Perspectives 3 - Teacher Book
Perspectives 3 - Teacher Book
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Perspectives
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Student Book with Online Workbook 978-1-337-80805-7
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Perspectives 2
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Student Book with Online Workbook 978-1-337-80803-3
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Perspectives 3
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Classroom Presentation Tool
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Perspectives 4
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Lesson Planner
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Hugh Dellar
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Andrew Walkley
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Michael Burggren For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions
Production Manager: Daisy Sosa Further permissions questions can be emailed to
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Manufacturing Customer Account Manager: [email protected]
Mary Beth Hennebury
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Art Director: Brenda Carmichael Perspectives Level 3 Lesson Planner + Audio CD + DVD
Production Management and Composition: ISBN: 978-1-337-29765-3
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Lumina Datamatics, Inc.
Cover Image: Bernardo Galmarini/ National Geographic Learning
Alamy Stock Photo
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20 Channel Center Street
Boston, MA 02210
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USA
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bring the world to the classroom and the classroom to life. With our English
language programs, students learn about their world by experiencing it. Through
our partnerships with National Geographic and TED Talks, they develop the
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language and skills they need to be successful global citizens and leaders.
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Printed in China
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2018
Introduction iv
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4 Cultural Transformation
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44
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5 It’s Not Rocket Science 56
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6 Adapt to Survive 68
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7 Outside the Box 80
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8 Common Ground
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10 Life-changing 116
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writing activity may be suitable preparation for the speaking
My Perspective activities activity in a class that finds spontaneous speaking challenging.
In every unit there are several activities called My Perspective,
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which ask students to reflect on the content of the lesson A critical eye
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from their personal point of view. Sometimes you’ll find a My
Students learn the critical thinking skills and strategies they
Perspective activity at the beginning of the unit to engage
need to evaluate new information and develop their own
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students in the theme and get them thinking about what they
opinions and ideas to share. Being able to critically evaluate
already know about it. Here are three ways to use them:
and assess ideas and information is becoming increasingly
• Conduct a class discussion. Let students read the questions,
c important as young people have to deal with fake news and
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then call on individuals to share their ideas. Encourage others one-sided presentations of facts, often distributed online via
to respond and welcome contrasting points of view. social media. Being able to think critically involves a range of
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• Put students into discussion groups. Group work can get more different skills, including developing the ability to interpret data,
students talking, even quieter, less confident class members. ask critical questions, distinguish between fact and opinion, see
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Consider giving students specific roles like chairperson and other points of view, detect bias, and recognize and assess the
merit of supporting arguments.
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• Let students work on their own to answer the questions in Lesson B of every unit in Perspectives is based around a reading.
writing or by recording themselves speaking. Not only does this The texts cover a variety of genres, and students are asked to
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allow students time to prepare, it also provides a private space, interact with them in many different ways. Once comprehension
which some students need to be able to express themselves. has been checked, there is often a Critical Thinking focus which
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every unit they get an activity where they have the chance to
choose a task. There are three options, which include one or Both within the Critical Thinking activities and elsewhere,
more speaking and writing tasks. Which activity is best depends there will be plenty of times where students are asked to
on several things, such as what skills the students need to work work together and discuss their ideas, opinions, thoughts, and
on, what is possible with the technology available, and how feelings. Some students may not always be very enthusiastic
much time you have. If you expect students to make good about taking part in pair or group work, so it is important for
decisions, they need to be well informed, so make them aware them to realize its many benefits. These include:
of the issues. Here are three ways to approach Choose activities: • giving learners the chance to brainstorm ideas before they have
• Students choose which task to work on and get into groups to think about the best language to express those ideas in. To
with others who made the same choice. This can create a make things easier for lower levels, brainstorming activities can
happy, productive atmosphere, but keep in mind that some initially be done in the students’ first language.
activities take longer than others, and require varying degrees • giving learners the chance to use language they have just
of teacher input. Be prepared for these issues by having fast recently learned alongside language they are already able to
finisher activities ready, for example. use well.
iv Introduction SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
• encouraging students to learn from each other. Obviously, You can also take the ideas in these sections and apply them
this may mean learning new language, but it also means to other language sections in the book. So as you go through a
being exposed to new ideas and opinions. vocabulary or grammar activity, you might:
• developing the class environment and improving • drill individual words, collocations, or whole sentences.
relationships between students. This is especially true if you • help with individual sounds.
mix up the pairs and groups and make sure everyone talks to
everyone else. • draw attention to word and sentence stress, elision, linking,
etc., by marking these features on examples on the board.
• giving you a chance to see how many ideas students have about
a topic, the range of language they are using, and what content, • get students to experiment saying phrases at different speeds
grammar, and vocabulary you should focus on in feedback. or with different intonation or emotion.
There are several things you can do to help students get more Independent learners
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from pair and group work. We can’t cover all the language students need in class, so it is
• Make sure you always explain the activity clearly before important that we help them become independent learners.
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splitting students up into pairs/groups. An essential part of that is for students to make good use of
dictionaries, both bilingual and monolingual.
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• Give models to show the kind of speaking you expect.
• Check understanding by asking the class to tell you what they A bilingual dictionary is good for when they are looking for a word
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are going to do before they do it. in English. You could encourage their use, for example, in the
brainstorming activities mentioned earlier. You might give students
• Give a clear time limit.
the topic of the next unit and, for homework, get them to create a
• Monitor the class carefully to check that everyone is doing
c phrase book that they think may be useful to talk about the topic.
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what you want them to do, and to see how students are
A monolingual dictionary is better when they have the English
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• Finish with some feedback. This may mean looking at errors, activities instead of pre-teaching the key language beforehand.
exploring new language, and/or asking students to share
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their ideas. After Critical Thinking activities, you may also want When you go through answers to activities, you can check the
to comment and expand on students’ ideas. meaning and other aspects of the word by asking students
questions, such as: What other things can you X? Why might you
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Developing a clear voice in English is about learning language You will see specific examples of such questions in the teaching
and expressing your own views, but it is also about how we notes. As well as asking questions like these, you can also: give
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can help students with pronunciation, become independent extra examples, ask students to find examples in a dictionary, and
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learners, and achieve the scores they need on exams. get students to create sentences that are related to their lives.
Exam skills
Help with pronunciation
In the Lesson Planner you will find tips that you can share with
There are activities that focus on aspects of pronunciation in students to help them achieve good scores on their exams.
every unit of Perspectives as well as the Authentic Listening Skills Some of these tips are about being an independent learner,
sections in Lesson D. These highlight features of natural speech using a dictionary, and knowing what to review. That’s because
that may be difficult. In these sections, students can attempt to (as you probably know), fundamentally, students do better
copy speakers’ pronunciation. However, we see these sections when they know more language!
more as opportunities for students to experiment with how
they sound in English and find their own voice, so: The exam skills also give advice on specific activity types in the
Student Book that are commonly found on international and local
• don’t expect students to be perfectly accurate.
exams. Some of these tips may be repeated at different levels and
• treat the answer key as a guide. you might want to reinforce the point by checking if students
• judge students’ efforts according to their intelligibility. remember them each time the activity type comes up in class.
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6 Adapt to Survive The flag-footed bug
6A Evolution and conservation
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has evolved to hide
among leaves and
Vocabulary Endangered species
flower petals. 1 Work as a class. Discuss the questions.
1 What is evolution? What is conservation?
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2 What reasons are there for a species to adapt? What characteristics about a
species might change?
2 Complete the article about Madagascar with these words.
because tropical forests are being destroyed to make farmland. Eighty percent
of Madagascar’s human population live in poverty and depend on basic farming
for (4) . The silky sifaka is one of the most (5)
animals. There are only around 250 left in the wild. A (6)
program is trying to preserve its (7) and prevent people from
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have (12) because people stole its huge eggs, which were big
enough to feed a family.
3 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 What endangered species do you know?
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IN thIs uNIt, YOu... 2 …of the fittest / its long-term… / ensure its…
3 at… of extinction / a high… / reduce the… of disease
• discuss evolution and conservation.
4 work in nature… / be involved in a… group / improve energy…
• read about an endangered animal. 5 an endangered… / a… of bird / discover a new…
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5 Look through the collocations in Activity 4. Underline any phrases that are new
• write a solution to a problem. to you. Write an example sentence for each of the new phrases.
Engaging content teaches students about the world as well Sustained context provides meaningful and
as contextualizing the target grammar. motivating practice.
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lISTEnIng graMMar Modals and meaning 10 Read about National Geographic explorer Cagan 11 Rewrite the underlined parts in Activity 10 using modals.
9 Look at the Grammar box. Then compare the first and Sekercioglu. What similarities can you find with what Use each modal in the Grammar box at least once.
6 Listen to the interview with a conservationist.
you heard in the interview? Think about:
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Who mentions these points—the interviewer (I), second sentence in each item below. Notice the changes
in the use of modals. What is the difference in meaning? 12 Write nine sentences about yourself, using a different
the conservationist (C), or both (B)? 27 1 the rate of extinction. modal in each sentence. Your teacher will read the
1 You might stop weak species from going extinct. 2 the importance of conservation. sentences to the class. Guess who the person is.
1 Most animals have died out.
You will stop weak species from going extinct. 3 what happens to animals that adapt and then face a
2 Conservation goes against evolution.
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2 Maybe we shouldn’t interfere. sudden change. 13 My PErSPEcTIVE
3 Genetic changes through evolution do not make a
species more perfect. We must not interfere. Growing up in Turkey, Cagan Sekercioglu was once taken
3 “The survival of the fittest” can suggest evolution is a kind Make a list of animals, habitats, jobs, languages, customs,
4 Animals can’t choose to adapt to a new environment. to a child psychologist because he (1) constantly brought activities, or skills that are at risk of dying out. Would you
5 Human activity is increasing the number of extinctions. of competition. small animals and insects back to his house. Fortunately, it
“The survival of the fittest” suggests evolution is a kind try to preserve any of them? Why?
6 We must protect endangered species because we can. didn’t end his interest in wildlife, and now he’s a professor
7 Conservation is expensive. of competition. of biology working to protect birds in countries such as
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8 Humans may become extinct sooner rather than later. 4 If that habitat disappeared for whatever reason, they’d Costa Rica, Australia, Ethiopia, the United States, and Turkey.
easily die out. He says (2) losing 25 percent of all bird species this century
7 What reasons for possible human extinction did you hear When the habitat disappears, the animals die out.
hi is a possibility, and that whatever happens to birds (3) is
in the interview? Listen again and check. 27 5 Will you leave it there? certain to happen to other animals and even people. The
Could you leave it there? question is not if (4) it’s better for us to do something about
8 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. it, but when (5) are we going to decide to do something
Modals and meaning
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1 Do you like television shows about the natural world? and (6) what are we going to decide to do?
A modal (would, will, may, might, could, can, should, shall,
What was the last one you saw? What was it about?
must) adds a general meaning to another verb to show a In Costa Rica, he’s found that species (7) sometimes become
2 Have you studied anything about conservation at school?
speaker’s attitude or intention. endangered because the area of forest they live in shrinks
What other things did you learn?
3 Would you like to be a conservationist? What might be The first thing that will strike people is… as it becomes surrounded by agriculture. The birds are so
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good or bad about the job? = I am certain it strikes people. well adapted to a certain part of the forest that they
4 Have you ever taken action to protect something? What (8) refuse to move, even when bigger areas of forest
The first thing that should strike people is… (9) are possibly close by. Cagan says (10) it’s essential that
did you do? = I believe it strikes people, but I'm not certain. conservationists work with local people to improve the
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Other meanings are: certainty, uncertainty, obligation, situation by explaining to farmers why (11) they’re better
permission, suggestion, possibility, and frequency (habit). off encouraging bird diversity. For example, if farmers
encourage birds to live on their land, (12) the birds will
eat insects that destroy their crops, which could possibly
Check the Grammar Reference for more information
increase farmers’ profits.
and practice.
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The focus on building vocabulary helps students Reading texts with a global perspective
understand the way words work together. encourage students to think expansively about
the world, and are also recorded for extra
listening practice for classes who need it.
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6B Tree life? 5 Work in pairs. Look at the photo on page 73 and discuss
the questions.
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Vocabulary buIldIng 1 Where do you think this animal is found?
2 What is unusual about it?
compound nouns 3 How do you think the photographer was able to get 10:31 AM 85%
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a new meaning. The words in compound nouns can
be joined together, or they can be separated using a
6 Read the article from a website on page 73 to check
your ideas in Activity 5. What else do you learn about
Help sAve THe endAngered
pacific northwest
space or hyphen. The first noun acts like an adjective.
questions 1 and 2 in Activity 5?
It describes the type of thing, its use, the material it is
Tree Octopus
made from, or other aspects of the second noun, such as 7 Which statements are supported by the article?
where it is found.
Underline the parts of the article which helped you make
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Bookstores are dying out in our country because people are your decisions.
buying books online. 1 The tree octopus is the most endangered creature in the
frOm exTincTiOn
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Ice ages caused the extinction of many species. United States.
2 Washington State is one of the wettest places in the US.
3 The tree octopus may provide clues about how early sea ABOUT hElP FaQs SIghTIngS MEdIa acTIVITIES lInkS
1 Choose the correct forms to complete the sentences. creatures adapted to live on land.
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1 We often go skiing in the Olympic Mountains / Mountain 4 The animals often live in small groups. About
28 About Whyitit’s
Why endangered
is endangered
Olympics, north of here. 5 Many companies that cut down trees in the forests are 1 The
ThePacific
PacificNorthwest
Northwesttree treeoctopus
octopus (Octopus
(Octopus Althoughthe
Although thetree
treeoctopus
octopusis isnotnotyetyetononthethe
2 On average, there is 20 centimeters of rainfall / fallrain not doing enough to protect octopuses. Paxarbolis)
paxarbolis)isisonly
onlyfound
found inin the
the forests
forests of 30
30 officiallist
official listofofendangered
endangered animals,
animals, it should
it should
here in March. 6 Octopuses are affected by pollution. WashingtonState,
Washington State,ononthe
theeastern
eastern side
side ofof the be,
be as numbers
numbersare arenow
nowseriously
seriously low.
low.It It faces
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3 Many environmental charities run campaign social 8 Work in groups. Discuss the questions.
OlympicMountains,
Olympic Mountains,ininthetheUnited
United States.
States. faces
manymany threats:
threats: treestrees in Pacific-Northwest
in the Pacific Northwest
media / social media campaigns. Thesecreatures
5 5These creaturesreach
reachan anaverage
average size
size of forests
forestsare
areconstantly
constantlybeing
beingcutcut
down;
down; new
4 Scientists believe there might be many sea creatures / 1 Did you know about the tree octopus before? If not, what between3030and
between and35 35centimetres
centimeters andand live
live for
for roads have cut
new roads off cut
have access
off to water;
access tothe growth
water;
creature seas that still have not been discovered. surprised you most? aroundfour
around fouryears.
years.They
Theyare areunusual
unusual in in that
that 35
35 of local towns has introduced
the growth of local towns has house cats into
introduced
5 I really like our teacher science / science teacher. She brings 2 Should people care about the tree octopus? Why? theylive
liveboth
bothininwater
waterandandonon land,
land, aa fact
fact the region,
catswhich hunt the octopuses;
and theyand
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10 Listen to a news extract about the tree octopus story. touch and sight. Some scientists believe that Here are some things you can do to help
how many other compound nouns can you create touch and sight. Some scientists believe that 40
Here are some things you can do to help
Answer the questions. 29 the way it has adapted to life in the forest 40
protect the last few tree octopuses:
by changing one word each time? Use a dictionary, if the way it has adapted to life in the forest protect the last few tree octopuses.
15 mirrors the way early life forms adapted to
necessary. 1 Why is the story mentioned? 15 mirrors the way early life forms adapted to
life away from the water. Although they are
• Write to the government to say you are
• worried
Write to the government to say you are
2 What do the findings seem to suggest? life
notaway
socialfrom the water.
animals Although
like humans, theythey
canare
still
and that you feel the tree octopus
farm animal leather shoes rainfall science teacher worriedbeand
should giventhatspecial
you feel the treeand
protection octopus
not social
show animalsbylike
emotions humans,
changing they
their can
skin color: should be
included ongiven special protection
the Endangered and
Species List.
still
redshow emotions
angerby andchanging theirNormally,
skin 45
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50
homes and travel
soon return toforest,
to the the coast
while to females
breed. Males
are familiar with, and one that you would like to learn 11 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions lay their
25soon return eggs underwater.
to the The young
forest, while femalesthenlay
50 • Toctopus: tell your family and friends.
ell people not to buy products made
more about. spend
25 their eggs their first monthThe
underwater. or so floating
young thennear the
spend • by companies that don’t protect the tree
Tell people not to buy products made
1 Why do you think so many people believe this story? octopus when cutting
by companies down
that don’t trees. the tree
protect
shore
their firstbefore
month moving
or so out of thenear
floating water and
to the
farm animals pets sea creatures wild animals 2 Looking back, is there anything in the story that should
at
beginning
shore beforetheir adultout
moving lives
ofinthethewater
forest.
and • Soctopus when cutting down trees.
tart an online campaign! Encourage
have made you more suspicious?
beginning their adult lives. 55 • people to sign a petition.
Start an online campaign! Encourage
4 Work in groups. Compare the animals you chose. Explain Source: http://zapatopi.net/treeoctopus/
12 My PErSPEcTIVE 55 people to sign a petition.
your choices.
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Carefully chosen activity types provide The focus on critical thinking teaches students
practice of common question formats found the skills and strategies they need to evaluate
on international exams. new information.
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6C Mysterious changes 5 PronuncIaTIon Weak form of have
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graMMar Modals and infinitive forms carefully, have is often pronounced differently than how it is
1 Listen to three people. What did they change their minds about? Why? 30
pronounced in fast speech.
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2 Listen to the people again. Complete the sentences. 30
have changes its sound in fast speech. Repeat what
1a I attention when I read about it. you hear. 31
1b All the links about the different kinds of tree octopuses go to the same page. I b Work in pairs. Practice reading the sentences in
really that. Activity 4 slowly and quickly.
1c Even my little brother me that the photos were fake.
2a I mean, you me how cruel it was, and I honestly 6 Complete the summary using the modals and the
c
. correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Make one
dinogorgon became extinct a quarter of a billion
2b I don’t know, but if it was that, it an impact because I’ve modal negative.
years ago, long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth.
been vegan for quite some time now.
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Reported sightings of the Loch Ness Monster
3a I touch one or pick one up if the chance had arisen.
3b I certainly about owning one, that’s (1) soon (will / go on)
for a century! In 1933, a man named George Spicer reported Atmospheric Administration. The Bloop was significantly
for sure.
seeing something that looked like a plesiosaur, a kind of different from other previously recorded sounds and many
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3c Our favorite is a python called Monty. We him for three
long-necked marine dinosaur. Some people think such a theories emerged to explain the mysterious noise.
years this November.
creature (2) very easily (could / survive)
in the quiet Scottish waters, away from people, while others
8 Read about what really happened. Student A: read about
3 Look at the sentences in Activity 2. Answer the questions.
are convinced that Spicer (3) (must / lie) the Great Dying; Student B: read about the Bloop. See if
1 Which sentence describes a period leading up to a future point? or that he (4) (might / see) a piece of you guessed correctly. Then report back to your partner.
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2 Are the other sentences about the past, the present, or the future? wood covered in green water plants. Most scientists question Student a: The great dying
3 Which modal emphasizes that an action was in progress at the same the whole story and claim that a creature like this Many theories to explain the Great Dying have been put
time as another? (5) (can / live) in the loch* for so long forward—everything from asteroids from space hitting
Modals and infinitive forms without any real human contact. If it was real, they say, it Earth to huge volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes did in fact play
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(6) (would / capture) by now—or at least a part in the event. At the time, Siberian volcanoes were
Modals can be followed by different kinds of infinitive forms. caught on film. Others, though, suspect that the monster erupting almost constantly, sending out huge quantities of
I can’t see it. (7) (might / develop) special skills that help a gas called methane. This resulted in the oceans and the
We should be doing more to help. it to hide from those hunting it. Even today, true believers can atmosphere being poisoned and so many species dying out.
It wouldn’t have made any difference. be found on the shores of the loch trying to spot a beast that Student b: The bloop
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You can’t have been listening properly. (8) (should / die out) 65 million years ago. Theories put forward to explain the Bloop ranged from the
More attention must be paid to this issue. sensible to the strange. Some people thought the noise
The eggs must have been moved from the nest. loch a Scottish word for a lake.
must be from an unknown deep-sea creature while others
thought it could be mermaids or voices from a lost city. In
7 Work in pairs. Read the two paragraphs about mysteries the end, it turned out that the sound was actually made by
Check the Grammar Reference for more information and practice. of the natural world. Then discuss what you think
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2a I should have helped him. suddenly wiped out. This was by far the biggest mass
Mount Merapi erupts in • Work in groups. Prepare a short presentation about a
2b I would have helped him. extinction the world has ever seen. The event—widely
Indonesia. Volcanic gases are mystery you have read about or know. Include at least
3a It must have been really interesting. known as the Great Dying—came close to ending all life
made up of many different four different modals.
3b It was really interesting. on the planet. Everything alive today comes from the five
at
Students are guided through an analysis of the grammar Examples in a grammar box provide clear
that gives them a deeper understanding of how it works. models for students.
A Choose activity gives students an opportunity
for independent learning.
The focus on skills needed to deal with authentic ocabulary in Context activities focus on
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pieces of listening prepares students for level-appropriate, high-frequency words and
real-world interactions. phrases from the TED Talk.
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6D you have no idea where
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camels really come from
lATif nAsser
Read about Latif Nasser and get ready to watch his TED Talk. 6.0
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auThEnTIc lISTEnIng SkIllS 3 Work in pairs. Write down as many other facts about 6 Watch Part 2 of the talk again. Choose the correct 9 Vocabulary In conTEXT
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understanding fast speech camels as you can. Then compare your ideas with another options. 6.2
a Watch the clips from the TED Talk. Choose the correct
pair of students . Do any of the other pair’s facts surprise
In quick speech, it can be difficult to hear individual words 1 Scientists believe that at first, camels were only found in meanings of the words and phrases. 6.4
you? Why?
because words get shortened or sound as one. hot places / cold places. b Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
4 Watch Part 1 of the talk. Complete the summary with 2 They also believe that 40 million years ago, there were
around 20 / 24 different species of camels. 1 Have you ever experienced hitting a wall? Why? How
1 Look at the Authentic Listening Skills box. Then listen one to three words in each blank.
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2 How certain were you that you had it right, like… that 6 It is believed that three and a half million years ago, the • watch the world go by?
eventually used a (3) to find out
, like? weather was significantly warmer / cooler than today. 4 What things would you be willing or unwilling to do to
that it was a (4) of a huge mammal.
3 …something like a cow or a sheep. But be successful in life?
When they cut a piece off one fragment, they
. It was just too big. (5) collagen, which is a substance
7 Watch Part 3 of the talk. Which sentence best
4 …you’re going to have different body sizes. summarizes the point Latif is making? 6.3 CHALLENGE
found in bones and which (6)
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, so they’re actually functionally in the ice. A couple of years later, she sent the fragments a It’s important to change your mind about things. Think of a time in your life when you have had
like giraffes. to a colleague who had invented a technique called b Scientists should also study history. to rethink what you thought you knew about
5 And, as a historian, you start with an idea . (7) , which can identify an c Much of what we think we know might be wrong. something—or someone.
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animal from a bone. They discovered it was a(n) d Camels are well suited to different environments.
(8) million-year-old camel and • What did you use to believe? Why?
WaTch 8 What discoveries or news have you heard about the • What caused you to rethink your beliefs?
that it must have weighed (9) ,
2 Work in groups. Do you think the sentences are true or which is (10) than camels today. natural world recently? Think about: • Did you develop your new ideas quickly or slowly?
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false? Why? • How do you feel about the thing or person now?
• archaeology.
5 Watch Part 2 of the talk. Check your answers from • new or lost species. Work in groups. Tell each other your experiences.
1 Camels have been around for about a million years.
Activity 2. Correct the false answers. 6.2 • the sea. Ask and answer questions about the changes.
2 The first camels were only found in North America.
3 Giraffes and llamas are in the same family as camels. Camels have been around longer than a million years. • medical advances. Decide who experienced the biggest change.
4 The hump on a camel’s back contains water. According to Latif, they have been around for 45 million
5 Camels have evolved to walk on sand. years.
Useful language boxes highlight the E ach writing section focuses on a Writing models provide the text for analysis as well
language students need to communicate common text type and provides as being a handy reference. Models are printed
in person and in writing. training in a useful writing skill. in the back of the book with writing skills and
strategies annotated.
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6E Finding a Solution WrITIng A problem-solution essay
5 Tigers are endangered in the wild. Do you think having them in zoos and parks Writing strategy
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SPEakIng is good for their survival? Why? What other things might help them?
Topic sentences
Speaking strategy 1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and discuss the questions. 6 WrITIng SkIll Topic sentences It is good to start a new paragraph
with a topic sentence—a sentence
Telling anecdotes 1 Where do you think the photo was taken? Who might the man be? Read the essay about how people can help to protect tigers on page 151. Put
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that explains what the paragraph
Anecdotes are short real-life stories. 2 How would you feel if you were the man in the photo? the topic sentences in the correct order as they might appear. is about.
When we want to tell an anecdote, 2 Read the opening lines of six different anecdotes. Which sounds most a The author J.A. Mills suggests we should strengthen rules about domestic tigers.
we often give a very short summary interesting to you? What would you ask about it? b Finally, we should work closely with local people.
of what we are going to say. We useful language
c According to the WWF (World Wildlife Fund), there are only about 4,000 tigers
might also add a comment or say a I once saw a polar bear in a zoo. It was really sad.
left in the wild. naming sources
how we felt in order to make it b I almost stepped on a scorpion once.
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d Countries have to work together to protect the habitat. According to [name / organization /
sound interesting. c My brother once tracked a group of gorillas in Africa.
d When I went to the city, I saw lots of foxes in the street. book, etc.],…
7 In the essay, the writer refers to various organizations and people. Answer the
e Where my grandma lives, there are vultures. We once climbed up to their nests.
hi questions. The [job title], [name], says that…
useful language
f I hate cows. I was chased by some once. It was really scary! I agree with [job title], [name], when
responding to anecdotes 1 Why does the writer do this? she/he says that…
3 You are going to tell an anecdote about a time you encountered some kind of 2 Do you think they are good sources to reference? Why?
If the listener is interested, they will
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wild animal—big or small. Make notes using these questions and think of a 3 What other information would be good to know? What other sources could you
say things like:
sentence you will say to start the anecdote to get people interested. look for?
Really? Why was that?
Wow! What happened? • When did it happen? How old were you? 8 Work in pairs. Choose one of the animals or things from your list that are at risk
• Where was it? of dying out (page 71, Activity 13). Find out more and take notes on three big
Really? They have foxes there?
• What happened? problems it faces. Then think of ways to tackle these problems and help save it.
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4 Work in pairs. Tell your anecdotes. Your partner should show interest and ask Then tackle each problem in a subsequent paragraph. Use the writing model on
questions to help you. page 151 as a guide if you need to.
• Find two or three sources that you can add to your essay to give it greater
authority. Decide how you want to use them and where to place the sources.
Use the Useful language box to help you.
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10 Exchange your essay with your partner. Read your partner’s work and
comment on:
• the structure and the strength of the argument.
Some people have a special • the use of sources.
connection with animals. • the use of language.
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Hugh Dellar
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Andrew Walkley
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Lewis laNSFOrD
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Daniel BarBer
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Executive Editor: Sarah Kenney “National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border
Design are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society
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Director of Content and Media Production:
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Production Manager: Daisy Sosa Student Edition: Level 3
Media Researcher: Leila Hishmeh ISBN: 978-1-337-27714-3
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Production Management, and Composition:
USA
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language programs, students learn about their world by experiencing it. Through
our partnerships with National Geographic and TED Talks, they develop the
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language and skills they need to be successful global citizens and leaders.
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4 (tl1) Lutz Jaekel/laif/Redux, (tl2) epa european pressphoto agency b.v./Alamy Stock Photo, (cl) Michael Christopher Brown/Magnum Photos, (bl1) Tasso Marcelo Leal/AFP/Getty
Images, (bl2) © Bryce Duff y, 5 (tl1) © Marla Aufmuth/TED, (tl2)(cl)(bl1)(bl2) © James Duncan Davidson/TED, 6 (tl1) Christian Ziegler/National Geographic Creative, (tl2) © Hassan
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22-23 © Rainforest Connection, www.rfcx.org, 26 (tl) Morten Falch Sortland/Moment Open/Getty Images, (cl) Ellisha Lee/EyeEm/Getty Images, (bl) wundervisuals/E+/Getty Images,
28-29 © James Duncan Davidson/TED, 30-31 © www.fairafric.com, 32-33 Michael Christopher Brown/Magnum Photos, 34-35 Mirco Lazzari gp/Getty Images Sport/Getty Images,
36 Michael Regan/Getty Images Sport/Getty Images, 38 Harry How/Getty Images Sport/Getty Images, 39 Adrian Dennis/AFP/Getty Images, 40-41 © James Duncan Davidson/
TED, 42-43 Giovani Cordioli/Moment/Getty Images, 44-45 Tasso Marcelo Leal/AFP/Getty Images, 46-47 © Jeroen Koolhaas, 48 Juan Barreto/AFP/Getty Images, 50 Scott R Larsen/
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Images/Getty Images, 64-65 © James Duncan Davidson/TED, 66 Sakura Photography/Moment/Getty Images, 67 © National Geographic Learning, 68-69 Christian Ziegler/National
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97 AP Images/Dario Lopez-Mills, 98 Bettmann/Getty Images, 99 © Leila Dougan, 100-101 © Ryan Lash/TED, 102-103 CKN/Getty Images News/Getty Images, 104-105 VCG/Visual
China Group/Getty Images, 106-107 © Patrick Meier, 108 Polina Yamshchikov/Redux, 110 Julian Broad/Contour/Getty Images, 111 © Laurie Moy, 112 © James Duncan Davidson/
TED, 114 Carrie Vonderhaar/Ocean Futures Society/National Geographic Creative, 116-117 © Intuitive Surgical, 118-119 Reuters/Alamy Stock Photo, 121 Pasieka/Science Source,
122 ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo, 123 Noor Khamis/Reuters, 124-125 © TED, 126-127 Media Drum World/Alamy Stock Photo.
Printed in China
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
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La Salle, Mexico City, Mexico Fundación Centro Electrónico de Idiomas, Bogotá, Colombia
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Rossana Patricia Zuleta Martha Ramirez
CIPRODE, Guatemala City, Guatemala Colegio San Mateo Apostol, Bogotá, Colombia
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Gloria Stella Quintero Riveros Beata Polit
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Universidad Católica de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia XXIII LO Warszawa, Poland
Mónica Rodriguez Salvo Beata Tomaszewska
MAR English Services, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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V LO Toruń, Poland
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Itana de Almeida Lins Michał Szkudlarek
Grupo Educacional Anchieta, Salvador, Brazil I LO Brzeg, Poland
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Florencia Adami
Dámaso Centeno, Caba, Argentina
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Perspectives teaches learners to think critically and to develop the language skills they
need to fi nd their own voice in English. The carefully-guided language lessons, real-world
stories, and TED Talks motivate learners to think creatively and communicate eff ectively.
• AN OPEN MIND
Every unit explores one idea from diff erent perspectives, giving learners
opportunities for practicing language as they look at the world in new ways.
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• A CLEAR VOICE
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Students respond to the unit theme and express their own ideas confi dently in English.
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business about young forms and the
Critical Thinking
entrepreneurs simple past
Vocabulary Interpreting data
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Building
Adjective and noun
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collocations 1
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2 The Business of Technology
Pages 20–31
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Describing athletes Four people talking Determiners Olympic Gold
about athletes they
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Pages 32–43
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4 Cultural Transformation
Pages 44–55
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(-ing or infi nitive article
James Veitch’s idea worth spreading is
with to)
that spam email can lead us to some Writing Skill
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surprising, bizarre, and often hilarious Getting people’s
exchanges with others. attention
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Authentic Listening Skills Pronunciation
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Intonation for
Intonation and pitch persuasion
This is what happens when you
reply to spam email
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Comparatives DAVID EPSTEIN Reporting A survey
and superlatives fi ndings
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natural ability.
6 Adapt to Survive
Pages 68–79
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the importance of third, and mixed Thinking
Vocabulary
creativity conditionals
Building Critical Thinking
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Noun forms Fact and opinion
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7 Outside the Box
Pages 80–91
Identity and c
An interview Reported speech A Place to Be
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communication with a girl about
Pronunciation Critical Thinking
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intercultural
Vocabulary Stress for Understanding other
communication
Building clarifi cation perspectives
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Compound
adjectives
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8 Common Ground
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Pages 92–103
the + adjective
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10 Life-changing
Pages 116–127
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would rather solutions
Erin McKean’s idea worth spreading is Writing Skill
Pronunciation that making up new words will help Cohesion
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Elision of fi nal us use language to express what we
consonants t mean and will create new ways for us to
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and d understand one another.
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Authentic Listening Skills
Go ahead, make up new words! Speeding up and slowing down speech
Patterns after c
SAFWAT SALEEM Challenging A complaint
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reporting verbs Safwat Saleem’s idea worth spreading ideas and
Writing Skill
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BECCI MANSON
opposition application
Pronunciation Becci Manson’s idea worth spreading is
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Grammar Reference 128 Irregular Verbs 148 Writing Bank 149 Word Lists 154
SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 7
1 Travel, Trust, and
Tourism
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exchange programs, hear about the experiences of two students North Africa just across the Strait of Gibraltar from Spain
who took part in such programs, and consider the best way to in southwestern Europe. Jemaa el-Fnaa is in the heart of
the historic part of the city, called the medina, which is a
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conduct student exchanges in today’s world.
UNESCO World Heritage site. Much of the medina is still
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Students will also learn how traveling abroad for an extended surrounded by walls that were built in the 12th century, as
period of time used to be a regular practice among wealthy was a nearby mosque.
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young aristocrats in the past. They’ll consider the practice of
hitchhiking, formerly popular but now in decline—its positive Language note Students will encounter the term culture
aspects and possible reasons for its decline. On the flip side,
they’ll hear from someone who had an idea for a business c shock, the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone
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who is suddenly far from home and subjected to an unfamiliar
for which the concept of mutual trust became central to its culture, way of life, or set of attitudes. Culture shock is generally
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success—indeed, was built into the business’s very design. temporary and is said to have four different stages: honeymoon
Finally, students will write a review of a place they’ve visited. (positive feelings of excitement), frustration (annoyance with a
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• Experiences abroad
• Vocabulary Building Phrasal verbs Warm Up
• Hold the book up and point to the photo or project it using
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question 2. Show interest in what they do say by asking
follow-up questions, such as And where did you go this time? students to get into groups of 3–5 to ask and answer the
What was your favorite part of the trip? and so on. questions. Circulate as students discuss and check that every
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• Invite students who are familiar with student exchanges or group is doing the task and participating equally.
• After three or four minutes, ask individuals for their groups’
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study-abroad programs to tell the class what they know.
• If necessary, provide these definitions: A student exchange ideas. Ask them to explain their reasoning. As well as
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is a program for language learners. You stay with a family in showing interest, you can check students’ understanding of
a country where the language you’re learning is spoken. At the phrases.
the same time, a member of that family stays in your home
to learn your language. In a study-abroad program, you go to c 4 Draw students’ attention to the photo and read the activity
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a country where the language you’re learning is spoken and questions aloud. Invite a student to say one sentence to
describe the photo using one of the Activity 2 phrases. (For
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you’re traveling in another country. Read the directions to each make their own list and then compare and discuss it
aloud and use the board to clarify what students have to do with their partner. Check that they can explain why they’ve
chosen particular words and phrases in their lists.
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be left to your own devices means, how would you look sure students understand that they need to supply two or
three words, not the entire phrase as listed in Activity 2.
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4 get a real feel for the place 11 stay in a B&B
5 get food poisoning 12 stay with a host family
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6 get robbed 13 take a while to get used to the food
Jemaa el-Fnaa is a square and 7 go hiking in the mountains 14 travel off the beaten path
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a marketplace in Marrakesh,
Morocco. Every evening, food 3 Work in groups. Look at the words and phrases in Activity 2. Discuss
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stalls and entertainers attract the questions. Answers will vary.
local people and tourists to the
1 Which are the most connected to visitors to your country? The least?
main square of the city.
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2 Which have you done, or which have happened to you? When?
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3 Which three do you most want to remember and use? Why?
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4 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
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1 How is the market different from markets near where you live? How would
visiting this place make you feel? Why?
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2 Which words and phrases from Activity 2 can you use to describe what is
happening? Make a list. Then explain your choices to a partner.
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In the past, it was very common for teenagers to do student exchanges, where
they would go abroad and stay in each other’s homes. The idea was not only to
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learn a new language, but also to (1) hang out with the local teenagers,
go to their school, and get a (2) (real) feel for the place and culture.
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Sometimes the (3) host family was very welcoming and students got along
well with the people in the home; other times the (4) culture shock was
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too much. The students couldn’t (5) get used to the food and ended up
being left to their (6) own devices . Maybe that’s why these days it is more
common for teenagers to go on a group trip abroad, where everyone stays in a
(7) B&B or hostel together. During the trip, students go and see
(8) the sights and only briefly meet up with a group from a local school.
This way teenagers don’t (9) lie around a foreign house all day, and
there is no awkwardness. The worst that could happen might be a case of
(10) food poisoning from a bad clam and some sore feet from walking
around the town.
6 Work in pairs. Do you think that the old or new way of doing student
exchanges is better? Why? Answers will vary.
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something else in the past? b and d
9 Work in pairs. Are the sentences true or false? Listen again 4 Which three use simple forms? d, e, and f
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to check your answers. 2 5 Which three use continuous forms? a, b, and c
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1 Kenji had visited several countries before studying abroad Present and past forms
in Munich. F a I was actually thinking about canceling my trip.
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2 He was really excited about studying abroad. F b I’d been wanting to go there for ages.
3 His host family helped him develop a better c We’re talking about study-abroad programs.
understanding of the German language. T
c d I’d never left Argentina!
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4 He’s still in touch with his host family. T e I spent six months in Germany last year.
5 Catalina has family roots* in Italy. T f I miss my host family.
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Teaching Tip • If students are still unsure of an answer, play the key parts of
the track. Draw attention to any problem words or concepts
You can help students get ready to listen by introducing
(for example, in touch, family roots, felt at home) and explain
a key word, phrase, or concept from the listening. In
them when you confirm the answer.
this case, the words tolerance and maturity are good
candidates for preteaching—one is stated as a key
10 Ask a student to read the directions aloud. Then have
reason for creating study-abroad programs; the other
students call out the benefits and issues around study-
is identified by a student as one of the results of his
abroad programs that they have already heard about, such
experience abroad.
as the ability to improve a language.
• Decide whether students can do this on their own, or put
7 Tell students that they’re going to listen to the first part them in pairs so they can work together to identify other
of a podcast about study-abroad programs. For a little benefits and possible challenges of these programs. Give
background, write the word tolerance on the board. Ask them a few minutes to think and discuss. Then they should
students what it means and record any appropriate responses. tackle the two activity questions. Provide some words as
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• Tell the class to first imagine that they’re going to study prompts to support students’ discussions, such as emotions,
abroad to improve their English. Ask What country would transport, money, family, nationality, culture.
you choose to study English in? Call on a few students to tell
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where they would like to study and why. GRAMMAR Present and past forms
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• Have students read the Activity 7 questions and make sure
• Optional Tell students to close their books. Write
they understand them. Check their understanding of benefits
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sentences a–f from the Grammar box on the board or
by asking What are some of the benefits of having your own
project them using the Classroom Presentation Tool. Ask
bedroom?
them where all these sentences come from (the podcast).
• 1 Check that students are ready to take notes. Then
play the audio track. c
• Put students in pairs. Tell them to identify the verb tense
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in each sentence and discuss why each is used. Go around
the class and listen to students’ explanations to get a clearer
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Activity 7
1 High school or college students idea of how well they know these tenses.
• When students have discussed all the sentences, read
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4 Help people understand cultures and boost language the answers, or call on individuals to respond.
skills
11 Tell students to look at Activity 11. Read the directions aloud.
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correctly and notice sentences they’re getting wrong or • When all students have told their stories, ask for volunteers
asking you about. Focus on these in feedback. to share interesting, unusual, or funny stories they heard.
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• When most students have finished, go through the answers Also give feedback about new language that came up and
by asking different students to read out the completed errors to correct (which you may have written on the board).
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sentences. Write the numbers and correct verbs on the
Teaching Tip Successful speaking
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board or have the students do it.
Students may be unused to speaking activities or
Activity 13 embarrassed at making mistakes, challenged by the
1 love 7 were staying
c linguistic demands of thinking fast—and speaking
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2 am (’m) planning/plan 8 visited English in front of a group. There’s a lot you can do to
3 went 9 h ad (’d) been help!
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6 loved 10 am (’m) hoping / hope let them make notes, or at least think about the language
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or past perfect) and one progressive tense. Do the first pair time before they’re comfortable doing this.
with the class to make sure everyone understands the task. • Write a suggested first line on the board to get students
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• Point out the clues that show a simple tense is required in started. Here, for example, you might suggest I’m going to
the first sentence (usually; the summers). Say This sentence tell you about the time I . . .
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describes something that is generally (usually) true. The second • Background music hides embarrassed voices. Some quiet
sentence describes a temporary action that’s in progress. music will make students feel less conscious.
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Explain that This summer, though indicates that something is • Consider having students record their stories. This could be
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different. Ask How is it different? (The brother is in Cost Rica.) for their ears only or they can let you listen to it afterwards.
Is this situation still in progress? (yes) How do you know? There are lots of ways of recording or videoing themselves,
(He’s with a family there.) such as on their phones. As well as giving them a chance
• Circulate and check that students are doing the task to check for mistakes and pronunciation, it creates another
correctly and notice sentences they’re getting wrong or incentive to perform well.
asking you about. Focus on these in feedback.
• When most students have finished, go through the answers
by asking different students to read the completed sentence
pairs aloud.
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tickets to Glasgow.
4a I spoke good French by the time I left Quebec because I
13 Complete the text with the correct form of each verb. had been hanging out (hang out) with the locals for the last
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I really (1) (love) traveling. It’s probably the few months of the ski season.
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most important thing in my life. I’m 17, and I (2) 4b It was a great trip, but it was scary, because I
(plan) to spend the summer on a National Geographic had never tried (try)
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Student Expedition! I actually (3) (go) on my skiing before.
first adventure trip a few years ago when I (4)
(spend) two months in China. It was the first time I 15 Choose one of the situations below. Then plan what you
(5) (ever / go) abroad, and I (6) c want to say about where you were, when you went, and
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(love) every minute of it! While we (7) (stay) in what happened. Think about how to use all four past
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Beijing, we (8) (visit) the Great Wall of China, forms at least once. Answers will vary.
which was something I (9) (dream) of doing a Something that happened while you were on vacation
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ever since I was a child. It was amazing! I (10) b A time you stayed with other people
(hope) to do an expedition to Iceland next year and stay c A place you have visited
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1 They offered to give me a ride to the airport and got me 6 Work in pairs. Imagine you are standing at the side of a
from the hotel at eight o’clock. picked me up road, trying to hitchhike. Tell your story. Before you do,
2 The bus stopped working on the way there, so we were
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talk and make notes about: Answers will vary.
five hours late. broke down
• where you are going. • what happens next.
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3 It was New Year's Day, so I had to wait in line for hours to
get a train ticket. line up • why you are hitchhiking. • how the story ends.
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4 I think the changes are basically because of two things: • how you are feeling.
wealth and technology. come down to 7 Tell your stories to other people in your class. Vote on
5 A car stopped by the side of the road and the driver asked
us for directions. pulled over c the best one. Explain why it is the best story.
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Answers will vary.
6 I was worried because I’d never been abroad before, but
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everything was great in the end. turned out CRITICAL THINKING Evaluating ideas
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2 Write sentences using these phrasal verbs. Evaluating ideas and judging them against other
perspectives helps to form a basis for developing your own
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3 Work in pairs. Look at the photo on page 13 and discuss 8 Work in groups. Discuss the questions.
the questions. Answers will vary.
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have the same meanings as the verbs turn, took, and drop. sign hitchhikers make to let drivers know they need a ride.
(no) Ask Does anyone know what phrases like turn on are If necessary, explain that they hold out one arm with the
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called? (phrasal verbs) You could ask students to act out or thumb up, like this: C
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use gestures to show the different meanings of each verb/ • Read the Activity 4 directions. Tell students to read the first
phrasal verb pair. sentence of the Reading and then to skim the rest of the
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• Have students open their books to p. 12. Ask a student to read text up to the first blank line. You could also use the audio
the information in the Vocabulary Building box. Ask Why do you track for this activity. Have students read along in their
think it’s a good idea to learn phrasal verbs? (to be able to speak books as you play the recording. Ask them to think about
naturally and to understand people better in conversation) c which heading, a–f, goes there. Have them read the rest of
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• Tell students that they need to think of and remember the section quickly (up to the second blank line). Ask them
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phrasal verbs as verbs with their own distinct meanings. again which heading they think come first. (a. Fear) Ask
them what words helped them to decide. (horror, kidnap,
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1 Read the activity directions and the first sentence. Say Let’s murder, robbed)
do this one together. Which phrasal verb means something • Tell the students to read the rest of the text quickly and
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close to got me? Think about the context of the sentence. Have match the headings with each section. Set a time limit of no
students call out the answer. (pick up) more than two minutes.
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• Remind students they have to use the correct form of • Stick to the time limit and then have students stop reading.
the verb—and maybe move another word around. Call • Call on students to give you the answers and write them
on a student to read the new sentence aloud. Then have on the board. Ask students to explain their decisions in the
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students complete the activity individually. same way as they did for the first paragraph.
• While they work, notice words and phrases they look up,
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ask you about, or underline. Reading Strategy Skimming for the main points
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• Go through the answers by asking different students to On tests or other kinds of assessments, students may be
read the sentences aloud and write the item numbers and given very little time to read long texts. However, they
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phrasal verbs on the board. may not need to read every word slowly and carefully
• Tell students to briefly close their books. Read sentences to do the assigned task. Take the task in Activity 4, for
1−6 stopping before the phrasal verb. Have students call out example. To do it, students only need to understand
the verbs from memory together. the main point of each section. You can get a good idea
of the main point by reading the first sentence of each
2 Tell students to look at the phrasal verbs and ask them section (or paragraph), and then quickly glancing over
which two they have used recently. (hang out and lie around the rest of the section text to look for key words and
were in the previous lesson) phrases. When practicing this strategy in class, it’s helpful
• Tell them to write one sentence for each verb (fast finishers to set a time limit so that students develop the habit of
can write two). When students have written their sentences, reading quickly. Give them just enough time to do the
let them share with a classmate. task, but not enough to read every word carefully.
• Invite volunteers to read their sentences to the class.
For notes on Activities 5–9, see page 13a.
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• Go through the statement in the same way as above, control over.) What might make the organized hitchhiking
making sure you get students to justify their answers. practice in Virginia safer than other hitchhiking? (It’s done
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at the same time every day, probably with a core group
6 Explain to students that they’re going to tell a story about of hitchhikers and drivers. They get to know one another.
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hitchhiking. Read the Activity 6 directions aloud. Then tell Hitchhikers can warn one another to avoid certain drivers.)
students to listen as you read the details they should include
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in their stories and to write notes about each one. Give them Activity 8, Suggested answers:
a few seconds between details to write. 1 Fear is the most important reason the author gives for
• Now put students in pairs and have them compare their
c the decline in hitching.
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ideas. Encourage partners to give each other feedback and 2 The comparison is that a person is more likely to die by
suggestions. Have students revise their notes. tripping and falling than hitchhiking.
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• Say Now it’s time to tell your story. Use your imagination 3 The example of ride sharing in Virginia is not too
and make it the most interesting story you can think of! Go different from hitchhiking, though it’s more organized.
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around the class as students tell each other their stories. 4 Answers will vary.
Remind them not to read their notes word for word, just
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glance at them from time to time when they need to 9 Read the activity questions. Give students time to think and
remember some detail. make some notes. Then put them in pairs to discuss. Give
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students a few minutes to make any other notes about their making hitchhiking safer. Have students revisit the question
stories based on your feedback. When they’re ready, allow you asked at the beginning of Activity 8, about whether
they would ever hitchhike. Then ask Would you consider
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• When all stories have been shared, have students vote on practice? Ask for a show of hands.
the best ones. Tally the votes on the board. See which one
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gets the most votes and announce the winner. Call on Expansion
students who voted for that story to explain why they think Have pairs or teams of students debate this question:
it’s the best. Do the benefits of hitchhiking outweigh its potential
dangers?
CRITICAL THINKING Evaluating ideas
8 Ask students to think about whether they would ever
hitchhike. Ask whether their ideas about hitchhiking have
changed based on the reading. Have students share their
ideas in a class discussion.
• Read the information in the Critical Thinking box with
the class. Explain that students are going to discuss the
perspectives offered by the writer of the hitchhiking article
and compare them with their own opinions.
Hitchhiking
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Where did all the hitchhikers go? at a cheaper price. What's more, many more people have
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driver's licenses than they used to.
3 I was driving along the other day, and I passed
35 (4) e
a man sticking his thumb out. He was asking for a ride.
When we had gone past, my daughter, who is 15, asked c In the past, young people simply couldn’t afford to fly
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5 me, “What was that man doing?” The question surprised long distances, and traveling by train wasn’t necessarily
much quicker than traveling by car. Now, however, we
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10 hitching spots, you’d have to line up behind several increased. Perhaps people opt for higher levels of
others already waiting for a ride—it was so popular. So comfort, privacy, or reliability when they travel.
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15 suggest that it probably comes down to five main reasons. Dubner state that in the United States, 80 percent of
passenger space in cars is unused, which makes them
(1) a
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kidnap and murder the hitchhiker they pick up (or vice 50 They give the example of a city in Virginia, where
versa). This has been reinforced by certain stories in the commuters have organized a spot where they meet
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20 media of people getting robbed and being left in the to hitch a ride so drivers with no passengers can use
middle of nowhere. Unsurprisingly, this has caused trust carpool lanes on the highway that are reserved for cars
to break down. Some people believe that the chances of that contain more than one person.
these things happening are small. The website Wand’rly,
for example, suggests that people are far more likely to 55 Fresh Fears
25 die by tripping and falling than by hitchhiking.
But what about general travel? I often argued with my
(2) d parents about the dangers of hitchhiking, and I would
There are more major roads now than there used to be, tell them about all the amazing experiences I’d had
and hitching is either banned or drivers are not allowed and the generous, interesting people I’d met. I think
to pull over on these roads. 60 it genuinely gave me a different perspective on other
30 (3) f travelers and tourists. But now, I look at my daughter
Alan Piskarsi, a transportation expert, points to the fact and think about her going on a trip. Would I want her to
that cars last longer, so there are more of them available go hitchhiking?
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several others already waiting for a ride—it was so popular. I often argued with my
parents about the dangers of hitching, and I would tell them about all the amazing
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experiences I’d had.
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Check the Grammar Reference for more information and practice.
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2 Read about Grand Tours. Find out what they were and why people did them.
