirement
Vacuum Tankers Vacuum tankers consist of - High de-sludging - Low access – - It is necessary to check the oil level of
a truck or any other mobile speed cannot the vacuum pump, oil-cooling tank,
vehicle combined with a tank - High storage volume reach areas with hydraulic tank and tanker engine daily
and a vacuum pump. They - High mobility smaller roads - The cooling water and the wash water
use a de-sludging technology - Face problems with from the truck also should be checked
which is characterized by high trash which choke - In addition, it is necessary that the cooling
tank volume, high mobility and the inlet radiators for the hydraulic oil and pump oil
fast de-sludging with the help - High capital and are kept running. After each day the oil and
of electricity. operating costs sludge separators should be drained
- Requires repairs, - The tire pressure, lights, indicators, horns,
which can result in valves, gaskets and the hydraulic system
long delays should be checked weekly
Omni-Ingestor The Faecal Sludge Omni- - Integrated solution of - Capital cost is high - Chlorine has to be replenished as and
Ingestor is one of the first handling collection - Is a complex when required
mobile pre-processing and treatment at point system and needs - Pumps and other moving parts need to be
system and can separate of operation skilled manpower lubricated
solid material from the - Can handle different for operation and - Trash and heavy particles must be
sludge and hygienically treat types of sludge maintenance collected and disposed
it right next to the pit. The viscosity - Requires chlorine
FSOI suite of technologies - Pre-processes from and electricity for
includes pumping, debris the sludge, thereby operation
extraction, sludge thickening reducing need for
and disinfection sub-systems. dewatering at
This system is innovative in treatment plant
integrating the collection and - Allows for only
treatment components at a thickened sludge to
single stage. Such a system be transported,
reduces the requirement of reducing cost of
transporting sludge to far transportation
distances for treatment and - Provides an
disposal. opportunity to reuse
the sanitized water
129
13 Government Ordar for State Level Committee
14 Service Level Improvement Plan for FSSM
Following are major aspects against which the ULB can assess its capacity to provide
the sanitation services in the city. This has been prepared on the lines of ‘Service Level
Improvement Plan’ framework of AMRUT provided by MoHUA. This will assist the ULBs in
identifying their capacity gaps and needs of FSSM, and help identifying projects and other
related requirements to meet the objectives of sustainable sanitation systems.
City Sanitation cell shall prepare this ‘Service Levels Assessment’ at the start of each year
and review its outcomes, and update targets for the perspective year. State Sanitation Cell
shall review these records every year and prepare annual budget and targets for perspective
year. State shall disseminate funds and other assistance to the ULBs based on the service
level gaps, performance in previous year, identified projects and funding requirements etc.
1. Coverage of Sanitation Services

ÂÂ What kind of baseline information is available related to sewerage/ septage
management in the city? Tick or list down the data, plans, guidelines, manuals, reports
etc. in the following table
Yes/No
Household level sewerage connections/ on- site containment users database
City FSSM Plan
City Level Resolutions passed from Municipal Board
Updated Building Bye-Laws with on- site containments construction designs and
drawings
Service level benchmark status – last year
Other city level plans and documentation
ÂÂ What is the status of household connections in each zone/ ward? Have you correlated
your data with census 2011 or with latest census data available? Provide latest
information in following table
Zone/ Total No. of HHs with HHs depen- HHs with HHs with HHs with
Ward Households latrine dent upon Piped Sanitary Single Pit
No. facility Community Sewerage Containment System
within Latrines Connections Systems
premise
HH: Households
Are there any areas in the city, which are not connected with sewerage network and inaccessible by
desludging vehicles? (Y/N)
Does the city have any building plan approval mechanism to include on- site containment systems? (Y/N)
Do the building inspectors check the compliance to approved plan during construction? (Y/N)
2. Collection & Conveyance
ÂÂ What is the average interval period for cleaning of on- site sanitation systems (in
years)?
ÂÂ Is there any systematic and organized method to collect and treat waste from on-site
sanitation systems?
Separate City Level Sanitation wing/cell (Y/N)

Designated personnel for receiving desludging requests, complaints/ grievances
etc. (Y/N)
Dedicated helpline number for sanitation (Y/N)
Availability of office equipment- Table, Chair, Computer, Telephone (Y/N)
Desludging Schedule (Y/N)
Average No. of Desludging requests per day (or per month)
Specific Receipt/ Job Card format (Y/N)
Fixed desludging fee (Rs./ per trip)
ÂÂ Indicate infrastructure available for O&M of the sewerage system and septage
conveyance i.e. vacuum suction emptier, sewer jetting machines etc.?
Sr. No. Type of Capacity (Ltr.) Condition (Functional/ Owner- Operated

trucks De-functional) ship sta- by (ULB/
tus (ULB/ Private)
Private)
ÂÂ Indicate human resouce available for O&M of the sewerage/ septage maintenance
system i.e. driver, helper, plumber etc.?
Sr. No. Service No. of employees License/ Type of Operations

Category Registration Status (ULB/ Private)
ÂÂ Does the city have dedicated parking, cleaning and washing area for desludging
vehicles? State the parking area and capacity.
132
3. Sewage/ Faecal Sludge Treatment System
ÂÂ Does city have Sewage/ Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (STP/ FSTP)? Provide details
in the following table.
Sr. No. Location Type of Technology Capacity Current Treatment Operated

(KLD) Inflow Efficiency By (ULB/
(KLD) in % Private/
Joint)
ÂÂ Where is the collected sludge disposed in case of no treatment facility?

ÂÂ How much of the generated sewage or collected septage reaches the treatment
plant? What is the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of incoming and outgoing
sewage/ septage?
Volume of sewage generated (Ltr.)

Volume of septage collected (Ltr.)
Volume of sewage received at the STP (Ltr.)
Volume of Septage received at the FSTP (Ltr.)
BOD of incoming sewage at STP
BOD of incoming septage at FSTP
BOD of outgoing sewage from STP
BOD of outgoing septage from FSTP
ÂÂ Is treated sewage/ septage being reused or recycled? Is treated water being reused
for irrigation or industrial purpose? Has the option of revenue generation from treated
outputs been explored?
Bio- solids output (kg/ day)

Reuse of Bio-solids (Y/N)
If yes, Reuse as
Cost recovered (Rs./kg)
Disposal Location of bio-solids in case of no reuse
Treated Water Output (KL/ day)
Reuse of Treated Water (Y/N)
If yes, Reuse as
Cost recovered (Rs./KL)
Disposal Location of treated water in case of no reuse
ÂÂ How much human resource is available at the treatment facility for O&M?
ÂÂ How much energy is consumed to run the treatment plant? Has the option of
renewable energy been explored?
ÂÂ How much fresh water supply is required to run the treatment plant? Is the treated
water being reused in plant operations?
133
4. Institutional Framework
ÂÂ Does the city have a mechanism for keeping records of day-to-day sanitation
operations? (Tick)
Record of desludging requests received and serviced

Complaints/ Grievances received and addressed
Inspection/ site visit records
Non- compliance/ penalties records
Vehicle repairs and maintenance records
Licensing applications received and granted
Record of all the employees
ÂÂ Does the city have a mechanism for collection of sanitation user charges?
ÂÂ Does the city have a record of all the incomes and expenditures related to sanitation
services?
Sr. No. Budget Heads Income (in Rs.) Expenditure (in Rs.)
(A) (B)
1 Desludging and Sewerage service charges
2 City Sanitation Cell O&M
3 Desludging Trucks O&M
4 Public/ Community Toilets O&M
5 STP O&M
6 FSTP O & M
7 Toilets/ Containments construction
8 Licensing/ Tipping fee
9 Penalties collection
10 Advertisements
11 IEC Activities
12 Printing, Publications, Office equipment and
stationary etc.
13 Miscellaneous
Total
Revenue (+) / Deficit (-) (in Rs.) A-B
134
ÂÂ Does the city have a regular review and monitoring mechanism? (Tick)
Updation of sanitation database

Updation of City FSSM Plan
Updation of Sanitation Benchmarking Targets
Updation of Desludging Schedule
Regular Inspection at the following
· On- Site Containments
· Public/ Community Toilets
· Desludging Operations
· Disposal Sites
· Vehicle Parking & Cleaning site
· STP
· FSTP
Regular repair and maintenance of the following
· Desludging Vehicle
· Public/ Community Toilets
· STP
· FSTP
Annual Financial Audit
Annual review of City Sanitation Cell records
135
5. Service Level Gaps
ÂÂ What are existing service levels and gaps for sanitation against the set benchmarks.
Provide information in the following table
Indicator Target Present Expected