Humans have always been travelers, moving out of Africa to all parts of the world
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in search of space, food, and resources. But the idea of guided tourism for leisure
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and education (1) didn’t really start until the 17th century, when the Grand Tour
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(2) began to be established. Young aristocrats* from different parts of the world
(3) spent several months traveling around important sights in Europe after they
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had finished their schooling. The Tour often (4) started in the Netherlands, where
the tourists (5) hired a horse and carriage, servants, and a tutor to show them the
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course, before moving on to Switzerland and then crossing the Alps to Italy. After
an extensive tour of Italy, they (7) went home directly, (8) traveled back to the
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culture. The tourists would often bring back paintings and books, which influenced
artists in their own country. The Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda even (11) saw
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the beginnings of the French Revolution on his Grand Tour, which (12) led him to
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3 Change the words in bold in Activity 2 from the simple past to used to or would
+ verb, where possible.
4 MY PERSPECTIVE
Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
1 Do you think anyone does Grand Tours today? Why?
2 Where would you go on a Grand Tour? Why? Think about:
• the sights you would visit. • the people you would meet.
• the food you would eat.
• Explain that you’re going to read the text in the Grammar will need to be changed. Make sure students understand when
box at a normal rate, which is too fast for them to write they should use used to and would. Tell them to look at the text
down every word. Instead, they will only be able to write key in the Grammar box if they need help. Also point out that, in
words and phrases. Reassure them that they will be allowed some sentences, both used to and would could be correct.
to hear it twice, and they will be able to help each other. • Do the first one together. Read the second sentence of
• Read the text in the Grammar box on p. 14. As soon as you the text aloud, up to “17th century.” Then say didn’t really
begin, look carefully to see whether all the students are busy start—is did not start a simple-past verb form? (yes) If students
writing. It is likely some will give up immediately. Stop and seem puzzled, remind them that negatives in the simple
remind them that they’re not supposed to write down every past (verbs with not) don’t use the simple past form of the
word, just as many as possible. Start again. main verb (started).
• When you have read it twice, put students in pairs or groups • Ask Can we say didn’t used to start or would not start in this
of three. Tell them to use their notes to reconstruct the sentence? Say Read it to yourself with both verb forms. Does either
one sound right? (no, neither one means exactly the same
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text. Give them 5–10 minutes. Go around checking their
progress, and focus on their choice of past tenses. Don’t thing) Say This is one verb that doesn’t have to be changed.
• Go around the room checking that students are making
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correct any mistakes at this stage.
• Have students read their texts aloud and listen to each correct changes to the text. Correct any errors you see by
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other’s versions. Discuss any differences you notice about asking students, for example, Why did you change this verb?
the tenses used. or Why did you leave this verb? Refer them to the Grammar
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• Tell students to open their books to p. 14 and compare their Reference if necessary.
versions with the text in the Grammar box. Tell them to look • When students are finished, read the text aloud, pausing at
each bold item. Have students call out their changes or tell
especially at the verbs in bold.
c them to say “no change.” Clarify the answers on the board.
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1 Read the directions. Make sure students understand the task. • Point out to the class that it’s unusual to find a text with
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Tell them they can use the text in the Grammar box to help so many instances of used to and would. Discuss which
them decide which rules (a–c) go with each verb tense (1–3). verbs that were changed might be better left in the simple
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• You may want to clarify the difference between states and past. (Items 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10, for example, could stay in the
actions by writing on the board, for example, We moved last simple past.)
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week. Now we live in Nairobi, and asking which verb describes Activity 3
a state (live) and which describes an action (moved). 1 No change 7 would go / used to go
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• Call on students for the answers. Make sure they provide 2 No change 8 (would / used to) travel
example sentences from the Grammar box to support their 3 used to spend / would 9 w
ould carry on / used
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At this point, have students complete Activities 3–5 on used to start 11 No change
p. 129 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also 5 would hire / used to hire 12 No change
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2 Draw students’ attention to the text about Grand Tours. 4 Let students read the questions and make notes on their
Tell them to read it quickly to find out the answers to the own before discussing their ideas.
questions in the directions. Give them two minutes for this. • You can put students in groups to compare answers, or have
• When students have finished reading, call on one to tell a class discussion. Encourage a variety of opinions and ideas.
what a Grand Tours was. Then call on another student to tell
why people took these trips. Ask if anyone knows anything Expansion
else about Grand Tours, perhaps from movies, TV shows, or Have students create a modern Grand Tour itinerary to
books. (Many people wrote about their travels.) present to their groups or to the whole class. Tell them
to include language such as First, I’m going to go to . . . to
Activity 2 learn about . . . Then I will visit . . . While I’m there, I’m going
Grand Tours were long tours of Europe that wealthy young to . . . My next stop will be . . . , and so on.
people started doing in the 17th century. They were
intended to educate and help spread culture and ideas.
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sentences. Ask them what contraction they heard and Where do people from your area go on vacation? Are the places
what it stands for. (you’d; you would) they visit the same or different from destinations in the past?
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• 5b 4 Call on students to read the sentences aloud • For the third option, put students in pairs to discuss how their
naturally. Finally, play the recording again. Have students beliefs and opinions, likes and dislikes, or friends and favorite
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listen and repeat. activities have changed since they were younger. Remind
them they only have to discuss two of the four topics. Say
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Activity 5, what ‘d stands for Make sure you talk about the reasons why the changes occurred.
1 would 4 had
2 had 5 would
c Teaching Tip
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3 would, would 6 would, had Correcting during speaking activities is useful; it
reinforces learning while students are using language.
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6 Have students read the directions. Then ask the class However, knowing they’ve made lots of mistakes can
questions to check that they understand the task: Is the text be disheartening to students. Here are some tips for
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about Andrew Skurka all correct English? (no) Do you have to effective speaking feedback:
correct all of the numbered verbs? (no) • Don’t interrupt students while they’re speaking
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• Give students five minutes to do the activity on their own. unless there are serious problems. As you listen,
Go around the class to offer support and check that they’re quietly take notes of interesting uses of English.
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finding the errors and not overcorrecting. Fast finishers can • Also note instances where students have used
write another had/would sentence as in Activity 5. new language well. Students will be reassured and
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• Have students take turns reading the corrected text aloud. motivated knowing they’re on the right track.
Each time an item is read out, ask the class if they agree with • Prioritize errors that could cause miscommunication,
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their classmate. When the answer is agreed on, confirm it by that are common to many students, and that are
writing it on the board. quick to correct. Most importantly, listen for students’
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• Finally, ask the class if anyone would like to make journeys use of the lesson’s target vocabulary.
similar to the ones Andrew makes. Call on students to • Encourage self-correction. Ask questions: Is this
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explain why or why not. sentence correct? Why not? To help them focus on the
error ask, for example, What’s the problem with the
Activity 6 noun? How many syllables in this word?
1 I, goes 6 I, spent • Correct proficient students as well as beginning
2 C 7 C learners to avoid the appearance of picking on
3 I, used to / would freeze 8 I, cry certain students.
4 C 9 I, changed • Teach students to record their errors. Get them to
5 C 10 C create a list in their notebooks called My common
errors.
When unstressed, the word to is usually pronounced “tuh.” Choose one of the following activities. Answers will vary.
I was a student going home to visit friends. • What did your parents or grandparents do on vacation
It can also be reduced and joined with the previous word. when they were growing up? Write any similarities and
Hitchhiking used to be so common. differences to what you do.
You’d have to line up behind several others. • Work in groups. Share what you know about tourism in
your country in the past compared to now. Talk about:
a Listen to the sentences from the Pronunciation box. − resorts.
Notice the differences between unstressed to and the − the kinds of people who visit or visited.
sentences with reductions. 4 − the kinds of vacations.
b Listen and repeat. 4 − the number and length of vacations.
− destinations people from your country visit or visited.
6 Read about Andrew Skurka. Decide if used to, would, and
the simple past are used correctly or incorrectly. Change • Work in pairs. Tell your partner about two of the
the ones which are incorrect. following.
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Andrew Skurka is an ultra-hiker. Every year, he (1) used to go − Something you used to believe and why you changed
on hikes that are thousands of miles long, walking between your mind.
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25 and 40 miles a day. One of his most amazing tours was − Something you used to like doing and why you don’t
like it or do it now.
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circling the Arctic in 176 days. His boots (2) got very wet
for 156 of those days and they (3) used to froze overnight. − Something you do now that you never used to do
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He (4) would then have to force his feet into the icy boots and why.
each morning. Unsurprisingly, he (5) didn’t use to see many − Someone you used to spend a lot of time with and
people during his tours and once, he (6) would spend 24 days what you would do.
completely on his own. He’d sometimes (7) get depressed and c
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(8) cried, but one day he came across a herd of caribou and it
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Read about Joe Gebbia and get ready to watch his TED Talk. 1.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS WATCH
Reporting
c 4 Work in groups. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
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When people tell stories, they often use present tenses 1 Have you or your family ever asked for help from a
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to make events sound more immediate. They also often stranger while on vacation? What happened?
report what people said or what was going through their 2 Have you or someone in your family ever helped a
mind at the time, as if they were speaking.
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1 Look at the Authentic Listening Skills box. Listen and decide who to trust for help or advice?
complete the extracts. 5
5 Watch Part 1 of the talk. Choose the correct options.
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4 I’m staring at the ceiling, I'm thinking, 2 He decided to start his business because
“ Oh my God, what have I done ?” a there weren’t many hotels in the city.
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However, they’re best done before students watch the whole video.
As well as teaching aspects of phonology and listening skills, these
4 Put students in small groups. Read the questions aloud.
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tasks also allow you to preteach some vocabulary; allow students
to read and hear new language before they listen to the whole text; Answer any questions students have about them. Make
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and allow students to tune in to the speaker’s voice and style. sure everyone understands the word trust. Write the word
on the board. Call on some students to give their English
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definition of the word, translating it to L1 if necessary.
1 Have a volunteer read the Authentic Listening Skills box for
• Go around and check that students are doing the task
the whole class. Then ask students if people often use present
correctly and notice mistakes, difficulties, or where they use
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tenses when retelling stories in their first languages. Elicit one
L1. Help them by correcting or giving them the English they
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or two examples. Tell students not to worry if they don’t fully
need—and then write some of these points on the board,
understand because the exercise should make it clear.
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listening to someone reporting an event. The event • At the end of the task, give some feedback about new
has clearly happened in the past, but the speaker may language that came up, and errors to correct (which you
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suddenly shift to the present tense, especially when may have written on the board). You can also retell some
re-creating dialogue. It’s not a mistake; the speaker is interesting things you heard to the whole class.
using the present tense for effect—a strategy used
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to create interest and make listeners feel that they’re 5 Tell students that they’re going to watch the first part of
experiencing the event, too. the talk. Give them a minute to read the questions.
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pausing after each item for students to write the missing lines. Ask students to imagine they were faced with this problem.
6
• Invite students who are feeling confident in their answers Give them a few minutes to think of ways they could help
to come to the board to write them clearly. Check with the to increase people’s trust in one another.
rest of the class that they are correct. • Let students share ideas. Ask which ones they think Joe
Gebbia used. Also ask if anyone has been on the Airbnb
2 Read the directions. Ask students to imagine the situation site. Do they know what happens to help increase people’s
and the conversation where these extracts come from. trust in each other? Ask what other sites rely on trust. (eBay,
Tell them that there are two people involved and ask what because you trust that buyers will send the money and
problem one of them has (he has nowhere to sleep). sellers will send the product.)
• Put students in pairs. Give them time to imagine
the conversation. Encourage them to improvise.
• When they’re ready, call on pairs to share their ideas
with the class.
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Activity 8, Suggested answers: them in a better, more fluent way.
When trust works, it can be magical. For example, Let’s say they discuss in groups of three or four: AAA,
when a guest in a house in Uruguay had a heart attack,
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BBBB, CCCC, DDD, etc. Assign students in each group a
his hosts rushed him to a hospital and looked after him. number from 1 to 4: 123, 1234, 1234, etc. Then simply
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This human element beyond the financial transaction have all the 1s go to one corner of the room, all the
is what the sharing economy should be about. It 2s to another corner, and so on: 1111, 2222, 333, etc.
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should be about commerce with the promise of human Now they can share what they talked about.
connection. In Seoul, the capital of South Korea, they’re
actually doing a lot to encourage these things. They’ve
c CHALLENGE
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even set up a site that connects students and empty-
nesters (families whose children have left home)! • Explain to the class that, just like Joe, they have
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Encourage students to compare and contrast their own brainstorm with students things they have to share. You
ideas and the ones Joe mentions. might mention some that you know: (Naomi), you play
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the violin really well. Can you think of people who might be
10 Vocabulary in context interested in some live music while traveling? What problems
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• 10a 1.4 Tell students that they’re going to watch some do travelers have? How could you help travelers in this area?
clips from the talk which contain new or interesting words • Put students in groups of 3–6. Tell them to first of all make
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and phrases. They should choose the correct meaning for a list of all the things they could share, and then think of
each one. Play the recording. some ways that you could share them, both online and
• 10b Put students in groups. Read the questions aloud.
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and phrase in italics. • Go around and help groups with their ideas, making
• Have groups discuss the questions. Circulate and check that suggestions and asking questions.
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students are doing the task correctly. If students’ discussions • After several minutes, regroup students. Tell them to share
are lagging, ask questions or make comments, such as I do their groups’ ideas with the rest of the class.
crossword puzzles when I’m waiting for a bus or plane. It keeps
me from getting anxious about being late for something; I’m
not much of a risk taker. I wouldn’t be up for bungee jumping,
but I love nightclubs and dancing.
• Notice mistakes, difficulties, or where students use L1. Help
them by correcting or giving them the English they need.
Focus especially on their use of the new words and phrases.
• At the end of the task, give some feedback about new
language that came up, and errors to correct (which you
may have written on the board). Call on one or two students
to tell the class the most interesting things they heard.
traveling?
revealed. 2 Have you ever met someone on vacation you got
More than
• ten good reviews = people stop worrying about
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vacation? Why?
and sharing (disclosure). • rafting or bungee jumping
• going to a nightclub
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person and a guest. Then listen and check your answers. 6
Reacting to suggestions
If they’d rather try something different, a Well, there’s a great steak place down by the river. 4
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…might be worth a shot. b I’m thinking of seeing some sights today. Can you recommend anywhere? 1
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I wouldn’t bother going to…, c In that case, you’d be best off going to Madragora—a nice little vegetarian
personally. place near the park. 6
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d OK. Well, I’ll check that out this morning, then. And do you know anywhere
They’d be better (off) going to…
good to have lunch? 3
e Great. Thanks for the tip. 7
c
f Oh, right. Well, actually, I don’t eat meat, so… 5
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g Well, the Old Town is well worth a visit. There are some amazing buildings there. 2
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4 Roleplay two conversations similar to the one in Activity 3, using places you
know. Underline phrases from Activity 3 that you want to use. Then have the
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Tourists walk across the Perito conversations. Take turns being the local person and the guest. Answers will vary.
Moreno Glacier in Santa Cruz
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Province, Argentina.
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tourist attraction for trekkers in southern Argentina. Its ice
3 Read the directions and have students look at the sentences.
comes from an ice field in the Andes and is the world’s third
Check their understanding of any unfamiliar words and
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largest reserve of fresh water. Scientists don’t know why this
phrases (steak place, vegetarian). Then tell students to put
30 km-long (19 mi.) glacier is growing while most glaciers
the sentences in the correct order. Give them two minutes.
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around the world are shrinking. The glacier is 5 km (3 mi.)
• 6 When students are finished, play the audio track
wide at the front and blocks water in the Argentino Lake
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and have them check their answers.
so that the water level of that side of the lake rises many
• Put students in pairs. Tell them to role-play the local person
meters. Then, every few years, the water suddenly breaks
and the guest and read the dialogue. Then have them read
through in a huge natural spectacle. There are many videos
c the dialogue again, this time swapping the expressions
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online of these ruptures.
for making and reacting to suggestions with others in the
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Useful language box. Give them two minutes for this, and
1 Ask students to brainstorm things that tourists, travelers,
go around listening for pronunciation errors.
and visitors to a city or area might be interested in knowing
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dialogue using places from the local area. Read the activity
sightseeing attractions, transportation centers, and so on. Add
directions. Guide students to underline the most appropriate
students’ ideas to the board.
phrases from the dialogue in Activity 3, such as I’m thinking
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answers on the board. the text in the box.
• Then write on the board: The hotel restaurant closed at nine,
which was rather disappointing.
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7 Tell students to check their answers now by reading the
reviews on p. 149 again. Explain that they need to identify • Ask What does which stand for in this sentence? Guide
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the sentences in the reviews that helped them figure out students to see that it refers to the whole idea of the main
the answers in Activity 6. Read the Activity 7 directions aloud clause, that is, the fact that the restaurant closed at nine is
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and have pairs work together. what is disappointing.
• Call on individuals to identify the reviewer and read the part • Repeat the procedure with both examples in the strategy box.
• Have students turn to p. 149 and look at the highlighted
of the review that contained the answer aloud.
c text to see examples of the writing strategy.
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Activity 7
Writing Strategy Get feedback on your first draft
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1 … given that the price for a family of four for the day
If you can, ask a classmate, family member, or friend
was $195, it’s just not worth it.
to read your first draft. Ask them if there’s anything
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it. Doing this regularly can help you think about the
4 I was often left to my own devices because they were
common mistakes you make and look out for them
busy working.
when writing in an exam situation.
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5 I went back down to the front desk and asked for a larger
room.
9 Explain the task. Make sure students understand that they
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you answer the questions in Activity 6.
Useful language
8 WRITING SKILL Adding comments
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Introducing follow-up comments
Match the first half of each excerpt (1-4) with the second half (a-d).
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On top of that,…
1 Our room had a great view of the ocean, but the hotel restaurant closed at nine, b What’s more,…
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2 We had an amazing time, but terrible weather on the day we left, a
One other thing was the fact that…
3 We complained about the room, so they offered us two full days at the spa, d
4 The beach was a five-minute walk from the hotel, but so was the snake market, c Recommending and not
c recommending
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a which meant we were delayed for several hours.
b which was rather disappointing. I can’t recommend it enough.
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c which was a bit of a culture shock, to say the least. It’s well worth a visit.
d which was kind of them. It’s just not worth it.
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9 Choose one of these places and write a review. Use the Useful language box to I’d skip it (if I were you).
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3.4-meter sides. One wall of the installation is movable,
Students will learn some of the pitfalls of computer technology, allowing entry to the inside. The walls (including ceiling
such as online crime and email scams, and ways to avoid and floor) are made of acrylic and act as screens that
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becoming a victim of online fraud. They’ll learn the importance display high-quality 3D images.
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of knowing how companies use their personal data and of
being responsible users of the Internet and social media. Language note The term virtual reality was popularized
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Students will learn techniques and strategies of persuasion, by American scientist Jaron Lanier in 1987. VR applications
including the language of getting people’s attention and the immerse the user in a computer-generated environment that
characteristics of persuasive writing.
c simulates reality through the use of interactive devices, such
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as goggles or headsets. In a typical VR set up, a user wearing a
helmet with a screen views images of a simulated environment.
Unit Objectives
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Vocabulary Warm Up
• Introduce the unit theme by telling students they’ll be
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• Grammar 1 Present-perfect forms and the simple past • Have students look at the photo. Read the caption aloud
• Grammar 2 Verb patterns (-ing or infinitive with to) and make sure students understand the meaning of virtual.
Call on students to describe virtual experiences they’ve had.
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spam email 4. How might a virtual cave help someone explore ideas for
new products or businesses?
Pronunciation
• Intonation for persuasion
Resources
• Classroom Presentation Tool
Speaking
• Tracks 7–10 (Audio CD, Website, CPT)
• Persuading
Writing
• A persuasive article
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qualities, skills, ideas, or even people that relate to being an of the business they’ll get; negotiate with staff /
entrepreneur and add them to the map. employees / unions about pay and conditions; with
• Read item 3. Ask for a show of hands: Who thinks it’s easy?
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distributors or shops on the commission / cut they get
Who thinks it’s difficult? Put students into small groups and of the profit.
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have them discuss the question. Then call on individuals to 3 Businesses market products through advertising,
explain their ideas to the class. leaflets or fliers, sponsoring events, placing stories in
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the news, placing products in films, word-of-mouth,
Activity 2 social media, etc.
1 Suggested answers:
An entrepreneur invents / comes up with the business c 4 Suggested answers: Businesses may recover from
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economic crises (recession), loss of a major buyer, a
and starts it alone. They may be self-employed or strike, a scandal, a fire, or a (price) war. A person may
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employ other people. recover from illness, an accident, a death / loss in the
A businessperson buys or works for an existing family, or failure (setback).
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company. They may introduce new ideas or change the 5 Suggested answers: Good ways include playing sports
course of a company, but they don’t start it. or some other hobby, meditating / breathing deeply
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2 Suggested answer: To be an entrepreneur a person may and / or getting enough sleep. Bad ways may include
need to possess creativity, strength, determination, and losing one’s temper and getting angry.
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When a couple of pairs have finished, tell the class to change redesign something new? Which answer choice makes the
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partners and continue to discuss the questions, but to start most sense?
from the last question this time. • Have pairs compare answers and help each other complete
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• Stop the class when two or three pairs have finished. the activity if necessary.
Go through each question, calling on a different pair each
time to give an answer and then inviting others to add their 5 Read the directions. Tell students to make their choices
ideas. individually first. Get students to think about their reasons by
saying what one of your choices would be. Put students into
pairs and tell them to discuss their choices and come to an
agreement on the top three skills.
6 P
ut pairs into groups of four. Tell students to come to a
consensus within their group on the three most important
skills. Stop the activity and ask one group for their top skills
and the reasons they chose them.
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3 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
1 How do people raise money for a business or a charity?
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2 Who might businesspeople negotiate with? What about?
3 In what ways do businesses market products?
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4 What might a business or a person recover from?
5 What are good and bad ways of handling pressure?
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4 What skills do you need to start a new business? Choose the correct option to
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complete each skill.
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1 b something new
a negotiate b invent c redesign
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young and had potential. F 11 Based on your ideas from Activity 10, complete the
5 Kickstarter investors buy a share of the company. F summary. Use each form once.
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6 Projects advertised on Kickstarter aim to make a profit. F Answers will vary. Suggested answers:
The number of entrepreneurs (1) has been growing (grow)
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7 The majority of Kickstarter projects get no investments. T
8 Hocking is an example of recovering from failure. T ever since the arrival of new technology and online services.
This new technology (2) has reduced (reduce) the
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9 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary. barriers that previously (3) discouraged (discourage)
people from setting up a business.
1 How has the internet changed entrepreneurship?
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2 Do you think Kickstarter is a good idea? What are the
benefits and risks of raising money this way?
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technology is making it easier to become one. wait for the class to read the Grammar Reference and then
Entrepreneurs need less money to start up, and ask the grammar checking questions. Call on individuals to
it’s easier to raise the money when you need it.
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give their answers.
Entrepreneurs are more diverse. • When you do the Grammar Reference activities, repeat
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2 The most important aspect according to the speaker some of these questions in Activity 10 or refer back to the
is confidence (to recover from failure and maintain explanation when you go through the answers. This helps to
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passion for what they do). reinforce the grammar rules.
Activity 10
8 7 Read the directions aloud. You could have pairs
c 1 contacted: simple past; has been running: present
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discuss their answers first or go straight into the activity.
Explain that you will play the audio track again. Students will perfect continuous; have failed: present perfect simple
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decide if the sentences are true or false. You could do item 2 simple past: to express that something is completed
1 first before they listen, but don’t tell them if they’re right in the past; present perfect continuous: to express that
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or wrong. Instead, say OK, maybe. Let’s listen and see, then something started in the past and continues now;
play the audio. Reread the activity directions and have pairs present perfect simple: to express that something was
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to decide how quickly to go through the answers—and p. 131 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also
whether you will need to replay the track. Check the answers assign these activities as homework.
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on.) Have students call out answers all together (Everyone say Activity 10 and before they check the Grammar Reference
the answer to number 1) or call on different students to give to get them to start thinking about meaning. Explain the
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an answer, especially where you noted disagreement. activity directions. Emphasize to students that they must
• When students are in agreement, write the answer on the
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to the fast finishers.
Activity 12 • As feedback, ask each group to tell the class who they chose
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1 Correct; 2 Incorrect – he’s been running; 3 Correct; 4 Incorrect and why. Then have the whole class decide who would
– tested; make the best businessperson from what they heard. Allow
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5 Incorrect – raised; 6 Correct; 7 Incorrect – have successfully some debate. Repeat examples of language you heard that
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detected; 8 Incorrect – have lost was used well or errors you noted. Write them on the board.
for them to get into the habit of reading the text first
before filling in any blanks or choosing from among
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needs. They successfully (7) detected a lot of illegal activity.
The work Topher is doing is important because in some 15 Work in groups. Try to convince other students that you
parts of the world they (8) have been losing ten percent of would make the best entrepreneur. Use the present
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forest cover this century, and deforestation is one of the perfect and simple past forms. Answers will vary.
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biggest contributors to climate change. I’ve been running our school debate team for the last
two years, so I believe that I can negotiate well with
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logging cutting down trees
other people.
I took nine exams last year, so I think I’m capable of
c handling stress and pressure.
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Topher White attaches a Rainforest Connection listening device to
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posting new updates and adding photos. 3 my personal h c PlayStation
4 I keep my profile very private, and I often go 4 luxury a d documents
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back and edit things I’ve written. 5 common g e fees
inbox
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5 This strange email just arrived in my 6 a distant b f price
with a file attached to it, so I deleted it. 7 official d g sense
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6 When they asked me to confirm my bank 8 legal e h details
details, I started to think it must be a scam .
7 I store all my documents in the cloud now,
rather than using a flash drive . cCRITICAL THINKING Interpreting data
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8 My computer got a virus that infected a lot of
You will often see visuals and charts in newspapers, books,
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can happen? Why would people do them? source and interpret the data for yourself before you read.
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3 Look at the infographic and read the stories. Then 8 Work in groups. Look at the cybercrime graphs on
answer the questions.
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1 Who didn’t realize they’d made a mistake for a long time? Laura 3 What’s the most common crime? Why do you think
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2 Who received several emails from the same person? Janella that is? non-payment / non-delivery
3 Who thought they had found a bargain? Bruno 4 Which age groups are the least affected? Which are the
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4 Who was scared into responding too quickly? Laura most affected? Why do you think that is? under 20; 50–59
5 Who accepted the blame for what happened? Janella 5 Do you think the statistics would be different for your
6 Who didn’t read a product description carefully enough? Bruno country? Why? Do you know where to find this data?
Answers will vary.
5 Read the stories again to check your ideas in Activity 4. 9 Work in groups. Discuss the questions.
Underline the parts that helped you decide. Answers will vary.
1 Which of the three mistakes do you think is the most
6 MY PERSPECTIVE serious? Which is the least serious? Why?
2 Why do you think each person acted as they did?
Make a list of the different ways you could protect 3 What do you think each person did after realizing
yourself from the same kinds of online crimes that Laura, their mistake?
Bruno, and Janella encountered. Answers will vary. 4 Have you heard any stories about similar mistakes?
If so, what happened?
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crime, but first they’re going to learn some words to talk Janella believed person claiming to be lawyer.
about it. Read the directions aloud and say For example, 2 Laura had account hacked.
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Bruno bought just a box and receipt.
number 1: Some of my posts were _____ without my _____.
Janella lost $8,000.
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Wait for students to shout out the answer or call on someone.
• Tell the class to complete the activity individually, using a 4 Have partners do Activity 4 quickly—without looking at the
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dictionary if they need to. text, to see how much they remember.
• When most students have finished, tell them to compare
answers with a partner and to help each other with anything
they haven’t finished. Review the answers by having differentc 5 Now ask students to reread Online Crime to check their
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answers and to underline key language. Then do the first
students read their completed sentences aloud. Write the item Activity 4 item as an example. Ask the class which person
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numbers and missing words on the board. As you write, ask the statement applies to.
questions such as What happens when a computer is infected? • Have students explain why they chose what they did.
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What examples of social media do you know about or use? • Have students do the other items individually.
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2 Read the activity questions aloud and do the first one with Activity 5
the whole class. Ask So why do you think someone might 1 Laura – I didn’t hear back, but a month later I got my
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delete your posts without your permission? credit card statement and found someone had spent over
• Have pairs discuss the activity questions. Stop the activity 11,000 pounds on flights and luxury hotels!
when a few pairs have finished. Have them share their ideas 2 Janella – They… kept writing, so eventually I sent them
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1 Maybe the posts broke the rules of the site he or she didn’t really understand what was going on and wanted
was on and the moderators deleted them. to stop anything bad from happening.
2 The settings on the spam filter need to be updated. 5 Janella – Looking back, it was my own fault.
3 He or she is very vain or a celebrity and uses social 6 Bruno – … since it was only €150, I bought it without
checking the details.
media to promote himself or herself.
4 He or she is very aware of the way companies and people 6 Put students in groups to discuss. Remind them to listen
judge the public based on his or her online appearance. politely to one another and make sure every group member
5 It could have contained a virus. gets a chance to give their opinions.
6 Real banks never ask you to confirm bank details, so it • To wrap up, suggest that each group make a list of
can’t have been genuine. guidelines for avoiding online scams. Have students help
7 It’s said to be more secure to store files in the cloud so you write one or two tips on the board; for example, If an
you don’t need to update your computer as often. email seems too good to be true, show it to a reliable adult.
8 He or she had forgotten to back up. He or she had opened
a corrupt file. He or she doesn’t have security software. For notes on Activities 7–9, see page 25a.
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shocking.
never get delivered. Credit card fraud is committed
• Ask the students to say what noun the adjective shocking using or involving a card as a fraudulent source of
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describes (number), then what user-friendly and secure funds in a transaction. The purpose may be to obtain
describe. (website) Read the explanation in the box aloud. goods without paying, or to obtain unauthorized
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Emphasize to students that it’s good to learn adjectives funds from an account. Malware / Scareware allows
with the nouns they go with, but point out that they’re not
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hackers to gain access to computer systems and steal
always right next to each other in a text. data or hold data hostage for a payment by creating
• Read the Activity 7 directions and say, For example, in a fake virus. Phishing is an activity commited by a
number 1, the normal goes with price. Fees could also
c criminal acting as a company to gain access to account
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collocate with normal here, so remind students that they’re holders’ personal information / passwords. Identity
looking for pairs as they were used in the text. Then have
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• When most have finished, have students compare answers 3 The most common crime is non-payment / non-
in pairs. Check answers by asking different students to read
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could make a source less reliable. Ask How can you check? questions. Go around the room and check that students are
Say Ask yourself questions, such as, “Is the information collected doing the task correctly. Provide assistance as needed. Note
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from a random sample of the population? Is it independent specific difficulties for class feedback.
from something the website is trying to sell? Does the website • When a couple of groups have finished, tell students to
give the source of any statistics used? Is there only one source, find a partner from another group. Have partners compare
or several?,” and so on. ideas, but tell them to start from item 4 this time and work
• Put students in groups to discuss the Activity 8 questions. backwards.
Tell them to use a dictionary, or if they can’t find the English • At the end of the activity, go through the questions, calling
words, to note them down in their L1. on students to share their ideas. Provide feedback about
• When a few groups have finished, stop the class and go vocabulary and errors (which you may have written on the
through the answers together. You might start by asking board).
individual students to explain or translate the words you
wrote on the board, so they are available for students to
use. Then have different groups give their answers. Correct
students’ English if necessary.
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The United States
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West Africa
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c
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PlayStations. I couldn’t believe how cheap millions of dollars, common sense went
they were. They had stuff on there for half out of the window! It was from someone
the normal price! I clicked on one item and claiming to be a lawyer in West Africa.
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bought what was advertised as a “PlayStation I know my dad’s side of the family had
4 original box and receipt.” I assumed it was connections there, so I thought it must be
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secondhand and, since it was only 150 euros, true. They attached documents that looked
I bought it without checking the details. You official and kept writing, so eventually I sent
can imagine how I felt a few days later when them 8,000 dollars to pay the legal fees. Of
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the postman brought me just the box and the course, it was a scam and I never heard from
receipt! them again… or got my money back!
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60 60
Number of victims (thousands)
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Under 20 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 Over 60 Auction Non-payment/ Credit card Malware/ Phishing Identity
fraud Non-delivery fraud Scareware theft
Source: U.S. Department of Justice / Federal Bureau of Investigation Statistics shown are for 2015.
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They attached documents that looked official and kept writing to me.
Do you enjoy posting Websites such as Kickstarter allow entrepreneurs to avoid selling part of their business
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on social media? to an investor.
They needed to confirm my personal details.
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Over half of the campaigns on Kickstarter don’t receive any funding because they fail to
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reach their set target.
If you’re anything like most people, you probably enjoy (1) posting / to post on
social media. Maybe you hope (2) creating / to create a particular kind of image of
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yourself, or intend (3) showing / to show others what good taste you have. You’re
probably not planning (4) providing / to provide information that could be used
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against you in the future, but every time you post online or “like” something, you’re
agreeing (5) sharing / to share that personal information with the world!
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Most of us avoid (6) revealing / to reveal too much about ourselves face-to-face, but
for some reason, we don’t mind (7) doing / to do this online. Everything you decide
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(8) making / to make public on the internet helps to build a very detailed picture
of who you are and what you believe—and we’re failing (9) understanding / to
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understand that this helps companies guess your age, gender, education, political
views… and much more.
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privacy for users. After all, we are their product. What they sell is the information
we give them! Given this, I recommend (11) using / to use science to help us gain
control over our data! Sites could warn us of the risks we are taking when we post
certain kinds of information, for example. Failing that, of course, we could all just
consider (12) posting / to post less.
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As they’re talking, look for errors connected with -ing or students have just read. Students may use verbs followed by
infinitives with to in order to introduce the grammar and -ing or infinitives with to, but they don’t have to. It doesn’t
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other new language, as well as to correct the errors. matter. Focus on real communication.
• Stop the class. Ask if anyone didn’t find an answer to their
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• Ask different students to read the Activity 3 questions aloud.
problem or if anyone got some really good advice. Then go Respond to each one with your own (ideally true) answer.
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through any errors and new language you noted. Then put students in pairs to ask and answer. Circulate
and check students as they discuss and notice mistakes,
1 Tell students to read the Grammar box silently, read the difficulties, or where they use L1. Help them by correcting or
sentences in the Grammar box aloud, or call on different
c giving them the English they need—and then write some
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students to read a sentence each. Be sure to correct any of these points on the board, or remember them for class
pronunciation problems. You could also ask if students
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feedback.
remember the person in the previous lesson’s reading that • When a couple of students have finished, tell the class to
each sentence refers to.
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change partners, but to start with any question they like and
• Write two columns on the board with the headings “-ing” continue in any order. When students have finished, give
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and “infinitives with to.” Then have students answer the some feedback on new language, errors to correct (focus
grammar checking questions in Activity 1 in pairs or ask in particular on errors in the use of -ing and infinitives with
the whole class the questions. You could conduct this as
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to), and any other issues that came up. You can also share
a game—tell everyone to make the appropriate response with the class some interesting things you heard as you
when you ask whether the following word is a verb form monitored students’ discussions.
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with -ing or an infinitive with to. (Hands up: Who thinks it’s
an -ing form? Hands up: Who thinks it’s an infinitive with to?)
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It won’t take much time. email your essays ______ and see if anyone knows what
comes next. Don’t expect students to necessarily know.
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6 Read the directions and have students work individually. Fill in the blank with to me. Repeat the process with the
Monitor and provide assistance as needed. When everyone second part of the sentence. (handing them to me)
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has written at least one response, ask students to share their • Read the Activity 8 directions aloud. Use item one to
ideas either in groups or as a whole class. Write any errors
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emphasize that students need to choose the best noun
you noted on the board and call on students to correct the from the box and add a direct object, using either of the
mistakes. patterns you showed them. For example, ask them how they
c could write the second sentence in item 1 a different way.
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7 Write the following sentences on the board:
(Pass the remote control to me.)
They asked me to confirm my bank details. • Have students complete the activity. Tell them that in
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His parents stopped him from playing video games. items 2 and 6, they should use for instead of to if they use
the alternative pattern. Make sure they’re doing the task
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which task the whole class should do. To vote, put students
the sentences on their own. Circulate and provide assistance in pairs or groups to decide which they prefer, or take a
as needed.
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different students to read their sentences aloud. Ask follow- decision is better and take the vote again. You make the
up questions to prompt students to say more, such as How
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a special dinner permission the remote control
(4) to have these experiences. Why should
companies offer (5) to protect our privacy?
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1 This show is terrible. Let’s see what else is on.
They already provide us with free services. That
Pass me the remote control .
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should be enough.
2 My dad bought me a new tablet for my birthday.
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Back to the Future Posted a month ago 3 If you’re under twenty, it’s difficult to find a bank that’ll
give you a loan to start a business.
The secret of being happy is to practice
(6) being more patient! Delay (7) posting
c 4 By posting on their website, you’re basically giving
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them permission to use your data.
until you’re sure you really want the world to have
access to what you write—and try (8) to spend as him anything
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6 Write your own short response to the blog post in Choose one of the following activities. Answers will vary.
Activity 2. Include two or more verbs from Activity 1.
• Work in pairs. Write a blog post explaining best practices
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Some verbs always have an object before an -ing form If I were you, I’d avoid…
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JAMES VEITCH
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Read about James Veitch and get ready to watch his TED Talk. 2.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS WATCH
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Intonation and pitch 4 Work in groups. Guess what this email means and why it
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When we are surprised or shocked by what someone says, was written. Answers will vary.
we often repeat a key word, phrase, or short sentence with
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2 Listen to James Veitch. Compare your intonation with 5 Watch Part 1 of the talk. Answer the questions. 2.1
his. 9 Answers will vary. By pretending to have gold
1 How was “Solomon Odonkoh” trying to make money?
3 Work in pairs. Take turns responding to the comments 2 Do you still have the same answer to Activity 4?
Answers will vary.
using the same intonation pattern as James. 6
Answers will vary. Work in pairs. Put the sentences in the correct order.
1 I got an email offering to distribute gold.
a I figured I had to knock it on the head. 6
2 He’s sixteen years old.
b On real estate, what about you? 4
3 It cost ten dollars.
c Dude, you have to use the code! 8
4 I’ve never watched Star Wars.
d I’m a hedge fund executive bank manager. 3
5 Her dad is the mayor of our city.
e I have to go to bed now. 5
6 My bank called me and asked for my address.
f I could do what I think we’ve all always wanted to do. 1
g If we’re going to do it, let’s go big. 2
h I didn’t hear back. I thought, “I’ve gone too far.” 7
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS move on.
Intonation and pitch
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You could do the Authentic Listening Skills activities later in WATCH
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the class. However, the skills are best covered before students If you’re short on time or want a different approach to the video,
watch the whole video because, in addition to teaching aspects you may want to watch the whole talk all the way through with
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of phonology and listening skills, these activities also only some brief checking questions. A version of this is on the
• allow you to preteach some vocabulary, DVD and is labeled TED Talk with activities. At the end of each
• allow students to read and hear new language before they
c section, there is a short on-screen question. Pause after each
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listen to the whole text, and one so students can give their answers. Then play the answer.
• prepare students to tune in to the speaker’s voice and style.
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demonstrate high pitch and questioning intonation by the email or read it aloud and ask the whole class for ideas.
saying the word Really? Tell students to try this out as they You might need to tell them that a gummy bear is a kind of
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read the activity dialogue with their partner. chewy candy and a creme egg is a piece of chocolate with
• Have partners switch lines and read the dialogue again. a very sweet, soft filling. Encourage different possibilities.
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Or read the dialogue as a whole class. You say the first line Don’t be dismissive; accept all ideas. You want to create
and ask different students to say the second line. interest, not get the right answer.
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Listening Strategy Train your ear 5 2.1Read the directions and questions aloud. Then play
Part 1 of the TED Talk. Read the questions again and tell
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meaning and attitude. A falling tone indicates that a understanding by calling on different students to share
thought or idea is complete. A rising tone indicates their answers with the class.
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students and ask each one Now that you’ve watched the
video, can you justify your answer to why James replies to 12 Read the directions. Ask What are some ways to protect
ourselves from Internet scams that we’ve heard about and
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spam, or would you like to change it? Have the students
respond. Confirm the answer. (3) discussed? Have students respond and write some of the
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• Ask for a show of hands about James’s approach to spam. best suggestions on the board. Then put students in pairs
(Say Hands up if you thinks it’s effective.) Choose one student to come up with their own list of five tips and then
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to explain why she or he thinks it is effective. Then choose customize it for each of the specified groups.
someone who disagrees and ask why the student thinks • After pairs have worked for a sufficient amount of time, have
different pairs share their list for one of the groups of people
James’s response to spam is not effective.
c and explain their reasons for deciding on that particular set
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10 2.3 Read the activity. Then play Part 3 of the video. Have of tips. If time permits, have the class help you create a final
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groups discuss the question. When groups have discussed list of tips on the board for each group of people with pairs’
for a few minutes, call on a few students to share their ideas. best ideas.
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• 11a 2.4 Play the clips from the TED Talk. Pause when Put students in groups to create their questionnaires. Tell
the options come on-screen and ask students to call out them to make sure some of their questions ask about what
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their answer choice. If there are a lot of students choosing the respondents knew about scams, if anything, before
the wrong meanings, clarify the task and give an additional their experiences, and how, if at all, they’ve changed their
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example before moving on to the next item. Internet habits as a result of their experiences. When groups
have created their questionnaires, provide time for them to
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Activity 6.
a Watch the clips from the TED Talk. Choose the correct
2.1
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replies to spam. Which of these points is he trying • something or someone who turned up unexpectedly.
to make? 3 • a situation that got out of hand / went too far.
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money by doing business online. • people who enjoy playing video games
• people who do a lot of online shopping
9 Watch Part 2 of the talk. Check your ideas in Activity 8.
How effective do you think James’s approach is? Why? CHALLENGE
2.2 Answers will vary.
Work in groups. Design a questionnaire to find out about
10 Watch Part 3 of the talk. How are the emails James people’s experiences with internet scams. You should find
receives from “Solomon Odonkoh” and the emails he out how much is already known and what, if anything,
receives this time similar? 2.3 people are doing to reduce the risks. You will need at least
The emails are similar because it is somebody trying to scam ten questions.
James for money.
Persuading 1 Are there any TV shows about business or selling products in your country? Do
you watch them? Why?
When we are persuading people,
2 Would you be good at selling a product? Why?
we sometimes turn our own
3 Have you ever had to present something in front of people? What did you
experiences and opinions into a
present? Was the presentation successful? Why?
negative question to challenge the
other person’s ideas. 2 Work in pairs. Read about the Kickstarter project. One person should think of
I think it will lose money. reasons to invest and one person should think of reasons not to invest. Then
Don’t you think it’ll lose money? discuss your reasons and try to persuade each other. Answers will vary.
I’d find it really useful. mXers was set up by high school student Bharat Pulgam. He has invented a new
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Wouldn’t you find it really useful? kind of earbuds that allow you to easily replace the different parts that can break,
I have sometimes had that problem. so you don’t have to buy a whole new set. They also allow you to customize your
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Haven’t you ever had that problem? earbuds for an individual look. mXers needs money to develop the product and
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start production.
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3 Make negative questions from these sentences. Which negative questions
could you use to support your reasons from Activity 2? Why?
1 It’d be good to have something like that.
2 c
I think it’s a bad idea to give money to strangers online.
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3 There’s something similar to that already.
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3 Isn’t there something similar to that already?
a class. Write some characteristics on the board. (a forceful 4 Haven’t you ever wished you could do that?
presenter, facts and statistics, valid reasons) 5 Wouldn’t you be happy to pay a little more to help?
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• Put students in groups. Then read the three questions aloud
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and have students discuss. Tell them not to spend too much
4 PRONUNCIATION Intonation for persuasion
time on any one question. Circulate as groups discuss,
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providing assistance as needed. When you think students • 4a 10 Either use the audio or, if you prefer, model the
have discussed for enough time, call on groups to share negative questions yourself. After you say each question
their ideas on different questions. aloud, invite the whole class to repeat it along with you:
c Now everybody say it—“Wouldn’t it be good . . . “
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2 Read the paragraph about mXers aloud. Give students a • 4b Then call on individual students to read the sentences.
Correct their pronunciation or replay the audio and have
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their hands to tell why they think it’s good. Then have
students think about whether they’d give Bharat money to
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to invest and one reason not to. After several minutes have
passed, tell partners to switch roles and repeat the activity.
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ideas for and against investing and share them with the
class. If time permits, you could have pairs use their notes
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on p. 149. Set a time limit or read it aloud as students follow use the persuasive language they’ve learned.
along. Have students review the activity directions and read • Put students in pairs and tell them to talk about or plan their
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the article again. Then have them discuss with a partner article, giving each other feedback on their ideas.
what they think about each numbered point and why. Call • When students are finished planning, assign the actual
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on partners to share their ideas with the class. writing as homework or set a time limit to do it in class.
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Activity 6
10 Read the directions. Put students into groups to present
1 The aim of the article is to inform people of a new
their articles. After each student finishes reading, allow the
product and Kickstarter campaign; to try to persuade
them to support Mason’s Kickstarter campaign.
c rest of the group to ask questions or make comments about
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the article. Encourage students to point out what they think
2 The nightmare is losing your USB and work (and having
is well done and to make suggestions about things that
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comment.
it to a USB.
• Optional As an alternative, you could do this as a whole
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7 Explain the task and read the activity questions aloud. See class activity, with students taking turns reading their articles
if pairs can answer them without rereading the article. After to their classmates. Allow time for questions and comments
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pairs have answered all four questions, have them reread after each one. When everyone has presented, the class
the article and review their answers. could vote on which product to invest in.
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• Call on different pairs to give their answers. Discuss • Following presentations to groups or the whole class,
questions and answers as a class. tell students to rewrite their articles, taking into account
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you ever question to facilitate / simulate a shared Writing Strategy Learn useful chunks for writing
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experience. Learn the phrases in the Useful language box and use
2 The article tries to persuade you to continue reading them when writing similar types of texts. It’s normal to
by telling you that it will provide a solution, but not use standard phrases and style when writing. It helps
exactly what. readers understand your intention when you’re not
3 The factual information comes from Mason himself there to explain what you mean!
and from the Kickstarter page.
4 The purpose of the final paragraph is to provide
a reason / “moral” for the article or some other
comment which refers us back to the first paragraph
and the headline.
The Possible Project is an after-school program that teaches teenagers, mainly from
low-income families, the skills to be entrepreneurs. The project has been running
for several years and has trained over 250 students. The team wants to raise money
for a laser cutter so that students can make a variety of products quickly.
Hendrik Reimers is a German chocolate maker. He has set up a chocolate-
making company, Fairafric, in Ghana. By producing the chocolate bars in their
own country, rather than only exporting cocoa beans, people in Ghana can earn
over 25 percent more—even compared to fair-trade chocolate. The money
raised will help fund production, packaging, shipping, and distribution.
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6 Read the short article on page 149 and find out: Useful language
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1 what the aim of the article is. Getting people’s attention
2 what the nightmare is.
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• Have you ever wanted to…?
3 what the business is. Well, now you could have the
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7 WRITING SKILL Getting people’s attention opportunity.
• Have you ever wondered…?
Work in pairs. Look at the article again and answer the questions.
c Well, now scientists have discovered
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1 How does the article grab your attention? the answer.
2 How does the article try to persuade you to continue reading? • Have you ever dreamed of…?
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3 Where does the factual information come from? Well, that’s exactly what happened
4 What is the purpose of the final paragraph? to…!
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to….
9 Using the product you chose in Activity 5, a product you have heard about
• Do you think…? Well, think again!
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10 Work in groups. Share your article. People in your group should ask you
questions or share comments about your article. Answers will vary.
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c
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• describe athletes.
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Olympic Games, and about different countries’ approaches to Warm Up
training athletes to compete at the highest levels. They’ll also • Introduce the unit theme by telling students they’ll be
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learn some interesting facts about what really contributes to discussing athletes and athletic performance and learning
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the ever-improving performance of elite athletes. different ways to talk about sports and athletes’ skills.
• Have students look at the photo. Read the caption aloud
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Students will consider how small changes can result in big
differences and how they can apply this strategy to their own and explain that range of emotions refers to the variety
lives. or different kinds of emotions shown on the faces of the
Vocabulary events?
• Describing athletes 3. Do you feel strong emotions when you watch sports alone?
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• Vocabulary Building Synonyms in texts 4. Are you ever bored watching any sports? Why?
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Grammar
• Grammar 1 Determiners Resources
• Classroom Presentation Tool
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Reading
• Olympic Gold
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TED Talk
• David Epstein: Are athletes really getting faster, better,
stronger?
Pronunciation
• Linking words together in fast speech
Speaking
• Introducing main findings
• Introducing other points
Writing
• A survey
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talk about people who play sports. Read the directions aloud,
and then read item 1, pausing briefly after each option. Say He attention to them as you speak.
has incredible awareness / he has very energetic / • Give students sufficient time to choose people and phrases
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he has great technique / he has a real passion for the game. Hmm. to describe them. Suggest that they make notes with each
person’s name and key words to use as they talk. When
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Ask Which do you think sounds wrong? Either wait for someone
to volunteer or call on a student to answer. they’re ready, tell students to stand up and share their
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• Put students in pairs to complete the activity. Tell students descriptions with a classmate. Have them walk around and
to use a dictionary if they need to. Monitor students as they change partners two or three times, or do the task in groups.
work, noting words and phrases they look up, ask you about, • To conclude the activity, retell some interesting things you
or underline. Focus on these in feedback. c heard as students shared their descriptions. Give feedback
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• When most pairs have finished, tell them to compare on how well they used the new vocabulary and also teach
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answers with another pair and to help one another with any new language that came up. Correct common errors
any unfinished items. Go through the answers by asking you heard. (You may want to tell students to save the notes
they made, as they can use them again later for Activity 15.)
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• Ask questions to check students’ understanding. For example, 5 This activity introduces some of the unit themes. Do it here
ask If you’re a soccer player, what do you need to be aware of? or leave it as a warm-up for Listening on p. 34.
• Read the activity question and directions. Ask students to
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you read more quickly, and improves your listening skills. Tell students to think of verbs that collocate with
the different nouns in the collocations, such as raise
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gold medal.
4 He scored… an average of 20 points a game / 300 goals in his career / the most
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last season / the race.
5 He set a new / He won the / He holds the / He smashed the old… world record.
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6 She captained / She was the star of / She competed / She played a key role on…
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the team.
3 Complete the sentences with words from Activity 2.
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1 Everyone on the team has a really great attitude . They always fight
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right to the end of the game.
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2 She still holds the world record she set 30 years ago.
3 When I was younger, I won a gold medal in the 400 meters.
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Sports fans experience a 4 He has incredible awareness . He can anticipate the other players’ moves
range of emotions as they and create opportunities for scoring.
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watch an event. 5 He was a key player in their success, but he never captained the team.
6 I’ve always had a real passion for wrestling.
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family member. Then tell your partner about the people you thought of.
Answers will vary.
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I think my big sister is a positive role model for me. She has a great attitude
and never gives up.
5 MY PERSPECTIVE
How do you think sports and athletes have changed in your lifetime? With a
partner, discuss changes in these categories. Answers will vary.
• fame / celebrity status
• equipment
• achievements
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Italian
in the sentences.
celebrations
Determiners
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3 videos a That year, Susi won the women’s singles.
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personal problems b Ask any Indonesian of his generation.