Service Situation Service
Level for Level
20
Percentage and number of Households connected to 100%
Sanitary Containment Units/Sewerage Connection
Number of households de-sludged by licensed operator 100%
Vs Target
Efficiency in collection of user charges >90%
Efficiency in treatment of emptier sludge 100%
Incidences of Non-Compliance by Operators Less than
3 per
month
Amount of Reusable end product – Compost, treated 100%
wastewater, Bio- Gas, etc. generated
Percentage of O&M Cost Recovery through sale of 100%
Reusable end product from FSTP
Grievances received <20%
% of grievances addressed within stipulated timeframe >80%
136
15 Mobile Based App - Desludging Service
16 Steps for FSSM Guideline Implementation
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Government of Rajasthan

Local Self Government Department

The State of Rajasthan has witnessed numerous remarkable changes in Urban

(Devendra Bhushan Gupta)

(Dr. Preetam B. Yashvant, IAS)

2. Formats for Management of Desludging Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3. Design and Specification of Onsite Sanitation Facilities . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87

4. Conversion of Insanitary Latrines into Pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

5. Capacity Building Stages for stakeholder consultation. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96

6. Capacity Building Gap Assessment and Training Modalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

7. Clustering Strategies for Sharing of FSTPs and STPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

8. Site Selection for a Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

9. Eligibility Criteria for Licensing and Detail of Licensing Kit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

10. General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

11. Co-Treatment of Faecal Sludge in STP’s . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 117

13. Government Ordar for State Level Committee . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 130

14. Service Level Improvement Plan for FSSM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

15. Mobile Based App - Desludging Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

16. Steps for FSSM Guideline Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on 2nd October 2014 to

The National FSSM Policy recommends safe collection, transportation,

After successful implementation of the mission to construct toilets in

In order to move up the environmental sanitation ladder resulting in improved environmental

The objective of these Guidelines is to promote a comprehensive and

ÂÂ To be facilitators for all relevant stakeholders for their individual

1. Approach and Selection Criteria for FSSM Interventions

2. Cluster Based Intervention Approach

3. Roles and Responsibilities of State Level Departments & Agencies

4. Constituting State FSSM Committee and Cell

Table 4.1: Town Selection Matrix for FSSM Interventions

8 Water Table >6m - - As double story

ÂÂ Designating a location where large desludging vehicles would be parked/stationed

Agency/ Roles and Responsibilities

Extending low-interest loans to the households for construction,

Facilitate identification of possible financial resources for the

4.4 Constituting State FSSM Committee and Cell

4.4.1 Constitution of State FSSM Committee at LSG

The State FSSM Committee would include of the following members:

Responsibilities of State FSSM Committee :

ÂÂ To monitor the implementation of the State FSSM Policy and Guidelines.

4.4.2 Constitution of State FSSM Cell at DLB

1 Environmental Procurement Expert Computer

Responsibilities of State FSSM Cell:.

Table 4.3: Work function of various wing of FSSM Cell

Sl Sub-Division/ Work Function

Technical scrutiny/review of all submitted FSSM DPRs by ULBs.

Organise technical capacity-building workshops for ULBs.

Pilot demonstration for planning and implementation of the

Organise all workshops, events, conference, exposure visits in

Review the cost recovery and financial sustainability of submitted

Pilot demonstration for planning and implementation of planning

Preparation of model contract document for FSSM on PPP, EPC, etc.

Explore various FSSM modules suitable to run on PPP model.

4.5 Partnership Building

2. RFP for empanelment of service providers - Consultants, Contractors, Operators, etc.

3. Preparing Investment Portfolio/Information Memorandums (for potential investments), and

1. City Level Resolutions for the implementation of FSSM

2. Constitution of City Sanitation Committee and City Sanitation Cell

3. Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders

4. Design and Construction of OSSF

5. On-Site Sanitation Facilities Cleaning - Scheduled and On-call

7. Septage Transport and Disposal

8. Licensing of De-sludging Operators