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a great lesson c He won many medals, including one gold.
d Without him, fewer people would watch motorcycle
4 her future husband road racing.
c e We’d never won any gold medals.
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introduced
fought
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2 Olympic and World Cup diving
medals 4 8 Before you put students into groups, tell them to think
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2 1 Susi Susanti; Indonesia about which of the four athletes has achieved the most or
1 Valentino Rossi; Italy 2 gold medal for to make a list of the four, ranked from 1 (achieved the most)
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2 Nine-time MotoGP badminton to 4 (achieved the least). Then group students to discuss
World Champion and decide on the best achiever.
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• Alternatively, take a vote on each athlete. Ask Who would
7 11 Read the directions aloud. Have students read vote for Mia Hamm as the greatest of the four? After each one,
the words and phrases in the chart and check that they
c ask individuals to explain why they chose that person. Then
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understand them. Tell students that you’re going to play ask another student to say why they didn’t.
the audio track again. Say Listen to find out what is said about
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compare their ideas in pairs. 9 Warm up Give students a minute to fill in the blanks in the
• Call on students to say what they think an answer is (have two sentences with terms from the box. Point out that the
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two students give their answer, especially where you noted words in parentheses will help them figure out the correct
differences). Where students agree, write the answer on term. Then go through the answers with the whole class.
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put a question mark on the board. underline any determiners they see in the Grammar box
sentences and then check the answers with the whole class,
or do it as a whole-class activity. Call on different students to
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Mia scored over 150 goals for her country. At this point, have students complete Activities 1–3 on
She was always an eight or nine out of ten performer.
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problems. When the first pairs have finished, ask them choose new people if they prefer.
to change partners and discuss, but start from number
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8 and work backwards. Stop the class when the first pair 16
Model the activity by presenting your own sports hero.
has finished. Review the answers by randomly calling on When you finish, prompt students to ask you two or three
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students from different pairs. follow-up questions. Then put students in groups to take
turns talking about the people they made notes about in
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Activity 12, Suggested answers: Activity 15. Remind students to ask one another questions
1 When you have a negative sentence beginning I don’t about each person.
like, you can’t use no. You have to use any.
c • As the students talk, take notes on areas of good language
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2 Hardly any is followed by a plural countable noun, not use, errors in pronunciation, or other ways the talk could
a singular noun. be improved. After each person finishes, let the class
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3 Junk food is uncountable, so we have to use (very) little. ask questions and encourage students to offer polite,
We only use (very) few with plural countable nouns, constructive criticism.
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13
Read the directions aloud. Call on a student to model the
activity for the class by having him read corrected statement
1 in Activity 12 and then the sample text in blue for that
statement. Call on another student and have her model with
statement 2.
• Put students in groups to take turns reading statements
and then responding to them by either agreeing or saying
a new sentence that is true for them. Have students keep
taking turns until every student has responded with a new
sentence.
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when it seemed there was no / little hope. America, which was amazing because (6) no
Chinese player had ever done that before—and (7) hardly
12 Work in pairs. Look at the corrected sentences. Discuss any have done it since. (8) Most ,
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why you think the original sentences were wrong. if not all, Chinese people know him and are very proud
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1 I don’t like no any sports. of what he achieved. He’s instantly recognizable because
2 Hardly any athlete athletes from my country has have ever he’s 7 feet 6 inches tall. He made (9) every
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won an Olympic medal. other player in the NBA look small in comparison! In the
3 I think I’m pretty healthy. I eat very few little junk food. end, though, he had a (10) lot / number of injuries that
ended his career.
4 There aren’t much many places near here where you can
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exercise outside.
15 Think again about the people you chose in Activity 4.
5 A little few people I know are crazy about sports.
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6 I don't think it's right that some athletes earn so many Make notes about their lives, achievements, and why you
much money. admire them. Answers will vary.
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Fireworks explode at the opening
ceremony of the London Olympic
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Games in 2012.
OLYMPIC GOLD hi
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excellence in sports.
Synonyms in texts
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meanings to make their work more interesting and to 6 Children are chosen as potential stars.
avoid repetition. Children hope to be selected as potential stars.
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Countries competing to host the Olympics will often spend 2 Work in pairs. Rewrite the phrases using synonyms.
huge amounts to hold the 16-day event. prove to have talent—prove to have a natural ability
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2 core principle
dictionary, if necessary. 3 got its highest ranking
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new language connected to students’ ideas. 5 try and deal with the problems you have / tackle the
issues in front of you
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1 You can use the book or have students close their books
and write the following sentence on the board: Countries
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Study Tip Learn synonyms
competing to host the Olympics will often spend huge amounts Many comprehension test items work by matching a
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to hold the 16-day event. word or phrase in the question with a synonym in the
• Underline to host Ask students if anyone can find a synonym text. So when you learn vocabulary words, you might
for this verb in the rest of the sentence. (hold) Underline the want to write down the definition in English or include
Olympics and ask what other way this is referred to in the
c a common synonym. However, be careful when using
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sentence. (the 16-day event) You could also ask students synonyms in conversation and writing! Words with
if they can think of other ways to say host or the Olympics.
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• Ask Why do people use synonyms like these? Then read the
explanation in the box on p. 36 aloud. Read the Activity
READING
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provide solid evidence to support an argument. Explain
adjectives). Also look at photos and read the captions.
that good readers should accept what a writer says, but
When practicing this strategy in class, set a time limit
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also find out if other facts support or contradict the writer’s
so that students develop the habit of reading quickly.
argument.
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• Read the Activity 4 directions aloud. Make sure students • Put students in pairs or groups. Tell them to discuss the
other facts listed in Activity 6.
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understand the task. Have them read the answer options,
then do the first item together. Read the first paragraph of • Go around and observe students as they discuss. Provide
the article aloud, or at least the sentence before the first assistance as needed. Then go through the items one by
blank. Ask the class which group of words best fits the blank.
c one, asking students to give their ideas on each fact.
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Have students call out the answer.
• Don’t immediately say if the answer is correct or not, but 7 Tell students they’re going to debate the issue of hosting
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call on students to explain why they chose what they did. the Olympics in their country. Split the class into two
If the class doesn’t agree, make sure all students’ answer teams, one for hosting and the other against it. Divide
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suggestions are noted and explained by a student. Let each team into smaller groups to brainstorm ideas for two
students debate and see if they can persuade each other. or three minutes.
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Finally, confirm the correct answer and make sure students • Appoint one person in each group to be a secretary
understand why it’s b. (Although the paragraph opens with and write down the group’s ideas.
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one quote, the last sentence indicates that the message of • Reassemble the two teams. Give the members of each team
that quote has been replaced by a different message.) matching numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. Then ask both 1s to
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• 12 Tell students to read the rest of the article or play sit together, both 2s to sit together, and so on. Tell students
the audio track. Have students fill in the rest of the blanks. to debate and try to win their partner over to their side of
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5 Ask different students to read one or two questions from necessary. Stop the exercise when things begin to quiet
Activity 5 aloud. Give your own (ideally true) answers. Then down. Have individuals from both sides sum up their
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put students in pairs to ask and answer the questions. strongest arguments. Then have students vote for or
Circulate and provide assistance as needed. against hosting the Olympics.
• When a few pairs have finished, stop the activity or have
students change partners. When enough pairs have finished,
call on students to share their ideas with the class.
Teaching Tip
One way to encourage more student talking is to
model speaking tasks for the whole class yourself. Here,
you could ask students to choose two questions from
Activity 5 to ask you; then give detailed answers that
are true for you. This helps students see that you expect
longer answers, allows you to recycle vocabulary, and
lets students get to know you better!
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all costs comes at the expense of investing in something
Games each cost between 14 and 18 billion dollars. In c
which is arguably more valuable: (6) .
terms of money for athletes, the UK spent over 400 million
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45 Seeing your team win can obviously lift your spirits.
dollars supporting 1,300 top competitors. This funding is
However, this feeling is only temporary, while taking
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20 directly linked to success: those who fail to achieve their
part in regular exercise and sports has been shown to
targets will have their funding cut and, in some cases,
have long-term physical and psychological benefits.
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completely removed. (2) f ! Given this, surely spending more money on increasing
Similarly, several years ago, China established a system 50 sports participation from the lowest levels up would be
a better way of tackling some of the health and social
known as Juguo Tizhi (“whole country support for the
elite sport system”) for developing athletes. Children are c challenges that many countries face.
25
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identified as potential sports stars between the ages of
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c local clubs and competitions; facilities for people to stay argument for spending money on the Olympics? Why?
healthy and play for fun
1 Six million dollars of the Beijing Olympics’ costs went
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f Usain Bolt is the fastest man in history.
g On average, elite shot-putters now are two and a half inches taller and
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130 pounds heavier than they were in the 1920s.
h The current hour record in cycling is only slightly better than it was over 40
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years ago.
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i The more money governments spend on athletes, the better the results.
c
Check the Grammar Reference for more information and practice.
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2 Look at the Grammar box. Read the sentences about how sports and athletes
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• an adjective?
• an adverb?
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• a noun?
2 Which sentence uses a superlative adjective?
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big difference?
5 Why do we say many more people, but much more energy? What is the opposite
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of each of them?
6 Which sentence shows how one change causes another change to happen at
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When one word ends in a consonant sound and the next begins with a vowel
sound, we often link the two words together when speaking.
I don’t do it as much… may sound like: I don’t do it as (tas) much…
If one word ends with a consonant sound and the next word starts with the same
consonant sound, we often leave out the first consonant sound.
…than it did last season may sound like: …than it did last season
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write it on the board or have the student come to the board
include mistakes. and write it. Correct any mistakes and show how they can
• Discuss as a class. Then go back and look at the things you occur when words are spoken together quickly.
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wrote on the board. Guide students to correct any mistakes • 13 Have students read the explanation in the box or
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in the language or grammar. Highlight the language of read it aloud yourself. Make sure students understand how
comparison. Tell students they’re going to learn more about two words can sound like one when spoken quickly. The
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the grammar skill of comparing. words’ sounds are joined, or linked, together and shortened
or dropped altogether. Then play the audio and tell students
2 Tell the class they are going to look at some sentences
from the TED Talk they’ll watch later on. The sentences are c to underline where they think words are linked and sounds
dropped.
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about how sports have changed over the years. Either have • Put students in pairs to compare their work. You can either
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students read the sentences in the Grammar box silently, write and mark up the sentences on the board or just have
read them aloud yourself, or call on different students students repeat the sentences individually and chorally.
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to read a sentence each and correct any pronunciation To engage students further, have them say the sentences
problems. correctly as fast as they can.
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• Have students answer the questions in Activity 2 in pairs. • Point out that the accuracy of the answers is not as
You can either review the answers now or wait for them to important as practicing speaking English.
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Activity 2
1 comparative form with an adjective: a, d, f, g, h, i;
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with a noun: b, e, i.
2 f
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3 d
4 Words which show a small difference: two and a half
inches (taller); only slightly (better) / Words which
show a big difference: far (more aerodynamic); many
(more people); much (more energy); 130 pounds
(heavier)
5 Many is used with countable plural nouns such as
people; much is used with uncountable nouns such as
energy. The opposites are far / much fewer people and
far / much less energy.
6 i: the more money ... the better ...
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Expansion then lead to more success.
Have students write sentences comparing their skills at
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sports, music, languages, school subjects, and so on, with 5 Read the directions. Then have students help you fill in one
those of friends or family members; for example, I’m better or two blanks. Say Number 1, what’s the missing word? (the)
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at math than my brother, My sister is more athletic than I Who can tell me why? (because it refers to a specific race, the
Tour de France) What about number 2? (much)
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am, My best friend dribbles a soccer ball faster than I do.
• Tell students to complete the summary. When most have
finished, have them compare answers with a partner. Check
Teaching Tip
c the answers by reading the text aloud; when you get to a
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You might hear interesting anecdotes that students tell blank, call on random students to say the word. Ask why or
while they’re working in pairs. It’s sometimes nice to draw attention to surrounding language that provides a clue
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share these with the class. One way is to ask students to the answer. Write the numbers and words on the board.
to retell these experiences. However, students may get
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nervous in front of the whole class, not speak clearly or 6 Read through the three activity options with your students
loudly enough, or make mistakes so that others don’t and make sure they understand each one and that they are
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fully understand. Instead, you can retell the story. Start to choose only one of the three. Before students decide, give
by saying I heard a great story from Cristiano. He said he,… some further explanation.
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and so on. You might write some useful language on the • For the first two options, tell students they’ll need to revisit
board as you tell the story (whether the student used Activity 1 on p. 38. If they were intrigued by the quote,
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those words or not). You might also invite the class to ask either agreeing or disagreeing with it, they may want to
the student some questions to clarify points or get details. tackle the essay. For the second option, they should review
the lists they made and make any necessary changes in the
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4 Tell students they are going to read about a successful comparatives correctly. You might want to provide sample
sports program and the lessons it may have for life in statements to help students, such as One way life is better
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general. Ask students to read the whole text to find out what today is that rivers are not as polluted as they were in the past.
the lessons are and how they could work in their own lives. • For the third option, students may want to work with the
Say Think about what small changes you could make in your same partner they worked with for Activity 4. Tell them to
life that might make a big difference? work together to come up with two or three small changes
for each of the four goals. Remind them to explain how the
changes would lead to the goals. Circulate as students work
and provide assistance as necessary.
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Between the Olympics in 1908 and 2004, the British cycling - Getting better grades at school
team won just three gold medals. No British cyclist had - Increasing people’s life expectancy in your country
even come close to winning (1) the world’s - Stopping global warming
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greatest cycle race, the Tour de France. Yet over the next
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twelve years, the British team won more than 25 gold
medals and had two winners of the Tour. How could the
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team perform so (2) much better?
The first thing was that cycling received a
On average, elite shot-
(3) lot more funding (4) than
c putters now are two and
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it had before and, thanks also to a new Olympic track in
a half inches taller and
Manchester, the team could train (5) more
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and the more training they can do. If they do not get as
much sleep (10) as they need, they may
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Read about David Epstein and get ready to watch his talk. 3.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS WATCH
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Slowing down and stressing words 3 Work in pairs. Which of these sports do you do or watch?
Speakers will often slow down and stress words when they
c What equipment, skills, and physical attributes do you
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are contrasting two ideas. The surrounding language can need for each one? Answers will vary.
sound very fast.
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argue. 3.1 b
The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon ran two hours
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and eight minutes. Had he been racing against the winner a The human body has evolved to be better at sports.
of the 1904 Olympic marathon, he would have won by b New records in sports are largely due to technology and
nearly an hour and a half. professionalism.
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sure that students understand that contrast means “to show finished, have students change partners to compare notes
the differences between things.” and discuss any sports they haven’t yet covered.
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• You might want to create a chart on the board, for example,
Listening Strategy Listen for stressed words
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listing the sports in a vertical column, with Equipment, Skills,
When listening to fast speech, you may sometimes miss and Physical attributes as column heads. Then call on different
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words. Rather than become discouraged, focus on the students to share their notes on each sport with the class.
more understandable slower speech. Speakers tend to Record their information in the chart, or have students come
slow down and stress the most important points. Pay up and fill it in. Have the rest of the class make comments.
attention to these parts and you’ll get a reasonable
c
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Activity 3 Sample answers:
understanding of the whole talk.
basketball ball / net / court / height / ability to jump
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gracefulness / somersaults
words or phrases.
soccer ball / trainers (soccer cleats) / uniform / shin
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about the words and phrases below. Give a brief translation if track and field sneakers / running shoes (or spikes) /
you can. There’s no need for students to learn these words, but shorts / (starting) blocks / power / speed (or pace)
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it will help them when they listen to the whole talk. water polo swim cap / trunks / ball / ability to swim /
propelling himself: throwing himself height / strength
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blocks: equipment runners push off from at the start of a 4 3.1 Read the directions. Explain to students that based
on the introduction they’re going to watch, they should
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of the whole talk. Read the three choices aloud. Then watch
gardening trowel: a small tool for digging (show or draw a the section straight through.
picture; demonstrate using one) • Restate the task and have them compare their ideas with a
partner. Then take a vote. Say Hands up if you think it’s a; hands
stride: one big step when you walk (demonstrate)
up if it’s b; and so on. Ask different students to justify their
beep: a small sound or signal (make a beeping sound) answers and then either confirm the answer yourself (b) or play
niche: in this case, a highly specialized athletic activity the section again to resolve any disagreement.
• Have students work in pairs to decide what is being 5 3.2 Read the directions and have students look at the
contrasted and to underline the words that might be summary. Tell them you’ll play the video and that they
stressed to point out these contrasts. Then have them should complete the text with the missing number, year, or
practice reading the extracts and slowing their pace when measurement. Then play Part 2 of the video.
they get to the underlined words. When pairs have finished, • Have students complete the summary and compare their
call on several students to read the extracts aloud. answers with a partner. Then review each answer. Make
sure students agree before recording it on the board.
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have students do the matching activity. Circulate as students 9 Have students work in pairs to discuss questions about the
work and decide whether you need to replay the video. TED Talk. Read the questions aloud. Answer any questions
• Check the answers as you did for Activity 5. Write the
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students have about them. Give students sufficient time
numbers and letter answers on the board. to think of answers to the questions, to make some simple
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notes, and then to discuss their ideas with their partner.
• As an alternative, you may want to put students into groups
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Expansion
and assign a different question to each group member.
Have students discuss these questions in pairs or as a
When everyone is ready, have each student read his or her
class:
• Which sports generate the most money and why? c question to the group and answer it. Students can then
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discuss, asking and answering group members’ questions.
• Where does the money go?
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7 Read the directions and have students look at the six sports and list them on the board. Then list some lesser
statements. Go over any potentially unfamiliar words, such known sports that students may want to consider. Read
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as electric shock, primates, endurance, the Matterhorn. the items to cover aloud and invite students to share any
• 3.4 Make sure students understand that they may relevant information they know. Write it on the board to
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not hear these exact words in the talk, but they’ll hear the give students some ideas.
same ideas, expressed slightly differently. If the content of • Remind students that they’ll have to do research in order to
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a statement is not covered at all, they should choose the find out all the required information. You can assign this task
option not stated. Watch Part 4 of the video. When the as homework or allow students time to do Internet research
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• Call on different students to stand, read a statement, and present their ideas to the class in the next lesson, or write a
short report with pictures or other graphics.
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6 a radiator d
your country.
a The move towards specialized types of bodies for
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d Some people might have long, thin legs because anything he said you already knew?
of evolution. 2 What were the three most interesting facts for you?
3 What do you think is the most important factor in
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f Specific groups of people have advantages for 4 Do you think all sports are better than they were in the
some sports. past? Why?
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7 Watch Part 4 of the talk. Are the statements true, false, CHALLENGE
or not stated? 3.4
Choose a sport you are interested in. Find out:
1 When a person gets an electric shock, it activates
• if it has changed in the ways David Epstein describes.
their muscles. T
• if there have been any other changes.
2 We only use a small percentage of our brain power at
• how the records today compare to 50 years ago.
any one time. NS
• why any changes have occurred.
3 We can train our brains to accept more pain. T
4 Primates are more suited to endurance than humans. F
5 Kílian Jornet was the first person to ever run up the
Matterhorn. NS
6 David does not expect Kílian’s record to be broken. F
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Another thing that was interesting
was… 4 Just under five percent of those surveyed bike to and from work. NS
5 The popularity of certain sports may change depending on the season. NS
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Apart from that, we found that…
Some other things worth 3 Work in pairs. You are going to conduct a survey. Choose a question from below
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mentioning are… or think of one that interests you. Your survey should have at least six options.
Answers will vary.
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1 What activities have you done in your free time in the past two weeks?
2 What is your favorite type of movie to watch?
What sports have you participated 3 What subjects do you want to study in college?
in during the last month?
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4 Interview as many students as you can and take notes. Discuss your notes with
your partner. Then present the findings to the whole class. Answers will vary.
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Swimming
and diving
Health and
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fitness
WRITING A survey
Biking
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(recreation)
5 Work in pairs. Read the description on page 150 of the bar graph on
Soccer
this page. Answer the questions.
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Running 1 What extra information is included which was not shown in the bar graph?
2 Which part of the description expresses opinion rather than fact?
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Aerobics, yoga,
and dance 6 Passive forms are often used in reports. Complete the sentences using
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Biking (place the past participles of the verbs in parentheses. You will learn more about
to place)
passives in Unit 5.
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Golf
0 5 10 15 1 The graph shows the result of a survey conducted (conduct) at our
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displayed in vertical or horizontal bars. 4 Before students get underway, ask the class how they will
• Give students a couple of minutes to look at the chart. Check record the results and if people will be able to choose more
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that they understand what it shows. Ask What are the main than one option.
parts of the graph? (a question, names of different sports, • Say Now you get to conduct your surveys! Get students to
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percentages of people displayed as bars) Read the question move around the class in pairs to conduct their surveys.
at the top of the graph aloud. Ask Which sports have most of
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Remind them to ask each student they survey the same
the people surveyed done in the last month? (swimming and exact question. When most have finished, end the task and
diving) Then call on a student to describe in what order the tell students to sit down.
bars in the graph are arranged.
c • Have pairs add up the survey responses and calculate
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• Put students into groups. Read the Activity 1 directions. percentages. Have all the pairs who surveyed question 1 sit
Have groups discuss the activity items. Circulate and
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assistance as needed. they would give to explain the results and any implications
• At the end of the task, ask the class as a whole for their ideas
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there might be. Ask one person from each group to report
about the three questions. Have students with differing the group’s findings.
points of view explain why they think the way they do. Help
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may have written on the board). 5 Tell the students they are going to learn to write a
description of a bar graph to report survey results. Have
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2 Read out the task and do the first item with the whole students read the model text on p. 150. Set a strict time
class. Read the statement aloud. Give students a couple limit or read it aloud as students follow along.
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of minutes to study the graph; then ask for a vote on who • Pair students. Read the questions aloud and have students
thinks the statement is supported by the chart, and who
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watching TV, followed by shopping, followed by. . . .
8 Read the activity directions. Tell students that following the
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7 Read the text in the Writing strategy box aloud. Discuss model on p. 150 will help. You may wish to read the model
with students some other reasons why someone might aloud.
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want to report survey results in language that is less • Put students in pairs and tell them to plan their writing
precise than citing the exact percentages. (It might be
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together. Assign the actual writing for homework or set a
because the survey creator wants the results to sound more time limit of, say, ten minutes to do it in class. As students
understandable or appealing to a particular audience, or to are writing, go around and help them. Remind them to
have more impact.)
c use some phrases instead of all percentages and to include
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• Explain to students that they’re going to learn some more passive forms.
language for describing statistics. Direct them to Activity 7 • Have partners exchange papers. After reading their partner’s
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and read the directions and phrases aloud. Go through all description, each student should review it to see how many
the phrases to make sure students understand them. Ask phrases were used to present the statistics and how many
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students how they would describe the difference between, times the passive voice was used. Have students return the
for example, almost half and the vast majority. Ask Which one
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might say one in ten biked. We do
2 35% of those who responded play a team sport at least once a month.
this for variety or to emphasize a
3 48% of those who responded prefer exercising alone.
point. For example, over half may
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4 65% of those surveyed would do more sports if they had more free time.
sound bigger than 52 percent.
5 74% of respondents play fewer sports now than they did five years ago.
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6 96% of the people I spoke to recognize the importance of exercise.
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8 Work in pairs. Refer to the Writing strategy and use the passive forms in
Activity 6 to describe the statistics in this bar graph. Answers will vary.
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Sports Participation by Gender Male Female
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Golf 86 14
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molds children into musicians, teaching them not only the schools are associated with different areas in the city, and
joys of music, but the transformative power of discipline and each school raises money during the year to finance their
elaborate carnival routines. Some of the parade floats can cost
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commitment as well.
up to $250,000 and are made by specialist artists.
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Students will read about a city that created an economic revival
through art and hear a talk about a park in the sky and how Language note Carnival refers to an annual festival that
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neighborhood activism preserved and transformed a unique typically occurs during the week before Lent in traditionally
cityscape. Finally, students will take a stand and write an essay Roman Catholic countries, involving parades, music, and
for or against a topic related to culture and community.
c dancing. The derivation of the word is uncertain, though it can
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possibly be traced to the Latin carnem levare or carnelevarium,
Unit Objectives which means “to take away or remove meat.” This concurs with
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Vocabulary the fact that Roman Catholics in earlier times were required to
• Cultural events refrain from eating meat during Lent.
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• Grammar 2 Future forms 2 students why they like it or why they don’t like it.
• You may want to share the information in About the Photo
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Reading with the class. Then ask questions, such as the following, to
• A System That’s Leading the Way continue the discussion:
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• Robert Hammond: Building a Park in the Sky 2 Has anyone ever been on a float or marched in a parade?
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Writing Resources
• A for and against essay • Classroom Presentation Tool
• Tracks 15–21 (Audio CD, Website, CPT)
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with the class.
5 Point to the list on the board or remind students of the
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2 Tell students they’re going to learn some phrases to talk about events they discussed in Activity 1. Then read the Activity
cultural events. Read the directions aloud. Do item 1 together. 5 directions and the sample sentences. Define promoter, if
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Read the first part of sentence 1 aloud. Then say Every held is necessary. Ask Which phrase from the second sentence did you
read in Activity 2? (put on a)
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February. Hmm. That’s not right. What should it be? Either wait
for someone to call out the words in the proper order, or call • Write another sample on the board, such as I went to a
on someone to answer. Help, if necessary, by reading the first festival of traditional arts and crafts last year. It filled me with a
part of the sentence again, this time adding is. . . .
c sense of pride in my culture.
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• If you think students will find the task difficult, do another • Begin the class discussion. Call on different students to stand
one as a class. Then tell students they can use a dictionary if and talk about a place or an event. Encourage students to
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they need to. try to use the lesson vocabulary without looking at their
• When most students have finished, tell them to compare books. Have the rest of the class make comments, add other
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answers in pairs and to help each other with anything they details, or ask questions.
haven’t finished. Don’t confirm the answers yet. • At the end of the exercise, provide feedback. Make sure to
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6 Point out or read the text in Activity 2 that tells about the
1 is held every February benefits of Carnival to the city of Rio and its people. Then
2 put on a huge number of parades
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5 generates over $750 million in income people are brought together for a good time with people they
6 attend the four-day event
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don’t know? How do you and your family members feel in the
7 boosts Brazil’s broader economy days before a big event? Why? What can you learn at a cultural
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8 wide support for the festival attraction? How might such an event create jobs?
9 it brings people together • Set a time limit, if necessary. Circulate as students talk,
10 create a sense of pride helping with language when they can’t express themselves
11 offers young people opportunities to take part clearly in English.
12 put Rio on the map • At the end of the discussions, ask different students to share
their ideas. Write the benefits on the board. You could then
3 15 Play the audio track so students hear the answers. have a whole-class discussion on which benefits students
Then go through them one at a time by asking different think are the most important.
students to read a sentence aloud, putting the words in the
correct order.
• Either write the number and phrase on the board or get the
class to repeat the correct phrase.
1 Which of these cultural attractions do you have near where you live?
2 Do you go to any of them? Why?
3 Would you like to have any of them near where you live? Why?
2 Complete the summary by putting the words in bold in the correct order.
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The Rio Carnival, one of the world’s leading festivals, (1) every held is February in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the festival, organizers (2) huge put on a of parades
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number and parties all over the city, which (3) million tourists almost a attract.
The festival (4) on impact has a the city big and on people’s cultural lives. The
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carnival involves around 200 Samba schools which compete to have the best
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Members of the Vila Isabel costumes, dance routines, and musical bands. It (5) million over income $750 in
Samba School perform in a generates locally in Rio, which comes from tourists who (6) four-day attend event
parade during the Rio Carnival. the and the Samba schools, which can sometimes spend over 3 million dollars on
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costumes and preparations. The festival also (7) Brazil’s economy boosts broader.
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But it’s not just about money. There’s (8) wide for support festival the because
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(9) it together people brings and helps (10) create a of pride sense in the
country. Many of the Samba schools are from the poorest neighborhoods in the
city, and the festival (11) opportunities to offers young people part take in
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cultural activities and learn new skills. In many ways, the festival has (12) put map
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4 Complete the sentences with six different cultural attractions you know of.
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Then work in pairs and share your ideas. Answers will vary.
1 is held every year.
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6 MY PERSPECTIVE
Work in pairs. Discuss the question. Answers will vary.
What other benefits can you think of that are related to cultural attractions and
events? Think about the benefits to you, your town, and your country.
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again and check your answers. 16 f We’re about to put on a community arts festival.
1 The project is based on previous work.
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P g We’re holding various shows and events over a week.
2 The project aims to improve the local economy.
both h You can continue the discussion on the Arts Spot
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3 The project is initially expensive.
B website and get information on Mark's festival, which
4 Local people are involved in creating the work of art.
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starts soon.
5 Other things are being built as well.
B
6 It will bring people together.
both
Check the Grammar Reference for more information
7 It may be difficult to keep the art in good condition.
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c and practice.
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8 There might be an alternative that costs less.
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12 Match each explanation of how to create future forms
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10 MY PERSPECTIVE
with an extract in the Grammar box. There are two
Think about your community. What would you choose if extracts for one of the explanations.
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you had to decide between the two public art projects and
Mark’s suggestion of putting on a local festival? Why? 1 The simple present is used to refer to a scheduled or
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regular event.
h
Answers will vary.
2 The simple present or present perfect is used because it
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what the plans are. Play the audio track once straight through. work on it, and, most importantly, how it could transform
• Remind students what they were listening for and have the community.
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them compare their ideas with a classmate. Walk around the
room and notice how well students did; if you see that the
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majority have not understood, play the track again. GRAMMAR Future forms 1
• Call on individual students to tell what the plans are. Then
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ask the class How do these plans connect to the unit theme 11 Read the title of the Grammar box. Ask students what future
of cultural transformation? Guide students to say what they verb forms are used for. (to talk about situations or actions
that will occur in the future) Then read the sentences in the
think is meant by the term cultural transformation and how
c box or call on different students to read them, helping with
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the two plans are examples of it.
pronunciation as needed.
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9 Read the directions aloud and then have students read the • After each sentence, ask if anyone can tell the class why the
statements to themselves. Tell students you’ll play the audio form in bold is used. Don’t wait for a definitive explanation;
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again and they should decide with a partner which city’s students will find out in the next activity. Just see how much
project each statement, or point, refers to. If you wish, you students already know.
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might see if the class can identify the cities without hearing • You may want to tell them that there’s no single future form
the audio again. Don’t confirm any answers. in English. Several forms can be used to talk about the future,
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• 16 Play the audio and have pairs do the activity. and students shouldn’t worry too much about it.
Circulate and see how well they’re doing. At this point, have students complete Activities 1–2 on
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• Check the answers as a class by asking for a show of hands p. 135 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also
(Say Number 1: Hands up. Who thinks it’s Port-au-Prince? assign these activities as homework.
Hands up. Birmingham? Hands up. Both? and so on). You
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might prefer to have the class call out the answers all 12 Read the Activity 12 directions aloud. Explain that for each
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together, or call on individuals. numbered explanation (1−7) they should find the sentence
• When students agree, write the item number and answer in the Grammar box (two sentences, in one case) that
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on the board. When they disagree, ask students to justify illustrates the explanation.
their answers, but don’t indicate who is correct. Instead, • Have students work in pairs to match the explanations with
write a question mark on the board. Finish going through the sentences in the Grammar box. When they’re finished,
the answers, and then play the track again if necessary. Tell go through the answers as a class.
students to focus on the areas of uncertainty. • Remind students that different verb forms can be used to
• If students still can’t agree, replay the track, stopping at key talk about the future. For example, show students that in
points. Draw attention to any problem sounds or words and g, the future forms will hold and are going to hold could be
explain them when you confirm the answers. used in place of are holding without changing the meaning
of the sentence.
10 Ask Does anyone remember what Mark on the audio track says is a
less expensive idea for a community project? (an arts festival) Then
list the three projects on the board: painting the neighborhood;
creating big public art; putting on an arts festival.
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example, read the first sentence, giving both options. Then overall idea. Give them time to discuss and decide.
say Number 1: holds or is going to hold? (going to hold) Why? • Then read the list of things to think about aloud. Tell groups
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(because holds suggests it’s every year, and this is just once; to work through the list item by item with the project they
“next year” for an unusual event) chose in mind and to come up with a plan. You may want to
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• Have students complete the activity. When most have give them a time limit. Circulate and help out with language
or ideas, if necessary.
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finished, tell students to compare answers with a partner
and try to explain to each other why their answer choices • When you’re approaching the time limit, tell students to
are correct. Encourage them to refer to the explanations in stop. Find out if any groups think their idea is unrealistic
Activity 12.
c after all, for one reason or another (lack of a suitable venue,
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• Review the answers. Say I’ll read each option. Put your hands cost, availability of professional resources, for example).
Allow extra time for them to make another choice and
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of future forms.
18 Say Now present your plans to the class. Give groups time to
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14 Before class, think of examples yourself for several of the decide how they will present. Encourage them to divide the
activity sentences. presentation so that every group member has a chance to
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• Read the directions and present your sample sentences tell something about the project.
to students to give them some ideas. You could make this • Have groups present their plans. You may want to take
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a game. Tell students they will get 5 points for their first a vote on the two or three best ones, perhaps creating
correct sentence for each number and then 2 points for categories, for example: most fun, most cultural, most
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class as students work. Help with any new words they want Invite groups with the most promising plans to turn
to know and notice grammar errors. them into PowerPoint presentations to present to the
• Tell students to trade papers with a classmate and read the whole school. Have them invite parents, friends, and
sentences. Tell them to ask you if they think something is members of the community, including local officials.
wrong. After discussing the sentences, have students add up Assign other class members to help the groups
the points. Give the papers back. write letters, post notices in the community, procure
equipment, and so on, so the whole class is involved.
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17 Work in the same groups. Choose one of your ideas.
eclipse is expected early in the morning, so we (4) are about
to put on / are putting on a concert with some local bands as Discuss more about the details of the project. Use future
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the sun (5) rises / will rise. After the concert (6) has ended / forms. Think about: Answers will vary.
will end, we’re going to have a huge breakfast barbecue to • the venue.
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prepare for the big event. It should be great! A lot of people • how long it will take to set up and how long it will last.
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(7) will be coming to / come to the area next year to catch • who will take part.
the eclipse, so we (8) will hopefully get / are hopefully getting • who will organize it (professionals / volunteers).
a few visitors here, although that’s not the main reason • how much it will cost.
for putting on the event. We’re really doing it because we
c • how you will raise the money.
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want to bring people together, and it’s not like we (9) will be • any permission you will need.
spending / spend thousands of dollars on it. If (10) it’s going • how to get people to support the project.
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to be / it will be a success, we’ll need lots of volunteers. • anything else you think might be important.
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14 How many times can you complete the sentences so that 18 Present your ideas to the class. Vote for your favorite.
they are correct and true? Compare with a partner and Answers will vary.
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A SYSTEM THAT’S
Youth Orchestra.
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Adjective and noun collocations 2 and say how they might be linked together.
Answers will vary.
fierce ambition / private companies
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We have to work in groups, but we get a mark for our one extra sentence that you do not need to use.
individual performance.
a It has also been credited with improving relations
between different communities and saving many
1 Work in pairs. Look at these adjective-noun collocations. children from getting involved in gangs and violence.
Take turns explaining what each one means. Use a b Obviously, the resources that the Venezuelan
dictionary, if necessary. government puts into El Sistema are important.
diverse social backgrounds fierce ambition c Central to El Sistema is a focus on discipline and
hard work innovative program commitment.
leading orchestra low income d Abreu was also a politician and a minister in the
mixed results private companies government. not used
straightforward process strict set of rules e However, it seems that there are always individuals
whose lives are changed.
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Expansion
group? (mostly as a group, unless they have a solo part)
Have students think of one or two verbs to go with each
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VOCABULARY BUILDING collocation. They could then write an example sentence
Adjective and noun collocations 2 or a paragraph using two or more of the collocations.
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1 Write the words individual performance on the board. Ask
What is the part of speech of each of these words? Ask how this
READING
adjective-noun collocation connects to the photo and/or ask
3 Say Now you’re going to learn about El Sistema. You may
for a translation.
c want students to do a quick first read of A System That’s
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• Point out that there are further collocations you can make
Leading the Way to get the general idea of the text. Say As
with individual performance that include verbs (a collocation
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you skim the article, you should notice some of the collocations
of a collocation!). Ask students to suggest some (includes an
you just learned. Set a time limit and stop them when the
individual performance, weren’t any individual performances,
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time is up.
record an. . . , and so on) and see if they can come up with a
• 17 Play the audio, or read the article aloud yourself, as
sentence using one of their ideas. Write them on the board.
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the activity sentences and see if there are any words they
pairs. Read the Activity 1 directions aloud and explain the
don’t know. Make sure they understand has been credited (if
meaning of the first collocation with students.
you are credited with something, people believe you are the
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• Ask students What might you describe with this phrase? Take
keep doing it even at difficult times or when others stop).
students’ responses. Offer other ideas, if necessary: groups
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With fill-in-the-blank activities, you need to read the Abreu’s background have contributed to El Sistema’s success?
sentences closely. Look for key words or ideas from the (As an economist he understands the financial aspects of the
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text in the sentences, and, when you’ve finished, reread program; his passion for music motivated him to persist with
his dream.) How might home visits by teachers be a factor?
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the whole text to check that your answers make sense. For
other tasks, such as the one in Activity 4, you can just scan (It’s a time-consuming program; if parents don’t understand
why, they won’t support their children.)
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the text for key words. This type of task doesn’t require
close analysis or rereading afterwards. • Challenge groups to dig in and come up with some other
factors. When groups are done, have them share their ideas.
students in pairs to discuss. Leadership; funding from the government and private
• Circulate and check that students are doing the task companies; strict rules and long rehearsals; emphasis on
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correctly and notice mistakes, difficulties, or where they fun, team spirit and physical expression; structure
use L1. Help them by correcting or giving them the English
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they need and then write some of these points on the 8 Read the discussion questions. Keep the ideas written on the
board, or remember them for class feedback. board. Then discuss as a class.
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• When a couple of students have finished, ask the class to • Ask the class if any of the factors listed would be possible
change partners, but to start from the last question this in their country or not. Take students’ responses and ask
them why they think that way. If students are not sure, you
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written on the board). • For the last question, take a vote. Say Hands up if you think El
Sistema would work well in your country. Then Hands up if you
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6 Put students in pairs. Read the activity directions aloud. Say think it wouldn’t. Ask individual students from both sides to
You should have noticed some of the collocations as you read give their opinions. If anyone didn’t vote, help them with the
the article. Let’s see how good your memories are! language so they can explain their views.
• You may want to give students a few minutes to think
9 Read the My Perspective question. Put students in groups to
and write brief notes on their own before they discuss the
discuss. It probably won’t take long, but encourage students
collocations with their partner. Tell them to think about the
to give reasons. Again, you might take a vote to see who
main points in the article and try to recall the context in which
would like to take part in El Sistema and who wouldn’t.
each collocation was used. Then have pairs begin the activity.
• When pairs have covered as many of the collocations Expansion
from memory as they can, have them refer to the article to Have students write about a memorable band, orchestra,
check their ideas. Ask Did any pairs remember how all the or choral concert they performed in or attended.
collocations were used in the article? Or they can do the same for a concert of rock, traditional,
or other music. They must describe what made the
concert memorable and try to use two or three of the
collocations they learned.
SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
49a Unit 4 Cultural Transformation
17 JOSE ANTONIO ABREU trained and However, money is not the only factor in its success.
worked as an economist for many years, but his dream was (3) c . New students can start from as young as
to have a life in music. He fulfilled that dream, first through three, but students and their parents must agree to a strict
individual performance, but later, and more importantly, by set of rules and attend classes and rehearsals for between
5 founding El Sistema. El Sistema is an innovative program for 30 one and four hours a day, up to six days a week. Teachers
teaching music to children from diverse social backgrounds. may visit parents to help them understand the hours
It has been so successful that an orchestra that is part of required to improve and how to support their children.
the program, the Venezuelan National Youth Orchestra, has While discipline is important, the musical training also
been named among the five leading orchestras in the world. emphasizes fun, team spirit, physical expression, and the
10 (1) f . 35 value of performance. Students start in a choir and work on
When he first started the orchestra, Abreu had managed to rhythm and percussion, before moving on to playing the
get 50 music stands for the 100 children he was expecting recorder, and then finally choosing their instrument at the
to come and rehearse. In the end, only 11 showed up. What age of seven. (4) g .
was he going to do? Give up? Try to get more children El Sistema is seen by many people from low-income families
involved? In fact, he went several steps further, and promised
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15 40 as a way to stay in education and escape poverty. It can
those 11 students that he would turn the orchestra into a present opportunities to travel via tours within Venezuela
world leader! So apart from this fierce ambition, how did it and abroad. (5) a . No wonder many other countries
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happen? have looked to copy the program.
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(2) b . It pays for instruments and teaching for over Setting up a “sistema” is not a straightforward process, and
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20 500,000 young musicians who are involved in the program 45 there have been mixed results. (6) e . As one parent
and also provides monthly grants to older students as a from the Scottish Sistema put it, “My son was struggling,
reward for their hard work. It also pays for performances and I was worried he was going to drop out of school and
and teaching younger children in the program. Private
c end up hanging out with the wrong kids. El Sistema has
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companies often sponsor local groups and parents also raise made a huge difference. He’s gained confidence, learned
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f Yet, 40 years ago, such an idea seemed a long way off. 1 CRITICAL THINKING Understanding and
g Lessons are mainly conducted as a group, with all the
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evaluating ideas
class working towards performing a piece in front of
an audience. 4
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1 How many children went to Abreu’s first rehearsal? how far they can be applied in a new context.
How many participate now? 11 / more than 500,000
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2 How old are children when they choose a 7 Work in groups. Discuss the different factors you read
musical instrument? seven
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4 Why do other countries like El Sistema? 8 Work as a class. Discuss: Answers will vary.
It’s a way to keep children in school and escape poverty.
5 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 1 Are all the factors you discussed in Activity 7 possible in
Answers will vary.
1 Have you ever learned how to play a musical instrument? your country? Why?
How good were / are you? 2 Are there any factors that you think are not necessary? Why?
2 If you gave up playing a musical instrument, why? 3 Would El Sistema work in your country? Why?
3 If you still play a musical instrument, how much do you 9 MY PERSPECTIVE
practice? Do you ever perform?
4 What kind of music do you listen to? What do you like Would you like to participate in a program like
about it? El Sistema? Why? Answers will vary.
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c was / were + present participle 2
1 The show was starting in a matter of minutes, so we had to rush.
2 I couldn’t hear the movie because the people behind me were talking.
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3 I only bought two tickets because I thought your brother wasn’t coming.
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The future in the past
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a My son was struggling, and I was worried he was going to drop out of school
and end up hanging out with the wrong kids.
c
b He went several steps further and promised those 11 students that he would
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turn the orchestra into a world leader!
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c Abreu had managed to get 50 music stands for the 100 children he thought
were coming to rehearse.
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2 Complete the first parts of the sentences using was / were going to and these
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verbs. Then match them with the second parts of the sentences.
1 They said the building was going to cost something like $35 million, d
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of the future in the past forms or did use them. Use these board as you go, for example, 1d.
examples to introduce the grammar. • As you go through the sentences, you could also model
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• Alternatively, ask students to work in pairs to retell the text pronunciation at this point and have the whole class repeat,
on p. 49. Say Try to include verb forms like those on the board.
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then move on to Activity 3b.
Use this to then move on to Activity 1 on p. 50.
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3 PRONUNCIATION Contrastive stress
1 Draw students’ attention to the Grammar box on p. 50. Read • 3a 18 If you didn’t model the correct stress in the
the title aloud. Tell the class the example sentences in the second part of the sentences as part of your feedback in
box are all from the reading on p. 49. Have students read
c Activity 2, read the text in Activity 3a aloud. Play the audio.
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them silently, or call on different students to read a sentence • 3b Either use the recording or model the sentences
aloud. Correct any pronunciation problems.
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think it’s future in the past, and so on.) Juan—slow. . . Ana—fast. . . Sergei—fast, and so on.
At this point, have students complete Activities 3–4 on • Correct any mistakes that come up, if you can. Ideally, show
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p. 135 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also the students how the correct sound is formed.
assign these activities as homework.
Activity 3b
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Expansion
For further practice with contrastive stress, instruct
pairs of students to take turns saying the first part of a
sentence from Activity 2 and coming up with a new
second part. One partner reads the first half of the
sentence; the other says a new second part. Then they
switch. Remind them to use contrastive stress.
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their answers. Record the answers on the board. make notes with key words to use when they speak.
• Put students in small groups to share their experiences. Say
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Activity 4 Take turns and give your attention to your classmates as they
Bilbao Effect: the idea that attracting a cultural institution talk. Listen and take notes as students talk.
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brings investment, tourism, and cultural energy
8 Either get students to read the Grammar box silently, or read
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1 C; 2 Inc–were going to be; 3 Inc–would improve / improved;
the title and the information in the box aloud yourself. You may
4 C; 5 C; 6 Inc–was going to look like / looked like; 7 C;
want to point out that the example sentence came from the
8 Inc–would be
c audio track for Activity 6. You could ask students Does anyone
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remember what the sentence is referring to? (The Mousetrap)
5 Say Remember we discussed whether a program like El Sistema • Put students in pairs. Tell them to use the information in the
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could succeed in other places. Then read the My Perspective box to answer the Activity 8 questions.
activity aloud. • You can either review the answers now or after students
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• Have the class identify some of the reasons why Bilbao was read the Grammar Reference.
able to transform itself. Write them on the board. (The city
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had a large sum of money, a plan and a focus, a creative At this point, have students complete Activity 5 on p. 135
architect.) Then have students discuss the question in pairs, in the Grammar Reference section. You may also assign
this activity as homework.
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verb option. Ask the class Which verb is correct? (will have been
playing) Which verb form is it? (the future perfect progressive)
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6 Remind students of the exercise they did where they talked • Make sure students understand that this verb form is used
about surprising and disappointing experiences, using here because the action (the band playing together) is in
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future in the past forms. Tell the class they’re going to listen progress now, but the 30-year period will be completed in
to some people describe similar situations. the future (at the end of the year).
• 19 Read the Activity 6 directions. Play the audio track • Have students complete the activity. Review the answers.
once straight through. Say Take notes as you listen.
• When students have finished listening, call on different 10 Read the activity options. If students choose the first one,
students for their answers to the two questions. As have them write research articles about the project’s
they explain how each speaker felt and why, correct or development and the public’s reaction to it.
emphasize the grammar that’s used. • If students choose the second option, have them work
with a partner to choose things that are most and least
likely to happen by the time they’re 30.
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that year it had attracted a million! The impact on the city has
been even more dramatic than people hoped it (8) was, so it’s
no wonder other cities are now desperate to copy what has
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Check the Grammar Reference for more information
become known as the “Bilbao Effect”! and practice.
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5 MY PERSPECTIVE 9 Complete the sentences with the future perfect or future
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perfect continuous form of the verb.
Think of three possible reasons why the “Bilbao Effect”
might not work in another city. 1 By the end of next year, the band
c will have been playing (play) together for 30 years!
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6 Listen to three people describing cultural events they 2 By the end of this course, I will have been studying (study)
went to. Answer the questions. 19 English for ten whole years!
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It was much / way… than I thought it would be. 10 CHOOSE Choose one of the following activities.
Answers will vary.
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I wasn’t expecting it to be very…, but it was actually… • Find out about a new development in your town or
It was nowhere near as good as I was expecting. country. Why was it built? Has it been a success?
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I was expecting it to be pretty… but it was actually very… • List ten things that will have happened in your life by the
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time you are 30. Then work in pairs. Which are the most
or least likely to happen?
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Read about Robert Hammond and get ready to watch his TED Talk. 4.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS 2 Do you know of any old buildings or places that used to
be used for one purpose, but are now used for a different
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Recognizing words you know purpose? Do you like the change?
Sometimes you may not recognize words in fast speech 3 What’s your favorite public space? Why? How often do
because you expect to hear the full form. For example, in a
c you go there?
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dictionary with is shown as /wIθ/, but in fast speech it may
5 Watch Part 1 of the talk. Choose the correct options.
sound more like /wI/.
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4.1
1 Look at the Authentic Listening Skills box. Then listen 1 In the old days, the freight line trains: c
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and complete the extracts from the TED Talk. 20 a used cowboys to protect the goods they were carrying.
b were pulled by horses.
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2 I first read about it in the New York Times, in an article 2 As time went by: a
that said it was going to be demolished. a more freight started being transported by road.
3 And at the end of the we were the only two people b the line was mainly used to transport meat.
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meeting, we realized
that were sort of interested in the project. c people in the neighborhood wanted it demolished.
4 And that’s really where we started… the idea 3 At the community board meeting, Robert: b
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coalesced around… let’s make this a park, and a offered to volunteer to help preserve the High Line.
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let’s have it be sort of inspired bythis wildscape. b realized he was in a small minority.
c knew a writer from the New York Times.
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1 Before students look at the Authentic Listening Skills box, to see if they understand them. Then have a student read
ask them why it’s sometimes hard to hear words they the first question aloud. Give one possible answer, then ask
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already know when they’re listening to natural speech, that students if they know any others. Discuss.
• Put students in pairs to discuss items 2 and 3. Go around
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is, everyday conversation. Wait for students to volunteer
ideas or call on some for their thoughts. and check that students are doing the task correctly and
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• Have students read the explanation. Either model the help with any language they need. Note some new words
different ways of saying the word with yourself or ask or phrases you hear on the board for feedback.
students to. Point out that many other words they know • Pose the questions again to individual students to check
and can easily read will also be squeezed or shortened in c their understanding. Take this as an opportunity to teach
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this way in natural speech. some of the new language that came up in the discussion.
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• 20 Read the activity directions. Then play the audio Ask the class for a translation/explanation of the word and
track as students listen and try to fill in the blanks. Have then give examples to show how it’s used.
• Wrap up the activity by asking students to tell what their
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When you have to give students an answer in a listening reclaim: take back something that used to be yours.
activity, decide whether it’s because they can’t hear • 4.1 Play Part 1. Read the activity directions and have
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the words or don’t know the words. If the problem is students see if they can complete the activity individually.
deciphering fast speech, you might want to write the Tell them to compare their answers with a partner.
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words on the board and show students where certain • Take a vote. (Hands up if you think the answer to 1 is a; hands
sounds that they expect to hear in the words have
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8 4.3 Tell students that they’re going to watch the third • If students seem stuck for ideas, ask questions, such as
part of the talk. Have them read the activity directions and What was the first meeting Robert Hammond went to? What
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statements. Clarify vocabulary as necessary (for example, happened at the end of it? How did Friends of the High Line get
inspiration, elevated). Then play Part 3. started? Where did the money come from?
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• When it’s finished, have students do the activity individually. • Put students in pairs to tackle the first part of the activity.
Review the answers as a class. Replay parts of the video if Set a time limit and conclude that part by asking a few
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students disagree on whether a sentence is true or false. pairs to share their lists. You may sometimes need to ask
Confirm the answers. for clarification or further explanation and then perhaps to
from the talk which contain new or interesting words the Challenge. Remind them of the task. Model by giving an
and phrases. Explain that you’ll pause the video when the example of a quality that you think is necessary to bring about
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options come on screen and ask everyone to call out the change, using the phrases provided. Then say Think about
correct meaning together. Robert Hammond. Do you think you could do what he did?
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• 4.4 If a lot of students are giving the wrong answer, • As groups discuss, go around to listen and observe.
provide additional explanations or examples before moving Are students using the phrases provided? Take notes
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items. Answer any questions students may have about the up, and errors to correct. Compliment groups that showed
words and phrases in italics. Reteach some, if necessary, or ask good speaking and listening behavior.
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study was designed to show whether the High Line
would add value to the city. Discuss: Answers will vary. • Free art gallery and museum entrance for everyone
• Spending more money on public art
• how the creation of a park on the High Line might add
c • Official areas for young people to put up street art
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value to the local area. • Free art materials for all schoolchildren
• how demolishing the High Line might add value to • Displaying work by local poets on public transportation
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the area.
• who you think would benefit most in each case—and CHALLENGE
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8 Watch Part 3. Are the sentences true or false? 4.3 Friends of the High Line had to do at each stage to
transform the abandoned rail line into a park.
1 Twice as many people as expected used the High Line
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Think about:
last year. F
2 Architects have taken inspiration from the High Line. T • events and meetings. • money.
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3 Some parts of the High Line have been elevated to a • people. • the law.
higher level. T
Work with another pair of students. Then use some of
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ways they wouldn’t normally. T • what personal qualities are needed to help change a
neighborhood in this way.
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Suggesting alternatives 7 I often / rarely / never go to cultural events like concerts, exhibits, and plays.
OK. Well, in that case, how about 2
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Listen to two friends making plans. Answer the questions. 21
going to…?
1 What different cultural events do they mention? exhibition, concert, movie
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OK. Well, if you’d rather, we could
2 What do they decide to do in the end? see a movie
always go to…
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3 Why are the other ideas rejected? One person objected.
4 Where and when do they arrange to meet? Why? six o’clock at a café to get coffee first
3
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Listen to the two friends again. Complete the sentences by adding two or
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three words in each blank. 21
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3 OK. What kind of thing is it? I’m not really into art, so…
4 How about checking out this band that are playing in the park
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tomorrow night?
5 What about just going to see a film? Would you be up for that?
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Some festivals and events that • reject at least one suggestion and explain why.
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attract a lot of people like this • arrange where and when to meet.
color run sometimes require a • use language from Activity 3 and the Useful language box.
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discussing whether or not to go to the Color Run. Tell them by asking the whole class. Where there is a dispute, ask
to use the language in the box. Model with a student to get students to justify their different answers. If necessary, replay
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pairs started. Ask (Rikki), I was wondering if you’d like to go the audio.
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to the Color Run next month. What do you think? Prompt the
student to respond Doesn’t really sound like my kind of thing. 3 21 Have students read the directions and look at the
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• Then have pairs role-play. Say Remember to suggest sentences. Play the audio again straight through and have
alternatives if necessary. When they’re done, call on a few students complete the sentences as best they can.
pairs to repeat their dialogue for the class. • Ask students to compare their completed sentences with
c a partner. Tell them they can work together to fill in any
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1 Read one or two of the Activity 1 items aloud, as is, so missing information.
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students get the idea. Then repeat the sentences, this time • Go around and check how they did and decide if they need
choosing the options that are true for you. Highlight the to hear the audio again.
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Useful language either by writing it as you say it or slowing • Call on students to read each sentence aloud. Play the audio
down and drawing attention to it as you speak. Explain why to confirm or check each one. Write the answers on the
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you chose the options you did. board. If necessary, highlight how some words may sound
• Put students in pairs to read the directions and do the different in fast speech, as letters or sounds may disappear
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activity. Go around and check that students are doing the or be linked with other words.
task correctly and notice mistakes, difficulties, or where they • You could also ask questions or give extra examples such as
use L1. Provide assistance as necessary. Can you think of two other things you might invite someone
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• When most have finished, either stop the activity or ask to, using phrases such as “Would you like to… ?” Or ask Do
students to change partners and continue. you have anywhere in mind? Encourage students to use
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• At the end of the task, you might want to call on students the language they learned to answer these questions in
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and randomly assign them one of the sentences to read different ways.
aloud, including the option that’s true for them. Then ask
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Did anyone choose a different option? Call on students who 4 Explain the task. Ask students to individually think of three
respond and have them read the sentence and explain their or four cultural events or venues in their area. Tell them they
choice. can be movies, art exhibitions, concerts, or places, such as
• Provide any feedback you have for the students. museums, theaters, or other buildings, where performances
are held.
• Have students look at the items they’ll be discussing. Point
out that they should think of reasons why someone might
not want to go to an event. You might demonstrate the
conversation with a proficient student.
• Put students in pairs or tell them to stand up and find a
partner to work with.
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When they’re finished, ask the question: Does the writer agree
with the statement in the essay title? (no) Why? Elicit from students
Writing Strategy Make a plan and write a first draft
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that the writer disagrees because he or she believes the money
would be better spent in other areas of the community. Tell students their writing will go more smoothly if they
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• If any students cited a similar reason in Activity 5, call on plan before they write. They should think about the
them to add further comments. Ask them for suggestions format and characteristics of the kind of writing they’re
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about other areas of the community that would benefit doing and make an outline or use a graphic organizer.
from an investment of funds similar to what would have Tell them to add a couple of ideas or key words to each
part of the outline, then write a first draft. Explain that
gone to the building of a museum.
c the point is to get ideas down quickly, while they’re fresh
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7 Tell students they’re going to learn more about writing for in their minds. Say Don’t get hung up on the details, or on
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and against essays. Have them read the text in the Writing grammar or spelling. You can revise and edit later.
strategy box. Then discuss as a class, making sure students
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thoroughly. You can anticipate opposing arguments and show students understand the two different options, a and b, and
why your position is stronger. the three titles they have to choose from if they pick b.
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• Read the Activity 7 directions aloud. Then have pairs reread • Tell them that following the model and the pointers at the
the essay and answer the questions. You might want to back of their book will help, as well as the Writing strategy
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have students work in pairs, with one student holding the and Useful language boxes.
activity page open and the other student holding the model • Put students in pairs and tell them to talk about and plan
page open to avoid a lot of flipping backwards and forwards. their writing.
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• When they’re finished, list the three stages of an • Assign the actual writing for homework or set a time limit
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introduction on the board: 1. Tell why the issue is important; and do it in class.
2. Give an opposing argument; 3. Refute the argument and give • As students plan (and write, if applicable), circulate and
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your opinion. Then call on students for their answers. Tell provide assistance as needed. You might note some
them not to look at the model. Confirm the correct answers common mistakes for feedback when the time is up.
and write them on the board.
8 Tell students that there are words and phrases, such as it has Expansion
been claimed that, that writers use to introduce what they Have students write an introductory paragraph for one
believe to be a weak argument. Ask Do you remember why of the titles in option b (or one of the other titles if they
they do this? (to show their knowledge of the issue; so they already did one for their essay), using the pattern for for
can then refute that argument) and against essay introductions laid out in the Writing
• Say You’re going to use these words and phrases in Activity 8. strategy box.
Read the directions. Have students work individually. Do the
first one together if you think it’s necessary.
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3 How does the writer signal a disagreement? by using however, … Useful language
8 Complete the sentences, which give a weak argument, with these words. Showing relevance
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believed claimed common seen sometimes supposedly Over recent years,… has become
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increasingly important.
…is getting better and better / worse
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1 It is sometimes said that art is a mirror of society. In fact,…
supposedly and worse at the moment.
2 Creativity belongs to the world of the arts. In reality, though,…
3 It is widely believed that music can help to connect young people Over the last few years, there has been
from different backgrounds. However,…
c a dramatic increase / drop in…
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4 It is often claimed that comedy works best when it’s cruel. However,… Introduce an opposing view
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5 Museums are sometimes seen as being of no interest to young It is sometimes said that…
people. However,… It is often claimed that…
6 One common argument against more focus on the arts in schools is that
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they do not make students more employable. In reality,… Say why we disagree
…but, in fact,…
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9 Work in pairs. Complete the second sentences in Activity 8 to show how each In reality, though,…
of the arguments could be seen as weak. Answers will vary.
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However,…
10 Choose one of the options and write a for and against essay of 250 words.
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in nuclear physics. When he was twelve, he decided he
Students will learn about life hacks and the Internet, inventions, wanted to make a star, and that led to his building a nuclear
and the importance of collaboration and teamwork for fusion reactor in his garage. Taylor is currently working on
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“pushing the envelope” of scientific innovation. They’ll read a number of science and engineering projects. He’s also a
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about how curiosity is necessary for learning and watch a TED TED speaker.
Talk about the similarities between play and experimentation—
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and how this makes young people natural scientists! Finally,
Language note “It’s not rocket science” is an expression
students delve into the scientific method and design and write
people use when they think something is not that difficult
about an experiment.
c to do or understand. It’s a nod to the fact that the science
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involved in the development of modern rockets was very
Unit Objectives difficult. People might use the phrase in a humorous way (to a
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Vocabulary young child, trying to tie his shoes), an encouraging way (to a
• Science in action student learning multiplication), or an exasperating way (to an
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• Vocabulary Building Adjective endings employee who can’t stay focused enough to learn his job).
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Grammar
• Grammar 1 Passives 1
Warm Up
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Reading
• Ask the class who they think the family might be. Why do
• Back to the future?
they think the young man on the left is dressed that way?
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Writing Resources
• The scientific method • Classroom Presentation Tool
• Tracks 22–26 (Audio CD, Website, CPT)
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• When a few groups have finished, stop the activity and After you form a theory, what might you do next? Where might
call on groups to share one or two suggestions about the you analyze a sample? A sample of what?
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second and third questions.
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• Give your feedback. To wrap up the activity, start a web on 5 Put students with new partners to compare answers from
the board for the qualities of a scientist and have students Activity 4 and to think of other collocates for the verbs.
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call out qualities they came up with. Discuss them as a class; Encourage them to use a dictionary.
then add them to the web. • When everyone has at least one new word or phrase for
each verb, stop the activity and have pairs share what they
2 Tell the students to read the phrases and underline any of
c came up with. Call on less proficient students first to give
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the words in bold they don’t know. Put students in pairs them an opportunity to contribute.
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• When the first pairs finish, stop the activity and give 1 form − a team/a response; 2 analyze − information/
feedback on the new language. Say something like, OK, a book; 3 conduct – research/tests; 4 release – from
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you knew some of the words. Good! Let’s look at a couple you captivity; 5 submit − a plan/a school project; 6 reward
weren’t sure about. . . . Ask a follow-up question to check − good behavior/an attempt; 7 track − a package/
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(to see what it’s like as a liquid) How do you track progress?
(use graphs, enter data into a computer) 6 H
ave students revisit the collocations they came up with
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• You’ll have further opportunities for reteaching the for Activity 4. Read the Activity 6 directions aloud. Have
students write answers for each collocation.
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3 Read the activity questions aloud. Then read the first Let’s see. All kinds of scientists form theories—physicists,
phrase in Activity 2 and turn it into a sentence. Model with climatologists, for example—when they’re trying to
a student partner. Ask Do you design experiments in your understand how the universe works. And lots of people form
science classes? Repeat for one or two other actions. Then opinions! Art and movie critics do; it’s their job. Call on a few
have pairs take turns asking and answering questions about students to share their ideas.
the rest. Circulate and help as necessary.
• When the first pairs finish, have everyone change partners 7 Prepare your own (ideally true) answers to the questions
and continue, starting from the last action this time. before the class. Model answering the questions in class.
• Call on pairs to share their dialogues about different actions Then put students in small groups to discuss.
with the class. Invite comments and provide feedback. • At the end of the task, give some feedback about new
language that came up and errors you heard.
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4 put a substance in water and heat it up to help it dissolve
5 create a chemical reaction that releases a gas
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6 track students’ progress
7 record the results of an experiment and analyze them
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8 write a report and add references at the end
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9 place something under a microscope
10 reward hard work
11 get rid of a chemical
12
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submit an assignment
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3 Work in pairs. Do the actions in Activity 2 happen in your science classes at
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school? Who does each activity? Give examples. Answers will vary.
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We don’t really design experiments at school. We just follow the ones in the
textbook or do what the teacher tells us to do.
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4 Complete the phrases. Add verbs from Activity 2 that are commonly used with
each set of words.
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5 Work in pairs. Compare your answers in Activity 4. Then think of one more
word or phrase to go with each verb. Use a dictionary, if necessary.
6 Look again at your completed phrases in Activity 4. Who might perform each
action? Why? Answers will vary.
7 MY PERSPECTIVE
Taylor Wilson is the youngest Work in groups. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
person ever to produce a type 1 What science experiments have you done at school that you enjoyed?
of energy called nuclear fusion. 2 Have you ever designed an experiment yourself? If yes, what for? If no, why not?
He did it by building a reactor in
What experiment would you like to design?
his parents’ garage.
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10 Correct the false information in each sentence.
• the easiest to understand from a scientific point of view?
Then listen again to check your ideas. 22
the hardest? Why?
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1 Marie bought herself a phone for her birthday.
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2 Marie’s a morning person.
3 It’s best to put the paper cup right next to your bed. GRAMMAR Passives 1
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4 The cup throws the sound around the room. 13 Work in groups. Look at the Grammar box. Then answer
5 The app alters your sleep patterns. the questions.
6 Phones can be charged faster on airplanes.
7 Spicy food increases the temperature in your mouth. c 1 What tense are each of the passive forms in Activity 11?
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8 The chemical in chilies is easily dissolved with water. 2 Why is the passive used in each case? Focus is on the object or
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1 Well, I was recently given this lovely new refer to? a smartphone / direct object
b An email / direct object.
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smartphone.
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about with the whole class.
12 Read the My Perspective text aloud. Call on students to name
Tell the class they’re going to listen to a recording the four hacks from the audio track. Write them on the board.
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9 22
in which four life hacks are discussed. Read the directions • Choose students who gave different answers to explain their
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and the questions students will have to answer and play the choices and allow a discussion to develop, if students are
track once straight through. interested. After each discussion, ask if anyone has changed
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• When the recording is done, have students compare their their answer and have them explain why.
answers to the questions with a classmate’s.
• Go around and notice how well the students are doing Exam Tip Read the questions first
c Remind students that whether an activity or test item includes
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(without saying anything). If the majority have not fully
answered the questions or are confused, play the track again. a reading or a listening text, they should always read the
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• Ask the whole class or individual students for their answers. questions before reading or listening to the text. They should
Where everyone agrees, write the number and key words note key words or ideas in the questions and start thinking
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on the board. If students disagree or most don’t know, play about synonyms or related language they might read or
the audio track again to listen and check. hear in the text. If they come across an unfamiliar word in a
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sentence and have students call them out all together. (was
at
10 Have students read the statements. Make sure they given, has been sent)
understand them. You might remind them why this is • Put students in groups to answer the Activity 13 questions.
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important. (See the Exam Tip.) Tell them that for questions 1 and 2 they’ll need to refer to
• Point out that all the statements are wrong and have pairs the list of Activity 11 answers on the board.
discuss briefly to see if they can remember what the correct
information is. Then have students work individually to Activity 13
correct each statement. 1
• 22 Play the audio and have students check their statements. 1 past; 2 simple present, future; 3 conditional;
Call on individuals to read their corrected sentences aloud. 4 present perfect; 5 present continuous;
• If students are unsure of certain details, replay the track, 6 present perfect
stopping at key points. Play these sections two or three
times if students are still struggling to extract the correct At this point, have students complete Activities 1–2 on
information. Draw attention to any problem sounds or p. 137 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also
words and explain them when you give the answers. assign these activities as homework.
It helps to highlight words and verb forms to emphasize exercise can be seen as simply a brief discussion to reflect
aspects of grammar. The book does this, and you on the blog text and as a link to the next activity.
can point to the examples there, but it also helps to • For feedback, you could ask different students to share their
write examples on the board. As you review grammar ideas on other important inventions.
activities, write the answers on the board. Underlining
the target form, writing the names of the tenses, or
17 Say Let’s see how much you know about inventions we take for
granted. Do the first one together. Have a student stand and
creating a chart—all help to make grammar skills clearer.
read the first item aloud. Remind her to use proper stress
when reading the passives. Provide assistance or correct as
14 Tell students they’re going to read about an invention. Read needed. Thank the student and tell her to sit down.
the Activity 14 directions. Have students read the blog to • Say Raise your hand if you know what it is. If several students
find out what the invention is and how it has impacted raise their hands, have them call it out. (a yo-yo) Provide
people’s lives, but stress that they have just one minute to the answer if necessary. Then say Now underline the passives
read it. in the two sentences. How many are there? (four) Call on a
• Read the text up to the first blank aloud and say I have to student to read them aloud.
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use the verb place. The correct passive form here is. . . what? • Have students complete the activity individually.
Have students respond. (be placed) • When students are ready, have different volunteers name
• Have students do the activity. When most have finished, tell
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the other three inventions. After each is correctly identified,
them to compare answers in pairs. have the students who guessed it raise their hands. Say Give
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• Review the answers by calling on students to read the text yourselves one point if you knew it.
aloud and fill in the blanks. Write the item numbers and • Finally, go through the passives in each item. Tell students
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passive forms on the board. to give themselves one point for each one they underlined
correctly.
15 PRONUNCIATION Stress in passives
• 15a Read the explanation in the box aloud. Say Let’s c • Tell the class the highest possible score for items 2−4 is 11.
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(3 inventions; 8 passives) Figure out who got the highest
practice stress. Tell students to look at their completed blog score and declare the winners.
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each passive form (include the adverb completely, but don’t the directions aloud and put students in pairs. (Alternatively,
stress it more than transformed) and ask Which word in the you could assign this as homework for students to do
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verb did I stress the most? Have students call out the answers. individually.) Make sure everyone understands the task.
(placed, transformed, created) • Have pairs brainstorm different inventions. Provide time for
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• Call on different students to model reading the rest of the them to do research. When pairs are ready to compose their
sentences for the class. Remind them to place the most riddles, tell them they have to use passive forms. Say Use the
stress on the main verb.
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stress. Tell partners to read the blog entry aloud to each different invention if you see that several pairs are doing the
at
other. Say Read the Pronunciation box to yourselves first as a same one. (It’s all right if just two pairs do the same one.)
reminder. Then pay attention to how your partner reads the • When pairs are satisfied with their riddles, put them with
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passives. another pair to quiz each other. You could then have
• After they finish reading, you might suggest that partners pairs move on and repeat the process with other pairs.
grade each other from 1−10 on their use of proper stress. Alternatively you could have pairs present their riddles to
Partners should justify the grade they give each other, and the whole class.
then read the blog again to improve it, if necessary. Monitor • When everyone has heard all the riddles, have the class vote
pairs as they read. for the best one.
Activity 15a
1 be placed; 2 have been transformed; 3 was created;
4 be said; 5 had been used/were used;
6 were being tested/were tested 7 being connected;
8 be given
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(4) be said (say) that the internet is the California in the 1920s. yo-yo
ultimate life hack! Of course, various linked systems of 2 It is thought that it was first produced in Mocha, Yemen,
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computers (5) had been / were used (use) for some time over a thousand years ago. It’s now consumed all over
the world—particularly in the morning. coffee
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before the birth of the world wide web, and early versions
of what was to become the web (6) were 3 It was first invented in Ancient China over 2,000 years ago
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regularly (being) tested (test) throughout the 1970s for use in government, but wasn’t introduced into Europe
and 80s. Today, though, it’s rare to meet someone who has until the 11th century. paper
no interest in (7) being connected (connect). For many 4 You’ve probably been asked to type letters into one of
young people, that means more than 20 hours a week c these when using the web. They’re used to prevent
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online! Indeed, the internet has become so essential to our spam and were invented by TED speaker Luis Von Ahn
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lives that some argue it is like air, and that everyone should from Guatemala. Captcha boxes
(8) be given (give) free access to it.
18 Work in pairs. Write a description of something like in
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the Vocabulary Building box often goes with. Use a present themselves online.
dictionary, if necessary. 6 We need to share ideas with like-minded people if we are
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to develop our curiosity.
2 Choose four pairs of words from Activity 1. Write a
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sentence for each pair. Answers will vary. 7 Work in groups. Do you agree with the statements in
Activity 6? Why? Answers will vary.
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Research needs to have practical applications.
3 Choose the correct options.
CRITICAL THINKING Asking critical questions
c
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It is often thought that (1) innovation / innovative in science
comes from the labor of (2) curiosity / curious geniuses: To check ideas and deepen understanding, ask questions
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the kinds of individuals who work in isolation, find about statements or research. For example:
(3) pleasure / pleasurable in exploration, and don’t worry Research has shown that curiosity is just as important as
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too much about the (4) practicality / practical applications intelligence in determining how well students do at school.
of their findings. While it is true that the (5) use / useful of
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many new discoveries is not always immediately clear, you The starting points for thinking critically about this
only have to look at the results of scientific work conducted statement might be:
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by teams to see that it is a (6) social / society process and How is student success measured? In what subjects?
involves far more (7) cooperation / cooperative than is often How are curiosity and intelligence measured? How different
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imagined. (8) Collaborative / Collaboration can not only help are they?
to speed up scientific work; it can also enhance the quality of
Can you be intelligent without being curious, and vice versa?
the work and help share knowledge amongst a wider group
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characteristics?
4 MY PERSPECTIVE Answers will vary. Is curiosity important for doing well in a job? What kind
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of jobs?
Work in pairs. Answer the questions.
1 What are the advantages and disadvantages for scientists 8 Work in pairs. What are two questions you would ask if
or researchers working on their own, as part of a small you wanted to think critically about each statement?
team, and in a much bigger team? Answers will vary.
2 How do you prefer to work? Why? 1 Hard work is more important for success than either
curiosity or intelligence.
2 There is some evidence that bees can think like humans.
READING 3 It has been shown that you can only learn seven words in
5
a language lesson.
Read the article about curiosity. Which sentence is the
best summary of the main point? d 9 Compare your ideas in Activity 8. How many of the
a Technology can help us become more curious, but it can questions can you already answer? What is the best
also kill our curiosity. question to explore each statement? Answers will vary.
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this expression and what they think it means. Explain
that it’s sometimes said to young children who ask too sentences slightly to make them fit together better. Tell them
it’s fine if the stories are funny or silly, but they should have
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many questions, or to warn young people not to allow
their curiosity to lead them into dangerous situations. Ask correct grammar. Have pairs share their stories with the class.
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students if they think it’s a good saying or not.
3 Tell students they’re going to read about how science gets
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VOCABULARY BUILDING Adjective endings done. Tell students to read the whole text quickly to get the
main point, not to choose any options.
1 Ask everyone to close their books. Write on the board:
• Ask what the main point is. (Most scientific discovery comes
curious, reliable, effective, beautiful, and practical. Read the
c from collaboration and teamwork, not from geniuses
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words aloud and point out the endings.
working alone.)
• Ask the class what kind of words these are. (adjectives)
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• Explain the task. Make sure students see that each choice is
For each one, have students call out other adjectives
between a noun and an adjective. Model with the first two
with the same ending.
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Explain that it’s helpful to learn adjective endings. in pairs. Then confirm the answers by calling on students
Remind students that they often encounter unknown to read completed sentence parts aloud. Write each
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words as they read. However, if they recognize the number and word on the board. You could check students’
ending, it will help them figure out what kind of word it pronunciation and stress as you do so.
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is. Knowing that and using context will often help them 4 Ask What’s your opinion on the best way for science to get
to guess the unknown word’s meaning. done? How do you prefer to work on projects? Have a student
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Reading Strategy Improve your speed CRITICAL THINKING Asking critical questions
To do well on a reading test, students need to improve
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their reading speed. They can do this in different ways: 8 Have students close their books. Write this sentence from the
learning more language, especially collocations and article on the board: Research has shown that curiosity is just as
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phrases (flash cards can help); timing themselves when important as intelligence in determining how well students do in
reading a text (write the time on the text); rereading a school. Call on a student to read the statement aloud.
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text several times over a term, reading it faster each time; • Say This was surprising to me. And it made me wonder. You can’t
reading longer texts that are slightly below their level make such a statement without being able to back it up with facts,
(use a graded or leveled reader). Of course, the point
c right? Ask the class What questions would you ask the writer
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is not speed for speed’s sake, but finding a speed that about this statement? Take students’ responses and discuss.
allows for basic comprehension—and this speed will • Explain to students that even if a statement sounds
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vary with the genre and topic of each text. authoritative, or was written by an “expert,” it’s OK, even
good, to be a little skeptical. Asking the right questions
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read the text quickly to refresh their memories and to time are unsure of how to respond, have them open their books
themselves to see how quickly they can read it. Read the to p. 60. Have different students read parts of the Critical
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but I need to check the text. I remember the writer talked about them in pairs to do Activity 8. When most pairs have come up
children at the beginning. I’ll start there. Have students look with two questions about each statement, stop the discussion.
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at the text.
• Then call on a student to tell what she thinks. Would the 9 R
ead Activity 9 aloud. Call on pairs to share their questions
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writer agree or disagree? Why? Don’t immediately say if for each Activity 8 statement. Write the best ones on
she’s correct, but ask someone else to give their answer and the board and discuss with the class why they’re good
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excitement into our lives, and
opens up new possibilities. But how
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curious are we in the 21st century?
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23 Perhaps you’ve heard the old saying “curiosity killed 30 may have developed a basic need to fight uncertainty—the
the cat.” It’s a phrase that’s often used to warn people— more we understand about the world around us, the more
especially children—not to ask too many questions. Yet it’s
c likely we are to survive its many dangers!
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widely agreed that curiosity actually makes learning more However, curiosity is currently under threat like never
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5 enjoyable and effective. In fact, research has shown that before—and perhaps the biggest threat comes from
curiosity is just as important as intelligence in determining 35 technology. On one level, this is because technology has
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how well students do in school. become so sophisticated that many of us are unable to think
Curiosity also allows us to embrace unfamiliar circumstances, too deeply about how exactly things work anymore. While
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brings excitement into our lives, and opens up new it may be possible for a curious teenager to take a toaster
possibilities. Being curious requires us to be both humble apart and get some sense of how it works, how much do
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enough to know we don’t have all the answers, and confident 40 you understand about what happens when you type a
enough to admit it. Asking the questions that help us bridge website address into a browser? Where does your grasp of
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the gap between what we already know and what we’d like technology end and the magic begin for you?
to know can lead us to make unexpected discoveries. In addition to this, there’s the fact that we all now connect
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15 In science, basic curiosity-driven research—conducted so deeply with technology, particularly with our phones.
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without pressure to produce immediate practical results— 45 The more we stare at our screens, the less we talk to other
can have unexpected and incredibly important benefits. people directly. To make matters worse, all too often we
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For example, one day in 1831, Michael Faraday was playing accept the images of people that social media provides us
around with a coil and a magnet when he suddenly saw with, and then feel we know enough about a person not to
20 how he could generate an electrical current. At first, it need to engage further with them.
wasn’t clear what use this would have, but it actually made 50 The final—and perhaps most worrying—way in which
electricity available for use in technology, and so changed technology stops us from asking more has to do with
the world. algorithms, the processes followed by computers. As we
Unsurprisingly, there are chemical and evolutionary theories increasingly get our news via social media, algorithms find
25 to explain why humans are such curious creatures. When out what we like and push more of the same back to us,
we become curious, our brains release a chemical called 55 meaning that we end up inside our own little bubbles, no
dopamine, which makes the process of learning more longer coming across ideas that challenge our pre-existing
pleasurable and improves memory. It is still not known why beliefs. Perhaps the real key to developing curiosity in the
learning gives us such pleasure, but one theory is that we 21st century, then, is to rely less on the tech tools of our age.
a The heart was believed to be the center of intelligence until the Middle Ages.
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b It is claimed that computer training programs can limit the effects of aging on
the brain.
c Einstein’s brain was said to be bigger than average, which explains his
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intelligence.
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d It is estimated that the human brain is about 75 percent water.
e It is well known that most of the time we only use ten percent of our brain
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capacity.
f Exercising is thought to create chemicals that reduce your ability to think.
g The part of the brain called the hippocampus is known to be connected with
c
our sense of direction.
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h It has been generally accepted that creative people have a dominant right
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brain.
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2 Listen and find out which sentences in the Grammar box are true. How many
did you get right? 24
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a T b F c F d T e F f F g T h F
3 Work in pairs. Look at the Grammar box again and:
It is claimed that; It is estimated; It is well known that; It has been generally accepted that
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1 identify the whole passive reporting pattern in the sentences that begin with It.
2 identify the form of the verb that follows the passive forms in sentences that do
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include examples of subject + base form of verb and to be + base form of verb.
4 Write sentences about the brain using these notes and the passive.
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and check that students are doing the task correctly. • Explain the activity and ask for a volunteer to say the
• When groups have finished, point out the title of the complete sentence. Do item 2 as a further example as it
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Grammar box. Ask Did you notice the passives in the starts with it and requires a different pattern.
• Have students open their books and complete the activity
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statements? Have students call out a few and write them on
the board. Say We’ll talk about these later. individually. When the first few students finish, put students
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• You might want to take a vote on each statement. (Say in pairs to check their sentences and help each other
Hands up if you think statement a is true. Then, Hands up if complete the activity.
you think a is false.) Tally the votes on the board. Point out • Review answers by having different students read their
which ones students are in agreement on. c sentences to the class. When the sentence is correct, have
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the class repeat the first part. When there’s an error, write the
At this point, have students complete Activity 3 on p. 137
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sentence on the board and have the class help you correct it.
in the Grammar Reference section. You may also assign • Finally, have students correct their sentences, if necessary,
the activity as homework. and read them over for content.
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2 24 Say Now we’ll find out how smart we are! Play the
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on the board without stopping the recording. 3 The brain is now known to develop…
• Check to see how well students did. (Say Hands up if you got all 4 It was once believed (that) the brain’s networks
became…
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were wrong about (c). I wonder why that is. Any thoughts?) 8 Brain transplants are generally accepted to be…
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the ideas were. Call on others to tell what they found most tested. 4 The scientists are having the laboratory
interesting in the text. repainted. 5 I’m going to have my injury looked at.
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6 The research center is going to have its budget cut.
7 Explain that students are going to look at another passive
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form. Draw their attention to the Grammar box and read
the sentences aloud. Point out that the sentences say 10 Read the activity options aloud. If students pick the first
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essentially the same thing in different ways. one, tell them they can choose any science topic, but they’ll
• Then tell students to complete the grammar rules in need to have their facts right and be able to back them up,
Activity 7 individually, in pairs, or read the sentences aloud
c whether or not they choose to write a variety of true and
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and have the class call out the answers all together. Review false sentences. Tell students they can pair up for this one if
the answers as a class. they want.
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1 Their brains were scanned… to find out how the error was discovered and what the real
2 A new MRI scanner is being installed… by a local firm. story was. Say You’ll have to do some digging!
3 The scientists’ research was evaluated by experts.
4 My examination will be done later. Expansion
5 My dad’s head was examined when we were in the Have students take their activities to the next level. Those
hospital. who did the science sentences should make them the
basis for a game, with a set of rules. Those who worked
on the brain can make a poster or a display of their
comparisons. Students who researched a news story can
turn their report into a news article or a script for a scene
to be acted out by the reporter and other key people.
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increased as a result of surgery where a patient had a tumor 4 I’m going to have my examination later.
removed from their brain and the resulting physical change 5 My dad had his head examined when we were in
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meant that functions could be mapped to the part of the the hospital.
brain that had been operated on. This mapping came about
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as much through failed operations as successful ones. Now, 9 Work in pairs. Complete the sentences in as many
operations (5) sometimes conduct / are sometimes conducted different ways as you can. Use a dictionary, if necessary.
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while the patient is awake and talking. If a part of the brain Answers will vary.
1 The patient had scanned.
(6) touched / is touched and it affects one of the patient’s 2 I had examined.
senses, he or she can tell the surgeon!
c 3 They should have tested.
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Since the late 1970s, medical technology, such as MRI 4 The scientists are having the laboratory .
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scanning, (7) has allowed / has been allowed safe research 5 I’m going to have my injury .
into the brain without the need for surgery or X-rays. MRI 6 The research center is going to have .
uses powerful magnets and computer imaging to see high
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blood flows in different parts of the brain that (8) believe / 10 CHOOSE
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are believed to show brain activity. If people (9) have / is Choose one of the following activities. Answers will vary.
their brains scanned while doing various thinking activities,
• Write a set of sentences like the ones in the first Grammar
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example, it is now understood that memories are not stored – a city. – a computer.
in one place, but are the result of activity in many parts of – an orchestra. – a spider’s web.
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Causative have and get – a time you had to have something scanned or tested
– a time something in the news proved to be wrong
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Read about Beau Lotto and Amy O’Toole and get ready to watch their TED Talk. 5.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS
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4 Put the sentences (a–h) in order. The first and last
Fillers are given.
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You can use words and phrases like right, all right, and 1 Perception is grounded in our experience.
you know to ask for agreement, to check that people are a These are the exact same ways of being you need in
understanding, or as a filler while we pause or move on to c order to be a good scientist. 8
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the next point. b If perception is grounded in our history, it means
we’re only ever responding according to what we’ve
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So, this game is very simple. All you have to do is read what done before. 2
you see. Right? c Uncertainty is what makes play fun. It opens
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proper intonation after the one-word question at the end. the sentences quickly to check understanding. You may
• Ask if students know any other fillers in English. (er, um, want to provide these explanations: Grounded in our
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anyway, whatever, you know, and so on) You could also experience (or history) means our personal experience is the
discuss fillers they use in their own languages.
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basis for understanding what we perceive; just as people
• Tell students that even though such fillers might be can be armed with a weapon, they can be armed with ideas
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frowned upon or seen as uneducated, they’re a normal part to use to argue a point, “defend” a position, or “attack” an
of everyone’s speech and—as they’ll hear—used a lot by opposing viewpoint.
the TED speaker. • Model thinking aloud. Read sentence 1 and say I’m not sure
• 25 Read the Activity 1 directions. Give students a
c what that means. I need more of an explanation. Ask the
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minute to reread the skill explanation, then play the audio class What do you think will come next? Wait for a student
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track. Suggest that students mark the places in the text to volunteer or nominate someone. Point out, if necessary,
where they hear a filler. When the track is done, have that sentence b says more about perception being
students compare in pairs.
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filler, stand, or raise their hands when you should say Right? sure of the sequence. Just do your best. It might help if you say
or All right? the sentences out loud, but quietly.
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• When a few have finished, you can ask one or two for their
Listening Strategy Recognize fillers answers or just go straight to the video of the talk. Say Let’s
Recognizing fillers for what they are—a word or sound see if you’re right.
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2 Replay the audio track. Then put students in pairs to take • Review the answers as a class, by calling on different
turns reading the text to each other. You might suggest students for the next sentence in the sequence. Write
they give each other a grade from 1−10 for how well they each number and letter on the board.
mimic Beau Lotto’s speaking style. • Replay the video and stop after each sentence from
• You could get the best student to perform for the class Activity 4. Ask students again for the answer.
or even talk along with the video with the sound turned
down, karaoke-style. Keep the task light. This is just a playful 6 R
ead the Activity 6 question and the answer choices. You
way for students to practice their language skills. might want to play the relevant section of the video again
and have students check off each answer choice as they
hear it. Say Raise your hands when you hear the sentence that
provides the answer. (d, “Play is its own reward.”) As the ideas
about play may be hard for students to grasp, replay the
section and discuss each point.
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own life for a couple of the questions. Call on students to
to an academic magazine that publishes research.
give their own examples. Then have pairs discuss.
• 5.2 Play Part 2 of the video. Have students complete the
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• Circulate and check that they’re doing the task correctly. If
activity. Circulate and notice how well they’re doing. Decide
discussions are lagging, have students change partners and
whether or not you need to replay the video.
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continue.
• Check the answers as a class, making sure you have
• At the end of the task, ask Which topic excited or interested
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students justify their answers with evidence from the video.
you and your partner the most? Have pairs share their most
Record the sentence numbers and T, F, or NS on the board.
interesting ideas. Give some feedback about new language
Play Part 3 once straight through. Give students
8 5.3
c that came up, and errors to correct (which you may have
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a few minutes to write their answers, then have them written on the board).
compare and discuss them with a classmate. Replay Part 3
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Activity 8 wish you’d heard more details about the experiment in the TED
1 An expert added commentary and references; Talk? Or did you come up with your own ideas about how to
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2 Overwhelmingly positive; 3 Anyone has the do it? Ask for a show of hands. Then say Now’s your chance
potential to discover something new. A small question to think and learn more about it.
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9 Write on the board: “Changing the way a person thinks about ways they might do each of the things listed. You might
something. . . depends on the way the person feels about want to appoint someone in each group to keep track of
change.” Remind students that Amy said that in the TED
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• Call on a student to read Activity 9 aloud, including the three • The paper can also be found online. You might want to
discussion points. Tell students to think about how they would have students access this and read it at home. Students will
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feel about changing those things. Ask Do you think other people also find out something of the method for the experiment
would feel the same way you do? Give students a few minutes through the writing lesson in section 5E.
to think; then have them discuss their ideas with a partner. • Circulate as students discuss. Provide assistance as needed.
At the end of the task, tell groups to prepare a short
10 Say Amy discovered that changing the way she thought about presentation about how they’d conduct the experiment,
science was easy. Tell students to think about how they’ve incorporating the group’s most promising or novel ideas.
always felt about science and the people who like it—and
whether they feel any differently now.
• Call on a student to read the My Perspective question
aloud. Have students write down their thoughts about it.
When they’ve had sufficient time, call on students to share
their ideas. Have a class discussion.
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a Watch the clips from the TED Talk. Choose the correct
1 None of the questions the children thought of had ever meanings of the words and phrases. 5.4
been studied before. F b Work in pairs. Talk about: Answers will vary.
2 The children wanted to research if bees adapt their
c • a time you received a reward for doing something.
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behavior to solve problems like humans do. T • a time you regret not bothering to do something.
3 Bees are one of the most intelligent insects. NS
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1 How did the research finally get published? • give rewards to bees for going to “good flowers.”
2 What was the reaction to the research? • identify which bees are going to which flowers.
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3 What were two lessons that Amy learned? • train the bees to learn the pattern of one color
surrounded by another.
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9 Amy says that changing the way a person thinks about • check that the bees aren’t just “smelling” the good
something can be easy or hard. Explain why you think flowers.
it would be easy or hard to change the way people • check that the bees aren’t just choosing the good
think about: Answers will vary. flowers by color.
• check that the bees aren’t just choosing the flowers in
• what they eat. the middle.
• what they watch on TV.
• where they shop. Read the paper about Blackawton Bees and see exactly
how the children set up the experiment and what they
10 MY PERSPECTIVE discovered. It’s available on the TED website.
Did the TED Talk change your views about science and
scientists at all? In what way? Answers will vary.
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one of those in Activity 1, what steps would you need to complete?
We’d need to try to figure out… Answers will vary.
Hypothesizing 3 Listen to a short lecture on how to design experiments. Note the six main
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I’d expect the results to show… steps. Then compare your answers with a partner. Use the light bulb
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I’d imagine that the data would experiment to explain each stage. 26
probably reveal…
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4 As a class, discuss why you think:
I would / wouldn’t have thought it
would be possible to prove that… 1 certain kinds of hypotheses are easier to prove than others.
2
c
proving a hypothesis wrong can be an important step towards learning.
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3 it’s important to record in detail how experiments are set up and conducted.
4 proving a hypothesis right in the way described could be seen as
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insufficiently scientific.
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6 Work with another pair. Explain the design of your experiment. Can your
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partners see any way in which it could be improved? Answers will vary.
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questions again and use it as an opportunity to introduce very valuable skills. Help students develop these skills
some of the phrases in the Useful language box. (It’d be during lessons. It’s helpful to ask students to think in their
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good to know; I’d expect the answer to be; and so on) L1 and then translate or interpret when they’re dealing
with difficult (nonlinguistic) concepts or doing a complex
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2 Ask As you discussed the questions in Activity 1, did you think task. Having strong English speakers model this helps to
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about what you’d have to do if you were to actually try to find involve and support less proficient students.
out the answer to any of them?
• Say You know that there are certain steps to follow when you 5 Read the first part of the directions and the options aloud.
conduct an experiment. See how many you know. Use your c Put students in pairs and have them discuss the options and
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background knowledge to brainstorm together what some decide what experiment to design. Call on each pair to tell
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comes up with. You might tell them there are six stages. model briefly, with a strong student partner, how to go
about designing an experiment for it.
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3 26 Read the activity directions and play the audio • Before pairs begin, point out the Useful language box and
track. Tell students to make notes on the six main steps of have students glance through it. Then have pairs read the
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an experiment. second part of the directions. Say Using the language in the box
• Give students time to compare their steps with a partner’s. and the six steps on the board will help you through the process.
Then list numbers 1−6 vertically on the board. Call on • Have pairs get to work. When everyone has completed the
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individuals to name each of the six steps. Make sure task, stop it and move on to Activity 6.
everyone agrees; then write them on the board. If students
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are unsure, play the track again. Stop at key points to have 6 T
ell pairs to explain their designs to each other. Say See if
students call out the part of the light bulb experiment that
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• Keep the steps on the board for students to refer to later. • When everyone has discussed their experiments, ask each
group for comments on the activity. Ask questions, such
Activity 3, Suggested answers: as Was the process of designing an experiment easy, difficult,
1 Define the purpose of the experiment. 2 Do your educational, revealing? Were the other pair’s comments
research. 3 Form your hypothesis. 4 Design your test. helpful? Will you actually conduct the experiment you
5 Analyze the data. 6 Draw your conclusions. designed?
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Useful language on p. 67 will help them write the steps of
8 Have students read the directions and locate the text on
the experiment clearly.
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p. 151. Students can do the activity individually or in pairs.
• Put students in pairs to brainstorm an experiment to
You might suggest that one student keep p. 67 open and
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choose. You may need to set aside extra time for students
the other the model page (p. 151) to avoid a lot of flipping
who want to research historical experiments. Assign the
backwards and forwards.
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writing for homework or set a time limit for doing it in class.
• Have students talk about the scientific method for the bee
• As students are writing, circulate and help them. Remind
experiment. Then give them time to go through all the
them to use passives to report some of the information. You
features in Activity 7 and see if they can find examples in
c might note some common mistakes to cover for feedback.
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the report.
• Have students exchange their first drafts with their partner.
• Review the answers as a class and write them on the board.
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p. 67. Tell them they’ve read some of this language in Teaching/Exam Tip
the bee report on p. 151. Then draw their attention to Good writers reread and revise several times. Tell
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the diagram at the bottom of the page. Say Examine the students that after they’ve written and revised a first
illustrations. Do they seem familiar? What do they show? Have draft, they should make a clean copy. Then read the
whole text again several times, focusing on something
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students in pairs. Say This is going to be a fun challenge! See if you organization and ideas, one for common mistakes they
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can describe the steps of the experiment shown in the diagram, in make. Then they’ll need to correct and make a final copy.
order, without rereading the text at the back of your book. In an exam situation, they may not have a lot of time for
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• You might suggest they begin by trying to number the rereading and editing, but they should try to leave time
verbs in the right order. But remind them that they then for one or two passes.
have to describe the steps in writing, using the verbs and
the Useful language. Tell them there are more steps to
describe than pictures in the diagram.
• When pairs have worked for a while, ask if anyone is
confident that they’ve described the steps in the right
order. Have those pairs retell the process. Ask the class Did
they get it right? Have the class rate the retelling(s).
• Then have all pairs check the text on p. 151 to see how
they did.
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9 You may add a diagram of what you are describing. SR First of all,…
10 You have a final sentence or comment that summarizes the point of the text. SR Before starting the experiment,…
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The bees were then released…
8 Read about the process that was completed in preparation for the Blackawton
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Once the bees had been released…
Bee experiment on page 151. Which of the features in Activity 7 can you identify?
After being released, the bees…
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1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8
9 Look at the Useful language box. Use the language and these verbs to retell Finally,…
the process in the diagram on this page. Then look at the process on page 151 Explaining the steps
and check how well you did. Answers will vary.
c They were marked to identify them.
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let into paint pick up place put into They were marked in order to identify
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be identified.
10 Write a method like the one on page 151, describing: Answers will vary.
In order to do this,…
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near-extinction is attributed to human activity, and about leaf-footed bug. They have mouth parts extending more
people’s attachment to unlikely or totally debunked ideas about than half the length of their bodies that allow them to pierce
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the natural world. They’ll watch a TED Talk and learn some leaves and fruit to suck the plant’s juices. They are serious
myth-busting facts about the iconic “ship of the desert” and
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crop pests in some areas of the world.
how some animal adaptations can actually lead to extinction
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rather than survival. Language note The word adaptation did not always have
Finally, students will write a problem-solution essay about how the biological meaning we associate with it today. The sense of
“modification of a thing to suit new conditions” is from 1790,
to save an animal—or something else that’s been part of a way
c although the word actually dates from the 17th century. Its
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of life and may soon disappear.
current biological sense of “variations in a living thing to suit
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• Science in action
Warm Up
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• Grammar 1 Modals and meaning caption. Share About the Photo with the class.
• Grammar 2 Modals and infinitive forms • Have students describe other insect or animal adaptations
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• Help Save the Endangered Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus of science, including computers and the Internet, how
from Extinction people learn and do science, and inventions, research, and
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TED Talk
• Latif Nasser: You have no idea where camels really come from • Ask who likes studying biology and why (or why not). Call
on students to share with the class ideas or anecdotes
Pronunciation related to life forms; for example, animals that have
• Weak form of have fascinated or scared them, prehistoric life forms, theories
about life on Earth that intrigue them, and so on.
Speaking
• Telling and responding to anecdotes Resources
• Classroom Presentation Tool
Writing • Tracks 27–32 (Audio CD, Website, CPT)
• A problem-solution essay
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up in the dictionary or provide the definitions yourself. If you’re certain students won’t know most of the words
• Read the second activity question aloud. Take students’ in an activity, do this quick preteaching exercise. Say the
responses. Explain that adaptations occur when a gene English words (or, even better, collocations of the words)
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mutates—usually by accident. However, if the mutation and then translate them. Then have students work in
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gives an organism a competitive advantage in some aspect pairs or threes to do the activity, sharing what they
of life, then that organism is more likely than others of its remember of the translations.
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species to survive and reproduce, thus passing along the
mutation to its offspring. Tell students adaptations can be 4 Tell students they’re going to learn some more collocates for
physical or behavioral.
c the words in Activity 2. Read the Activity 4 directions and the
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words aloud. Make sure students understand the task.
Activity 1, Suggested answers: • Read each word group in item 1 aloud. Say You have to find
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1 Evolution tries to explain the differences between a noun in the list that goes with each of these groups of words.
species. The idea is that species developed, or evolved, Try out different nouns. Give students a few minutes, then ask
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over generations to adapt to their environment in order OK, which noun collocates with all three? (benefit)
to survive; Conservation is the practice of preserving • Tell students to do the others themselves, using a dictionary
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natural places and endangered species. if they need to. Go through the answers by asking different
students to read the three collocations aloud.
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up to item 1 aloud and either wait for the class to say the
For example, say Work in nature conservation sounds strange
answer or call on a student to give it. (species) Translate the
to me. Some people use the word work to mean their job, so
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thousands of unique (1) species that have (2) adapted to
life on the island. In fact, scientists have discovered more than 600 new animals
since the beginning of this century. However, while it may seem that wildlife
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is doing well, many animals and plants are in fact at (3) risk
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because tropical forests are being destroyed to make farmland. Eighty percent
of Madagascar’s human population live in poverty and depend on basic farming
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for (4) survival . The silky sifaka is one of the most (5) endangered
animals. There are only around 250 left in the wild. A (6) conservation
program is trying to preserve its (7) habitat and prevent people from
(8) c
hunting it. The national dog of Madagascar, the Coton de Tulear,
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was (9) saved from extinction, and now people (10) breed
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have (12) died out because people stole its huge eggs, which were big
enough to feed a family.
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1 Most animals have died out. B 1 You might stop weak species from going extinct.
2 Conservation goes against evolution. I You will stop weak species from going extinct.
3 Genetic changes through evolution do not make a 2 Maybe we shouldn’t interfere.
species more perfect. C We must not interfere.
4 Animals can’t choose to adapt to a new environment. C 3 “The survival of the fittest” can suggest evolution is a kind
5 Human activity is increasing the number of extinctions. C of competition.
6 We must protect endangered species because we can. C “The survival of the fittest” suggests evolution is a kind
7 Conservation is expensive. B of competition.
8 Humans may become extinct sooner rather than later. B 4 If that habitat disappeared for whatever reason, they’d
easily die out.
7 What reasons for possible human extinction did you hear When the habitat disappears, the animals die out.
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in the interview? Listen again and check. 27 5 Will you leave it there?
Loss of biodiversity; killing of plants that could cure diseases Could you leave it there?
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8 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
Answers will vary. Modals and meaning
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1 Do you like television shows about the natural world?
A modal (would, will, may, might, could, can, should, shall,
What was the last one you saw? What was it about?
must) adds a general meaning to another verb to show a
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2 Have you studied anything about conservation at school?
speaker’s attitude or intention.
What other things did you learn?
3 Would you like to be a conservationist? What might be The first thing that will strike people is…
good or bad about the job? c = I am certain it strikes people.
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4 Have you ever taken action to protect something? What The first thing that should strike people is…
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did you do? = I believe it strikes people, but I'm not certain.
Other meanings are: certainty, uncertainty, obligation,
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and practice.
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• Help them by correcting errors or giving them the English
you’ll need to replay the listening. they need and then write some of these points on the
• When students are done, tell them to compare answers with board, or remember them for class feedback.
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a partner. Then review the answers as a class by asking for a • When a couple of students have finished, have students
show of hands. (For example, say Number 1: Who thinks it’s
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change partners and start with any question they want and
the interviewer? Hands up, and so on) Have students call out continue in any order.
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the answers all together or call on individuals. • At the end of the task, give your feedback. You can also retell
• If students disagree, have several students give their some interesting things you heard partners discussing.
answers. Ask them to justify their answers, but don’t say
who’s correct. Instead, put a question mark on the board.
c GRAMMAR Modals and meaning
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Go through all the answers like this and then play the
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and explain them when you give the answers. • Read the other meanings for modals aloud. Call on a few
• When students agree on an answer, record it on the board. students to say sentences with other modals and guide
• Optional Begin the Listening lesson by using the Teaching
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them to tell what their intended meaning is. Ask the class
Tip below. Do you think they used the right modal?
• Then have students work in pairs. Tell them to underline the
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Teaching Tip modal in each sentence and then see if they can figure out
Here’s an excellent first activity for almost any listening how the modals affect the meaning of the sentences. Point
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activity, and it mirrors the way we often decode what out that some of the modals could have more than one
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we’ve heard outside of the classroom, too: meaning, and two sentences don’t have modals.
1 Explain briefly to students what they’re going to hear.
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1 It’s happening very fast. 2 Conserving species is then confirm or identify the student writers by nodding to
good for humans. 3 Species adapt and then suffer as them and having them stand up.
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a result of sudden change. • At the end of the task, give some feedback on how well
students used the language they learned and also teach
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new language that came up or point out errors to correct.
Read the Activity 11 directions aloud. Say Now is the time to
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11
focus on the underlined parts! You need to replace those parts 13 Read the directions aloud. Elicit from the class ideas of
with modals from the Grammar box. different things in each category that are in danger of
• Have students read the Grammar box again. Then ask In
c disappearing. If students aren’t sure, give a couple of ideas
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number 1, what modal can replace constantly brought back? yourself (blue whales, rain forests, bank tellers, handwritten
Remind them that they need a base form of the verb. Ask letters, doing research in the library, and so on).
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What’s the base form of brought? (bring) Say Try saying a • Put students into pairs to brainstorm more ideas and make
few modals to yourself—would constantly bring back, will their own lists. Set a time limit of around three minutes.
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constantly bring back, may constantly bring back… . Ask • Get ideas from the class and write them on the board.
Which one best maintains the meaning of the original sentence? • Then choose one thing and ask students if it’s worth
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Call on a student for the answer. (would constantly bring back) protecting or preserving, or not. Ask them to explain the
• Have students do the others individually. Tell them there’s reasons behind their ideas.
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more than one correct answer. When most have finished, • Then pair students again to discuss other ideas. After they
ask students to compare in pairs. discuss, tell students to write down individually what they
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• Read the whole text aloud, stopping when you come to would try to preserve, if anything, and why—or why they
each part that has been changed. Ask different students to wouldn’t want to preserve any of the things on the board.
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give their answers. Write the item numbers and modals on • Optional You could wrap up the activity by finding out
the board. Make sure everyone is in agreement. which things most students want to preserve—and how
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certain to happen to other animals and even people. The
question is not if (4) it’s better for us to do something about
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it, but when (5) are we going to decide to do something
and (6) what are we going to decide to do?
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In Costa Rica, he’s found that species (7) sometimes become
endangered because the area of forest they live in shrinks
as it becomes surrounded by agriculture. The birds are so
well adapted to a certain part of the forest that they
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(8) refuse to move, even when bigger areas of forest
(9) are possibly close by. Cagan says (10) it’s essential that
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Ice ages caused the extinction of many species. Supported
2 Washington State is one of the wettest places in the US.
3 The tree octopus may provide clues about how early sea
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1 Choose the correct forms to complete the sentences. creatures adapted to live on land. Supported
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1 We often go skiing in the Olympic Mountains / Mountain 4 The animals often live in small groups. Not supported
Olympics, north of here. 5 Many companies that cut down trees in the forests are
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2 On average, there is 20 centimeters of rainfall / fallrain not doing enough to protect octopuses. Supported
here in March. 6 Octopuses are affected by pollution. Not supported
3 Many environmental charities run campaign social
c 8 Work in groups. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
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media / social media campaigns.
4 Scientists believe there might be many sea creatures / 1 Did you know about the tree octopus before? If not, what
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creature seas that still have not been discovered. surprised you most?
5 I really like our teacher science / science teacher. She brings 2 Should people care about the tree octopus? Why?
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the subject to life. 9 Look at the source for the article. Do you think it is
6 I avoid all animal products / product animals. I don’t even
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2 Work in groups. Starting with these compound nouns, 10 Listen to a news extract about the tree octopus story.
how many other compound nouns can you create
Answer the questions. 29
by changing one word each time? Use a dictionary, if
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ice age: ice cream; cream cheese; cheesecake CRITICAL THINKING Assessing information
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VOCABULARY BUILDING Compound nouns use a dictionary.
• See which group has the longest chain. Ask a person from
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1 You can use the book, or ask everyone to close their books. that group to read their chain to the class. You could write
Write the words bookstore and ice age on the board.
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it on the board. Stop the student to correct any errors or to
• Ask what the two nouns in each compound word are. point out a particularly clever or interesting word to the rest
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Then ask what the two main nouns are (store, age) and of the class.
what words describe the nouns. (book, ice) You might ask • Where students have made an error, the incorrect word is
for a translation. Then tell students to read the information deleted from the chain. Then see if another group now has
about compound nouns in the Grammar box on p. 72
c the longest chain. Repeat the process.
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of their books.
• Read the Activity 1 directions aloud. Then read the first READING
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students do the other sentences individually, using a categories in the list—one you know a lot about and one
dictionary if necessary. you’d like to know more about. (for example, domestic cats
• While they work, notice words and phrases they look up,
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with a classmate. Then review the answers by asking and one they don’t like.
different students to read the completed sentences aloud.
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Record the numbers and compound nouns on the board. 4 Explain the task and tell the class about the two animals you
• As you write, get the class to repeat the words and chose. Make sure to include why you chose them. Highlight
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say where the stress is (usually on the first part of the any new words you use by writing them on the board as
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compound) and ask questions such as So, you can run a you say them or slowing down and drawing attention to
campaign. What other verbs go with campaign? (conduct, them as you speak. (domesticated, feline, sure-footed, steep
plan, work on) heights, grip, hooves)
• Have students stand up and tell a classmate about their
animals. Have them change partners from time to time.
Study Tip
Alternatively, do the activity in groups. Listen and take
Explain to students that there are no real rules to explain notes as students talk.
whether a compound noun is written as one word, • To wrap up, tell the class some interesting things you
two words, or a hyphenated word. They will find some heard. Call on the students who shared them. Invite those
compound words in the dictionary, but different dictionaries students to add more details.
may treat the same compound differently. One might show
it with a hyphen, another as one word. Tell students to keep For notes on Activities 5–12, see page 73a.
a list of compounds they come across in a notebook.
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Reading Strategy Skimming 10 29 Read the Activity 10 directions aloud and play the
Remind students that the purpose of informational articles audio track. At the end of the audio, have students answer
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is to provide facts and details to educate readers about a the questions and share their thoughts on the issue of
topic. Tell them they don’t always need to read every word website reliability. Ask Who should be held responsible, the
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of an informational article. Particularly in exam situations, website creators or the consumers of online information?
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they can skim a text to find the information they need.
When you skim, you read the title and any headings, look CRITICAL THINKING Assessing information
at illustrations and read captions, and read the first and
(sometimes) last paragraphs of the text in their entirety.
c 11 Read the information in the Critical Thinking box with the
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class. Discuss the meaning of the term healthy skepticism.
For longer articles, they may also need to read the first and
Tell students it’s a good attitude to have about online
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7 Do the first item as an example. Ask the class if the When students are done, have them share their thoughts.
statement is supported by the article or not. Explain that • Finally, ask Was the activity worth it? Did you learn anything
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students will need to make inferences when a statement is about yourself? Will you change your online habits as a result?
not directly stated in the article. 12 Put
students in groups and read the question aloud. If
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• Don’t immediately say if students have given the correct possible, share an example of a fake news story you know
answer, but call on a student to explain his or her reasoning of and its real or potential effects. Remind them of the study
(several students if there was disagreement). Give the final
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• If students disagree on things that are not directly stated in Have students compile a list of reliable online sources
the article, you may need to review the process of making of information on various nature-related topics:
inferences with the class. endangered species, rare and unusual creatures, and so
on, to share with the class.
8 Tell students to read the questions and check that they
understand them. Answer any language questions they may
have. Make sure they understand activist and activism.
• Circulate as groups discuss and help as needed. When
groups are finished, ask individuals the questions again and
use the ensuing discussions to teach any new language that
comes up.
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ABOUT HELP FAQs SIGHTINGS MEDIA ACTIVITIES LINKS
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About
28 About Whyitit’s
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between 30 and 35 centimetres and live and live for
for roads have cut off access to water;
new roads have cut off access to water; the growth
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15 mirrors the way early life forms adapted to protect the last few tree octopuses.
15 mirrors the way early life forms adapted to • Write to the government to say you are
life away from the water. Although they are • worried
Write toand
thethat
government to say
life away from the water. Although you feel the treeyou are
octopus
theythey
canare
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still
redshow emotions
indicates angerby andchanging
white, fear. theirNormally,
skin 45
45 included on the Endangered Species List.
20colour:
though, redthey
indicates anger and white,
are a green-brown fear.
color that • Write to celebrities, asking them to talk in
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3a I touch one or pick one up if the chance had arisen.
3b I certainly about owning one, that’s
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for sure.
3c Our favorite is a python called Monty. We him for three
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years this November.
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3 Look at the sentences in Activity 2. Answer the questions.
1 Which sentence describes a period leading up to a future point?
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2 Are the other sentences about the past, the present, or the future?
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3 Which modal emphasizes that an action was in progress at the same
time as another?
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4 Work in groups. Look at the Grammar box. Does each pair of sentences
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around and notice how well they’re doing (without saying At this point, have students complete Activities 3 and 4
anything). Play the listening again if necessary. on p. 139 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also
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• Call on students for their answers. Since this is a brief assign these activities as homework.
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introduction to the grammar skill, you can give students the
answers if they didn’t get them all. 4 Have students look at the sentences in the Grammar box as
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you read each one aloud. Ask different students to explain
Activity 1 each sentence, or translate it, providing assistance as
1 boy: tree octopus after flaws were pointed out; needed.
2 girl: became vegan, not clear why; 3 girl: snakes, c • Then read the Activity 4 directions aloud. Call on a student
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because her brother got one to stand and read sentences 1a and 1b aloud. Thank the
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student and tell her or him to sit. Ask the class Do these two
2 Put students in pairs. Have them read the sentences and sentences mean the same thing? Hands up if you think they do.
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discuss what verb forms might go in the blanks. Tell them Then Hands up if you think they don’t. Confirm the answer.
not to write anything yet. (They mean the same thing.) Ask If you’re joking, are you
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• 30 Play the audio track again and tell students to being serious? (no) Point out that both sentences have the
complete as much of the sentences as they can. same modal, and that not serious and joking are synonyms in
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• Call on a student for the answer to 1a. Play the audio again this case.
to confirm or check it and write the number and phrase on • Put students in groups to do the rest of the activity. Go
around and check that they’re doing the task correctly and
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Teaching Tip turn them into short dialogues. Tell them they’ll have to
provide context with an introductory statement, then
When you review the answers to a listening activity, ask
use either the a or b sentence in the book to respond.
students for the answer and then play the audio up to
Then add a follow-up comment. For example:
the point where the answer is given. This allows students
to hear or confirm the answer for themselves. If there is a Speaker 1: They charged me $5 for a bottle of water!
disagreement, you can replay the relevant section one or Speaker 2: They must have been joking.
more times until students can hear the answer. Speaker 1: I asked several times. They said that’s the usual
price around here.
Activity 2
1a can’t have been paying 2b must’ve had
1b should’ve noticed 3a might’ve been able to
1c could’ve told 3b would, never have
2a could’ve told, wouldn’t thought
have cared 3c will have had
SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTIONUnit 6 Adapt to Survive 74a
5 PRONUNCIATION Weak form of have • Put students in pairs to discuss other, hopefully, more
• 5a 31 Read the explanation in the Pronunciation box plausible, ideas for each mystery. Tell them to write down
aloud. Either use the audio or model reading the sentences their modal sentences.
yourself. After each one, pause (or pause the audio) and • Have students share ideas with the class. Correct grammar
gesture for students to repeat. Say OK, now everyone… . and vocabulary as necessary. You might encourage debate,
Then call on a few different students to say the sentence but don’t give the actual answers.
again, one at a time.
• As you ask individuals to say a sentence, you could tell them 8 Have students open their books to p. 75. Point out the photo
to say it fast or slow; for example Juan—slow, Ana—fast, and read the caption aloud. You might mention that this
Chen—fast, and so on. fossil is from the period of the Great Dying. Ask if anyone has
• Correct any mistakes that come up. Ideally, show the heard of Dinogorgon. Have them share what they know.
student how the correct sound is formed. • Put students in pairs. Assign one student in each pair to
• 5b Have pairs practice reading the sentences to one be Student A and the other Student B. Read the Activity 8
another, first slowly, then quickly. directions. Have pairs do the activity. Circulate as students
discuss. Make sure they’re listening politely to their partners,
6 Tell students to scan the text to find out what the mystery is. helping each other with vocabulary and grammar when
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Set a time limit of no more than one minute. Check quickly they can.
by asking the class Had you heard of the Loch Ness monster? • When students are finished, ask Did anyone come up with
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What do you know about it? Have you heard of any other the correct theory for one of the mysteries? Or something close?
similar mystery creatures? Have students respond. If anyone did, encourage them to
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• Explain the directions. Do the first one together. Say tell how they learned about it.
Reported sightings of the Loch Ness monster will soon… what?
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Anyone? Give students time to think. Wait for someone to Expansion
call out the answer, or call on a student. Write the number Tell students to research other unsolved natural
and answer on the board (have been going on). Explain why
c mysteries. Have them first brainstorm the best search
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it’s the correct form. terms to use (e.g., unsolved natural mysteries). They can
• Have students complete the activity individually. Remind share their findings with the class. Tell them to make sure
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students they have to make one modal negative. to include their sources!
• Check the answers by reading the text aloud and stopping
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at each item like you did for the first one above. Record the 9 R
ead the activity options aloud. Say Here are more
answers on the board. Ask questions such as the following opportunities to practice using modals. Explain that the first
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to check students’ understanding: So, complete or in option will require students to do research—hopefully using
progress? Or you might check any unfamiliar vocabulary; for reliable sources! Tell them to plan what they want to include
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example say If you’re “trying to spot a beast,” you’re trying to in their presentations and make sure everyone in the group
see it when it can’t be seen very easily. If you spot a bird’s nest in contributes.
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a tree, you can see it hidden among the leaves. • Tell students who choose to write a story that it can be
based on real or made-up events. They should, however, be
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Activity 6 sure to include how they would act differently if they were
1 will, have been going on; 2 could have survived / in the same situation again.
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could survive; 3 must have been lying / must have lied; • Say If you enjoy writing scripts or stories with dialogue, you’ll
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4 might have seen; 5 can’t have been living / can’t like the third option. Tell pairs they could focus on someone
have lived / couldn’t have lived / couldn’t have been who’s had an impact on an issue related to biology,
living; 6 would have been captured; 7 might have conservation, or the environment.
developed; 8 should have died out
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(1) soon (will / go on)
for a century! In 1933, a man named George Spicer reported Atmospheric Administration. The Bloop was significantly
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seeing something that looked like a plesiosaur, a kind of different from other previously recorded sounds and many
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long-necked marine dinosaur. Some people think such a theories emerged to explain the mysterious noise.
creature (2) very easily (could / survive) Answers will vary.
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8 Read about what really happened. Student A: read about
in the quiet Scottish waters, away from people, while others
are convinced that Spicer (3) (must / lie) the Great Dying; Student B: read about the Bloop. See if
or that he (4) (might / see) a piece of you guessed correctly. Then report back to your partner.
wood covered in green water plants. Most scientists question c Student A: The Great Dying
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the whole story and claim that a creature like this Many theories to explain the Great Dying have been put
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(5) (can / live) in the loch* for so long forward—everything from asteroids from space hitting
without any real human contact. If it was real, they say, it Earth to huge volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes did in fact play
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(6) (would / capture) by now—or at least a part in the event. At the time, Siberian volcanoes were
caught on film. Others, though, suspect that the monster erupting almost constantly, sending out huge quantities of
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(7) (might / develop) special skills that help a gas called methane. This resulted in the oceans and the
it to hide from those hunting it. Even today, true believers can atmosphere being poisoned and so many species dying out.
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be found on the shores of the loch trying to spot a beast that Student B: The Bloop
(8) (should / die out) 65 million years ago. Theories put forward to explain the Bloop ranged from the
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of the natural world. Then discuss what you think an icequake. A large mass of ice in Antarctica was slowly
happened. Use modals where necessary. Answers will vary. breaking up and was picked up by NOAA.
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Read about Latif Nasser and get ready to watch his TED Talk. 6.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS 3 Work in pairs. Write down as many other facts about
Understanding fast speech camels as you can. Then compare your ideas with another
In quick speech, it can be difficult to hear individual words c pair of students . Do any of the other pair’s facts surprise
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you? Why? Answers will vary.
because words get shortened or sound as one.
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facts about camels that they can find.
1 Have students look at the sentences and check if there’s • Get each pair to compare their information with another
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anything they don’t understand. You might want to share pair. Say See who came up with the most surprising facts.
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these definitions: splinter: a small, sharp piece of wood; • As feedback, simply ask students to share with the class the
functionally like: used in a similar way as something else most unusual fact they came up with or heard from another
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• Tell students to read the information in the Authentic student. Ask them to tell what in particular surprised them
Listening Skills box. Then explain that they’re going to hear about the information.
some fast speech. They should follow along in their books
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and try to fill in the blanks in the sentences as best they can. 4 Tell students they’re going to watch a video about—guess
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• 32 Then play the audio straight through. When it’s what? Camels! Read the Activity 4 directions and have
students read the summary. Answer any questions they
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• To go through the answers, call on different students, one they wrote with a partner. Circulate and notice how well
at a time, to read what they wrote for the activity items. Play they did in order to decide how quickly to go through the
answers or whether to replay the video.
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• Write the sentences on the board. Highlight, if you can, students watch the video again, or simply give the correct
how the sounds change in fast speech, as letters or sounds answer, depending on how much time you have.
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think of the talk? Call on students to share their impressions few minutes to decide what they’re going to say.
of the whole video. Then go through all the statements with • Put students in pairs to share their anecdotes and ideas.
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them. Discuss whether each one is valid or not and why it is Circulate and check that they’re doing the task correctly. If
or isn’t the best summary of Latif’s main point. discussions are lagging, have students change partners and
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• Get a show of hands for each answer choice. Call on continue.
individuals to explain their decisions. Finally, remind • At the end of the activity, ask Did anyone hear any good
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students what a summary is—and isn’t. Then call on advice, learn anything new, or think anything was really funny?
someone to tell why c is the answer. Have students share the best things they heard.
c • To wrap up, retell some things you heard and give feedback
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8 Read the question and the four topics aloud. If you can, think about new language that came up and errors to correct
of a discovery yourself to model ideas for students or say It (which you may have written on the board).
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in amber. • Have students read the Challenge. Give them a few minutes
• Put students in groups to talk about discoveries they’ve to think or write down ideas. If they need help getting
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heard of. Listen and take notes as students talk. started, tell about a time you changed your beliefs about
• At the end of the task, share some surprising things you something or changed your opinion about someone.
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heard. Have students tell the most interesting discovery that • Put students into small groups. Say Take turns telling about
came up in their discussions and have the person who told your experiences. Ask and answers questions about the process
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it tell how they found out about it. You can also teach new of changing a deeply held belief. Was it difficult? Were you
language that came up or correct errors you heard on the stubborn about it? Or was it easy once you learned some new
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board. information?
• Circulate as groups talk. Provide assistance as needed. At the
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Teaching / Exam Tip end of the discussions, call on groups to say who they think
experienced the biggest change or who had the hardest
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weather was significantly warmer / cooler than today. 4 What things would you be willing or unwilling to do to
be successful in life?
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a It’s important to change your mind about things. Think of a time in your life when you have had
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b Scientists should also study history. to rethink what you thought you knew about
c Much of what we think we know might be wrong. something—or someone.
d Camels are well suited to different environments.
• What did you use to believe? Why?
8 What discoveries or news have you heard about the • What caused you to rethink your beliefs?
natural world recently? Think about: Answers will vary. • Did you develop your new ideas quickly or slowly?
• How do you feel about the thing or person now?
• archaeology.
• new or lost species. Work in groups. Tell each other your experiences.
• the sea. Ask and answer questions about the changes.
• medical advances. Decide who experienced the biggest change.
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Useful language
f I hate cows. I was chased by some once. It was really scary!
Responding to anecdotes
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3 You are going to tell an anecdote about a time you encountered some kind of
If the listener is interested, they will
wild animal—big or small. Make notes using these questions and think of a
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say things like:
sentence you will say to start the anecdote to get people interested.
Really? Why was that? Answers will vary.
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Wow! What happened? • When did it happen? How old were you?
• Where was it?
Really? They have foxes there?
• What happened?
• c
What was the animal doing?
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• How did it make you feel?
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resulting conversation! referring to their notes only when absolutely necessary. The
• When pairs finish role-playing, you could share the About listening partner should show interest. Tell listeners that the
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the photo information with them. Useful language not only shows their interest, but will also
give the storyteller ideas about what to say next.
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About the Photo • Before the noise dies down, ask students to change partners.
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The picture shows a gorilla whose mother had recently You can do this two or three times. In between each change
been killed by poachers (hunters). The man is park you might give some feedback, such as encouraging the
listener to respond.
ranger Patrick Karabaranga of Virunga National Park in
c • Go around and listen to students. Make notes about things
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the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Patrick, who
has a close relationship with the gorillas in the park, is to cover in a feedback session. At the end of the task,
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trying to comfort the animal. Despite this sad case, the compliment all the students, retell one or two stories you
conservation work of Patrick and others like him has led heard (with the student’s help), and go over your feedback.
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• Read the Activity 2 directions aloud. Call on a student to for the story. Remind them that anecdotes are true, so
read item a for the class. Thank the student; then ask the the events have to be believable. Pairs or groups can
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class Do you like this opener? Would you like to hear more? draw up an outline of the story to share with the class.
What would you ask about it?
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they’re done, ask different students to tell which opening most own details and even illustrations if they want to.
intrigued them. Take a vote on the class favorite, if you like.
Alternatively, students can expand the anecdote they
3 Read the directions. Say This will be fun! Tell them that, for
told in Activity 4 into a full-blown written story.
this activity, they need to make notes about the event based
on the bulleted questions, and write an opening sentence
for the anecdote.
• Give them time to plan and make notes. If students can’t
think of an anecdote from their own lives to use, tell them
they can choose one of the ideas in Activity 2.
• Remind students that their opening sentences need to
grab their classmates’ attention. Say Look back at the lines in
Activity 2. Which were your favorites? Why?
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problem of the dwindling population of wild tigers. Then ask directions. Then tell them to choose something, tell why it’s
What might some other solutions be? dying out (include three problems it faces), and tell what
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some solutions might be to prevent its disappearance.
6 Read the Writing strategy box on p. 79 aloud. Explain to • You might allow students to access the Internet to find out
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students that topic sentences perform a function similar to more information. Tell them to make notes on their research
the opening sentences they wrote for their anecdotes—
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and record their sources. Provide assistance as needed.
except that in an essay you need one for each paragraph.
• Read the Activity 6 directions aloud. Before students read 9 E
xplain that students will now work individually on their
the essay on p. 151, tell them to read the four sentences
c own essay. Have them read the directions carefully. Tell
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and note their content, think about how a problem-solution them that following the model on p. 151 will help, as will
essay is organized, and make a guess at the order in which the Useful language information about naming sources on
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the sentences will appear in the essay. p. 79. Assign the writing as homework or set a time limit for
• Have students read the text on p. 151. Set a strict time doing it in class.
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limit (no more than three minutes) or read the essay aloud
as they follow along in their books. Give them time to 10 You might want to do this activity in the next lesson.
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complete the activity; then check the answers as a class. • Put students in pairs to exchange and review each other’s
• Finally, ask if anyone got the order right before reading the essay. Say Read the things you need to comment on first, but
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essay, and ask them how they figured it out. If they don’t also notice how compelling the essay is; in other words, does it
mention them, point out some clues, such as the word make a good argument? Does it get and keep your attention?
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finally and the fact that only one of the sentences mentions Do its solutions make sense? Finally, what do you really like
the main problem. about it, and what could be improved?
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section 6B. Ask each question aloud and wait for someone
While students should take time on their writing
to volunteer an answer or call on two or three different
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I agree with [job title], [name], when
1 Why does the writer do this? she/he says that…
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2 Do you think they are good sources to reference? Why?
3 What other information would be good to know? What other sources could you
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look for?
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8 Work in pairs. Choose one of the animals or things from your list that are at risk
of dying out (page 71, Activity 13). Find out more and take notes on three big
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problems it faces. Then think of ways to tackle these problems and help save it.
Answers will vary.
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9 Work on your own. Using your notes, write a problem-solution essay.
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authority. Decide how you want to use them and where to place the sources.
Use the Useful language box to help you.
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10 Exchange your essay with your partner. Read your partner’s work and
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opinions of their validity. They’ll hear that while some discoveries according to one music critic, bridges the Arab world and Israel.
are the unexpected by-products of creative endeavors, many
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more are the result of careful adherence to a set of rules. Language note Nobody knows for sure the origin of the phrase
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Students will watch a TED Talk and learn about the different outside the box, or of the related expression thinking outside the box,
ways words are created and listen to a message urging them but its meaning has come to be widely understood as “embodying
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to break the rules once in a while and invent some new words. creative or unconventional thinking.” Someone who thinks outside
Finally, students will use their creativity to think of solutions to a the box dares to think differently or from a new perspective. Many
believe the expression is a reference to a puzzle in the shape of a
problem and write a report giving their recommendations.
c square, called the “nine dots puzzle,” the solution to which involves
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going beyond the boundary of a nine-dot array. The boundary is
Unit Objectives
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not there, but most people imagine it is and assume the solution
Vocabulary of the puzzle lies within its confines—so they’re stumped. Only a
• Breaking the mold
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Grammar
• Grammar 1 First, second, third, and mixed conditionals Warm Up
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• Grammar 2 Wish, if only, would rather • Display the photo on pp. 80−81 and read the caption aloud.
Discuss the photo with the class. Ask students what they
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Reading think of the three women and their outfits. Call on a few to
• Testing Creative Thinking describe the women’s “look.”
• Share the information in About the Photo. Ask Do you think
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TED Talk the women and their band are a good representation of the
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• Erin McKean: Go ahead, make up new words! unit title Outside the Box? Why or why not?
• Discuss students’ ideas about dressing differently and what,
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the whole class. language that came up and errors to correct (which
you may have written on the board).
Activity 1, Suggested answers:
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create jobs / chaos; creative writing; a creative person; 5 Tell students they’re going to learn some more words and
phrases to talk about rules and creativity that they’ll come
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encourage creativity; kill / stifle creativity; wealth / job
creation; a new creation; the creator of a TV show / an across in the unit.
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app; think / write creatively • Read the Activity 5 directions and the pairs of words or phrases
aloud. Then say For example, item one: someone who does what
he is told and. . . hmm. . . the rules. Either wait for someone to
2 Tell students they’re going to practice using words based
c volunteer the answer or call on someone. (obeys) Point out that
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on the word create. Read the directions aloud and have you have to be able to use both words of the pair in the sentence.
students work individually.
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• Have students do the others individually. Remind them they can use
• Notice words and phrases students look up, ask you about, a dictionary if they need to. Have students first compare answers in
or underline. Focus on these in feedback. pairs, then review as a class. Provide feedback as necessary.
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• When several students have finished, have students stop • As you record answers on the board, ask a question or two to
and compare answers with a partner and then help each
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aloud. Write the item numbers and words on the board. 6 Say Let’s see what we think about the [Activity 5] phrases. Read
• As you write, you could ask students about the collocations the My Perspective directions aloud. Call on a student to read
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in the sentences, as in Activity 3 below. the first phrase aloud. Give your opinion first and explain it.
Then ask the class Who do you think is more creative? Have
3 If you didn’t do this as part of the feedback for Activity 2,
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sentences now and see how many of the collocations based students talk. Provide assistance as needed and note issues to
on the word create they can write down from memory.
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81a Unit 7 Outside the Box SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
7A Rules of Creativity
The members of the VOCABULARY Breaking the mold
band A-WA are three
Israeli sisters who mix 1 Work in pairs. How many different words based on the root word create
traditional Yemenite can you think of? Think of at least two collocations for each.
music with modern
electronic dance music. create create a group, create excitement
2 Complete the sentences with words based on the root word create.
You can use the same word more than once.
1 Everyone should learn a musical instrument in their spare time to encourage
creativity .
2 Students have not needed to learn facts since the creation of
the internet.
3 You need to study a lot and copy other people before you can be
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creative yourself.
4 There aren’t many people who actually create something
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completely new.
5 Watching a lot of television kills people’s creativity .
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6 People who can think creatively do better in school.
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3 Identify the collocations with the different forms of create from Activity 2.
Were they the same as the ones you thought of in Activity 1?
c
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4 Work in pairs. Do you agree with the sentences from Activity 2? Why?
Answers will vary.
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5 Complete the phrases with these pairs of words. Use a dictionary, if necessary.
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1 someone who does what he is told and obeys the rules or someone
who breaks them
2 someone who writes a test or someone who scores
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highly on a test
3 someone who makes up a new word or someone who
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a to make one of his relatives happy. Third conditionals
b because he illustrates comic books. c If Dave Devries hadn’t spent a day with his niece
back in 1998, The Monster Engine would never have
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c after being inspired by a young child.
happened.
3 Sir Ken Robinson claimed that: b
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a drawing cartoons makes you more creative. Mixed conditionals
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b if you’re creative, you’re more likely to do well in d If their schools had encouraged unusual ways of
the future. seeing the world, lots of adults would be more creative.
c people will need to work harder in the next 20
or 30 years.
c
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Check the Grammar Reference for more information and
4 The speaker thinks that, at its heart, creativity is about: c
practice.
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a playing games.
b listening to young people more. 11 Which kind of conditional sentences do we use to talk
c not giving up and learning from mistakes.
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about:
9 Work in groups. Discuss whether you agree with the 1 an imaginary past situation and an imaginary
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or in the future?
4 Trying and failing are important
parts of the creative process.
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Hands up if you think the best summary is a; hands up if you the result clause is (simple future).
think it’s b, and so on. Ask different students to justify their • Draw students’ attention to the Grammar box and point out
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answers and then either give the answer yourself or play the four different kinds of conditionals. Remind them that
the audio again to resolve any disagreement. conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could
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happen, what might have happened, and what we wish
Teaching Tip
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would happen. Tell them that in English most sentences
It can be difficult for teachers (in fact, it can be hard for using the conditional contain the word if.
anyone!) to resist the urge to fill silence. However, when • Tell students to read the Grammar box silently to themselves.
you ask the class a question, allow students time to answer.
c You could do the rest of the activity as a class or give students
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Just waiting ten or fifteen seconds before you call on a moment to do it in pairs.
someone or give an answer yourself can give students time • You can either give the answers now or wait for them to read
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to compose an answer. You can also have students briefly the grammar reference and then ask the grammar checking
discuss in pairs before you try to get ideas from individuals. questions or call on individuals to give their answers.
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that they understand them. Tell students you’ll play the If clause Result clause
audio again so they can choose the best answers to items a If + simple present simple future
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1–4. You could ask what they think the answer to the first b If + simple past would + simple present
one is before they listen, but don’t tell them if they’re right c If + past perfect would (not) have + past participle
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or wrong. Instead, say OK, maybe. Let’s listen and see. Then d If + past perfect would (not) + verb be
play the audio.
• Have students make their choices. Tell them to compare
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in order to decide how quickly to go through the answers assign these activities as homework.
and whether or not to replay the recording.
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• Check the answers as a class by asking for a show of hands 11 Read the activity directions and the four questions aloud. Give
(Hands up if you think the answer is a; hands up if you think it’s students time to think and to refer to the Grammar box and
b; . . .), by having students shout out an answer all together the Grammar Reference on p. 140. Then do the activity as a
(So, everyone, say the answer to number 1) or by calling on class or have pairs work together to answer the questions.
individuals to give the answers (get a few students to give • When students are ready, have them call out the answers
their answers, especially where you noted differences). all together. Make sure everyone agrees. Reteach as
• When students agree, write the answer on the board. Where necessary. If you haven’t already checked the answers
there is a disagreement, ask students to justify their different to Activity 10, review them now.
answers, but don’t say who’s correct; just put a question mark
on the board next to the item number. Replay the audio, Activity 11
focusing on the areas of uncertainty. Draw attention to any 1 mixed conditional sentences
problem sounds or words and explain them. 2 second conditional sentences
3 third conditional sentences
9 Read the Activity 9 directions aloud. Tell students to read 4 first conditional sentences
over the four statements and check that they understand
SAMPLE
them. Address any questions they have.COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTIONUnit 7 Outside the Box 82a
Exam Skill Read the whole text first 13 Read the directions and the two topics students have
On exams and in everyday classroom activities, students to write sentences about. Have the class look at the two
will encounter short texts with blanks to fill in using what texts and check that they understand them. Address any
they’ve learned or by choosing from several options. questions they have.
A correct answer may not only depend on words or • Prepare a couple of sentences as models for the class in
grammar immediately next to the blank, but also on a advance. For example, If the school had established a bad-
previous sentence or on words and grammar in a later weather policy, the students wouldn’t have been outside. If the
part of the text. For this reason, students should make it teachers agreed to share duties, the students would always be
a habit to read the whole text quickly before filling in any supervised. In class, though, ask the students for one or two
blanks. Tell them to make sure to also read the whole ideas before giving yours.
text again after they’ve filled in all the blanks. • Put students in pairs to write sentences. You might set a
minimum number of sentences (for example, at least three
for each situation), with faster pairs having to write more.
12 Remind students that in Unit 5 they read about the role of
• Circulate as students work and help with any language or
collaboration and teamwork in technological innovation.
other assistance as needed. Note some errors and some
In this unit, they’ve considered the importance of thinking
good examples on the board for feedback. Manage time by
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creatively, or outside the box. Tell students they’re going to
telling students to move on to the next situation if they’re
read about another theory on how discoveries are made.
stuck on the first.
• Draw students’ attention to Activity 12. Say Read the text
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• When all pairs have at least two or three sentences for each
quickly to find out the name of the book mentioned towards
situation, stop the task. You could provide some feedback
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the end and the other idea it presents about how to advance
on errors before students discuss the activity further in
knowledge. Set a time limit of one minute.
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Exercise 14.
• Call on students to tell what they found out. (The book is Inside
the Box, and its idea is that discoveries are more often the result
14 Put the partners from Activity 13 together with another pair
of following a set of rules, not spontaneous or outside-the-box
thinking.) Ask students Does this idea surprise you? Do you agree c to do Activity 14. Read the activity directions aloud and have
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the groups compare and discuss.
with it? If time permits, discuss briefly with the class.
• Encourage groups to spend most of their time talking about
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in the past? (the past) Did he pay attention before stepping into
• At the end of the task, share, or call on students to share,
the bathtub? (no) What word does the sentence begin with? (If )
the most interesting ideas that came from the discussions.
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83a Unit 7 Outside the Box SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
12 Complete the conditional sentences by using the correct 13 Work in pairs. Read the situations. How many conditional
forms of the verbs in parentheses. sentences can you come up with to talk about:
Many people think of creativity as chance Eureka • the different outcomes and how the situations could
moments.* The mathematician and inventor who coined have been avoided?
the term Eureka, Archimedes, discovered that the weight • what could be done next? Answers will vary.
of an object floating on water is the same as the amount of
Situation 1
water it displaces. He made this discovery by chance. If he
(1) had paid / had (pay) more attention to the amount Some schoolchildren were waiting outside before lunch.
been paying
of water in his bathtub, he (2) wouldn’t
stepped
have (not step) There was snow on the ground. The teacher who usually
into it and spilled water over the side. Apparently, we supervises the children arrived late because of a meeting.
(3) wouldn’t have (not have) penicillin today if Alexander The students were pushing each other and playing around.
Fleming (4) had been (be) a bit neater and washed Two students slipped on the ice and one ended up in the
his petri dishes before he went on vacation. On his return, hospital. The treatment cost a lot of money. The parents
he discovered the penicillin mold had killed bacteria on the complained, but the school says that students have to
dishes. What (5) would our world be(our world / be) like now wait outside because a health and safety report explained
that there was not enough space inside. Therefore, it was
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without these discoveries?
dangerous to line up inside.
The book Inside the Box by Drew Boyd and Jacob
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Goldenberg suggests that such moments are rare and Situation 2
if we (6) relied (rely) on these “methods,” Last year, the teacher who usually helps students with study
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we would not get very far. In fact, the authors say, most skills lost her job because the school was trying to save
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inventions come from following a limited set of rules. money. Since then, one of the best students in the school
The rules can help failing schools and companies; has gotten into trouble because she copied an essay from
if they (7) integrate (integrate) the rules into the internet. She is worried this will ruin her chances of
their teaching and product development, they
c going to a good college. She says she did it because she
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(8) will become / can (become) more successful. The was under a lot of pressure from her parents and did not
become
implication of their argument is that it’s not all up to luck. have anyone to go to for advice.
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Eureka moment sudden understanding of a previously 14 Work with another pair of students. Compare your ideas
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unknown solution to something from Activity 13. Who thought of the most conditional
sentences? Who has the main responsibility for the
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2 Choose the correct words from Activity 1 to complete 9 Compare your results from Activity 8 with a partner. Use
the sentences. the questions to evaluate their creativity. What do you
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1 I know a lot of words in English, but I need to become think the questions tell you about a person’s creativity?
more fluent in using them! Answers will vary.
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1 How many logical solutions are there to the task?
2 My main concern when I do anything in
2 How original are the solutions?
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English is not to make any mistakes.
3 How well can the solutions be explained?
3 I got a good grade in the last assessment I did
for English.
4 I’d like to write a novel and publish it myself.
c
CRITICAL THINKING Fact and opinion
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5 I like to do things in a(n) logical order, from
A to B to C.
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7 I don’t think exams are a(n) useful 10 Read the statements about Torrance’s Tests of Creative
demonstration of how much people know.
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creativity? Why?
for you? What do you think they say about you? Which
sentences do you think are signs of creativity? Why? 1 Torrance found that people often scored very differently
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Answers will vary. on the different parts of the tests. F; does not support
4 Work in groups. Think of other verb / noun and adjective / 2 Torrance believed you could teach creativity. The tests
noun combinations that follow the patterns in Activity 1.
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Fail the tests and you are not creative. O; does not support
READING 4 Torrance collected information about adults’ creative
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5 Work in groups. Discuss the questions. success by asking them to fill out a form to report what
Answers will vary. they had achieved creatively. F; supports
1 What do you think it means to be creative? 5 Learning to solve one problem rarely helps to solve
2 Do you think creativity is only connected to the arts? another kind of problem. O; does not support
3 How important is creativity these days? Why? 6 It’s difficult to see how the tests measure creativity in
4 Do you think it is possible to assess levels of creativity? science or mathematics. O; does not support
5 Who is the most creative person you know? Why?
11 MY PERSPECTIVE
6 Read about a set of tests commonly used to assess
creativity. Think about the questions as you read. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
Doing tasks, creating drawings, Answers will vary.
1 What do the tests involve? or imagining consequences. 1 Would you like to use the problem-based way of
2 Does the author think they are good tests of creativity? learning? Why?
Yes. They predict success and are important for business 2 How is creativity encouraged in your school?
and education.
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as they can of word families that follow the same patterns
of speech each word is. (verb; verb; adjective)
as the ones in the Activity 1 list. Make sure they use a clean
• Ask if anyone knows what the noun form of each word is and
sheet of paper they can hand in.
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write it on the board. (analysis; assessment; flexibility) Highlight
• Tell students they’ll get one point for each two-word
the changes in the word endings. Ask students if they know
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combination and an extra point for a three-word combination
any other noun endings (e.g., -sion, -ment) and write them
(for example: manage, management, manager). In addition,
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on the board. Then tell them to open their books to p. 84 and
they’ll get a bonus of five points for every different pattern
look at the table in Activity 1 to see if they missed any.
they illustrate. Tell students they can use a dictionary.
• You might want to read the words and have students repeat.
• Set a time limit. When time is up, tell the groups or teams
Ask them, or point out yourself, where the stress is in each one
c to add up their scores. Collect the papers and quickly
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and how it sometimes changes when the word form changes.
check for any mistakes and declare the winner. Correct
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need to choose the correct form of each word from the table— • Put students in groups to discuss. Tell students they
adjective, noun, or verb. Say For example, item one: I need to may want to make brief notes on their ideas about each
become more. . . what? Ask What form of a word is usually used
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someone to volunteer the answer or call on someone to say it. needed. Feedback can be brief at this point. Choose one
(fluent) Have students complete the activity individually.
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questions from memory. Give them two minutes or so.
• Then tell pairs to read the text to check their answers. Give 10 Read the information in the Critical Thinking box and make
them a time limit of 3−5 minutes.
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sure students understand that facts are true because they can
• When they’re finished checking, call on individuals to present be proven, but opinions, however valid, merely state what
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their answers, using details from the text. Ask if anyone has someone thinks or feels about something. They can’t be
any other details they can add. proven.
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• Read the Activity 10 directions. Have students look at the
Activity 7 statements. Answer any questions they may have about
1 over 50 years ago
c any vocabulary or concepts mentioned (teaching tools,
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2 fluency, flexibility, originality, and detail creative success).
3 divergent: coming up with as many ideas as possible; • Remind students that certain words or phrases can be
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convergent: reducing many ideas to one signals that something is an opinion, not a fact. Point out
4 The Torrance scores closely match success in life. the phrase give the idea in item 3. Say This statement doesn’t
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5 too much time watching TV, playing video games; say the tests “show” or the tests “prove.” It merely says they give
too little freedom; too much focus on exam results the “idea”—that is, the impression or the appearance—that
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6 You learn by solving problems, doing research, and creativity is all one thing. Say An impression is not a fact. Have
synthesizing. students do the activity individually.
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• Put students in groups. Take a vote on which of the four tasks As you do, also ask each student if the fact or opinion would
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to do. If groups choose the drawing test, replace the X with support the value of the Torrance tests as a test of creativity
some other shape. or not and why. See if the rest of the class agrees.
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85a Unit 7 Outside the Box SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
Testing Creative Thinking
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34 It is now over 50 years since the these studies suggest they do. In fact,
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first publication of E.P. Torrance’s Tests of his tests are better at judging future creative
Creative Thinking, which continue to be 35 success than intelligence tests. This is why
used worldwide as standard assessments they are frequently used to identify top
5 of creativity.
c managers in business and children for
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special educational programs. It is also
The tests typically consist of “divergent
why there was concern in the United States
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15 in the back of their head? use fewer creative activities and favor more
traditional learning. This is in contrast to
• Alternative uses: How many unusual uses
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• Make drawings from a shape: Turn the Xs memorization and drills. These countries
into pictures people might be surprised
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i I often say to myself, “If only I’d spent more time thinking about this before
I started.”
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j If only I wasn’t sitting here now!
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Check the Grammar Reference for more information and practice.
2 Look again at the sentences in the Grammar box and find examples of:
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1 the simple past. b, e, f, g, i 3 the past continuous. j
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2 the past forms of can and will. a, d 4 the past perfect. c , i
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1 have to
A Don’t you ever wish you didn’t have to sleep? Imagine what you
could do with all those extra hours.
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• Warm up You could begin by asking students to discuss the sentences in the Grammar box. (hadn’t forced, (I)’d
their ideas about creativity in terms of something they’re spent) Then ask another student for an example of the
passionate about, such as music, a sport, or a school subject. past continuous (wasn’t sitting).
• Alternatively, as a review, put students in pairs and ask • Have students work individually to find examples of the
one person in each pair to say the verbs and adjectives other forms listed in Activity 2.
from Activity 1 on p. 84. Their partners should identify the • While they’re working, you could write the answers on the
nouns. Each pair should then come up with a collocation board or wait and go through them quickly (get all the
for each noun. answers from one student) when most have finished.
• You might also have students discuss the difference
3 Read the Activity 3 directions. Do the first one together. Say
between wishes and regrets and come up with examples
Let’s look at sentence a. Is it about the present or past? Hands
of each.
up if you think it’s about the present. Then say Hands up if you
think it’s about the past. Ask students who didn’t put their
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1 This first task aims to lead into the subject of wishes
and regrets. Tell students to turn to p. 86 in their books hands up what they think. Confirm the answer. (present)
• If necessary, guide students to see that the sentence is
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and look at the photo and caption and the sentences in the
Grammar box. about a present situation. Then continue with the whole
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• Read a few of the statements aloud and tell the class class or have students do the activity in pairs.
whether they’re true for you or not, and tell why. If you • Review and record the answers. Draw attention to the
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can, choose a wish and a regret and make sure students fact that the verb forms in the sentences are the same as
understand the difference between the two. in second and third conditionals because the sentences
describe imaginary, or hypothetical, situations.
• Put students in pairs to go through the sentences and
c
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decide if any are true for them. Have them discuss. Ask Do
4 Have students look at the sentences in Activity 4. Point out
you wish any of the same things as your partner? Are you alike
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pairs the ways in which they are similar and different. Tell
• Make sure students understand the task. Say Read both the
the class We’ll come back and talk more about this topic later.
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Whenever a student speaks aloud in class, it’s helpful with expression. Help with pronunciation as necessary. Don’t
to give some kind of feedback or teach some new focus on any dropped ts or ds. That issue will be addressed
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connected language. Sometimes there may be one point in the pronunciation lesson.
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track straight through or model reading the sentences use L1. Provide assistance as needed. Tell students to write
yourself. Then play the audio, pausing after each sentence down their sentences as they’ll be reading them to their
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while you gesture to the class to repeat it all together. Have classmates.
a few individuals say the sentence again. • Call on a few pairs to stand up and take turns reading aloud
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• As you call on individuals, you could tell them to say the the statements and the original comments they came up
phrase either fast or slow. For example, say Juan, say it slow; with. Have students change partners a few times and take
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Ana—fast; Chen—fast; and so on. turns reading and listening to sentences.
• Correct any mistakes you hear, if you can. Ideally, show the • At the end of the task, give some feedback about new
student how the correct sound is formed.
c language that came up and errors to correct (which you
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may have written on the board).
Activity 5, Suggested answers
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Expansion 9 Read the activity options aloud. Say Here are opportunities for
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Have pairs of students write variations of the Activity you to stretch your imaginations!
4 dialogues. They could add a line or two to each • Make sure students understand that if they choose to write
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one, using their own ideas, but keeping the situations the poem, they need to imagine themselves as someone
hypothetical. Tell them to practice reading the dialogues else—someone who regrets something in her or his past.
with expression and then set aside time for them to role- Remind them to use a structure for their poems that is
play them for the class. You could have the class vote on similar to the one used in the Activity 8 poem.
the most entertaining renditions. • Tell students who choose to write wish, if only, and would
rather sentences that they need to come up with eight of
them and that they should describe ideas or situations their
6 Read the first part of the directions aloud—about matching classmates will relate to.
the statements with follow-up comments. Say The first one • Say You can really let your imaginations fly with the third
has been done for you. Call on a student to read statement 1 option! But you can be serious as well. Tell students to discuss
and the first follow-up comment in c. their ideas with a partner first before they write them
• Then have another student repeat the statement, followed down.
up by the second comment in c. Ask the class Do you see the • Allow time for students to share their work with the whole
difference between the two comments? Can anyone explain class.
87a Unit 7 Outside the Box SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
5 have + be a People might hear. IC
A You four should start a band. You could be really big! I need to think more carefully about it. AS
B Yeah, if only we had the money to buy b The place is a mess. AS
equipment—and could come up with ideas! We could get things done a lot faster. IC
A You have lots of good ideas! I wish I was (were is also c It would’ve saved me a lot of effort. IC
as creative as you! possible) I don’t have time to do it now. AS
6 be + relax d I don’t really like meetings. AS
A I wish you had been there. You would’ve Unfortunately, he’s expecting me to be there. AS
loved it. e He could have become a model. IC
B Yeah, I know. I wish my parents would relax He probably would make the basketball team. IC
and let me go out more. 7 Work in pairs. Look again at the sentences that are true for
A Well, maybe next time. you in Activity 1. Add comments, like in Activity 6.
Answers will vary.
5 PRONUNCIATION Elision of consonants t and d
8 Read the poem. What do you think happened?
Answers will vary.
When people talk fast, they often leave out the final Regrets
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consonant when the next word starts with a consonant. I wish I could tell you how I really feel
I’d get bored will often sound like I-ge-bored. And say what’s on my mind.
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I wish I hadn’t done what I did
a Look at the phrases with wish, if only, and I’d rather Or had thought before I acted.
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in Activity 4. Which final consonants do you think I wish I was spending my time with you
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might disappear? Instead of sitting here all alone.
b Listen to the phrases and repeat them. 35
9 CHOOSE Choose one of the following activities.
6 We often add comments to statements with wish, if only,
c Answers will vary.
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and would rather. Match the statements (1–5) with the • Write a poem similar to the one in Activity 8 about
pairs of follow-up comments (a–e). Does each comment regrets. Write it from the perspective of another person,
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refer to an imagined consequence (IC) or the actual such as a student, a teacher, or an athlete.
situation (AS)? • Write a list of eight sentences like those in the Grammar
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2 If only he was taller. e • Write five things you would wish for if anything was
3 I’d rather we didn’t talk now. a possible. Discuss your ideas with a partner.
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Read about Erin McKean and get ready to watch her TED Talk.
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7.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS WATCH
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Speeding up and slowing down speech 3 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
Speakers often vary the speed of their speech in order
c 1 Which dictionaries do you use? Why?
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to maintain people’s interest, as well as for other specific 2 Do you know how dictionaries are made? How?
reasons. For example, they may speak more quickly when 3 Do you like learning new words in English? in your
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they are saying very common phrases, making jokes, or own language? Why?
making comments that are not important. They may speak 4 Have you seen or heard any new words recently?
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more slowy when they are starting their speech, emphasizing Where? What do they mean?
something important, or thinking of what to say next.
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1 Look at the Authentic Listening Skills box. Then listen to 4 Watch Part 1 of the talk. Match the excerpts from the talk
the opening of Erin’s talk. Identify where her speech slows (a–e) with these notes (1–3). 7.1
down and speeds up. 36 double underline = slow speech
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job. Everybody who speaks English decides together what’s 3 The grammar of “manners,” known as usage d
a word and what’s not a word. Every language is just a a “Because grammar!”
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group of people who agree to understand each other. Now, b “This is a wug, right? It’s a wug. Now… there are two…”
sometimes when people are trying to decide whether a c “…take a hoodie, don’t forget to obey the law of gravity.”
word is good or bad, they don’t really have a good reason. So d “Can you wear hats inside?”
they say something like, “Because grammar!” I don’t actually e “No! No. Creativity stops right here, whippersnappers.”
really care about grammar too much—don’t tell anybody.
5 Work in pairs. Compare your ideas from Activity 4 and
2 Work in pairs. Compare your answers from Activity 1. explain the point Erin was making in each excerpt.
Practice reading the paragraph using the same kind Answers will vary.
of speech patterns as Erin. Answers will vary.
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• Share some interesting things you heard with the class and
Speeding up and slowing down speech give feedback. You might share the Study Tip below as well.
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1 Ask students why they think people’s speech speeds Study Tip
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up or slows down when they’re talking. Take students’ The best indicator of exam success is the number of
suggestions and discuss as a class. words you know, but what do you need to know about
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• Then read, or have students read, the Authentic Listening a word? Obviously the meaning and how the word is
Skills box aloud and see how many of the reasons they pronounced, but it’s also helpful to know things like part of
thought of are included.
• 36 Read the Activity 1 directions. Tell students to c speech, stress, collocations, word families, word histories,
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and examples that show how the word is used. Have a
annotate the paragraph by putting a double line below the dictionary handy when you review lessons, do homework,
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parts that are speeded up and a single line below the parts or prepare for exams. A good dictionary will give you all of
that are slowed down. Then play the audio track as students the above information and more!
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single correct answers. The purpose of the activity is to get Part 1 of the TED Talk. Explain that they’ll hear the excerpts,
students to focus on this one characteristic of speech. a−e, in the video.
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• Before you play it, have students read the excerpts to themselves.
2 Have students compare their annotations in pairs. Tell
You may want to share these words and their definitions: hoodie:
them to discuss why Erin slows down or speeds up in
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twice.
Watch first. Then the activity will make sense.
• Circulate as students read. Notice any words or phrases that
• 7.1 Play Part 1. Then have students do the activity
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correct answer, depending on time. of what’s being asked. You might want to discuss one of the
questions first as a class.
• For example, discuss how poets sometimes make up or
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7 7.3 Tell the class they’re going to watch the last part of
the talk and that they should pay attention to how it sums shorten words to fit the rhythm or pattern of a poem or
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up Erin’s main message. Play the video. to appeal to one of the senses. Ask Why might a politician
• Have students make their choice. Point out that more than make up a word? Students might suggest that the acronyms
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one answer choice may include elements of Erin’s message, politicians use to refer to bills or pieces of legislation make
but they should pick the one that expresses it best. them more understandable to the general public and may
• Take a vote. Say Hands up if you think it’s a; hands up if it’s
c eventually become words.
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b; and so on. Ask different students to justify their answers • Put students in groups to discuss. Go around the class. Listen
and then either give the answer yourself or play the section and observe. Encourage more proficient students to help
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again to resolve any disagreement. Emphasize, again, that their timid or less proficient classmates express themselves.
students should use process of elimination to arrive at the • At the end of the task, give some feedback about different
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best answer of the choices given, even though they may not points students made. You can also correct errors you heard
agree with it 100%. or teach any new language students wanted to say.
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• 8a Tell students that they’re going to watch some clips use dictionaries. You could also allow words from their own
from the talk which contain new words and phrases. Explain language if you have a monolingual class.
that you’ll pause the video when the options come on • You might want to write some topics on the board to help
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screen and ask everyone to call out the correct meaning students think of words: sports, clothing, food, technology,
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together. popular culture, social media. Also, tell them to look back at
• 7.4 If a lot of students are giving the wrong answer, the words in Activity 6. They might spark their memories of
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89a Unit 7 Outside the Box SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
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b Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
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6 Look at these notes about six ways to make new words.
Watch Part 2 of the talk. Complete the notes. 7.2 1 What did your parents teach you about manners?
Do you think good manners are important?
Erin gives six ways to create new words in English:
c 2 Why might someone be heartbroken? What would you
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1 Borrowing : using words from another language, do or say for him or her?
e.g. kumquat and caramel. 3 What do you do to edit your essays before you hand
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2 Compounding: putting two words together, e.g. them in? Do you get anyone else to help?
heartbroken, bookworm,. sandcastle 4 Give an example of a time when it was difficult to get
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3 Blend words : putting parts of two words together, your meaning across. Did you succeed?
e.g. brunch, motel, edutainment,
. electrocute 5 What movies or books grabbed your attention right at
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4 Functional shift : e.g. using a noun as a the beginning? How? Did they keep your attention?
verb, e.g. friend, commercial, green
.
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7.3 d
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a explain her job and what is important about it. 2 Why do you think some words disappear from use?
b argue that words are more important 3 If you are learning English, do you think it’s OK to create
than grammar. new words? Why?
c encourage people to create words and contribute to her 4 How might knowing how to make new words help you
online dictionary. to develop your English?
d argue that it is important to break rules to be
more creative. CHALLENGE
e explain different ways new words are formed and Work in groups. How many examples of the six different
disappear from use. ways of forming words can you think of?
8 VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT • borrowing • compounding
a Watch the clips from the TED Talk. Choose the correct • blending • functional shift
meanings of the words. 7.4 • back formation • acronyms
Giving reasons 2 use divergent thinking to make a list of as many different ways of approaching
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the situation as you can.
That way you could…
a Your town or city wants to attract more tourists. It is planning to spend a lot of
That allows / enables… money on advertising, but no decisions have yet been made about how best
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If we do that,… to sell the town or city—or what kind of advertisements might work best.
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b This year, a lot less money is going to be available for your school. The school
will need to continue offering a great education to students while spending
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up to 50 percent less. No decisions have yet been made on what changes will
need to be made.
c Your English class has been given some money to make an app or a website
c
to help current and future students deal with their biggest problems. No
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decisions have yet been made about what should go on the app or website.
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3 Exchange the list you made in Activity 2 with another group of students. Then
use convergent thinking and the expressions in the Useful language box to:
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4 Each group should now choose one person to present their approach to the
class. Listen to each group and decide who has the best solution.
Answers will vary.
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• Then have students open their books to p. 90. Tell them to the two lists into one.
read the Activity 1 questions. Then divide the class into small • Before they begin the next phase of the activity, give
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groups. Say We’ve already begun the discussion. Now continue students a few minutes to read the Useful language to
themselves. Say Use this language as you practice convergent
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it in your groups.
• For item 2 tell students to think about what would be thinking.
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the best way to improve their learning experience. Say • Have groups reread the two points to cover and begin.
Remember, think outside the box! Ask What if you were the Circulate and ask each group to tell you an idea from their
teacher? What would help you to be more effective? list. Respond if you can with one of the phrases from the
• When the first few groups have finished, call on groups to c Useful language box. Encourage students to discuss the
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share their ideas. other ideas on their lists in a similar way.
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2 These discussion tasks (Activities 2−4) build on the idea of 4 Read the directions aloud. Give groups a few minutes to
discuss who will present and what the person should say.
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the best choice and developing it). You may explain this to give feedback on how well they presented and maybe one
the students, perhaps asking if they remember the difference or two tips on how to improve for next time.
• Have students vote for the best solution. You could perhaps
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between the two types of thinking from the reading and how
it relates to creativity. award a first, second, and third place finisher. Finally, call on
• Tell the class to read the three situations and the two parts students to share their ideas about the whole experience,
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of the activity. When they’re ready, take a vote on which including their thoughts on divergent and convergent
situation the class wants to work on. Make sure students thinking and whether anyone felt that their group’s most
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understand that sell in situation a means “to promote.” innovative, most outside-the-box idea was rejected as being
• Optional Divide the class into three groups to do each too unrealistic or unworkable, and how they feel about that.
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situation, but note that each group would then need to be • Optional Assign the final step as homework. Tell students
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split into an even number of smaller groups, but at least two. to prepare a group presentation for the next class. If
• You may want to discuss the first part of the activity as a class. possible, allow some class time for groups to plan the
Ask for suggestions of things the groups would like to know. For presentation together, making sure everyone has a job to
example, for situation a, they might want to know what kind of do. For example, one student could describe the group’s
tourists the town wants to attract (for example, wealthy or budget- original approaches, another could read the group’s list
conscious tourists). Otherwise, suggest other information yourself. of best ideas, another their biggest stumbling blocks, and
• Tell groups the main part of the task is the second part—coming another could explain their best solution.
up with as many different approaches to the situation as they
can. In other words, try to look at the situation from different
perspectives. For example, for situation b, should the funds be
spent on student materials, teacher salaries, technology that
would allow students to attend class from home, subsidies for
parents with multiple kids in school, air conditioning? Say Think
outside the box!
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others. Wait for individuals to volunteer or call on two or
three students to answer. 8 Explain the task. Tell students to follow the model on p. 152
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and the language in the Writing strategy box, as well as the
6 Read the directions aloud. Give students time to read through
sentence starters in Activity 7.
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the Writing strategy box and answer any questions they have.
• You might want to reassemble the groups from Activity 2 for
• Put students in pairs to do the activity. You might want to
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a few minutes so students can refresh their memories and
tell one student to have the activity page open and the
review the notes that were taken during their discussion.
other to have the model page open to avoid a lot of flipping
• If you’re going to give the students a grade for their
backwards and forwards.
c report, tell them that the more they take advantage of the
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• After pairs have finished, ask questions, such as What’s the
resources you’ve mentioned, the higher their grade will be.
title? What phrase makes the aim of the report clear? Can you
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time is up.
Activity 6 • Have students read their reports to the class. Point out
Title: Improving Learning in the Library
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Paragraph subheadings: Purpose, Background, Methods Tell students that after they’ve written a first draft, it’s a
of Investigation, Findings, Recommendations good idea to read it aloud—or whisper it if they’re taking
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There are no contractions. an exam with other students. As they focus on saying
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Recommendations: To solve this problem, we would each word, their ears will often notice what their eyes
recommend installing two panes of glass in each window. have missed. It might be an incomplete sentence, an
Perhaps we could also consider filling the space between incorrect verb form, or a word or phrase that sounds odd
the glass with water. in some way. Students should make changes as they go
along and then reread the sections they’ve revised.
7 This is a short task to draw attention to helpful sentence
starters for problem-solution reports. Read the directions Expansion
aloud and have students look at the sentences. Ask In what Have pairs or small groups work together to come up
section of a report would you expect to find sentences like with something that can be improved or a problem that
these? (the recommendations section) needs to be solved in their school or the place where
• Read the first sentence aloud. Reread the phrase I guess we they live. Tell them to use divergent and convergent
could. Tell students that while this phrase is perfectly fine for thinking to come up with a solution. Have them make
speaking situations like conversations or class discussions, a presentation to the class describing the process they
used, how it worked, and how it lead to a solution.
91a Unit 7 Outside the Box SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
WRITING A report
5 Look at the report on page 152. Identify the two suggestions made by Writing strategy
students for reducing external noise in the school library. Can you think of
any other possible solution? c and d Structuring reports
Begin with a title to show what the
a Install two panes of glass in each window to stop 75 percent of the water report is about.
coming in from outside.
Make the aim of the report clear in
b Install two panes of glass in 75 percent of the windows to reduce the noise
the introduction.
coming in from outside.
c Install two panes of glass in each window to reduce the noise coming in The purpose of this report is to…
from outside. The report will also make
d Fill the space between two panes of glass with water to reduce the noise by recommendations on…
75 percent. Have clear paragraphs and add
subheadings to each paragraph.
6 WRITING SKILL Cohesion
Use full forms (it is, they will, etc.)
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Look at the Writing strategy box. Find examples of how to structure reports instead of contractions, like it’s
in the model on page 152. and they’ll.
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Make recommendations.
7 Work in pairs. Rewrite the sentences using the sentence starters in bold.
We believe that the best solution to
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1 I guess we could invest in some new, heavier curtains. this problem would be to…
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We might consider investing in some new,
. heavier curtains Perhaps we could also consider…
2 It would be much better if we moved the library to another room. Avoid expressing personal feelings
or opinions.
I would strongly recommend moving the library to
c
. another room
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3 Maybe we could play quiet music to cover the noise from outside.
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We would suggest playing quiet music.to cover the noise from outside
4 If we put more plants in the library, they would stop some of the sound.
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I propose putting more plants. in the library to stop some of the sound
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8 Write a short report about the situation your class chose in Activity 2.
Answers will vary.
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c
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be and empowering them to express themselves in creative, can kiss without their mouths freezing together. Actually, it’s
sometimes extreme, ways. more likely to be because when Inuit meet outside, they often
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have little more than their noses and eyes exposed.
They’ll talk about discrimination, how pervasive it is, and what
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some young people are doing to fight it in their communities.
Language note The phrase common ground is defined as “a
Students will watch a TED Talk that connects the Ancient
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basis of mutual interest or agreement” or “a foundation for mutual
Greeks, the color of the sky, and institutional racism to shed
understanding.” It’s often used to identify something that people
light on the concept of normal and show how artificial is it.
can agree about, especially when they disagree about other things.
Finally, students will write a complaint about instances of c Identifying common ground allows communication between
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stereotyping or discrimination they’ve witnessed in society and persons of disparate cultures, backgrounds, or beliefs, or even just
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the media and call for action to end it. between classmates with seemingly very different interests. For
example, an avowed sports fanatic and a student with a passion for
Unit Objectives
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• Grammar 2 Patterns after reporting verbs culture, personality, and interests. Display the photo on pp.
92−93. Call on a few students to describe what they see.
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Reading • Read the caption aloud to the class. Ask students what
• A Place to Be
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they know about the Inuit and where they live. Share the
information in the About the Photo box.
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TED Talk
• Ask students what they would think if they saw two people in
• Safwat Saleem: Why I keep speaking up, even when people
the street greet each other this way. Have students share their
mock my accent
thoughts. Tell students they’ll talk more about this in the next
Pronunciation lesson.
• Stress for clarification
Resources
Speaking • Classroom Presentation Tool
• Identify yourself • Tracks 37–41 (Audio CD, Website, CPT)
• Agree or disagree
• Challenge ideas and assumptions
• Give examples
Writing
• A complaint
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about greeting people. Ask How do you know how to greet
different kinds of people? • Have students look at the collocations and make sure
they understand the task (in each item, one or two of the
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2 Explain that first students should work with a partner to think collocations are missing a word that’s a form of the word
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of things apart from greetings that foreign visitors should know in bold). Ask if anyone knows the kind of word, or part of
about the customs of your area. These could be connected to speech, that’s needed in item 1 (a verb) and if anyone knows
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food, traditions, restaurants, driving, housing, and so on. Ask for what the word is. (compliment) Record the answer on the
two or three ideas from students and write them on the board. board.
• Have partners discuss the first question for a few minutes • Have students do the others individually, using a dictionary
and see if they can come up with other ideas. Call on pairs c if necessary. While they work, notice words and phrases they
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and write their ideas on the board. look up or ask you about.
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• Tell students to consider the second question individually. • Tell students to compare answers with a classmate. Then
Get them thinking by telling which of the rules on the board review as a class. Ask students what kind of word is needed
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you don’t always follow and explain why. in each case and how they know. Write the answers on
• At the end of the activity, call on individuals to share their the board and have the class repeat the words. Correct
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thoughts about why these rules are important (or not) and pronunciation and stress as necessary.
how well they follow them. • Ask questions about the collocations. For example, What
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at the pairs of words. 6 Explain the activity and give an example. Give students five
• Do item 1 together. Remind students that when doing fill-in- minutes to write sentences. Circulate and provide assistance
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the-blank activities, they should always read the entire sentence as needed. Notice mistakes, difficulties, or where they use
first, to get a sense of the context, before filling in the blanks. L1, and help them by correcting them or giving them the
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• For example, point out that the phrase or a big argument is a English they need.
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clue that the first blank is a synonym for argument. Say I see • When the time is up, call on students to share their
misunderstanding, which can be a verb form, but it’s also a sentences with the class.
noun—and it’s related to argument. The only other noun in the
list is response, which doesn’t make sense in this sentence. Call on
a student to read the sentence with both blanks filled in aloud. Exam Skill Learn word families
• Tell students to do the rest of the activity individually. Go Learning different forms of a word (for example, invent,
around and provide assistance as necessary. invention, inventor) helps with exams in several ways.
• Have students compare answers in pairs and help each other Sometimes there’s an activity where you have to write
complete the activity. Review by asking students to read the different forms of a base word; sometimes one form of
completed sentences aloud. Record the answers on the board. a word is used in a reading passage, and another form
• Ask questions to check students’ understanding: What’s the of the same word is used in a comprehension question;
difference between a misunderstanding and an argument? What sometimes you need to rewrite a sentence using a different
does conscious mean in item 6? (being aware of or sensitive to) form of a given word. Try to learn collocations of the various
forms, not just of the base form.
2 MY PERSPECTIVE
In addition to greetings, are there any rules you think it would be important
for a foreign visitor to your country to know? Do you always follow these rules?
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Answers will vary.
3 Complete the sentences with these pairs of words.
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awkward + compliment be offended + implied
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conscious + discrimination discourage + reaction
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misunderstanding + work it out response + negative comments
challenge them.
5 If someone tries to discourage me from doing something, my initial
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4 Work in pairs. Read the sentences in Activity 3 aloud. Are they are true or false
for you? Why? Answers will vary.
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5 Complete the collocations with the correct forms, based on the word families.
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complimentary about it
2 discriminate against young people / fight discrimination / discriminatory
rules
3 avoid stereotyping people / a negative stereotype / a stereotypical
person
4 took offense at what he said / didn’t mean to offend anyone / use
offensive language
5 respond awkwardly to questions / an awkward silence / a sense of
awkwardness in social settings
6 misunderstand the instructions / a silly misunderstanding
6 Choose five of the collocations from Activity 5. Write example sentences that
are true for you. Answers will vary.
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“Laughter for no reason is a sign of stupidity.”
countries that may be different elsewhere? 37
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China Germany Russia US Check the Grammar Reference for more information and
practice.
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10 According to the conversation, are the sentences 12 Match the sentences in the grammar box to these points.
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true, false, or not stated? Listen again and check your
answers. 37 1 The sentence includes the actual words that were spoken
or thought. b
1 Stacey’s parents are diplomats. NS
c 2 The sentence includes advice or instruction the speaker
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2 The German girl who Stacey spoke to was deliberately was given. d
rude to her. F
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4 Stacey’s Korean friend was confused by people in the action and consequence. c
United States asking “How’re you doing?” T
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from different cultures or social groups interact—and it usually 1 is before they listen, but don’t confirm it. Instead, say OK,
involves more than just language. Explain that successful maybe. Let’s listen and see. Play the audio.
intercultural communication requires an understanding • Tell students to compare their answers with a partner’s. Go
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that different cultures have different customs, manners, and around and notice how well they did. Decide whether you
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even thought patterns. It also requires a sensitivity to these should replay the track.
differences and a willingness to adapt to them. • Review the answers by asking for a show of hands. (For
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• Ask the whole class the second question. Students’ example, say Number 1: Who thinks it’s true? Hands up. Then
responses might include such things as when you greet Hands up if it’s false. And What about not stated? Hands
someone, approach someone to ask for assistance, go to
someone’s home, share a meal, and so on. Discuss as a class. c up.) You could instead have the class call out the answer
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together, or call on individuals (two or more when there’s
Give students a minute to read the directions. Have them look disagreement) to provide it. Explain the answer when
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at the situations listed. Ask the class for one or two reasons why students don’t get it. Record the numbers and answers on
communication might break down when greeting people from the board.
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said, you’re reporting what the person said. Say You’re going
and notice mistakes, difficulties, or where they use L1.
to read different ways of reporting what people say. Have
• Help them by correcting their mistakes or giving them the
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students read the Grammar box silently and try to fill in the
English they need. Write some of these points on the board
blanks based on the recording.
to review during a feedback session.
• Have students compare answers in pairs. Then either
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• When a few pairs have finished, stop the activity. Share with the
play the audio again or call on different students to read
class some interesting ideas you heard and give your feedback.
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the sentences aloud and see if the class agrees with their
9 Tell the class they’re going to listen to an interview about answers. You could also wait for students to read the
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travel and intercultural communication. Say Listen and find Grammar Reference and then review the answers.
out what’s normal in the countries listed—but may not be so At this point, have students complete Activities 1–2 on
normal anywhere else. p. 143 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also
• 37 Tell students to take some notes that will help them assign these activities as homework.
explain the different ideas of “normal” in the four countries
they’ll hear about. Play the listening once straight through. 12 Tell students to read the five points and match each one to
Then have students compare their notes with a partner. one of the items of reported speech in the box. This should
• Go around and notice how well the students did (without only take a minute. Have students compare answers in pairs.
saying anything). If you see that a majority did not get through • Ask the whole class which points match a−e and call on
all the countries, play the listening again. individuals to tell how they figured out each answer. Make
• Ask the whole class or individuals for their answers. You sure students notice things like the quotation marks in b
don’t need to write them on the board, and students don’t indicating direct speech, that shouldn’t in d shows advice,
need to describe each situation exactly. Work with the what the verb forms indicate, and so on. Record the answers.
ideas they come up with, rephrasing their language where
possible to include words from the listening.
SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTIONUnit 8 Common Ground 94a
13 Have students silently read the first three sentences in the • 15b Keep students in pairs. Ask the weaker partner to read
Grammar box again and then ask the questions. Remind them sentences 1−5 and the stronger student to respond, using
that in b, they see the speaker’s own thoughts, not reported stress to show the misunderstanding.
speech. • If you want, do item 1 with the whole class. Remind students
• The main thing to expect from students is the idea that in that they should use reported speech in each response. Say
the reported speech, the verb tenses shift back to show that Remember to use phrases like I thought you said, you told me,
something happened before something else. If they can and so on. Read the sentence aloud and call on a student to
express a version of this, accept it. respond. Make sure she or he uses proper stress.
• Tell students that in a, the tense shifts from the simple past • When pairs are finished, tell them to switch roles. Monitor
(asked) to the past progressive (was going) to show that and correct as necessary.
something that began before something else was continuing,
16 Make sure students understand the task by asking for possible
and in c, it shifts from the simple past (said) to the past perfect
situations in which they might hear the response Don’t be silly!
(had forgotten) to show that something happened before
If necessary, give one yourself: Someone is afraid to watch a movie
something else.
about a haunted house. Explain that Don’t be silly! in this case would
14 Explain that Activity 14 looks at the way we report what people mean “There’s nothing to be afraid of. It’s just make-believe.”
• Put students in pairs to complete the task. Tell them to write
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have said when we’re correcting misunderstandings. Make sure
students understand that the “B” sentences show that there’s down their ideas.
been a misunderstanding and this speaker is trying to correct it.
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• When most students have finished, have them compare Activity 16, Suggested answers:
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answers in pairs and help each other complete the activity if 2 Someone rejecting an offer. A parent reprimanding a
necessary. child. 3 Someone hoping they can get a bite of someone
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• Review the answers by having students read each full A / B else’s dinner. Someone disgusted at what someone is
exchange aloud. about to eat. 4 Someone curious about the motivation
behind someone else’s decision. Someone annoyed
15 PRONUNCIATION Stress for clarification c at something someone’s just done. 5 Someone trying
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• 15a 38 Tell students they’re going to hear two people to tempt someone to come with them. Someone
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say the sentences from Activity 14. Tell them to listen and threatening someone else.
circle or otherwise mark the main stressed word in each “B”
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sentence. Put students in pairs and play the audio. 17 Read the directions aloud. Call on a student to read the
• Have the whole class say which words were stressed. Call on sample story to the class. Ask Did you notice the reported
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a few pairs to model the dialogues for the class. Correct any speech and the shift tense? Write on the board Someone there
problems with stress that come up if you can. said they’d been waiting.
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• Then have partners practice reading the conversations • If necessary, use the context and interpretation of Don’t
aloud. When they finish, they should switch roles. be silly! that you came up with previously to give students
another example.
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Activity 15a • Have students plan their stories. Say Remember to use your
1 A: We’re meeting on Tuesday. ideas from Activity 16.
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B: Really? I thought you said we were meeting on • Put students in small groups to share their stories.
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Thursday!
18 Read the directions and the situations aloud. You could
2 A: I got a B on my science essay.
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B: Oh, that’s pretty good! I thought you said you’d prepare a story yourself and tell it to the class as a model.
gotten a D! Have students make their choices individually. Give them a
3 A: I’m interested in seeing the new Star Wars movie. few minutes to decide and plan.
B: Really? I thought you told me you weren’t • Tell students they might want to write down some reported speech
interested! they could use. Let them use dictionaries or ask you for help.
4 A: I’ll bring you all the stuff you need next week. • Put students in pairs to tell their stories.
B: You don’t have it? I thought you were bringing it
today. Expansion
5 A: I’m going to my dance class later. Tell students to write short summaries reporting the three
B: I didn’t know you went dancing. How long have most interesting things they’re told between the end of
you been doing that? the class and the next day. Start the first lesson of the next
6 A: We have to leave at 11 o’clock.
school day by having them share their summaries.
B: I thought we had to leave at 12 o’clock.
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5 A I’m going to my dance class later. I went to buy tickets for a concert, but when I got
B I didn’t know you went dancing. How long to the theater there was a huge line. Someone there
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have you been doing that? said they’d been waiting forever, so I decided to
forget it and just went home.
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6 A We have to leave at 11 o'clock.
B I thought we had to leave at 12 o'clock. 18 MY PERSPECTIVE
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15 PRONUNCIATION Stress for clarification Choose one of these situations. Spend a few minutes
planning how to explain what happened. Include some
a Work in pairs. Listen to the exchanges from Activity 14.
c reporting. Then work in pairs. Tell your partner your story.
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Notice how we stress the corrections. Then practice Answers will vary.
the exchanges. 38 • A compliment someone paid you or you paid someone
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misunderstood. Answers will vary. • A conversation you wish you hadn’t overheard
1 Are you coming to my birthday party on Saturday?
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like-minded long-lasting
open-minded two-faced
well-mannered worldwide 7 Which of the four subcultures:
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1 is more of a virtual than real-world phenomenon? Otherkin
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1 sharing tastes, interests, and opinions like-minded 2 became known worldwide thanks to a music video? Scraper Biker
2 dishonest and not to be trusted two-faced 3 is a combination of the ultra-modern and the old? Trival
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3 admired by lots of people because of qualities or 4 includes members who identify with animals? Otherkin
achievements highly respected open-minded 5 can trace its origins back the furthest? Goth
4 willing to consider new ideas and ways of thinking
5 existing or happening everywhere worldwide c 6 involves a form of recycling? Scraper Biker
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7 rejects a common belief about their characteristics? Goth
6 behaving in a polite way well-mannered 8 involves regional rivalries? Trival
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9 continuing for a long period of time long-lasting CRITICAL THINKING Understanding other
10 extremely sad and upset heartbroken perspectives
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2 Everybody around here knows she does good work. She’s 8 Work in groups. For each of the four subcultures
a highly respected figure.
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his team lost the championship game! 1 what the appeal might be for those who get involved.
4 The problems are too deep-rooted for there to be 2 what common ground might exist with other groups.
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any real hope of a quick fix. 3 what concerns parents might have.
5 If you only ever spend time talking to like-minded 4 which are common—or have some kind of local
people, you don’t get to hear different points of view. equivalents—where you live.
3 Work in groups. Use five of the adjectives in Activity 1 to 9 MY PERSPECTIVE Answers will vary.
describe people or things from your own experience.
Answers will vary. The article is written from the point of view of someone
My dog died last year, which left me heartbroken. who is not involved in any of the subcultures mentioned.
I bike almost everywhere. It’s the most Do you think people who are part of the subcultures
cost-effective way of getting around. might want to change any of the details? Why?
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they’ve chosen. Say Make sure to ask your group members for
VOCABULARY BUILDING Compound adjectives help if you need it.
• Listen and take notes as students work. At the end of the
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1 Tell students to read the information in the Vocabulary task, retell some interesting things you heard. Then call
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Building box or read it aloud for the class. Ask if students can on students to read some of their descriptions aloud. Give
think of any examples of compound adjectives. Students feedback on how well students used the vocabulary and
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may be familiar with fast-paced, death-defying, nimble-footed, correct any errors in pronunciation or stress you heard.
hair-raising. For each example students come up with (or for
the ones you provide), ask what it means, where the stress is,
and if they can think of a noun it could be used to describe.c Study Tip Use flashcards to remember collocations
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Write students’ ideas on the board. When you create flashcards, try to work with collocations
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• Read the Activity 1 directions and have students do the and word chunks rather than single words. Translate the
matching activity. Remind them that, as with compound whole collocation, or if you don’t want to use translation
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nouns, some compound adjectives are written as a single you could do one of the following, or create multiple sets:
word, others as two words, and others as hyphenated
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words. Tell them they can use a dictionary if they want, but A side: definition in English B side: word / phrase
not all compounds will be listed there. A side: single word B side: four or five
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• When most students have finished, have them compare common collocations
answers in pairs. Then review the answers by reading each A side: collocation B side: synonym
meaning aloud and having the class call out the matching
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(in a collocation)
adjective. Write the answers on the board. Ask where the
A side: single word B side: one or two
stress is in each adjective (usually on the first syllable) and
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sample sentences
mark it. Then say each adjective again and have students
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repeat.
For notes on Activities 5–9, see page 97a.
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Expansion
Go through the list of adjectives. Can you come up with a REading
noun for each one? Write down one or two nouns to go
with as many adjectives as you can. 4 Draw students’ attention to the photo on p. 97. Then either
give students a couple of minutes to discuss the three items
with a partner or ask the whole class for their ideas.
2 Read the directions. Say You’ll probably recognize one or • Call on students for their predictions. Write some on the
two of the adjective-noun collocations you’ll come up with in board, but don’t tell the class if they’re right or wrong.
Activity 2. Have students complete the sentences. Instead, say OK, maybe. Let’s read and find out.
• Go through the answers by asking different students to read
the completed sentences to the class.
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with a classmate. in the article. Make sure they make the connection between
a virtual phenomenon (for example, the Internet) and the
• Ask the whole class or individual students for their answers.
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words “it’s their main home” in the text.
You don’t need to write these answers on the board. Work
• Have students answer the rest of the questions. Tell them to
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with the ideas and language students come up with, and
underline the parts of the text that help them confirm their answers.
rephrase using the words from the text where possible.
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• Put students in pairs to compare answers. Review the
answers the same way you did for item 1, making sure
Activity 5 students identify evidence from the text to support each one.
Goth: the UK; wear all black; see themselves as romantic, c
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creative; post-punk music Tribal Guarachero: Mexico; CRITICAL THINKING Understanding other
perspectives
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words from the article. Just make sure they hit the main
points of experimenting with different social groups and 9 Read the My Perspective text to the class. This activity might best
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ideas, establishing an identity separate from the immediate be assigned as homework. Tell students to first write a response
family’s, and being connected to a group of like-minded to the two-part question. Then, if they agree that members of a
people, with the downside being exposure to social subculture might want to change parts of the article, tell them to
rejection and bullying. identify the parts and explain how they think the text might be
changed. They may need to do research to support their ideas.
• If you want to do the activity in class, give students plenty
Activity 6
of time to discuss their ideas in groups and then share them
They offer young people the opportunity to explore
with the class.
who they are and what they stand for; They allow
people to start defining themselves outside of their
family circle; They provide a sense of identity and
belonging; downside: risk of getting abused or bullied
PLACE
5 with different social groups. Deciding to subculture has been developing in Mexico,
join a particular group or subculture offers where a style of music known as Tribal
young people the opportunity to explore Guarachero has evolved, complete with its
who they are and what they stand for. It 40 own remarkable fashions. More commonly
allows them to start defining themselves
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known just as Trival, the hugely popular
10 outside of their immediate family circle, sound mixes traditional regional folk music
and can provide both a sense of identity with electronic dance. Young fans often
and of belonging, too. In our increasingly
BE
identify themselves by combining futuristic
interconnected world, membership of 45 elements with a basic farmworker look…
particular groups can mean contact not and wearing extremely long, pointy boots
15 only with other like-minded people locally, when dancing, often competitively against
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but also globally. However, while being part groups from other local towns. Believe it or
of a group can be an extremely positive not, some items of footwear have apparently
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thing, it can also attract abuse and bullying, 50 reached five feet in length!
especially of those who insist on challenging
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Of course, subcultures that develop in a
20 social norms. Here we look at four of the
particular area can spread like wildfire in a
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more remarkable youth cultures out there.
matter of moments these days, thanks to
Some claim that the roots of Goth can be the internet. This is what’s happened with
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found in such 19th century literary classics 55 the Scraper Biker subculture. Originally the
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as Dracula and Frankenstein, but the dyed obsession of a small group of young people
black hair and black clothes, dark eyeliner
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25
in the San Francisco Bay area, scraper bikes
and fingernails, and intense dramatic post- are simply ordinary bicycles that have
punk music originated in England in the late
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lasting appeal; nowadays there are large colors. Much of the decoration is done very
30 communities of goths everywhere from cheaply, using tinfoil, reused cardboard,
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Chile to China. Many goths resent being candy wrappers, and paint! The craze went
stereotyped as sad or angry, and instead global after a hip-hop video featuring these
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He denied answering the question.
6 verb + someone + (that) clause d
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He promised me (that) he’d never do anything like that again.
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Patterns after reporting verbs
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a Deciding to join a particular group offers young people the opportunity to
explore who they are.
b Many goths resent being stereotyped as sad or angry.
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c Some claim that the roots of Goth can be found in 19th century literary classics.
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d There’s a worldwide community out there just waiting to assure you that
you belong!
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e It allows them to start defining themselves outside of their immediate family circle.
f It can also attract abuse and bullying of those who insist on challenging
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social norms.
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2 Work in pairs. Decide which patterns in Activity 1 these verbs use. Some verbs
use more than one pattern.
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1 Have students close their books. Say We’ve been talking a lot persuaded to do something? What were you persuaded to do?
about reported speech. Well, many reporting verbs are followed
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by specific grammatical patterns, and it’s helpful to recognize Activity 2
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these verbs and patterns. 1 verb + infinitive (with to) agree, pretend
• Give an example. Say If I were to begin a sentence about the 2 verb + someone + advise, convince, invite,
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government’s intention to enact new legislation, I might say infinitive (with to) persuade
“The government intends… .” Ask What word would you 3 verb + preposition + -ing advise against -ing, agree to
expect to hear next? (to) That’s right, and what verb form
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begins with to? (an infinitive) Yes! So, I’d say “The government
-ing, be accused of -ing, be
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blamed for -ing
intends to introduce new anti-discrimination legislation.” Write 4 verb + (that) clause acknowledge, advise, agree,
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the sentence on the board. Explain that the verb intends and imagine, pretend, state,
an infinitive with to creates a pattern. suggest
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• Have students reopen their books to p. 98. Read the Activity 5 verb + -ing acknowledge, advise,
1 directions aloud. Guide students to do item 1. Tell them imagine, suggest
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to find a sentence in a−f that has a verb + infinitive with 6 verb + someone + (that) advise, convince, persuade
to pattern (a). Then have students match the rest of the clause
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sentences.
• When most have finished, ask the whole class or individual 3 Explain that students are going to read a short text about a
students for their answers. As you go through the answers,
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vocabulary. For example, say They apologized for doing what might be targets of racism. (for example, the indigenous
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they did. What kind of thing do you think they did? And what peoples of the country)
might they say when they apologize? • Explain the activity and have students complete it
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At this point, have students complete Activity 3 on p. 143 individually. When most have finished, have students
in the Grammar Reference section. You may also assign compare answers with a partner.
the activity as homework. • Review the answers by asking for a show of hands. For
example, say Raise your hand if you think the answer is of.
Then Hands up if you think it’s in. Finally Who thinks it’s for?
Raise your hands. Record the numbers and answers on the
board. As you do, repeat the patterns by saying, for example
So, you can be criticized for doing something.
• Ask questions to check students’ understanding. For
example, say If you turn a blind eye to a problem, are you
confronting the problem or ignoring it?
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1975 to force men to accept greater equality; soon after, the
country elected a female president, and now over 40% of Expansion
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politicians are female.) Invite students to find out more about Zulaikha’s protest
• Then tell students to compare verb forms with a partner. and write about it, or to research and write about another
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Review by either asking the whole class or calling on student action protesting discrimination.
different students to give the answers. Record the numbers
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and answers on the board.
• Take the opportunity to ask questions to check students’ 7 Give students time to read all the activity options. When
understanding of certain phrases in the text. For example,
c they’re done, answer any questions they have. Point out
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ask If you’re a second-class citizen, are your rights and that all the activities involve reporting about something—
opportunities the same as those of other people in the country?
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own ideas about how to tackle gender inequality and • Ask Which option sparks your interest? Do any of them make
discrimination. It also recycles the reporting-verb patterns
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you think of something from your own life? Help students find
from Activity 1. a partner for the second option or put together groups for
• Put students in pairs or groups. If groups, you may want to
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• Say Look at the ideas in a−f. A couple seem like no-brainers, for students to complete their activities. Finally, remind them
others are good ideas but maybe unrealistic, and some to use the language and patterns of reported speech.
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Iceland can now claim (7) to have (have) one of denied / denies being
school (4) discriminatory in any way, but
the highest proportions of female politicians—over 40 (5)
(has) agreed to examine
its policies before (6) deciding
percent—in Europe. In the spring of 2017, a law was
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whether or not to make any significant changes.
passed (8) requiring (require) employers to prove
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that their companies are free from gender-based salary 7 CHOOSE Answers will vary.
discrimination.
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Choose one of the following activities.
5 Work in pairs. Look at the ideas for tackling gender
• Think of conversations you have had—or heard—
inequality. Discuss: Answers will vary.
c recently. Use some of the reporting verbs from pages 98
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• how they might change things. and 99 to describe what they were about.
• which you think are good ideas. Why?
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b Demand that companies employ an equal number of – a new project that’s trying to change things
female and male bosses. • Work in groups. Tell each other about a time that:
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c Insist on mothers and fathers getting equal amounts of – you intended to do something, but then didn’t. Explain
parental leave when they have children. why you didn't do it.
d Advise schools to ensure that both boys and girls do – you refused to do something. Why?
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school subjects such as cooking and woodwork. – someone famous was accused of doing something
e Force schools to have equal numbers of men and women bad.
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f Persuade parents to discuss images of men and women – someone powerful acknowledged they’d done
in the media with their children. something wrong.
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Zulaikha Patel and her classmates are fighting for rights that go
beyond the style of their hair. They are standing up against racism.
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SAFWAT SALEEM
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Read about Safwat Saleem and get ready to watch his TED Talk. 8.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS
c 4 Watch Part 1 of the talk. Are the sentences true or false?
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8.1
Just
1 People have sometimes joked, “Have you forgotten your
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1 Look at the Authentic Listening Skills box. Listen to these 5 The incident led Safwat to do more voice-overs in order
extracts from the TED Talk and add just in the correct to prove his critics wrong. F
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2 I sat there on the computer, hitting “refresh.” just sat there 7 Safwat practiced to improve his voice and accent to
3 This was the first of a two-part video. just the first sound more normal. F
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4 I could not do it. just could not 5 Work as a class. Read the conclusion of Safwat’s talk.
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5 If I stutter along the way, I go back in and fix it. just go back Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
6 And the year before, that number was about
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eight percent. just the year before The Ancient Greeks didn’t just wake up one day and realize
7 Like the color blue for Ancient Greeks, minorities are not that the sky was blue. It took centuries, even, for humans to
a part of what we consider “normal.” just like realize what we had been ignoring for so long. And so we
must continuously challenge our notion of normal, because
2 Work in pairs. Discuss each meaning of just in Activity 1. doing so is going to allow us as a society to finally see the
Then practice saying the sentences. Answers will vary. sky for what it is.
1 How do you think the Ancient Greeks and the color of the
WATCH sky might be related to what you have talked about and
seen so far?
3 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary. 2 What do you think Safwat means by “the sky,” with
1 In what ways do people make fun of others? regard to society today?
2 In what ways might people react to being made fun of?
3 Why do you think people make fun of others?
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• 8.0 Tell students they’re going to see a short text on Have you ever made fun of someone? Were you ever made fun of?
the DVD to introduce the topic further. Play the first section How did you react? In each case, how did you feel afterwards?
• Circulate as students discuss and notice mistakes, difficulties,
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of the video; then have students do the exercises.
or where they use L1. Provide assistance as necessary.
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS • When a couple of pairs have finished, stop the activity.
Just • Ask different groups to share their ideas, and then ask the rest of
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the class if they have anything to add. Alternatively, you could
1 Read the information about the word just in the Authentic just give feedback about new language that came up and
Listening Skills box aloud. Say sentences to illustrate the
c errors to correct (which you may have written on the board).
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different meanings; for example, I just want you to make your
4 Tell the class they’re going to watch the first part of the TED talk
bed, not clean the whole house! (only); It’s just a matter of trust.
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grunt: to make a short low noise (Try grunting yourself to answer. When the answer is false, have students explain why.
demonstrate.)
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yet. Say OK. We’ll find out who’s right in a minute. italics. Reteach if necessary. Have students read the discussion
• 8.2 Play Part 2 of the video. topics. Tell them to think of an example from their own lives for
at least two of them. Give them two minutes to plan what they’ll
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7 Read the My Perspective text aloud. You could begin by say. As they think, share one or two anecdotes of your own.
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telling students how you feel about your own accent and • Put students in pairs to tell each other their anecdotes.
if you’d like to change it. You could explain how you’ve • Circulate and listen as partners talk. Notice mistakes,
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worked to improve your pronunciation over the years—any difficulties, or where they use L1. Help them by correcting
exercises you’ve done, how you’ve practiced, people who’ve them or giving them the English they need.
• After a few minutes, have students change partners.
helped you, and so on.
c
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• Have students think about the questions and write down Continue listening and noting. At the end of the task, give
their thoughts, if they want. When most have finished, stop feedback about new language that came up and errors to
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the activity. correct. You can also retell some of the anecdotes you heard,
• Then put students in groups to discuss their thoughts and calling on the students themselves to add other details.
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errors to correct. • Read the Challenge aloud. Give students a few minutes to
• It’s important to stress the fact that (1) there is no one think about which topics they might like to explore.
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“right” native-speaker accent; most native speakers have • Put students into groups. Tell students to share with the group
at least some regional elements in their accents, and their thoughts about the topics that most interested them. Each
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(2) the most important thing is to try to make sure you can group should then decide on a topic together. When groups
be understood by a wide range of other speakers of English. have reached a decision, have them focus on the five steps.
• Once groups know what aspect to focus on, they could split
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Expansion into two smaller groups, with both doing steps 2 and 3.
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Have the groups brainstorm ways of practicing (If you’re short on time, you might want to assign this part
pronunciation. Write the best ideas on the board and of the activity as homework.)
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then ask students to discuss in pairs which two ideas they • Groups re-form to do step 4. Say You used divergent thinking in
like best and think they will try. steps 2 and 3. Now you’ll use convergent thinking! If necessary,
guide them to choose the best idea in the fairest way. Allow
time for groups to present their video ideas to the class.
8 VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT
• 8a 8.3 Play the Vocabulary in Context section. Pause Expansion
at each point where the options come on-screen and ask Tell students to use the Internet to find five or more native-
everyone to call out their answer together. Then show the speaker accents, or dialects. Say Try to find a website where you
answer. can listen to samples of each one. Tell them to decide which one
• If a lot of students are giving the wrong answer, provide or two they like the most—and the least—and to consider why.
additional explanations or examples before moving on to
the next clip.
CHALLENGE
3 d Blue was “invisible” and not part of ancient people’s
Work in groups. You are going to discuss a video
“normal,” unlike red.
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8 e
you could make about ONE of these topics. Choose
Minorities are not part of society’s “normal,” like the
a topic and follow the steps (1–5).
color blue wasn’t for the Greeks.
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2 f One theory is that colors weren’t named or “seen” until • Challenge the idea of what is “normal.”
people could make them. • Raise awareness of discrimination.
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10 g This is why Safwat has gone back to using his voice in • Discourage bullying.
• Show how different groups share experiences, likes,
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his work.
7 h People learn not to relate to minorities because there and dreams.
are few images of minorities in books. • Encourage people to do activities with different groups of
5 i People’s ideas of “normal” can lead to discrimination, people.
such as offering fewer interviews to people with black- 1 Decide on one aspect of the topic to focus on.
sounding names. 2 Think of two or three different messages for the
campaign.
7 MY PERSPECTIVE 3 Brainstorm some ideas to illustrate these messages.
How do you feel about your own accent in English? 4 Choose the best idea and develop it further.
Would you like to change it at all? What would be a 5 Share your idea with the rest of the class.
“normal” accent for you? Answers will vary.
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It’s crazy. 4 Complete the sentences by adding two words in each blank—contractions
I don’t get it.
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count as one word. Then listen again and check your answers. 41
Challenge ideas and their fault
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1 We’ve lost some stock recently, which I think might be .
assumptions supposed to
2 I mean, where else are we go? Or are we just
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Just because…, (it) doesn’t mean… not supposed to hang out at all?
…are we supposed to… ? 3 As someone who goes there pretty often, I totally support the idea.
Give examples 4 Just because one or two misbehave doesn’t mean they all do.
I mean
c , adults shoplift and cause problems, too.
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I mean, …
5 If I look at it from my grandpa’s point of view,
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Which ones do you agree or disagree with? Why? Use some of the expressions
in the Useful language box to discuss them. Answers will vary.
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6 Work in groups. Choose a role. Discuss the statements in Activity 5 in your role.
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Then think about the statements from a different perspective. Answers will vary.
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with a partner or simply ask the whole class for their responses. 5 Read the directions aloud. Then have students read the
• If you put students in pairs, go around and check that phrases in the Useful language box. Answer any questions
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they’re doing the task correctly. Notice mistakes, difficulties, they may have about them. Make sure they understand
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or where they use L1. Help them by correcting their errors or what in favor and get it mean. Say You’re going to use this
giving them the English they need. language as you discuss. Suggest that they check off a few of
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• At the end of the task, give feedback about new language that the phrases they’d like to try out in their discussion.
came up and errors to correct (which you may have written on • Put students in pairs to discuss the six topics. Say There’s
the board). You can also share some ideas you heard. quite a variety of subjects here. You should have some
c interesting conversations! Don’t be afraid to express your true
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2 Read the directions. You may want to clarify what a policy feelings.
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is (a set of plans or actions agreed on by a government, • Give your own ideas about the first topic as an example. If
political party, business, school, etc.). you do, use some phrases from the Useful language box.
• 41 Play the audio track once straight through. Then
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• Ask the whole class What do you think the policy is about? Call • Have students change partners and share ideas from their
on students to give their answers. Ask students how they previous discussion.
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Tell them to read the two questions and then listen to the plan and to feel free to ask for your assistance. They may also
track to find out the information. Suggest that they take want to take notes.
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notes as they listen. Play the audio. • Tell students to discuss each topic in their new roles and see
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• When the track is done, tell students to compare their ideas if they can find common ground within their groups.
in pairs. Then review by having individual students call out
the answers to the first question. (So, who’s talking in number
1? Is the person male, female, young, old? Is the person’s job
given?) Then ask students to explain why the person agrees
or disagrees with the policy.
Activity 3, question 2
1 for − thinks it will reduce theft; 2 against − believes
the mall is safe and a place for teens to hang out;
3 for − thinks teens are disrespectful, threatening;
4 against − believes not all teens misbehave, kids need
to become independent; 5 against − believes the
media negatively stereotype teens
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could give students more time to share ideas by putting Then put students into groups to discuss the four activity
them in groups to discuss stereotypes that exist for each questions.
group of people—positive, negative, or neutral.
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• Go around the room observing, listening, and taking notes for
• Share your own thoughts about one or two of the groups, feedback. When a couple of groups have finished, stop the activity.
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then have students discuss. Go around the room observing, • You could ask different groups to report their examples
listening, and taking notes for feedback. When a couple of and then ask the rest of the class if anyone wants to add
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groups have finished, stop the activity. anything. Encourage them to comment using some of the
• You could ask different groups to report their ideas and then Useful language from the box on p. 102. You might want to
ask the rest of the class if anyone wants to add anything.
Alternatively, you could just give your feedback. c write some phrases on the board, for example, As someone
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who … ; I don’t get it; Just because … , it doesn’t mean … .
Ask Have any of these conversations gotten you upset, mad, or
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9
12 Say Now’s your chance to vent about (forcefully express) your
motivated to complain in some way? Tell students they’re going
to learn to write a complaint. Say, First, you’ll look at a model of an concerns involving unfair treatment or stereotyping that you’ve
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email complaining about the stereotyping of immigrants. witnessed or become aware of during your conversations.
• Have students turn to the complaint on p. 152 and read it to • Read the directions. Put students in pairs and tell them to
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themselves. Give a time limit or read the text aloud yourself talk for a few minutes about what they want to say in their
as students follow along. complaints. Tell them to review the Writing strategy guidelines
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• Then tell students to answer the questions in Activity 9. and the model on p. 152. Then have them begin to write.
Review the answers with the class. • Assign the writing for homework or set a time limit for doing
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1 the editor of a newspaper; to complain about how mistakes for feedback when the time is up.
the newspaper reports the issue of immigration • Have students read their complaints to the class. Point
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2 upset; She is the granddaughter of an immigrant. out where students’ writing showed good organization,
included clear explanations and reasonable suggestions,
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1 Who is the person writing to and why? next if we are unsatisfied with the
2 How does she feel? Why? response.
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3 What does she want to happen? Why?
The writing is more effective if it:
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10 WRITING SKILL Using appropriate tone Answers will vary. • is polite.
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• is fairly formal.
Work in pairs. Read the complaint on page 152 again. Discuss the questions.
• uses linking words such as
1 Does the writer follow the advice in the Writing strategy box? however and while.
2 What other details could the writer give, if any?
c
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3 Do you think complaints are worth writing? Why?
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1 Have you read or seen anything that you thought was untrue, unfair, or
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stereotyped people?
2 What was the problem?
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12 Write a complaint about one of the ideas you discussed in Activity 11. Follow
the structure of the writing model on page 152. Try to use some of the
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can access and use to help out in times of dire need. some of the worst natural disasters in recorded history, including
several of the deadliest floods and landslides of all time.
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Students will read about the founding of UNICEF after World Typhoons are often the cause of flooding, especially in southern
War II to help the millions of children ravaged by the effects of and eastern coastal regions, where large-scale evacuations
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that war, and how the United Nations has become a leading are not uncommon. China is in an active seismic zone and has
advocate for young people and a conduit for the development
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experienced major earthquakes, including one of the deadliest,
of the future leaders of the world. They’ll discuss how young the 7.9-magnitude earthquake in Sichuan province in 2008, in
people can make a difference in their communities and how which more than 69,000 people lost their lives.
some have done so—even at great personal risk.
c
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They’ll think about the psychological and emotional damage Language note The word disaster has its origins in the Latin word
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caused by natural disasters and learn how a photographer and astro, for star. Later on, the Italian word disastro combined the Latin
a group of her colleagues found a unique and deeply personal word with the negative prefix dis- to mean “an unfavorable position
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way to help alleviate some of that pain. Finally, students will of a star.” This meaning evolved to refer to the kind of misfortune
consider their specific qualifications to help out after a disaster which such an astral position was thought to cause.
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Then put students in pairs to discuss the rest of the question.
challenges facing the people in the photo are.
• Circulate and provide assistance as needed. When the first
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Expansion pairs finish, have students change partners and start from
the last question this time.
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• Divide the class into two groups. One group should
• Check students’ ideas by asking the individuals the questions
imagine that they were the people in the photo
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again. Use this as an opportunity to teach some unfamiliar
and write some notes for a first-hand account about
words that came up in the discussions, such as the names
what happened. The other group should write down
of other natural disasters and words related to disaster relief,
questions to ask about the incident. Put together pairs of
students (one from each group) to conduct an interview. c and rescue and recovery efforts. Ask the class for a translation
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or an explanation of the word or phrase and then give, or ask
• Have students identify English words for disasters that students for, other examples to show how it’s used.
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2 Tell students they’re going to learn some (more) words 1 any other natural disaster 2 transportation,
roads, telecommunications, etc. 3 food, water, medical
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pairs. Have them check the meanings of unfamiliar words. foreign aid workers, etc. 5 food, water, tents, medical
Notice words they look up and focus on these in feedback. supplies, helicopters, etc. 6 by bulldozers or by hand --
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• As an alternative, you can preteach the vocabulary, using by large teams of people 7 by helicopters or planes, by
the Teaching Tip that follows. boats, by trucks, etc. 8 trees or buildings fall, flooding,
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• You may want to fill in the first blank together. Say, for other dangerous conditions
example, Number one: The… what… struck coastal areas just
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after midnight. What kind of word is needed here? (a noun) 4 Think of your own example of a natural disaster before class.
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There are several nouns given first in the list of word pairs. Try Ideally it should be one most students will not know about.
them all. If one seems to fit, see if the second word in the pair Explain what happened. As you do so, highlight the new
works. Pause. Then ask OK, which word makes the most sense vocabulary you use and point out when you provide the
here? (earthquake) information asked for in Activity 4. When you finish, have
• Have students complete the activity individually. When most students ask you two or three further questions.
students have finished, tell them to compare answers with a • Tell students to read the directions and look at the bulleted
partner and to help each with anything they haven’t finished. items. Give them two or three minutes to choose a natural
• Review the answers by asking students to read the disaster.
completed sentences aloud. Write the item numbers and
5 Put students into small groups to give their talks. Encourage
word pairs on the board.
• Ask questions about related collocations. For example, ask them to avoid reading their notes. Tell the other group
Can you think of collocations to describe what might have members to ask questions and make comments using the
happened right as the earthquake struck? (the ground shook lesson vocabulary. As you circulate, provide your own feedback.
or trembled, trees swayed or bent, houses collapsed) • At the end of the activity, retell some interesting things you
heard. You can also give some whole-class feedback on how
well students used the new language.
SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
105a Unit 9 Lend a Helping Hand
9A In Times of Crisis
VOCABULARY Dealing with disaster
1 Work in pairs. Look at the photo and discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
1 What do you think has happened?
2 What do you think the three main challenges in this area would be at this time?
3 What would be needed to help people overcome these challenges?
2 Check that you understand these pairs of words. Use a dictionary, if necessary.
Then complete the series of events following an earthquake.
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1 The earthquake struck coastal areas just after midnight and caused
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widespread devastation .
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2 Much of the infrastructure was damaged or destroyed, and thousands of
people started to flee the worst-affected areas.
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3 As the number of injuries continued to rise , it became clear that a
humanitarian crisis was starting to unfold.
4 There were food shortages and a limited amount of clean
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drinking water.
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5 The government appealed to the international community for
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aid .
6 The roads were blocked , so they had to use helicopters to drop
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supplies to people.
7 They launched a relief effort and started to evacuate people
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task of rebuilding.
3 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.
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LISTENING
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10 Patrick Maier calls the work he does crisis mapping. In
recent years, crisis mappers have started using more
6
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Listen to the first part of a radio program. Find out:
technological tools in their work. How might these tools
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an earthquake in Haiti in 2010 be useful to them? Can you think of anything else that
1 what the disaster was, where it happened, and when. might help? Answers will vary.
2 what the impact of the disaster was. c
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widespread devastation 3D modeling technology artificial intelligence
drones GPS
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7 Work in groups. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
hashtags satellites
• Had you heard about the disaster described in Exercise 6
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before? Do you know anything more about it and how Hashtags might be useful for crisis mappers because
the country is now? they can use social media to see where the most
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• How do you think social media, maps, and photographs, requests for aid are coming from.
such as the one above, could help in this situation?
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8 Listen to the second part of the radio program about how GRAMMAR Relative clauses
Patrick Maier first used an online mapping technology
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called Ushahidi in Haiti. Answer the questions. 43 11 Look at the Grammar box. Answer the questions.
1 How did he get information to update the online maps
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2 How did this information help the people affected by 3 Defining relative clauses qualify nouns and tell us exactly
the disaster? which thing, person, or place is being referred to. Which
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3 How else has Ushahidi helped people elsewhere in sentences include them?
the world? 4 What is the difference between the defining relative
9 Work in pairs. Try to remember what was said about clauses in the sentences you just identified and
the following. Then listen again and check your ideas. the others?
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5 In which sentence can the relative pronoun be left
out? Why?
1 Christine Martin 5 helicopters 6 Look at sentence d. Where does the preposition go in
2 Kenya 6 world attention relation to the verb? How else could you write
3 Haitian roots 7 Russia this clause?
4 one million 8 a smartphone
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answers. Question 2 is pretty general, so make sure you
system). Draw a hashtag on the board and say You probably
get as many details from different students as possible.
know what this is, too.
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7 Read the questions after the first bullet in Activity 7 aloud.
• Say I’m not sure about AI (artificial intelligence) and 3D modeling,
though. Who can help me out here? Call on students to explain
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Take a few students’ responses, then discuss the earthquake
in Haiti for a few minutes as a class. these tools to the class. Help them out as necessary.
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• Have students look at the photo across the top of pp. • Repeat the activity directions and have students discuss in
106−107. Read the caption aloud and ask if anyone can pairs. Point out the sample text explaining the usefulness of
explain what drone means in this context. Ask Are drones hashtags for crisis mapping.
manned or unmanned? (unmanned) c • When pairs have come up with some ideas, call on them to
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• Read the question after the second bullet aloud. Have explain their ideas to the class.
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students look at the photo again and share their ideas. Say
Now we’re going to find out what actually happened. Let’s see
GRAMMAR Relative clauses
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how many of you were on the right track! 11 Explain that relative clauses are introduced by relative
pronouns, the most common of which are who, which, that,
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than one possibility. Have students do the rest individually. sentence. (For example, in a, students could add a clause
• When most have finished, tell students to compare answers to explain Richter scale.)
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with a partner.
• Review the answers as a class. Make sure students
14 Read the directions and questions. Put students into groups
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understand that who always refers to people, which refers to
to share what they know about natural disasters in the
places or things, and that refers to places and things and can
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country. Ideally, each student will have some information or
sometimes refer to people, as well.
an experience to share. Point out that there are two separate
issues to cover in the discussions.
Teaching Tip
c • Remind them to be sensitive to classmates who may find it
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One way to involve the whole class in feedback is to write
difficult to talk about hardship or loss from a natural disaster.
sentences on the board that you heard, or that students
• When groups have finished, call on students to share some
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countries. Ask students to suggest ideas for a relative clause the region. Students could present a report to the class
telling more about crisis mapping. and even film the interviews (with the permission of the
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• If necessary, ask What is crisis mapping? Ask students how interviewees) and present them, as well.
they could add that information to the sentence—in the
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previously lived—and life was unbelievably hard for those
a The earthquake that struck Haiti measured seven on
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(4) who / that had survived. The majority of the survivors
the Richter scale.* were women and children (5) whose husbands and
b The devastation which it caused was simply fathers had been killed or imprisoned. Nobody had anything
staggering!
c (6) that / which /
they could sell, and men with weapons
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c The country, which has long been one of the poorest in blank
wandered the land, taking whatever they wanted. How was
the world, struggled to cope. the task of rebuilding achieved?
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e Watching all of this in his Boston home was Patrick was then President of the United States, put into place
Maier, who decided that he had to do something to systems (8) that / which were intended to help all states
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the time, came up with the idea of using technology to the plan, announced massive amounts of aid for war-torn
create an interactive online map. countries, much of which was to be used for reconstruction.
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g He had to reach out for volunteers, many of whom The Marshall Plan ran for over ten years and paid for the
had Haitian roots and were very happy to help. rebuilding of infrastructure, (10) that / which provided
h Helicopters were able to drop tents and food to
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and evacuate people who were trapped or injured. 13 Work in pairs. Add relative clauses to the sentences.
Answers will vary.
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Shouting Out
discuss UN policies from
a youth perspective.
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c
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the + adjective. 2 Would you like to take part in something like this?
These days, the young face many challenges that didn’t exist 3 Do you think young people can change policies in these
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Activity 4, Suggested answer:
likes meeting and talking to people. Have students work The article explains how the UN has protected young
with a partner to discuss the sentences.
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people over the years and encouraged them to voice
• Circulate and provide assistance as needed. When a couple their opinions through UNICEF.
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of pairs have finished, ask the class to change partners and
start from the last sentence this time. Continue observing
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and helping. 5 Do the first item with the class as an example. If necessary,
• At the end of the task, give feedback about new language explain that trend here means “something that becomes
that came up or errors to correct. If students are engaged, popular to do.” Give students a minute to scan the text. They
vote on each statement to see whether students mostly c can all call out the answer together. (Dzitka Samkova)
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agree or disagree with it. • Don’t immediately say if the answer is correct, but ask a
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give them another starter, such as Only the arrogant… or them to see that Dzitka is correct. Ask What was the trend
Only the rich… . Ask students to volunteer endings. she started? (UNICEF greeting cards)
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• Tell students to write their own Only the… sentences. Tell • Have students find the other answers individually. Tell them
them to write as many as they can, but at least one, in five this is a typical type of activity that they’ll encounter on
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minutes. Go around and help students if they need it. exams. In this case, it helps that they’ve already read the
• When the time is up, ask different students to read their article once. (See the Reading Strategy.)
sentences aloud. Correct any errors. Have students explain • When the first few are done, put students in pairs to finish
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what a sentence means if it’s not self-explanatory. and check answers. Review the items as above, making sure
students can justify their answers.
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READING
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Ask what students know about the UN. If necessary, tell the they need to locate information in a text they’ve already
class the United Nations is an international organization that read once. From the first reading, they have a general
works to maintain world peace by promoting equal rights, understanding of the main idea and some familiarity with
self-determination, and respect for human rights. the important details. Explain that when you scan, you
• Get students’ ideas on the first two questions. Then put look for key words that will help you find the facts you
students in pairs or small groups to discuss question 3. Say need. Also look for graphic features, such as headings
Make sure to talk about why you think young people can be and words in bold or italic type. Remind students to
effective policy-changers. read a section carefully, though, when they think they’ve
• Call on a few students to share ideas from their discussions. found the information they need to answer a question.
However, this activity is mainly to generate ideas before
students read, rather than have them arrive at certain
conclusions.
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Make a list of the people. Think about what each person or
… they have huge potential to shape the countries they live in.
group did, or does, and how influential each accomplishment
… it still seems that in many places young people’s
has been in bringing about positive change. Then rank them.
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opinions are often overlooked or simply not heard.
• When students have finished ranking, put them in small
Opinions are reinforced because they come after factual
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groups to compare their lists, discuss, and justify their
information.
rankings.
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• As a wrap-up, you may want to see if the class can agree on
a definitive ranking. You could either work through this as a class by getting
9
Exam Skill Make the most of speaking tasks c students to offer more neutral, that is, less opinionated,
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ways of saying the words and sentences from Activity 8,
The aim of a speaking task in class is not to finish first or or you could ask students to work individually to rewrite
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to use perfect English. The aim is to try and find out what the paragraph. Say What you basically want to do is just
students know and what they don’t know—in a way, the give the facts.
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aim is to make mistakes! When students make a mistake • If students work individually, go around and help them as
or can’t think of a word they need, that is an opportunity needed. When a few students have finished, have them
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to learn something new. The more students speak and the read their rewritten paragraphs aloud.
more ambitious the things they try to say, the more likely • Note that the text can still give a positive impression but
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it is that they will make mistakes—and the more they will much less so than the original.
ultimately learn. For an exam, it’s better to say more, even
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if it includes a few mistakes, than to say one or two perfect Activity 9, Suggested answer:
sentences, when the task is supposed to last five minutes! The UN has a long history of giving young people a
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old Dzitka Samkova from Czechoslovakia, as it was known networking events, these young people discuss UN policies
then. She painted a picture of five dancing girls as a thank from a youth perspective. The assembly also helps to build
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you and it was turned into a greeting card, the first of many 45 friendships across different cultures and give political
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such cards sold to raise money for millions more children. experience to those who can bring change for children. One
Having campaigned on behalf of young people, UNICEF also of its graduates, Ahmad Alhendawi of Jordan, became the
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20
had a key part in the creation of the UN’s Convention on UN Secretary General’s first ever representative for youth
the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989, now signed by more and the youngest ever senior official in the UN.
countries than any other convention. The 54 articles of the
c 50 Of course, the Youth Assembly and its delegates are only a
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CRC declare different rights connected to housing, health, tiny number of those three and a half billion young people,
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25 the economy, culture, and politics, including such things but they are important role models. It can be easy to find
as the right to a safe home, the right to play and rest, and a reasons not to act, but as Nicol Perez, a youth observer to the
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child’s right to choose their own friends. UN General Assembly says, “I have a voice, and I’m going to
55 use it. I’m going to shout it out till somebody hears me.”
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7 an online initiative that brings together politically active 7 What do you think the author’s general opinion is about
people. Voices of Youth the UN and young people? Why?
Very positive. The author
8 a place where young people help to decide how things
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Convention on the Rights of the Child which reveal the author’s opinion. How does the structure
6 In your opinion, how influential were these people from of the paragraph reinforce these opinions?
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least influential. Then work in small groups. Compare 9 Rewrite the first paragraph so that it is neutral. Change
your answers and discuss your choices. Answers will vary. words and the structure of the paragraph. Remove
words or phrases as necessary.
Ahmad Alhendawi Dzitka Samkova
Ludwik Rajchman Maurice Pate 10 Work in groups. Discuss ideas you have to achieve these
Nicol Perez Voices of Youth bloggers UN 2030 goals. Then share your ideas as a class.
Answers will vary.
• End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
CRITICAL THINKING Detecting bias • Ensure inclusivity and equality for all and promote
lifelong learning.
Even though articles give a lot of factual details, the way • Achieve gender equality.
that the arguments are organized and the vocabulary that • Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
is used can show if the writer has an underlying opinion.
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3 The CRC declares different rights b, c
a where connected to housing, health, the economy and politics.
b which the UN connected to housing, health, the economy and politics.
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c which are connected to housing, health, the economy and politics.
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4 The Voices of Youth website brings together young bloggers and activists a, b, c
a who work on development issues.
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b who have been working on development issues.
c that are working on development issues.
c
Reduced relative clauses
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a In 1946, the UN created a fund (1) called UNICEF to support the millions of
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health, the economy, culture, and politics, (4) including such things as the right
to a safe home and the right to play.
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c The Voices of Youth website brings together young bloggers and activists (5)
working on development issues to share their ideas.
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3 Read about some research findings and projects available to young people.
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1 Ask students either in pairs or as a class to briefly recall 3 Tell students they’re going to read about what some
some of the main points of the article “Shouting Out for the research has found out about young people’s behavior. Have
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Young” from the previous lesson. them look at the Activity 3 text and answer any questions
• Then have them look at the sentences from that article in they may have about the language. You might want to ask
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the Grammar box. Point out the phrase called UNICEF in students for examples of antisocial behavior in young people
sentence a. Write it on the board. Say We sometimes use an or how they think a time bank might work.
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-ed or -ing participle, like this one, instead of a relative clause. • Give the students a minute or two to read the text, ignoring
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• Ask What clause could you use to replace called UNICEF the blanks for the moment, to find out what the research
that would say essentially the same thing? Call students’ has found. Ask what the main idea of the text is. (Young
attention to item 1 in Activity 1. Ask Which of the three people’s behavior is improving, although many people
clauses would work?
c think it’s getting worse.)
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• Ask What about a? Students should know that a is not • Then read the activity directions and have students
correct. Ask Why? (because who refers to people, not things) complete the sentences with the correct participle form
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Then call on students to say the first part of sentence a (-ed or -ing) of the verbs in parentheses.
(in the Grammar box), substituting clause b and then • When most have finished, tell students to compare answers
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clause c for called UNICEF. Guide them to see that either in pairs. Check the answers by calling on different students
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would be correct. to read parts of the text aloud. Help them as necessary with
• Have students complete the activity individually. Tell vocabulary and pronunciation. Have students who struggle
them to circle the correct clauses. Then review the answers to read challenging words or phrases say them again. Then
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all together. have the whole class repeat them several times.
• Record the item numbers and participles on the board.
At this point, have students complete Activities 3 and 4
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grammar checking question in Activity 2 in pairs or ask the as long as they don’t change its meaning.
whole class the question yourself.
• Discuss the difference between past and present participle
clauses, using the relative clauses and participles in Activity
1 as examples.
Activity 2
Present (-ing) participles replace relative clauses that
use an active verb. Past (-ed) participles replace relative
clauses that use a passive verb.
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to write down the sentences they hear. Then have students Activity 8
compare with a partner. 1, 4, 5, 7: time
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• 5b 45 Use the audio again or model saying the 2, 3, 6, 8: reason / method
sentences yourself. After each one, pause the audio. Say OK, Yes, for example, Walking home from school could be
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everyone… and gesture to the class to repeat the sentence. written as While walking home from school.
Then call on several students to say it individually.
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At this point, have students read the Grammar Reference
9 Have students read Activity 9. Mention some things you
section on adverbial participle clauses on p. 144.
c know or heard about to get students thinking. Say It might
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be something someone told you about, or something you
6 Read the sentences in the Grammar box on p. 111 aloud.
heard on TV or read in a newspaper. You might want to relate
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Point out that they’re also from the article “Shouting Out for
a whole story yourself. If you do, use some participle clauses
the Young.” Then tell students to look at the directions and
in the retelling.
statements in Activity 6 and make sure they understand the
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ask for a show of hands. For example, say Item 1: Raise your
most students, don’t be afraid to cut it short and move on.
hand if you think the correct answer is the same as, and so
• Alternatively, retell some interesting things you heard from
on, for each item.
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of the story and the criminal. Next, have them read the
If you’re interested in being an activist or fighting for a cause,
directions and do the activity individually.
the second option will give you some practice. If you think
• Tell students to compare answers in pairs. Check the
you’re up on the latest trends or are interested in the social
answers by calling on different students to read parts of
sciences, try the third option.
the text aloud. Help them as necessary with the language.
• Remind students who opt for the third option to read the
Note their pronunciation of -ing.
directions regarding clauses and be prepared to discuss
• As you go through the answers, you could ask the questions
the trends with classmates.
in Activity 8 and then go right to Activity 9.
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b Using online discussion boards as a “meeting place,” the and pleaded guilty.
initiative provides a space for youngsters who care.
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8 Do the participle clauses in Activity 7 add information
Check the Grammar Reference for more information
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about time, reason, or method? Can you rewrite them
and practice. with words like because, after, while, etc.?
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6 Look at the sentences in the Grammar box. Choose the 9 MY PERSPECTIVE Answers will vary.
correct options.
1 The subject of the participle clause is the same as / c What other stories about failed crimes or foolish
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criminals have you heard?
different from the subject of the verb in the main clause.
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2 The present participle (Using) shows the action happened 10 CHOOSE Answers will vary.
at the same time as / before the action in the main clause.
Choose one of the following activities.
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ignored him, but then he blocked us, (2) shouted / shouting The number of young people playing sports has fallen
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Read about Becci Manson and get ready to watch her TED Talk. 9.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS 4 Watch Part 1 of the talk. Find an example of where Becci:
9.1
Intonation and completing a point
c 1 makes a joke about her profession.
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We often use a rising intonation to show we are going to
2 defends her profession.
add an idea and a falling intonation to show that our point is
3
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1 Look at the Authentic Listening Skills box. Then listen to 6 had a positive reaction from her contacts.
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2 Decide where you might use a rising intonation and 1 The little girl in the first photo didn’t survive the tsunami. NS
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where you might use a falling intonation in these extracts 2 Before long, Becci and her team were scanning photos
every other day. F
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students that intonation is the rise and fall of your voice as they’ve heard an answer.
you speak. • Stop the video when you see a hand go up and ask the
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• 46 Tell students they’re going to listen to an example student what they think the answer is. Rewind and replay to
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of rising and falling intonation from Becci Manson’s TED see what was said before confirming the answer.
Talk. Play the recording as students follow along. You might • Review the examples of each item with the class.
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encourage them to whisper along with it.
• Have partners take turns reading the extract and give each Activity 4
other a score between 1 and 10 (10 being really good) on
how well they read it. c 1 We’re pale, gray creatures…
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2 We get criticized in the press all the time, but some
of us are actually talented…
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Activity 2, Suggested answers: 5 Give your own examples as a model before you ask students
to do the activity.
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more perfect, and the impossible possible. with any language students need.
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2 We pulled debris from canals and ditches. We 6 Have students read the statements and check that they
understand them. For example, you may need to explain
cleaned schools. We de-mudded and gutted homes.
what photographic scanning is, and the words kimono and
portrait. Make sure students understand the task.
WATCH • 9.2 Play Part 2 and tell students to mark the statements
3 This is intended as a quick warm-up before the video. Bring
T, F, or NS. Circulate and notice how well they’re doing and
some photos in or, if possible, project them from your decide whether you need to replay the video.
phone or computer for the class. • Check the answers as a class by asking for a show of hands
• Read the Activity 3 directions and tell the class about the for each answer option.
photos you chose. Highlight any language you think might • When students agree, write the number and answer on
be useful for the students to use as they discuss their own the board. When they disagree, ask students to justify their
photos. Write it on the board. different answers. Then either give the correct answer or
• Put students into groups to share photos, or have students go replay the relevant section of the video, stopping at the
around the room and take turns discussing their photos with appropriate point to confirm the answer.
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their answer with a partner’s.
(flooding on a Pacific island), ask students for ideas about
• Take a vote. Say Raise your hands if you think the best summary
what the local government should do. You could create
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is a. Then Hands up if it’s b, and so on. Call on different
a two-column chart on the board with the headings
students to justify their answers and then, as before, either
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“Short-term” and “Long-term.”
give the answer yourself or play Part 3 again to resolve any
• If students are unsure, prompt them with ideas. Say What
disagreement.
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about seeing if the flood can be stopped or slowed down? What
9 Read the directions aloud. Make sure students know that
about organizing rescue teams? What might that entail? Write
ideas in the chart. Say What about long-term efforts?
lessons here means “lessons, or truths, about life.” Tell them
c
• Then put students into groups. Tell them to think about
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several could apply to Becci’s and the other volunteers’
experiences in Japan. things such as a permanent solution to the flooding, and
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• Say Talk to your partner about why you think a particular how and where people could rebuild their homes. Say
statement applies and if you agree with it. Explain that there Think about the best group to help tackle each problem.
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may be other statements listed that they agree with, but • As feedback, ask a group to present their ideas for one
that they should consider how they relate, if at all, to what scenario. Encourage the rest of the class to ask questions
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share their thoughts about the statements. Try to get some Expansion
comments on each one. Tell students to imagine they’re part of a special task
force that’s been put together to create a plan of action
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10 Vocabulary in context to address the problems resulting from one of the three
• 10a 9.4 Play the Vocabulary in Context clips. Pause scenarios. Have them work in small groups to write up
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at each point where the options come on screen and a formal plan, including how to use some or all of the
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ask everyone to call out their answer together. If a lot of groups named in the activity.
students are giving the wrong answer, provide additional
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2 What other causes do you think might receive a high • a film, book, photo, or piece of art that struck a chord
response on social media? Why? with you.
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lessons from the talk? Do you agree with them? • volunteers on the ground.
Answers will vary.
1 Our differences matter, but our common humanity • individuals in other places around the world.
matters more. • you.
2 In times of crisis, individuals can make a difference in 1 A remote Pacific island has been hit very badly by flooding
ways that governments cannot. caused by global warming. Whole villages have been
3 We don’t think enough about the psychological and washed away and land has been lost to the sea.
emotional side of recovery after disasters. 2 A humanitarian crisis is developing in a country that
4 It’s important to feel that the work you do has a positive has been devastated. There’s a shortage of food and
impact on society. medicine, with children and old people being particularly
5 Some people volunteer because they feel guilty about at risk.
how lucky they’ve been. 3 A big fire has destroyed dozens of homes in a town
6 Countries shouldn’t be expected to deal with large-scale near you, leaving over a hundred people homeless and
disasters on their own. causing serious environmental damage.
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Let’s not forget that… 2 Some people say they’re only motivated by greed and self-interest, but they
And finally, it’s important to note generate jobs, and businesses couldn’t work without them. banker
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that… 3 Without them, we’d be surrounded by piles of trash and dirt. street cleaner
4 They can bring a huge amount of joy to millions of people. actor
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5 They can transform the lives of people who have been injured. plastic surgeon
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6 They are fundamental to the technological world. computer programmer
7 Yes, they can be corrupt and lie, but they can also be a huge force for good. politician
8 They don’t just have knowledge, they have the ability to pass it on. chemistry teacher
c
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3 Listen to a student explain a job she thinks is important for society. Answer the
questions. 47
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1 What job is she talking about? 2 What reasons does she give?
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1 What did the student mention before listing positive aspects of the job? Why?
2 Which aspects of her argument do you agree and disagree with? Explain why.
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Began with negative ways in which athletes are portrayed
need. When a few students have finished, stop the task.
in media. This gets these points out and allows them to be
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countered.
2 Tell the class they’re going to consider the benefits of certain
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jobs and learn a few relevant collocations in the process.
• Have students first decide which jobs the sentences refer to. 5 Tell students they’re going to debate which jobs are best
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Do the first one together. Read item 1 aloud. Ask the class suited to help in a crisis. Say But you don’t get to pick the job.
for the answer. (photo retoucher) You could ask what is I’m going to give you one! Students may object, but tell them
meant by the phrase fake images. they’ll get to exercise their brains. Say If you become a lawyer,
• Put students in pairs to do the rest. When a few have c you won’t always get to choose the people you have to defend.
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finished, review the answers by calling on students to read Put students in groups and assign each group member a
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go along ask additional questions about the language, such Have each student choose a number between 1 and 8
as What things can you restore? What might be an example of (each group member must have a different number). Read
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self-interest? What else can people be motivated by? the jobs in Activity 1 aloud, numbering them from 1−8, but
• Then tell partners to discuss whether they agree with each don’t number them in the order they’re listed in the book.
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statement or not. When they’re done, ask which, if any, they Tell students they have to defend the job with their matching
did not fully agree with, and why. Briefly discuss as a class. number.
• Read steps 2−5 aloud. Say To help you plan, read the phrases
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3 47 The audio acts as a model for the debate in the Useful language box. You’ll want to use some of them. Tell
presentations students will do in Activity 5. Read the them they can follow a pattern similar to the model in the audio.
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directions aloud. Play the audio. • Consider asking students who are defending the same job
• When the recording is done, read the two activity questions
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call on students who don’t normally volunteer to answer activity. Say Think about the things that need to be done after a
questions aloud. disaster. Could a person with your job help with any of them?
• 47 If there’s any disagreement, don’t confirm the • When the preparation time is up, have each student give
answer yet, but play the audio again. their speech to their group.
• Review the answers again. You could write them on the • When the speeches are done, allow time (five to ten
board or, if you’re short on time, go straight into asking the minutes) for students to argue in their groups which job
questions in Activity 4. would be best in a crisis and explain why it’s better than
the others. Have each group vote.
Activity 3
1 professional athletes
2 Soccer players make a lot of money, are role models,
are strong, and can lift the spirits of people affected
by a disaster.
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7 Read the directions aloud. Tell students to look at the and abilities, they could share them with a partner and then
features of a letter of application. Ask What order would you tell their partner why they think their partner would be good
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put these in if you were applying for the job in Belize? Give at the job. Alternatively, assign this as part of homework
students a few minutes to do the activity. As they work, along with the writing itself.
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say Think about how you usually begin a letter to someone
you don’t know. Writing Strategy Find out what’s being tested
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• When they’re done, have students compare their ideas with Explain to students that their teacher may give them
a partner. You can review the order as a class or just move the criteria, or requirements, that will be used to grade,
straight on to Activity 8.
c or assess, an exam writing task, or they can find them
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online. Knowing how their writing will be graded will
8 Put students in pairs and tell them to read the model on p. help students make sure to do what the exam requires.
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153. Then read the first activity question aloud. Have partners Explain that they may sometimes lose points on a writing
check the order together. Call on a few pairs to get their task, even though they’ve used good language and
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thoughts. Ask if anyone has other ideas about the order. correct grammar, because they have not fulfilled the
Have them explain their thinking. See if the class can agree. requirements. One example might be failing to include
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• Read the second activity question aloud and give pairs a the important features of a particular genre of writing.
couple of minutes to discuss. Then ask for a show of hands on
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students to explain their objections to hiring Melanie and say language box on p. 115. If you’re going to assess their work,
what qualifications they think she lacks. Ask Who would like to tell them their score will be higher if they do that. You could
refute (Carlos’s) objections? Allow a brief debate.
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Spend your winter vacation this year doing something different. We’re looking Introducing subjects that you
for volunteers between the ages of 16 and 21 to rebuild a school in Belize want to discuss
that was destroyed in a hurricane last year. You will learn traditional building In terms of my experience, I have…
methods to provide a great space where learning can take place. For more With regard to my degree, I have…
details, write and tell us who you are and what you would bring to the project. As far as language skills go, I can…
Explaining your suitability
1 What do you think daily life for volunteers on this project would involve?
I feel I would be suitable because…
2 What problems might they face?
3 What kind of skills do you think would be required to do this work? I’m prepared to…
I feel confident that I’d be able to…
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4 How do you think any volunteers who take part might benefit?
5 Would you be interested in doing something like this? Why?
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7 WRITING Structuring an application Answers will vary.
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If you were writing in response to an advertisement, decide how you would
order each of these features. Compare your ideas with a partner.
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a Refer to the ad that you saw d Outline your plans for the future
b List the skills and abilities you have e Explain why you are writing
c Describe who you are and where you are from
c
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8 Work in pairs. Read the letter of application on page 153. Which order did the
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writer choose? Do you think this person would be a suitable volunteer? Why?
1 e 2 a 3 c 4 d 5 b
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9 Complete the sentences by adding the correct prepositions from the letter.
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10 Look at the advertisement. List the skills and abilities you have that might
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Spend your summer in Mexico helping to preserve some of the world’s most
endangered species by participating in wildlife volunteer projects. Depending
on where you’re placed, you may care for animals, conduct research, or help
with community programs. You may also be asked to teach basic English to local
guides. You may find yourself working with dolphins or even jaguars. Contact us
for details and to let us know why you’d be a great fit for our team.
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technology that have restored sight to the blind. They’ll hear an time, reduced blood loss and risk of infection, and minimal
amazing story of recovery and renewal after a horrific accident. scarring. The system’s name is meant to evoke Leonardo da
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Finally, students will write a success story about overcoming Vinci, whose study of human anatomy contributed to the
one of life’s challenges. design of the first known robot in history.
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Unit Objectives
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Language note The word surgery comes, ultimately, from the
Vocabulary Greek word kheirourgos, meaning “working by hand.” Surgery
• Illness and injury in some ancient civilizations was highly developed, particularly
• Vocabulary Building Dependent prepositions
c in India, China, Egypt, and Greece. Not so in Europe, where
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during the Middle Ages, surgical procedures were most often
Grammar performed by untrained barbers.
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• Stress on auxiliaries • Invite students to share any experiences they’ve had with
• Adding emphasis
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Writing Resources
• A success story • Classroom Presentation Tool
• Tracks 48–54 (Audio CD, Website, CPT)
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invasive on the board and ask the class what it means. wheelchair basketball after he was left paralyzed from the
(making only the smallest possible cuts in the body) waist down in a car accident. 9 She said I just had a chest
• Put students in pairs and tell them to think about what some infection and nothing life-threatening! She prescribed me
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of the advantages of a minimally invasive robotic procedure, some antibiotics, and it cleared up after a week. 10 I had an
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or operation, might be, and how these procedures were upset stomach, and I could hardly keep down any food. It was
done in the past. Help with any language they need. Put new horrible, but I feel a lot better now.
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words and phrases on the board.
• Finally, read the entire text of About the Photo to the class. 3 Put students into groups. Explain the task and give a time
Teaching Tip
c limit of, for example, four minutes.
• Stop the class and ask which groups think they have all the
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Students need to do a lot of pair and group work so they can answers. Check by asking different groups for their answers
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practice using their English. However, it’s easy to fall into a for one of the four categories. If one group gets an answer
monotonous routine of instruction, pair work, instruction, wrong, have another group take over.
pair work, etc. Change the pace by doing some whole-class
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competition, for example. Some activities are meant to be short intonation in the phrases. Have students repeat.
transitions between lessons and can be done very quickly.
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Activity 3
2 Tell students they’re going to learn words and phrases to
1 brain, chest, finger, leg, lungs, stomach, waist, wrist 2 bleeding,
talk about illness, accidents, treatments, and recovery.
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There’s no for it, but she takes to control the, and she leads a fairly normal life.
3 injury / operation / physical therapy
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It was quite a serious wrist, but thanks to the and all the I had, it’s almost as
good as new.
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4 detected / made / spread
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Luckily, they the cancer early before it to his lungs, and he a full recovery.
5 bleeding / damage / intensive care
They managed to stop the, but he was in for days. Thankfully, it didn’t leave
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any permanent brain.
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6 normal / therapy / stroke
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He couldn’t really speak after the, but he had a lot of speech, and he’s more
or less back to now.
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He started playing basketball after he was left paralyzed from the down in a.
9 antibiotics / chest / prescribed
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She said I just had a infection and nothing life-threatening! She me some,
and it cleared up after a week.
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3 Which sentences describe a general ability / inability?
3 It’s the same with that film about the guy who had
4 Which sentences describe success in a task in the past?
a stroke and was left completely paralyzed and
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unable to speak . managed to Expressing past ability
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4 It’s based on his book which he actually dictate by a He couldn’t move his arm.
only moving his eye. b No one could help.
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5 Yeah, it is incredible, but, sorry the movie didn’t c She managed to deal with that pain in the end and
do it for me.
was able to turn it into incredible art.
6 This is about Frida Kahlo, the Mexican artist who
suffered all her life after a terrible bus accident.
c d She succeeded in becoming a world-renowned artist.
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intense pain e He was unable to speak.
7 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary. f They weren’t able to do anything about it.
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and practice.
2 Can you think of any other movies that could fit the same
category as those discussed? Are they based on true
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Frida Khalo managed to deal with her pain and turn it into
art that is admired by people all around the world.
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Activity 5 • Circulate as students discuss and help them by correcting
1 127 Hours, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, Frida, them or giving them the English they need. Write some
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The Fundamentals of Caring 2 They’re all inspiring points on the board, or remember them for class feedback.
• At the end of the task, call on some students to share their
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stories about dealing with illness or injury. 3 whether
stories that deal with pain are appropriate for someone ideas and retell some interesting things you heard. Give
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recovering from an injury your feedback.
GRAMMAR Expressing past ability
Study Tip
c 9 Have students read the sentences in the Grammar box
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There are common groups of words (called word chunks
to themselves. When they’re finished, say All the sentences
or collocations) that English learners will hear a lot of
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(a medical condition caused by a blockage or rupture of a blood describe ability or inability to do something when talking
vessel to the brain, often causing loss of movement or speech). about specific situations or telling stories.
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• 48 Put students in pairs. Tell them to work together • Then either tell students to answer the Activity 9 questions
in pairs or ask the whole class the questions yourself.
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the corrections on the board. to repeat it. Call on a few students to say it aloud individually.
• 13b Explain the first part of Activity 13b and read item 1
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Activity 10 aloud, adding a sample ending. (For example, It is an
Incorrect sentence endings: amazing story, but to be honest, I’m not sure I believe it.) Ask
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1 c: succeed takes in + -ing form 2 a: since then indicates students for one or two other possible endings.
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there’s been success in a particular task in the past; could • Put students in pairs to practice saying their sentences
can’t be used to describe success in a task in the past 3 c: to each other. Remind them to stress the forms of the
could can’t be used to describe success in a task in the past, auxiliaries be and have in the first part of each one. Read
though if this were talking about a future possibility the
c your example aloud as a model. (It IS an amazing story, but
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sentence could be used. to be honest, I’m not sure I believe it.)
• Listen and correct any issues with stress that you hear.
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Diving Bell and the Butterfly from the recording they listened
to. Ask Does anyone remember what was wrong with the man and individual students.
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in the movie? (He was paralyzed and couldn’t speak.) 14 You might want to assign this activity for homework to give
• Ask the class for ideas about how, despite his disability, he students time to do research, organize their ideas, and plan
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managed to dictate a book. They may remember that he what they want to say. You could then start the next class
was able to move his eye. Say Yes, but how might that enable by giving students time to share their stories in pairs.
him to dictate words? Take students’ responses and discuss
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When they’re finished, get their reactions. Comment on • Put students in pairs to discuss their ideas and plan their
how accurate their ideas were. Discuss how someone might
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a difficult feat. Ask What might such a person’s motivation be? conditions), as well as use a dictionary or ask you for help.
Who would be interested in reading the book to find out? Say Share information with your partner. Try to help each other.
Expansion • When they’re ready, have pairs tell each other their stories.
Encourage interested students to read Jean-Dominique 15 Organize the class into groups to share their stories or have
Bauby’s book The Diving Bell and the Butterfly. Tell them to each student tell her or his story to the whole class. Allow
write a book report on it to present to the class. time for students to ask questions and make comments.
Provide your own feedback (including on the grammar and
12 Read the directions aloud. Then read the beginning of the pronunciation skills). If you want, have students vote for
text about Bauby aloud, up to and including the sentence the most inspiring, harrowing, or humorous stories, or have
with the first italicized words. Ask the class So, how could you them make up their own categories.
rewrite the last sentence? Use one of the words in the list.
• Take students’ responses. Write the correct ones on
the board. Then have students complete the activity
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again since then. clarifying or contrasting with another viewpoint.
3 He wrote a book about his experiences
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a and managed to get it published. a Listen and repeat the sentences. 49
b and succeeded in getting it published. b Complete these sentences with your own ideas. Then
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c and could get it published. work in pairs. Practice saying the sentences.
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1 It is an amazing story, but .
11 Discuss how you think the paralyzed man Clara and Jaime 2 I have heard of the story, but .
talk about managed to dictate his book. Then read the 3 I am happy to be here. It’s just .
summary and find out what happened. Answers will vary.
c 4 It was a difficult situation, but .
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Although his mind was working perfectly, his thoughts 14 Work in pairs. Think of an inspiring story about
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communicating with him by asking a question and saying • how the accident happened or the person got sick.
“yes” or “no.” Bauby (3) was able to indicate his answer by • what the consequences were.
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blinking the only part of his body he (4) could move—his left • how they survived and recovered.
eye. Then his speech therapist invented a way of arranging • what the lessons from the story are.
the alphabet in the order of the most frequent letters in
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f Agricultural uses of antibiotics increase the likelihood that
1 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. deadly superbugs will develop.
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Use a dictionary, if necessary. g Hosam Zowawi is developing a way of treating bacterial
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infections faster.
1 I would love it if more time was devoted to h The slower the recognition of resistant bacteria, the
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physical education at school. greater the risk of superbugs spreading.
2 I would be very capable of living on my own
on a desert island. 6 MY PERSPECTIVE
3 Most fast food advertising is aimed at children.
c Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. Answers will vary.
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4 We’re all exposed to far too much air pollution.
5 A lot is done to raise awareness of health 1 Had you heard about the battle against bacteria before?
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issues—especially among young people. If yes, did you learn anything new?
6 Any investment in health care has to be a 2 How does the article make you feel? Scared? Optimistic?
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living until I
am 100. CRITICAL THINKING Thinking through the
8 It’s natural for people to be resistant to change.
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sentences in Activity 1? Why? Answers will vary. is being able to see possible consequences of actions
mentioned in a text.
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READING
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• Optional Ask students to explain the title of the section. and give some feedback about new language that came up and
Ask questions such as What is bacteria? What does it do and errors to correct (which you may have written on the board).
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why is there a battle against it? Where and how is the battle
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fought? Explain that the lesson will take a look at the fight Expansion
against bacteria. Tell students to think of one extra word chunk or
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collocation that would make sense in each of the Activity 1
VOCABULARY BUILDING sentences and have them rewrite the sentences.
Dependent prepositions (For example, I would love it if more time was devoted to
c art and literature at school.)
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1 Explain that students are going to be looking at certain
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read the sentences aloud. Write the item numbers and Activity 1 might be connected to the article they’re going
word / preposition pairs on the board. to read. Have them suggest some ideas and explain their
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• As you write, say the word pairs. Highlight any linking thinking. Don’t give any feedback yet, as the task is simply
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of sounds (for example in aimed at and investment in), and to generate ideas before students read. Say We’ll find out if
use your voice to stress the words. Have the class repeat. you’re right or not when we read the article, OK?
• For the second part of the activity, put students in groups
Exam Skill and tell them to look at the bulleted points in Activity 3. Say
Some words are always followed by a specific preposition, We already discussed the first one, so focus on the other four.
for example, rely on. This is often tested on Use of English Suggest that they look at the definitions on the board again
exams. Sometimes you have to provide the preposition. and begin their discussions.
Other times you have to choose the word that goes with a • After several minutes, ask different groups to report their
given preposition from among several words with similar ideas on different questions. After each report, ask the rest of
meanings, only one of which goes with that preposition. the class to comment or express disagreement—if they’re
It is a good idea to keep lists of word / preposition prepared to explain themselves.
combinations in a notebook or on flashcards. That way, For notes on Activities 4–7, see page 121a.
you might begin to see some patterns.
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fatal: causing death 7 Tell students to read the information in the Critical
worst-case scenario: the most unpleasant or serious thing Thinking box or read it aloud yourself. Make sure they
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that could happen understand what the phrases reading critically and possible
resistant: not harmed or affected by something consequences mean.
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contributing to: helping to make something happen • Then read the activity directions and the five actions.
increase the likelihood: make more probable Say Some of these actions could have both good and bad
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• Do the first item, sentence a, as an example. Ask the class consequences, don’t you think? It’s complicated! Put students
if they think this point was made or not. They can call in groups to brainstorm possible consequences of each of
out the answer all together or you can ask for a show of
c the five actions.
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hands. Don’t confirm the answer yet. Make sure students • After several minutes, have groups report their ideas. After
understand that they should identify statements that are each report, ask the rest of the class to comment or express
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not covered in the article, even though they may sound disagreement—as long as they’re prepared to explain their
reasonable. point of view.
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that help them decide their answers. Have students decide which of the consequences they
• When they’re done, have students discuss their answers thought of or heard from their classmates, in connection
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with a partner. Then go through the answers as a class, with Activity 7, are the most serious and how they might
making sure students can justify their answers. be avoided. Suggest that they put their reasons and ideas
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bacteria that normal drugs cannot kill—capable of 35 are, for instance, often given to healthy animals to
wiping out huge numbers of people. ensure rapid weight gain. Given all of this, it’s no
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In fact, the earliest warnings came from Sir Alexander One man determined to overcome this challenge is
Fleming, the Scottish doctor and bacteriologist who in 40 the Saudi microbiologist Hosam Zowawi, who
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1928 discovered the world’s first antibiotic substance— has devoted a considerable portion of his time to
penicillin. developing a test that’s able to identify bacteria in
hours rather than days, allowing doctors to act more
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that had previously been fatal were now treatable. are many other ways that the situation is now being
50 addressed. For instance, in the Netherlands, the
In the speech he made when accepting the Nobel Prize
government has started putting pressure on farmers
for his work, Fleming warned that bacteria could easily
to reduce the amount of antibiotics given to animals.
become resistant to antibiotics if regularly exposed to
Elsewhere, there’s a growing understanding of the
25 concentrations insufficient to kill them. He went on to
need to address the underlying conditions that allow
express his fears that penicillin would end up being
55 new diseases to spread, which, in turn, leads to better
so widely used that such changes were inevitable.
trash collection, better drainage, and better housing.
Worryingly, this is precisely what happened!
Finally, we’re starting to see increased investment in
research aimed at finding the new antibiotics that
could be the penicillin of tomorrow.
1 which of the photos is being discussed. the photo of the Argus II (on this page)
2 if the technology is expensive. yes, over $100,000
3 Work in pairs. Can you explain how the technology works using these
words? Listen again and check your answers. 51
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4 MY PERSPECTIVE
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Work in pairs. Think of as many different ways to fund medical
research and treatments as you can. Then discuss these questions
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with another pair of students. Answers will vary.
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1 What is the best way to fund medical research and treatment?
2 How might a health service decide when a treatment is too expensive?
3 How might a health service decide between two very expensive
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treatments?
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a While surgical options did exist before, none were nearly as effective.
b While each bionic eye does cost a lot, reports from users have been
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incredibly positive.
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c We’re all used to hearing news about terrible things, but rarely do we hear
much about exciting new developments.
d When Second Sight started experimenting, little did they know that they
were on their way to revolutionizing the treatment of blindness!
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or injured? Say Discuss these questions with a partner. Put
• Alternatively, you could just give some feedback about new students in pairs. Read the first part of the activity directions
language that came up and errors to correct (which you
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aloud and tell pairs to each come up with ideas, then
may have written on the board). compare and make a separate list for each category—
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research and treatment.
2 51 Tell the class they’re going to hear part of a radio • After several minutes, ask different pairs for one idea each.
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show about medical advances. Say Read the directions to see Note these ideas on the board under two headings: Medical
what you’re listening for. Then play the audio track. research and Medical treatment.
• When the track is done, ask about the two activity items,
one at a time. As students respond, ask them what they c • Read the three numbered activity questions aloud. Clarify
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for students that health service refers to any organization or
heard that helped them arrive at their answers. group that provides or pays for medical care. Then put pairs
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• Help them to rephrase their responses, if necessary, using together with another pair to discuss the questions as a
some of the actual language from the audio, such as bionic group.
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eye, implanted chip, pair of glasses, images converted into • After a few minutes, ask some different groups to share
signals, and so on. their ideas. Have the rest of the class make comments
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students in pairs. Set a time limit (around 3−5 minutes) GRAMMAR Emphatic structures
for partners to discuss what they remember about how
the technology works.
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Say, for example, So, what does a camera have to do with the example of how that’s done. You might want to replay the
Argus II? What’s the connection? Don’t confirm any answers
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ideas or explanations. • Explain that now they’re going to look at other ways of
• 51 Play the audio. Tell students to listen for any adding emphasis. Tell students to read the Grammar box
particular pieces of information they’d forgotten or didn’t to themselves. Then have them answer the Activity 5
know how to explain. (For example, say Listen and see if you questions.
can find out more about what the chip that’s implanted in the • You can either give the answers now or wait for students to
back of the eye does.) read the Grammar Reference and then review the Activity
5 questions with the class. Make sure they understand the
Activity 3, Suggested answer: inversion after the adverbs in sentences c and d.
It works by using a chip that’s implanted in the back
At this point, have students complete Activities 4 and 5
of the eye that receives visual information from a tiny
on p. 147 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also
camera attached to a pair of glasses. The images from
assign these activities as homework.
the camera are converted into electrical signals and
sent to the chip, where they stimulate cells that then For notes on Activity 6, see page 123a.
send the information to the brain.
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are saying the whole sentence; for example: morning …
Activity 6 eight in the morning … work by eight in the morning …
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1 Some doctors do read research about new medicine, usually at work … usually at work by eight in the
but too many just accept what big drug companies tell morning … I’m usually at work by eight in the morning.
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them. 2 While caffeine does increase energy levels, in
large doses it can actually prove fatal. 3 In the old days,
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8 Read the Activity 8 directions aloud and do item 1 together.
doctors did sometimes remove arms or legs without using Read the first sentence of the paragraph aloud, substituting
any painkillers! 4 When the patient started having terrible the word blank for the missing word. Then say Number 1:
headaches, little did she know it was because a spider was
c What do you think the missing word is? Have class call out the
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living in her ear. 5 In no way does research suggest there answer. (little) Read the completed sentence aloud.
is anything unhealthy about a vegetarian diet. 6 Rarely • Say Now you’ll find out about Dr. Sanduk Ruit and his life-
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did doctors cut people open in the days before penicillin. changing system for treating cataracts. Have students do the
7 Only after the age of 24 do you fully become an rest of the activity individually. Tell them the missing words
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adult. 8 At no time in the Middle Ages were doctors could be forms of do, the adverbs they’ve been working
in doubt that releasing blood from the body kept people
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before then. 10 Nowhere in the world do people do less numbers and words on the board.
exercise than in the United States.
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before then. (not until)
In fact, (6) nowhere in the world do they conduct the
10 People in the United States do less exercise than
operation more efficiently and successfully than in Nepal.
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anyone else in the world. (nowhere)
The result makes a huge difference to thousands of lives. Not
does
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7 PRONUNCIATION Adding emphasis only (7) the operation bring sight back, it
(8) also brings back the ability to farm and do
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Do / Does / Did is usually stressed in sentences where it has similar work, which in turn helps to reduce poverty.
been added for emphasis. Negative adverbs are also usually
stressed when they introduce a point to be emphasized. cataract a medical condition which causes the lens of the eye
Then listen again and note the way stress is used to Answers will vary.
add emphasis. 52 • On your own, find out about an amazing development
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b Practice saying each sentence in an emphatic way. in medical history. Write a summary of your findings,
Which of the ideas most and least surprised you? explaining what happened, when, and why it was
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Read about Janine Shepherd and get ready to watch her TED Talk. 10.0
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AUTHENTIC LISTENING SKILLS WATCH
Collaborative listening
c 4 Watch Part 1 of the talk. Are the sentences true or
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Fast speech can be difficult to understand. Focus on what false? 10.1
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you did hear. Think about the context and what you know 1 The accident took place at the time of the Olympics. F
about the subject or situation to guess what might have 2 The vehicle that hit Janine was going fast. T
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been said. If you are with someone, compare what you 3 Janine’s bike helmet protected her head from any damage. F
heard; you may have heard different things. 4 Janine had an out-of-body experience as she was
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you hear.
• Student C: Listen and note whatever you want. 6 Work in pairs. Complete the sentences together. Then
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• Student D: Listen carefully without taking notes. watch Part 2 of the talk again and check your answers.
10.2
2 Work in your groups. Write a complete text based on your
combined notes. Your text does not have to be exactly 1 Janine did not know what the other people in the spinal
the same as the extract you heard in Activity 1. ward looked like .
2 Janine felt the friendships she made there were unusual
3 Listen to the extract again and compare it with what you because they were judgment-free. / based purely on spirit
wrote in Activity 2. In what ways is your text different 3 The other people in the ward shared their hopes and
from the extract? 53 fears rather than have superficial conversations
.
4 When Janine left the ward and first saw the sun again, she
(so incredibly) grateful felt for her life.
5 The head nurse had told Janine she would get depressed ,
but she did not believe her.
6 Janine wanted to give up because she was in a wheelchair .
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1 Read the information in the Authentic Listening Skills box
aloud as students follow along. If possible, give an example WATCH
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of when you and a friend or friends had to compare
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something you’d all listened to, but didn’t all hear or 4 10.1 Tell the class they’re going to watch the first part
understand. of the talk and then decide if the statements in Activity 4
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• Put students in groups of four and assign one student are true or false. Have students read the statements and
in each group to be A, one to be B, one to be C, and one check that they understand them. Answer any questions.
to be D. Ask all the As to raise their hands, then all the Bs, (They might ask about the Olympics or what out-of-body-
and so on. c experience means.) Then play Part 1.
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• Explain the activity. Tell all the As to follow along in their • Decide whether you need to replay the video.
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books as you read the directions for Student A aloud. • Check the answers as a class by asking for a show of hands
Repeat the procedure for Students B, C, and D. Take (Number 1: Who thinks it’s true? Raise your hands. Then Raise
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time to make sure all students understand what they’re your hands for false, and so on), by having students call
listening for. Go around and check. out the answers all together, or by calling on individuals
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• 53 Tell students A, B, and C to prepare to take notes. to give the answers (call on two or more when there’s a
Then play the extract from Janine’s talk. disagreement).
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2 When the track is finished, read the Activity 2 directions Put students in pairs. Tell students they’re going to
5 10.2
aloud. Tell groups to put their notes together and try and watch the second part of the talk and that they should take
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write a complete text based on what they have. You might notes. Play Part 2 of the talk.
suggest that Student D be the one to write the text. • At the end of the video have partners compare their notes.
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• Set a time limit of around ten minutes. Stress that the text Say Save your notes for Activity 6.
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doesn’t have to be exactly the same as what they heard, • Ask the whole class for ideas about what they heard.
but it should be written in full sentences and include all the
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information they heard. 6 Tell students to look at the Activity 6 sentences to see
if there’s anything they don’t understand. Tell them,
3 53 Read the directions aloud. Then play the extract again. if necessary, that a ward in a hospital is a large room
• Give students time to discuss any differences between the with beds for several patients. Have pairs complete the
text they created and what they heard. After a few minutes, sentences together as best they can.
ask a few groups how similar or different their texts were • 10.2 Replay Part 2 of the talk so pairs can check their
from the recording. If they were very different, ask students answers. Go around and check how they did. Decide
if they know why. whether the class needs to watch Part 2 a third time.
• Tell groups to take a few minutes to brainstorm what they • To go through the answers; call on students to read their
could have done better as they listened. completed sentences. Play the audio again to confirm
or correct them. Write the missing words and phrases
on the board.
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Say Now we’ll see if any of your ideas were correct.
8 10.3
Play Part 3. When it’s done, acknowledge any students of students give the wrong answer, provide additional
explanations or examples before moving on to the next clip.
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whose predictions were correct or close. Then call on
different students to give their reactions to the video so far. • 11b Read the discussion questions aloud and check
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Ask what they think of Janine, and if they could imagine that students understand the words and phrases in italics.
themselves in her place, what they might do. Answer one of the questions yourself as a model. Then put
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them in pairs to discuss.
9 Put students in pairs. Read the Activity 9 directions aloud. • At the end of the task, give your feedback. You can also
retell some anecdotes you heard.
Stress to students that they don’t have to use the phrases in
c
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the order they appear in the list. Model the task by asking
12 Read the Activity 12 questions aloud. Help students get
the class OK. So what exactly did Janine say about buttons and
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dials? Or What kind of license did Janine get? Tell partners to started by sharing your own reactions to Janine’s experience.
take turns asking and answering questions with the phrases. Perhaps you can compare it to something in your own life or
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her up on the wing and then lift her into the cockpit.
There were buttons and dials everywhere in the CHALLENGE
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cockpit, and she was amazed her instructor knew what • Read the directions aloud and discuss them. Have pairs
they were all for.
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incredible sense of freedom. an opportunity that a serious accident like Janine’s would
As her instructor pointed towards the Blue Mountains, create. Write them on the board.
she took the controls and started flying the plane. • Then have pairs brainstorm a list of challenges and
She had no idea how she was going to get well enough opportunities for each situation. Circulate and help as
to pass a medical, but eventually she was able to pass! needed. When the time is up, go through the four situations
She learned to navigate and flew friends around Australia. and ask pairs to call out the challenges and opportunities
Just a year and a half after she left the spinal ward, she they came up with. Write some on the board.
was a qualified instructor and was teaching other • Then put pairs together in groups of four or five and have
people how to fly. them rank each set of challenges from the most difficult to the
easiest. Tell them to discuss the reasons behind their rankings.
10 10.4 Say Now we’ll hear the final part of the talk. Listen to • After several minutes, ask groups to stand, one group at a
what Janine says at the end. Play the video. time. Present them with one of the situations and ask each
• When it’s done, put student in pairs to discuss what they think student in turn to tell what they think the most difficult
Janine’s main message is. When students have finished, ask the challenge would be for that situation and explain why.
difficulty? How?
5 Is there something you would like to do but have not?
8
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Watch Part 3 of the talk. Was your answer to Activity 7 What’s stopping you?
correct? 10.3 Answers will vary.
CHALLENGE
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10 Watch Part 4 of the talk. What do you think Janine’s be created. Then work with another pair of students and
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Useful language 4 Work in pairs. Take turns saying the sentences below. Your partner should
respond and add a follow-up question or comment. Answers will vary.
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Reporting stories / news
1 Apparently, he’ll have to have an operation.
Apparently,…
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2 Her mom said she was grounded.*
I heard (that)… 3 I saw him yesterday and he said he was feeling a lot better.
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Expressing surprise 4 Apparently, it’s a really bad cold. He’s going to be out all week.
You’re kidding! 5 Did I tell you? My older sister’s going to have a baby!
Oh no!
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grounded not allowed to go out as a punishment for doing something wrong
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Responding to good news
5 Practice having conversations based on your ideas in Activity 1. Use the Useful
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Showing sympathy
WRITING A success story
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Poor guy
He must be fed up! 6 Work in groups. Can you think of a time you overcame one of the following?
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Passing on a message Tell each other your success stories. Answers will vary.
Say “hi” from me.
a difficulty disgust a fear
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7 Work in pairs. Student A: read the story on this page. Student B: read
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• Put students in pairs. Say Now you can practice your came up with in Activity 1. Put students in pairs. Explain that
conversation skills! What would you say to keep a conversation they should take turns giving the news in Activity 1 and then
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going? Explain if necessary that if you’re kicked out of school, responding to it and adding further comments or questions.
you’re forced to leave. You could ask the class for different • You could use one of the stronger students in the class to model.
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reasons why students get kicked out of school, or anyplace Say Hey, guess what? I got a really good grade on my exam and
else a person might be kicked out of, such as a club, theater, have the student respond. Then continue the conversation. You
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library, and so on. could also take the opportunity to explain the Study Tip below.
• Have pairs discuss the four scenarios. Circulate, observe, and help.
• Call on pairs to give some of the responses. Accept
c Study Tip Notice when you don’t have the right word
hi
suggestions that seem possible. Ask about things you’re not While it’s important to keep going in a classroom
sure of and try to provide better ways of saying them. speaking activity in order to prepare for exams, you also
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Tell students to take notes on the details because they’ll yourself in a different way, but also write down the
be hearing two separate conversations between different word you wanted to say, or the idea you wanted to express,
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friends. Say Pay attention to the phrases the people use to in your first language. After the activity, ask the teacher to
respond to news. Then play the audio track. help you or see what you can find out in a dictionary.
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their answers.
6 Warm up Have students look at the photo at the bottom
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Activity 2 of pp. 126–127. Say How does it make you feel? Could you do
1 something like that? Take students’ responses and discuss
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Conversation 1: A friend named Chen. One of the speakers fears and how to overcome them.
thought he was joining them and did not show up.
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• Say This will be good! You get to share a time when you overcame
Conversation 2: A friend named Ewa. a fear or other kind of challenge. Ask students to look at the six
2 topics and think of a time when they overcame one of them.
Conversation 1: He tripped and broke his leg while he First, recount some satisfactory victory of your own as a model.
was running for the bus. • Give students time to think of an anecdote and how they’ll
Conversation 2: The person is sick. She has a virus. tell it. Encourage them to use a dictionary or to ask you if
there’s anything they want to know how to say. They may
also want to take notes.
3 Point out the Useful language box. Have students read the
different categories of language to themselves. Explain that • Put students in groups to share their success stories. Tell
apparently is commonly used in these kinds of situations to them to feel free to respond to each other and add extra
mean “it seems that…” or “it appears that… .” Then have comments and questions.
volunteers model reading the expressions aloud to the class. • Circulate and observe, providing assistance as needed. Give
Help them, if necessary, with pronunciation and stress. feedback about new language that came up and errors to correct.
For notes on Activity 7, see page 127a.
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example, for item 1: The writer was afraid of falling off a cliff.) they’re doing the task correctly and notice any difficulties
they’re having. Help them out. Then focus on any common
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Activity 7 problems in feedback.
1 Both overcame a fear. • When most students have finished, have them compare
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2 The writer on p. 127 jumped across a gap in a cliff. answers in pairs and help each other with anything they
The writer on p. 153 caught and touched a snake. haven’t finished. Review the answers by asking different
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students to read the completed sentences aloud.
8 Read the directions aloud. Tell students they’re going to • Write the item numbers and missing words on the board.
read the story they didn’t read for the last activity and look
c As you write, ask further questions to check students’
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for the listed features. Have them look at the four features understanding of the vocabulary; for example Where else
and answer any questions they have. Remind them how to might somebody rush you to? Why?
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• Give the students 3−5 minutes to read and to highlight or on p. 127. Read the categories and the phrases aloud.
Have students take a minute to read them over again to
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examples they found. Ask the rest of the class if they agree • Put students in pairs to discuss what they’ll write about.
that the examples are correct. Tell them to look at the two models again to remind
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• Encourage students to share with the class features of the themselves of the features of a success story. Say Read
stories that they especially liked. the Useful language phrases again, too. They might give you
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some ideas. Choose the ones you want to use in your story.
Writing Strategy Use exact words • Assign the writing for homework or give a time limit for
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When writing stories, you’re going to be describing a doing it in class. As students write, circulate and provide
assistance as needed. Praise good language and offer
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8 Read the story that you did not read in Activity 7. Can you find these features Useful language
in either text? Compare your findings.
Explaining how you felt before
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1 An interesting opening sentence that grabs the reader’s attention Yes (1 and 2) you succeeded
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2 Inversion to make part of the story more emphatic Yes (2) I was absolutely terrified.
3 Examples of direct speech Yes (1 and 2)
I was sure I was going to fall / fail /
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4 Descriptive verbs that make the story more exciting Yes (1 and 2)
lose!
9 WRITING SKILL Using descriptive verbs I’d tried absolutely everything.
c I was ready to just give up.
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Complete each sentence with the correct form of these descriptive verbs.
Explaining how you felt in
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days of my life.
1 They rushed me to the hospital and we got there just in time!
It was a moment I’ll never forget.
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2 I grabbed the top of the table and pulled myself up. It was a truly memorable experience.
3 “Watch out!” she screamed as the motorcycle came speeding towards me.
It was a day that changed my life.
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4 I could hear a strange noise, but as I peered into the darkness, I couldn’t
see anything!
5 When I heard the scream, I leaped / leapt out of my chair and ran into the kitchen
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10 Write a story of between 200 and 250 words about overcoming something.
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Use the phrase I finally managed to… somewhere in the story. Answers will vary. Have you ever overcome a fear?
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PRESENT AND PAST FORMS I’d been wanting to go there for ages.
Simple present Remember that some “state” verbs that do not express action
are not used in continuous forms.
The simple present describes things that are generally true,
habits, or permanent states.
USED TO AND WOULD
I miss my host family.
To talk about habits, regular actions, or events in the past, use
The simple present also describes things scheduled to happen
used to and would. The simple past can also be used. Often,
at a particular time in the future.
these habits or events no longer happen.
e arrive at seven in the morning and then leave the following
W
Would is more common than used to. Used to is often used to
evening.
start a topic, and then would or the simple past is used to give
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Present continuous extra details.
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I used to do it all the time when I was a student going home to
The present continuous describes actions seen as temporary, in
visit friends… Often, when you went to some hitching spots, you’d
progress, or unfinished.
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have to line up behind several others already waiting for a ride… I
We’re talking about study-abroad programs. often argued with my parents about the dangers of hitchhiking and
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I would tell them about all the amazing experiences I’d had.
The present continuous is also used to talk about things in the
future that one has arranged to do with other people. Used to or the simple past (not would) are used to describe past
c
states existing over a period of time.
hi
I’m meeting some friends on Sunday.
Hitchhiking used to be / was / would be so common when
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The simple past is used to describe finished actions in the past, Describe individual past events and situations with the simple
especially when there is one finished action after another. past only. Do not use used to or would.
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I spent six months in Berlin in 2015. Then I came home. I also spent / used to spend / would spend one summer hitching
around South America.
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Past continuous
To form negatives, use didn’t to show the past tense. Notice that
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The past continuous is used to emphasize an action in progress use to is used in negatives.
around a time in the past.
People didn’t use to worry about sharing their space.
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Past perfect Notice that used to is used to indicate the past tense in this case.
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ng
if it was food poisoning or what, but I (9) felt / had felt really 4 My hair’s a lot longer now. have
bad. Olivier (10) has been coming / is coming here in July. I’m I used to have shorter hair.
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a little worried because I can’t take him to do exciting things 5 My dad gave up playing soccer professionally because he
like skiing! Most of the time here, (11) I just hang out / I’m just
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got injured. to be
hanging out with my friends. (12) I still look / I’m still looking My dad used to be a professional soccer player until he
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forward to seeing him, though. got injured.
2 Complete the sentences. Use the past perfect continuous 5 Complete each pair of sentences with the correct form
form of the verb if appropriate. If not, use the past perfect.
c of the verb in bold and a pronoun. Use the adverb in
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had been talking parentheses, if given. Put one sentence in a past form and
1 My sister (talk) about doing a student
the other in a present form.
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we decided to travel together. 1a When I went to Mexico in 2016, it was the first time
3 I got really badly sunburned. I had been lying (lie) around I had ever left my country. (ever)
eo
on the beach all day and just forgot to put sunscreen on! 1b ? You’ve hardly seen the city. (already)
4 I had seen (see) a lot of the country during my time You’re leaving already
lG
there, but that was my first time in the capital. get used to
5 This was my third time in the city. I had enjoyed (enjoy) it 2a I was in the UK for almost nine months, but I can’t say
the other two times but didn’t have much of a feel for it yet. I ever got used to the food. (ever)
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3 Complete the text about HitchBot with would, used to, or stay
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PRESENT PERFECT FORMS AND SIMPLE PAST VERB PATTERNS (-ING OR INFINITIVE WITH TO)
Present perfect The -ing form is commonly used with the following verbs.
The present perfect is used: admit avoid can’t stand consider
delay enjoy finish keep
• to introduce or list experiences connected to a present
mind miss practice recommend
situation / discussion.
• to refer to a completed event within a period of time
including now. The infinitive with to is commonly used with the following verbs.
• to talk about the duration of something that is still true now. agree arrange decide expect
Most successful entrepreneurs have failed at least once. fail hope intend need
Entrepreneurs have always needed the confidence to recover offer plan promise refuse
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from failure.
Objects before -ing and to
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The present perfect continuous is used:
• to talk about duration of activities that are still true now. Some verbs can have an object before an -ing form or an
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• to emphasize the process (not the completed action). infinitive with to.
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The number of entrepreneurs has been growing over the last catch sb/sth -ing discover sb/sth -ing feel sb/sth -ing
few years. find sb/sth -ing got sb/sth -ing hear sb/sth -ing
imagine sb/sth -ing leave sb/sth -ing mind sb/sth -ing
Kickstarter has been running for several years now.
c notice sb/sth -ing remember sb/sth -ing see sb/sth -ing
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The continuous form is preferred when talking about duration,
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but the simple form can also be used with no difference in advise sb/sth to allow sb/sth to ask sb/sth to
meaning. beg sb/sth to cause sb/sth to challenge sb/sth to
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T he number of entrepreneurs has been growing over the last convince sb/sth to dare sb/sth to expect sb/sth to
few years. force sb/sth to get sb/sth to hire sb/sth to
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The simple form is usually used when talking about a completed Negatives can be made using not.
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action, while the continuous form is usually used to emphasize I hate not having a cell phone with me.
the process. This is why the simple form is preferred with
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He’s been starting started ten different companies over the ask book bring build
last fifteen years. buy cook find get
give lend make owe
pass save show tell
Simple past
The simple past is used: With most verbs that can be followed by two objects, the order
• to tell a story of completed events. of the objects can be reversed if for or to is put in front of the
• with time phrases that show completed time. person / group of people. The preposition used depends on the
• to talk about the duration of completed events. initial verb.
Can you email me the report sometime today, please?
D’Aloisio’s first investor contacted him via email from Hong Kong.
Can you email the report to me sometime today, please?
She wrote for ten years without success.
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8
b over the last year feeling (feel) very upset.
5
We’d like to remind you to change (change) your
2 Complete the summary with one word in each space.
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password within the next two weeks.
Madison Forbes has (1) always loved drawing and 6 Websites
playing (play) music while they load is
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design, and (2) since 2010, she’s been turning her so annoying!
7
I can still remember begging my parents to buy
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designs into a successful business called Fishflops, which
produces flip flops with Madison’s cute sea characters on (buy) me my first Xbox!
them. She came up with the name in 2006—(3) when 8 They caught him
trying (try) to access the
she was just eight years old—and, with the help of her father,
c school’s online records.
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(4) set up the business, which now sells to clothing 9
If I could, I’d hire someone to take (take) my
stores like Nordstrom as well as to the Association of Zoos science exam so I didn’t have to study for it.
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and Aquariums (AZA). Over the (5) last / past few years, 10 I just can’t see them
winning (win). They have too
they have also started producing shoes and T-shirts, and the many players injured.
gr
company has (6) made several million dollars in 6 Look at each first sentence. Add three words to complete
sales—not that Madison has been (7) living a life of
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to several charities, and a portion of the AZA sales goes to 1 My parents didn’t let me use social media until I was 16.
protect endangered animals. My parents never allowed me to use social media
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business…
duration online companies have! me thinking about
3 I warned her about sending her details, but she didn’t listen!
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The indefinite article is used: Size differences can be shown by modifying the comparative
with a number or measurement, or a modifier.
• before nouns when they are one of several, when it is
not important which one is meant, or when something is On average, shot putters are now two and a half inches taller
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mentioned for the first time. and 130 pounds heavier than they were in the past.
• to say what people or things are / were. Over a thousand more people have run sub-four-minute miles
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The definite article is used: since Bannister did it.
• before nouns when it is thought to be clear which thing
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Big difference much / a lot / a great
or things is / are meant. deal / far better
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• before superlative adjectives. more efficient
Small difference a little / slightly
• as part of some fixed expressions.
No article is used:
c
We can also add modifiers to “not as” comparatives.
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• before uncountable nouns. not nearly as fast not nearly as many
• with plural nouns to talk about things in general. not quite as good not quite as much
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• after prepositions in many expressions with places. Remember, many and few go with countable nouns, and much
• before the names of most cities, countries, continents, and little go with uncountable nouns.
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are used before a noun to talk about two choices or possibilities. Look at the box to see how situations now are compared with
Neither is a negative, so it is not used with no or not. the past.
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Every and each are used only with singular countable nouns. Athletes are training harder they used to do.
Sometimes it is not important which word is used, but generally: and more intelligently than before.
• each is used to focus on individual things in a group or to in the past.
list two or more things. they did before.
• every is used to talk about a group or to list three or more Elite shot-putters now they were in the past.
things. are two and a half inches taller they used to be.
• all is used to talk about the whole of something. All is than 40 years ago.
followed by uncountable or plural nouns.
• any is used in positive sentences when it is not important
to specify the exact person or thing, because what is
being said applies to everyone or everything.
• when quantifiers are used with pronouns, of is added after
the quantifier.
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for the team in the last ten years!
He was the youngest / youngest / a youngest of ten children, 5 I admire
any athlete who works hard and has a
and his father was farmer / the farmer / a farmer.
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good attitude.
5 As the teenager / teenager / a teenager, Owens helped 6 It’s a very close game.
Either team could win, but I
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his family by delivering the groceries / groceries and still think Brazil looks stronger.
working in a shoe repair shop / shoe repair shop / the shoe 7
All my friends are really into boxing, but I can’t
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repair shop. stand it!
6 Susi Susanti now runs company / the company / 8 There’s a website that shows you how much
a company selling the badminton rackets / badminton
rackets. She imports a material / the material for
c each player earns.
hi
rackets / the rackets from Japan, and they’re then produced 4 Complete each second sentence so that it has a similar
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in China. meaning to the first sentence, using the word in bold and
two or three extra words.
2 Choose the correct option. In some cases, both may be
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correct. 1 This season they have scored 65 goals, and we’ve only
scored 30.
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6 A lot of / Most medals we win at the Olympics are in 5 If you continue to play, your injury will only get worse.
long-distance running.
The
longer you play, the
worse your injury will get. longer
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7 When the World Cup is on, I usually try to watch all / every 6 The number of professional athletes has increased
game. dramatically.
8 I couldn’t see much because there were a lot of / so many
There
were far fewer professional
athletes in the past. far
people in front of me.
5 Complete the comparatives using your own ideas.
Answers will vary.
1 I’m slightly than .
2 I’m nowhere near .
3 Young people these days are far more .
4 There as as there
in the past.
5 I than I used to.
6 , the more successful you will be.
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Sometimes will is used to talk about scheduled plans.
When the future is talked about as seen from a time in the past,
The coach will arrive at nine and will take everyone to the was / were going to, would as the past tense of will, and the past
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museum, where the tour will start at ten. continuous can all be used.
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Will + infinitive is usually used at the moment of making a decision. My son was struggling, and I was worried he was going to drop
out of school and maybe end up hanging out with the
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A: What’s your flight number?
wrong kids.
B: I don’t know. I’ll check later, and I’ll send you a text with it.
He went several steps further and promised those 11 students
Will is usually used to make promises, threats, refusals, etc.
c
that he would turn the orchestra into a world leader!
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(see Unit 6).
Abreu had managed to get 50 music stands for the 100 children he
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Will or be going to can be used to talk about predictions. Unless was expecting to come and rehearse.
an adverb like probably or possibly, or an introductory verb such
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as think or guess is used, they both mean the speaker is certain Future perfect
about their prediction. May / might can also be used to show
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less certainty. The future perfect is formed using will / won’t + have + past
participle.
lG
I’ll call you after six. I’ll have finished work by then. (= already
I think they’ll go over budget.
finished before six)
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They won’t get many They might not get many visitors.
visitors. The future perfect continuous is formed using will / won’t + have
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been + -ing.
The future continuous is used to emphasize that an action is It’ll soon have been running for 70 years.
ongoing / unfinished in relation to a particular point in time or a
second future action. The future continuous is will be + -ing. (Be The future perfect continuous emphasizes an ongoing action
going to be + -ing is also used.) that is taking place in the present and will continue up until a
point in the future.
It’s going to create jobs, and they’ll be employing local artists.
By the end of this course, I will have been studying English for
When a future time clause is used, the verb is in the simple ten whole years!
present or present perfect.
The future perfect is usually accompanied by a time reference
But what about once it’s been completed? such as before the weekend, by Thursday, etc.
present continuous / be going to In many ways, Sheffield and Bilbao are similar. By the
The festival (be) great because some of my 1990s, both were post-industrial cities wondering how they
favorite bands (play). were (1)
going to cope in the coming years. Like
The festival is going to be great because some of my the Guggenheim, the National Centre for Popular Music
favorite bands are playing. expected
was (2) to be a landmark building that
1 simple present / will (3)
would boost tourism in the city. Bosses at the
What do you think you will do (do) after you were
Centre (4) hoping for 400,000 visitors a year,
leave (leave) school? but numbers were far lower (5)
than expected,
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2 simple present / future continuous with only around 140,000 showing up in the first 12 months.
Let’s hope that when we
have (have) the concert People soon realized that the center on its own
outside, it won’t be raining (not / rain).
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(6)
wasn’t going to be enough to transform the city,
3 present perfect / going to and it closed down before even reaching its second birthday.
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They are going to start(start) the project once they
have raised (raise) enough money. 4 Complete the second sentences using the words in
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4 present continuous / present perfect parentheses and 1–3 additional words.
We are going (go) on a school trip to Hong Kong after
1 I had high hopes for it, but it was actually sort of
we have finished (finish) all our exams.
5 will / future continuous c a letdown. I thought it would
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It wasn’t as good as (thought) be.
I won’t be doing (not do) much this weekend, so I
2 I had high expectations, but it totally exceeded them.
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will show (show) you around the city, if you want. It was even better than I was expecting it (expecting) to be.
6 present perfect / be about to / will 3 They ended up with three million visitors—far more than
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2 Complete the second sentences using 3–5 words— visitors, but ended up with three times that!
4 I’d planned to go out and meet some friends, but in the
lG
I’ll come over to your house after I have finished my but in the end I was too tired.
homework. am 5 I hadn’t planned to return yet, but I ran out of money.
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I’ll come over to your house, but I am going to finish my I was going to stay(stay) longer, but I ran out of money.
homework first.
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The tickets will sell out almost gone on sale. 1 Hurry up! The movie will start / have started by the time
2 First they’re going to repair the houses, and then they’ll we get there, if we don’t get moving!
paint them. before 2 I’m going / I will have gone to a concert tomorrow night,
before they paint
They’re going to repair the houses them. so can we meet on Friday instead?
3 They need to raise a lot of money so they can complete 3 I’m helping / I’ll have helped a friend with something
the project. to tomorrow, but I’ll have finished / I’m finishing by five, so I’ll
they are going to complete / they want to complete
If the project, they have to raise a lot of money. call you then.
4 I don’t think that the project will be a failure. should 4 I’ll have been living / I’m going to live here for the last five
The project shouldn’t / should . not be a failure years in July.
5 I could meet you when I go shopping in town on 5 I read somewhere that by the time you’re 60, you will
Saturday. be have been sleeping / slept for twenty years!
will be shopping / will be going shopping / am going to be shopping
I in town on Saturday, so I could meet
you then.
Passives 1 A passive sentence can be made in two ways when there are
two objects.
The passive is used to focus on who or what an action affects.
The passive is also used when it is unclear or unimportant who I was recently given this great new smartphone.
performs an action. The passive is formed using be + a past A new smartphone was given to me.
participle.
I have just been sent an email by Maxine.
Simple present An email has just been sent to me by Maxine.
The cup is then left far away from your bed.
The machines are exported all over the world. PASSIVEs 2
Present continuous Passive reporting verbs
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If your phone is being charged… A passive structure is often used to report general knowledge,
beliefs, and assumptions. There are two common patterns after
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The wrong questions are being asked.
the passive.
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Present perfect The brain is thought to have over 12,000 miles of
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I have just been sent an email by Maxine. blood vessels.
was believed to be controlled by four different
It has been designed to track your sleep patterns.
elements or “humors.”
c is estimated to weigh six and a half pounds.
hi
Simple past is known to recover from serious damage.
ap
I was recently given this lovely new smartphone. It is thought (that) the brain works like a watch.
We were only told about it at the last minute. is claimed (that) the brain is like a computer.
gr
I wanted to produce them, but a patent had already been Have / get + something + past participle is a passive
taken out. construction, similar in meaning to the sentences in b. However,
at
with this structure the person or thing that causes the action or
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ng
action to reduce global warming.
Johannes Gutenberg (3)
presented (present) his first 2 not know
creation to the world, but always by hand! Before too
a We
don’t / do not know
ni
were being printed / were printed exactly how many stars there are in
long, thousands of books (4) (print) and the solar system.
ar
(5)
distributed (distribute) all over Europe. b It is not known exactly how stars were first formed.
3 If you’re worried about your phone (1) being stolen
3 think
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(steal), here’s a helpful hack. A special app can a Some researchers
think that it could be
(2) be installed (install) so that you can (3) track
possible to live on Mars.
(track) the phone if it’s lost or stolen. You’ll also be able to
see if the phone (4) is being used (use). It can even
c b Mars is thought to have water under its surface.
hi
4 believe
(5) be wiped (wipe) clean remotely, to stop criminals a In the past, many diseases were believed to be caused
ap
from (6)
getting (get) hold of your data. by having too much blood in the body.
4 The first self-driving car only (1)
hit (hit) the b Doctors in the past
believed that they could cure
road very recently, but it’s quite possible that cars as we
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new model. Over recent years, much of the research into 4 Complete the short report with one word in each space.
these cars (3) has been funded(fund) by Elon Musk, a TED
The government is (1)
having air quality tested
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(6)
are getting / have gotten
(get) more sophisticated. research (4)
done in schools to try to find out whether
air pollution is having any effect on students’ performance.
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2 Complete each sentence by making these verbs with two Air pollution is known (5)
to affect health and is
objects into the passive. estimated to (6)
cause thousands of deaths each year.
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(7)
It is also claimed (8) that it affects the
award Ahmed Zewail the Nobel prize in Chemistry development of the brain and young people’s intelligence,
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Modals never change their form. They go with normal verbs and Might is used if something is uncertain but possible.
are followed by the infinitive without to form of those verbs.
You might stop weak species from going extinct.
Modals add meaning to verbs. A phrase or normal verb can
sometimes be used instead of a modal. May is also used if something is uncertain but possible, and
for permission.
Will/would
These changes may bring benefits.
Will is used to express that something is certain or sure to
happen, and to express promises, offers, habits, and refusals. Must is used if something is necessary and if the speaker is sure
of something based on experience.
The first thing that will strike people…
These changes must bring benefits.
ng
Would is used to express that something is theoretically certain
to happen, to report as the past form of will, and to express a Have can sometimes behave as a modal.
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habit in the past. You have to go to school.
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If the habitat disappeared, they’d die out.
MODALS AND INFINITIVE FORMS
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Should/shall
Modals can be followed by different kinds of
Should is used to express a good or better idea, or if something
infinitive forms.
is expected to happen in the future.
c
hi
To talk about actions generally, use a modal + the infinitive
Should we be trying to conserve these species?
without to form.
ap
Shall is used to ask for and give suggestions, or to make offers As you can see, it does look quite professional.
about a current or future situation.
gr
Can expresses ability and permission. It is also used if something To talk about the past in general, use a modal + have + past
is only possible sometimes and factually possible (or not, in participle (the perfect infinitive without to).
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the negative).
You could have (could’ve) told me how cruel it was, and I honestly
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Could is used to express past ability / inability, if something To emphasize that an action was in progress when another
happened sometimes, or is theoretically possible. Could is also thing happened, use a modal + have been + -ing (the perfect
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ng
public (7) must / might be educated about these effects. In 6 I’m guessing that you might / should have heard about
the past, she has worked with the police to help return birds the tree octopus, right?
ni
to their original habitat. The problem is that they (8) could 7 We promise that any cat you buy from us will have been
ar
/ shall be from any number of different places, so Machado being / will have been thoroughly checked by a vet.
used a genetic test to determine where the birds (9) might 8 You shouldn’t have scared / shouldn’t scare the dog.
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/ will be from. She developed her ideas at the US Fish and He wouldn’t / couldn’t have barked at you otherwise.
Wildlife Service Forensics Laboratory. She got an internship
4 Complete the rewrite for each sentence. Use the best
there because she (10) would / could write regularly to them
asking if she (11) would / could become a volunteer until
c modal and two or three other words in each space.
hi
eventually they said yes! And now Juliana shows the same 1 It’s just not possible for the Loch Ness monster to have
ap
determination in her work. She has a very varied work life survived that long without being found.
but, in the next few years, she (12) may / can spend more The Loch Ness monster that long without
time in her home office. She also says that if she (13) can
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herself to learn something about finance and marketing. the ocean. may/might/could have (once) been
This is because she is now in a management position, Loch Ness connected to the ocean.
lG
and students aren’t taught how to deal with money in 3 I can’t believe I didn’t realize the movie was a fake.
biology classes. should have realized
I’m so stupid. I really the movie was a fake.
4 If there really was a monster, why aren’t there more
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3 Must I do it?
b a It’ll be fun. By the time you get to the edge of the loch, you
will/would have been filmed/caught
b Can’t someone else? by security cameras.
4 Should I really do it? a There’s no other option.
b 6 There’s no way he was telling the truth about what
b I’m not sure it’ll improve things. he saw.
must have been lying
5 Will I do it at
a a I still haven’t decided. If you ask me, he about what he saw.
some point? b I don’t mind if you don’t 7 Loch Ness is only 10,000 years old. Plesiosaurs died out 60
want to. million years ago.
can’t/couldn’t have been
6
a Can I do it? a I’d really like to try. Loch Ness around when plesiosaurs
b I might not. still existed.
8 I swear I saw something. Honestly, if only I’d had my
camera with me!
should have had/taken could’ve/would’ve filmed
I my camera with me. I what I
saw if I’d had it.
ng
I wish I was as creative as her / him.
Second conditionals describe imaginary situations and results I wish I didn’t have to take art classes.
ni
now or in the future.
If only I had an extra eye in the back of my head!
If these drawings were painted more realistically, they would
ar
I’d rather the teacher didn’t give homework.
look amazing.
Le
I wouldn’t joke about it if I were you. The past continuous is used to hypothesize about an action or
specific situation happening now.
Third conditional If only I wasn’t sitting here now!
c
hi
Third conditionals describe imaginary situations and results in I wish I was doing something else. This is boring.
the past.
ap
If he hadn’t spent that day with his niece, the Monster Engine I wish I could help you, but I just can’t.
would never have happened.
eo
she says.
If their schools had encouraged unusual ways of seeing the world,
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lots of adults would be more creative. The past perfect is used to hypothesize about the past and
I wouldn’t be here now if she hadn’t helped me. express regrets.
at
conditional sentences. I often say to myself, “If only I’d spent more time thinking about this
before I started.”
If I do OK on my exams, I might / may try to study fine art in college.
= Maybe I will study fine art. Note that, where the subject of would rather is the same as the
If I get really good grades, I can go and study abroad. verb that follows it, an infinitive without to is used.
= It will be possible for me to study abroad. I’d rather you did it.
If he had been a little taller, he could have become a really great I’d rather do it myself.
basketball player.
= It would have been possible for him to become a great player.
ng
B Me too. If only I can / could speak Chinese! I’d love to go
would / will be worse now. to Shanghai.
7 It might not have worked if we tried / had tried it that way. 4 A I wish the teacher would / wouldn’t make us copy
ni
8 If I spoke to my mother like that, she really won’t / everything from the book.
ar
wouldn’t be happy! B I know. It’s a little boring, isn’t it?
5 A Did you go to the gig yesterday?
Le
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
verbs in parentheses. B No, but I wish I had / did. I heard it was great.
6 A If only I didn’t have to / wouldn’t have to leave. I’d love to
1 If I hadn’t asked (not ask) lots of questions when I was at
school, I wouldn’t be a scientist now. c talk more.
B Don’t worry. I need to be home before 12 anyway.
hi
2 If you
create (create) a culture that encourages
5
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creativity, people will be happier. Complete each second sentence so that it has a similar
3 I don’t think I would’ve started (start) painting if my parents meaning to the first sentence, using the word given and
three extra words.
gr
ways of writing hadn’t developed.
will never get / are never going to get I wish my brother about things. would be
more positive
6 If you don’t practice, you (never get) better 3 I wanted to walk here, but we took the car. rather
at it. the car at home. would rather
na
below.
1 A Is it OK if I put some music on?
1 They only realized how talented she was after giving all B I’d rather you
didn’t . I’m trying to study.
the children tests to assess creativity levels. 2 A Do you want to go to the mall?
They wouldn’t have realized how talented she was B I’d rather
go somewhere else. I don’t like the
if they hadn’t given all the children tests to assess stores there.
creativity levels. 3 A I wish we
had asked someone to help us.
B Really? I’d rather
try to do it myself first, even
2 Follow the rules or fail the course. It’s your choice!
if I make a mistake.
3 I can’t really play this. I haven’t practiced recently.
4 A I’d rather you
kept this a secret between us. It’s
4 Some colleges don’t value creativity. That’s why they
a bit embarrassing.
don’t really help students develop it.
Activity 3 B Don’t worry. I’d rather no one / nobody knew what
2 If you don’t follow the rules, you’ll fail the course. only happened! If I could forget it myself!
3 If I’d practiced recently, I could play it.
4 If colleges valued creativity, they’d help students develop it.
5 She wouldn’t be successful if she’d obeyed the rules.
SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
6 If you don’t encourage creativity in children, it won’t grow.
Unit 7 Grammar Reference 141
Unit 8 Grammar reference and practice
ng
She said, “I love you,” and then he asked if she’d marry him.
They said, “Can we wait until tomorrow?”
When reporting with indirect speech, follow the normal rules of They asked if they could wait until the next day.
ni
tenses within a story. This often involves a tense backshift from He said, “I talked to her yesterday.”
ar
direct speech. Look at the direct and indirect speech used to He said he’d talked to you the day before.
report statements about:
Le
I told them, “I was here last Tuesday!”
• a situation or action at the time it was said / thought. I told them I’d been there the previous Tuesday.
I said, “I need to go back to school.” Other useful time phrases for reporting:
I said I needed to go back to school. c
hi
today that day
• an action in progress at the time it was said. now / immediately at that moment / right away
ap
Miriam told me to tell you she’ll be late. confess; declare; deny; insist; recommend; state
= She’s not here yet, so she still will be late.
verb + someone + (that) clause: assure; convince; notify;
He told me he’s never had tea. persuade; promise; remind; tell; warn
= As far as I know, he still hasn’t had tea.
verb + someone + infinitive (with to): advise; ask; encourage;
When correcting a misunderstanding, the backshift is preferred force; invite; persuade; remind; tell; urge; warn
because the misunderstanding is no longer true, but it is not
verb + preposition + -ing: accuse somebody of; admit /
essential.
confess to; apologize for; blame somebody for; criticize
A: We are meeting at 10. somebody for; forgive somebody for; insist on; thank
B: I thought we were meeting at 11. somebody for
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we stood there and started chatting with the man in front things. apologize
of us. He asked my dad where (7) I was / was I going, and 4 Of course, they reject all accusations and claim that
ni
it turned out it was the same place where he lived. “What they’re in the right.
Naturally, they deny doing anything wrong. deny
ar
(8) were / are you doing there?” he asked. My dad told him
I (9) was going to / will stay with a friend of his from college. 5 The goal of the rule was prevention of discrimination.
was intended to prevent
Le
Then the man asked, “What college?” When my dad told The rule discrimination. intend
him, the man said one of his best friends (10) had been / be 6 There has been a lot of pressure on the school to change
at the same college a few years before. He said his friend’s its dress code. has been urged to change
name, and it was actually my dad’s friend, too! It was an
c
The school its dress code. urge
hi
amazing coincidence! 7 He knew what the rules were, but he decided to ignore
ap
them!
2 Complete the story with the verbs in parentheses and the He basically just refused to obey the rules! refuse
correct modals, verb forms, or tenses. 8 They have an employment policy that prioritizes total
gr
Yesterday, I was trying to get to sleep when I heard my dog gender equality.
insists on employing
eo
barking. I got up and my dog was there with some paper The school an equal number of male and
in his mouth. I told him (1) to let (let) it go. I pulled, female teachers. insist
lG
and the piece of paper tore. I suddenly realized it was my 4 Which two options are possible in each sentence?
math homework and asked my mom (2) to come
(come) and take a look. When she saw what had happened, 1 My parents advised / recommended / urged my sister to
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(6) would write (write) a note to the teacher in the morning 3 We’ve been trying to tell / warn / state them that there will
and said I (7) shouldn’t worry (not worry). However, the next be problems if things don’t change!
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morning my mom got a call from work before I got up. They 4 I read online that she’d admitted / apologized / denied
told her someone (8) had called (call) in sick and asked sending racist emails.
her if she (9)could / would go(go) in early. She completely 5 They’ve avoided / promised / refused to tackle the problem.
forgot about the note. So of course, in my math class, when 6 He was arguing / telling / insisting that nothing will
the teacher asked why I (10) hadn’t done (not do) my change unless people take direct action.
homework and I explained, he didn’t believe me! His exact
5 Rewrite each sentence in Activity 4 using one of the verbs
words were, “Do you (11)
think (think) I was born
yesterday?” But I swear that (12)
was (be) exactly with a different verb pattern. Answers will vary.
what happened! 1 My parents recommended that my sister complain
to her boss about it.
ng
• the relative pronoun can be left out when it is the object UNICEF also had a key part in the creation of the UN’s Convention
of the relative clause. on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989.
ni
Using online discussion boards as a “meeting place,” the initiative
The devastation (which) it caused was simply staggering!
provides a space for youngsters who care.
ar
With non-defining relative clauses: = The initiative uses online discussion boards as a “meeting place”
Le
through which the initiative provides a space for youngsters
• the clause is separated from the rest of the sentence
who care.
by commas.
• that isn’t used as a relative pronoun.
c Having seen the robbery, I had to go to court to give evidence.
hi
• the relative pronoun is never left out. = Because I had seen the robbery I had to go to court to give
evidence.
ap
The country, which has long been one of the poorest in the
world, descended into chaos. -ing participles are more common in this kind of clause, but
gr
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES Working as a policeman, my dad sees a lot of really scary things.
at
A relative clause is often reduced by using a participle construction. = My dad is a policeman, and while he’s at work, he sees a lot of
N
none of whom most of which that where 1 The policeman who dealt with my case was very helpful.
which which is when who whose The policeman dealing with my case was very helpful.
2 The man who was arrested after the incident last night
has not been charged.
1 One of the first major events to utilize crisis mapping was
Police have not charged the man arrested after the
the 2010 Haiti earthquake,
which killed and injured
incident last night.
hundreds of thousands of people.
3 The number of young people who are not working or in
2 Technology is particularly relevant in places
where
school is rising.
official government is limited or no longer fully functions.
There has been a rise in the number of young people
3 More than 40 percent of the population now receives
not working or in school.
some form of international aid, most of which is food
4 The number of people who have personally experienced
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assistance.
a crime has actually gone down.
4 Many local people,
whose lands have been ruined
experiencing
The number of people a crime has actually
ni
by illegal mining, are now turning to technology to tackle
gone down.
the problem.
5 I think that children who are exposed to lots of violent
ar
5 The plane crashed in thick fog with 87 people on board,
none of whom is thought to have survived. movies often become violent themselves.
Le
I think that children exposed to lots of violent movies
6 The volunteers,
who come from all across the
often become violent themselves.
region, quite literally put roads, buildings, and highways
6 Anyone that the train strike tomorrow will seriously affect
onto the map.
c can stay home.
hi
7 The amount of data available via social media increased
affected
Anyone seriously by the train strike
dramatically in October, which is when the flooding
ap
1 The town in which we were staying narrowly missed with cash transactions, (4) and at the same time directed directing
being hit by the hurricane. him to the next counter. Apparently, (5) because he was
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The town we were staying in narrowly missed being put off by the long line at the next counter and the clerk’s
hit by the hurricane. calm reply, the man dropped the box he was carrying and
at
ran off. (6) After she had seen the man run off, the cashier Having
2 It’s an achievement of which we are all very proud.
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ng
All he could do was wait. Emphasis can also be added by starting a clause with a negative
I was so nervous I could hardly say a word. adverb or phrase (rarely, not only, etc.) and then using inversion
ni
(changing the order of the subject and verb, as in questions).
ar
To talk about a specific ability to do something at a particular
We’re all used to hearing news about terrible things, but rarely do
time in the past, use was / were able to rather than could.
we hear much about exciting new developments.
Le
She managed to deal with the pain, and in the end, was able to When Second Sight started experimenting, little did they know
turn it into great art. that they were on their way to revolutionizing the treatment of
Negatives can be made with not able to, unable to, or couldn’t. c blindness!
hi
Only after the Second World War were antibiotics more widely
I wasn’t able to / was unable to / couldn’t feel or say anything, I was
ap
Be able to is also used with other tenses and modals, where journalistic writing, though it is also used in more formal speech
could is not possible. or to make stories more dramatic.
eo
ng
Following the accident, the park authorities (4)
could 3 Don’t get me wrong. The operation did help,
h
only remove the rock that had trapped Aron’s arm by using a 4 Only after several tests did they
d
ni
machine and several men. While medics were 5 At no time during my stay in the hospital did I
a
6 Nowhere else in the world do you
e
ar
(5)
unable to save Aron’s arm, he otherwise made a
full recovery and returned to full fitness. Amazingly, since 7 Let’s be clear about this. In no way does this development
g
8 We read a lot about medical developments, but rarely do we
Le
then he’s (6)
been able to do pretty much all the b
things he did before the accident. He has since rafted down a think I wouldn’t make a complete recovery.
the Grand Canyon, skied down a volcano in Ecuador and, b hear about the psychological advances in managing disease.
in 2011, (7)
succeeded in climbing all the mountains in
c c but I don’t see why it can’t all be privately funded.
hi
Colorado that are over 14 thousand feet. He also now works d diagnose the problem.
ap
of their own.
need to change, add, and remove words. g mean the disease has been cured, but it’s a step in the
eo
1 I twisted my ankle very badly, but I still manage walk right direction.
home. It was really painful, though. h just not as much as I was hoping it would.
lG
I twisted my ankle very badly, but I still managed to walk 5 Complete the sentences with these words.
home. It was really painful, though.
na
2 Following physical therapy, Janine Shepherd were able at no time little not only
walk again with the help of a stick. was able to walk not until only rarely
3 Doctors have been looking for a cure for motor neuron
io
disease, but they couldn’t find one yet. haven’t been able to find 1 What made things even worse was the fact that
at
4 After years of research, scientists believe they have finally at no time did doctors ever admit they’d made a mistake.
succeeded the development a treatment for diabetes 2 In the days before antibiotics, only very did
N
rarely
which avoids the need to inject insulin. managed to develop children survive serious lung infections.
5 I wish I could meet my grandfather before he died. 3 Not until after the Second World War did penicillin
He sounded like an amazing person. had been able to meet become widely available.
4 When the doctor first suggested it,
little did I
3 Rewrite the second sentences using the word in bold
realize that the treatment was actually centuries old.
and the correct form of could, be able to, manage to, or 5 Not only do we need a massive increase in
succeed in.
investment, but we also need to rethink the way we
1 Bethany Hamilton became a world champion surfer educate the young about physical and mental well-being.
despite losing her arm in an accident. becoming 6
Only in this country do people go bankrupt from
Bethany Hamilton lost her arm in an accident but still trying to pay their medical bills!
succeeded in becoming
a world champion surfer.
2 Luckily, we stopped the bleeding, and he was fine. stop
We were able to stop the bleeding, and he was fine.
INfinitive Simple Past Past participle INfinitive Simple Past Past participle
arise arose arisen misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
beat beat beaten must had to had to
become became become overcome overcame overcome
bend bent bent rethink rethought rethought
bet bet bet ring rang rung
bite bit bitten rise rose risen
blow blew blown sell sold sold
break broke broken set set set
ng
breed bred bred shake shook shaken
bring brought brought shine shone/shined shone/shined
ni
broadcast broadcast broadcast shoot shot shot
ar
build built built shrink shrank shrunk
burn burned burned shut shut shut
Le
burst burst burst sink sank sunk
cost cost cost slide slid slid
cut cut cut
c
smell smelled smelled
hi
deal dealt dealt spell spelled spelled
dig dug dug spend spent spent
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Writing
Unit 1 A review
When writing reviews, 1 Wu and Ting Ting were incredibly welcoming and did everything that they could to make me feel at
it is common to use home, although during the stay I was often left to my own devices because they were busy working.
relative clauses I had a lovely big room, my own TV, and a desk to study at. I was a little far from my school, though,
beginning with which
which wasn’t ideal.
in order to express
personal comments
or beliefs. 2 I can’t complain about the place as a whole. There were plenty of rides, which kept the kids satisfied,
but given that the price for a family of four for the day was $195, it’s just not worth it. Not when you
realize that Fantasyland is cheaper. What’s more, the lines are longer than at Fantasyland, as it is
packed with locals. If it hadn’t been as full, and we’d actually been able to go on more than three rides
ng
in seven hours—and it was less expensive—it might have been worth it. As it is, though, I’d skip it and
go to Fantasyland instead.
ni
3 After I’d checked in and been given my key, I found that my room wasn’t much bigger than a shoebox!
ar
Feeling that this wouldn’t work for a four-night stay, I went back down to the front desk and asked for
Le
a larger room. They then tried to charge me €40 per night to upgrade to a suitable room, which was
ridiculous. We finally agreed on €9 per night for the upgrade. On top of that, parking was €15 a day!
Terrible place with terrible service. They’re trying to make as much extra money as they can. I’m scared
c
to ask for another pillow, which is necessary since the bed only has one!
hi
4 If you like to see and be seen, then grab yourself one of the outdoor seats here, order a coffee,
ap
sit back, and enjoy! Looking out over the main square, and close to the museum and the market, this
is a great people-watching spot—and it does great breakfasts, lunches, and snacks as well, which is
gr
Grab the reader's Young Entrepreneur Trying to Turn a Nightmare into a Dream Business
io
attention by asking a
have you ever… Have you ever spent hours working on a project and saved it to your flash drive
at
question to stimulate only to then lose your drive and all your work? You know you should have backed
it up, but it’s easy to forget, isn’t it? And then you have to explain it to your teacher
N
a shared experience.
or boss. Awful! Well, all that might soon be a thing of the past thanks to the bright Persuade the reader to
idea of a 16-year-old entrepreneur from Northern Ireland. continue reading by
saying that you will
Mason Robinson has invented a piece of software that automatically backs up your
present a solution.
Present factual work to the cloud when you save your work to a flash drive. As Mason says, “It has a
information related unique aspect in saving people's work twice!”
to the solution.
He developed the i-save USB idea as part of a summer project at a local science
park. Now he is trying to raise two thousand dollars through a Kickstarter campaign
to improve the product and distribute it.
Provide a reason why
So why don’t you support Mason to make his business dreams a reality and, at the the reader should take
same time, end the nightmare of lost homework and research? action in the final
paragraph.
Unit 3 A survey
Start reporting This bar chart shows the results of a survey carried out on 50 people aged between
findings by referring 13 and 55. The aim of the survey was to find out levels of participation in exercise in
the reader to the
the four weeks before the interview.
source of results and
explaining the aim of During this time, 68 percent of those interviewed walked for health and recreation,
the investigation. about one in six biked, and over half did some kind of sport. As can be seen from
the chart, the most popular sports during this month were swimming and diving,
Explain the most with almost 15 percent of those asked trying it at least once. This was followed Account for the results
important statistics and explain how one
closely by various health and fitness activities.
related to your aim. might make the
Obviously, these results were determined to at least some degree by the weather. statistics more
ng
If the survey were to be repeated in the summer rather than the winter, we might, reliable.
for instance, expect the popularity of soccer and golf to increase.
ni
You may choose to
Among the people who did not take part in any exercise during the month in give a further
question, the main reasons given for not participating were lack of time, cost,
ar
description of
and general poor health. interesting findings.
Le
c
hi
Unit 4 A for and against essay
ap
In the opening Over recent years, tourism has become more important to the local economy. Introduce your
gr
paragraph of a for and As the area attracts more tourists, it is only natural that local officials should be opposing argument or
against essay, point of view by using
thinking about ways of promoting the region further. It has been claimed that the
the passive, and signal
eo
on other areas of the local community. Local schools and hospitals could be
improved greatly if a similar sum of money were made available, and this would
N
benefit a wider range of people. In addition, it is worth asking how many local
people would actually visit a new museum. There is already a small museum in
town and it is almost always empty.
In conclusion, while a new museum might bring limited benefits and lead to the Finally, take notice of
creation of some jobs, other choices are preferable. Investment in vital facilities both sides of the
may not bring more tourists, but would create a more skilled, healthier, and argument and state
happier society. your position.
ng
a fridge so that the bees would fall asleep. Once they had fallen asleep, the bees
were removed from the pot one at a time and painted with different colored dots.
ni
Finally, the bees were returned to the pot and warmed up before being released
ar
back into the bee arena.
Le
Unit 6 A problem-solution essay c
hi
ap
These sentences (1) Tigers are hunted and sold for their fur and other parts. They are losing the habitats they live
introduce and express
the main idea of the
in and they are shot by local people because they kill farm animals. In this essay, I will suggest solutions to
eo
easily, and Mills says that can encourage the trade of wild tigers because people want “the real thing.”
Refer to sources to (3) Tigers do not recognize borders, so the area they live in can be in more than one country.
na
strengthen your According to takepart.com, several countries met and agreed to take action together to save tigers.
argument. It has had some success, but they could do more.
io
(4) National Geographic Explorer Krithi Karanth says that sometimes farmers cannot earn enough
at
money to survive because of wildlife destroying their crops and animals. We need to compensate them so
they do not take revenge on endangered species like tigers.
N
Unit 7 A report
Use the title to show Improving Learning in the Library
what the report is
about. Purpose
The purpose of this report is to find out why so much external noise can be heard in the school library.
The report will also make recommendations on how to reduce noise and create a better atmosphere to
Explain the purpose of study in.
the report in the
introduction. Background
Students frequently complain about the noise in the school library and many choose not to use the space
at all.
ng
Subheadings are Methods of Investigation
added to each In order to better understand the issues, we visited the library twice and read about how sound travels
paragraph. through different materials. We then explored a range of possible solutions before making our own
ni
models, which we used to test our ideas.
ar
Findings
The library windows face a public space and, even when closed, let too much noise through. This problem
Le
is made worse by the fact that the curtains in the room are made from a thin material that does not stop
sound in any way.
Recommendations
c
hi
Finish a report
by making To solve this problem, we would recommend installing two sheets of glass in each window. Perhaps we
could also consider filling the space between the glass with water. This would prevent up to 75 percent of
ap
recommendations,
if necessary. the outside noise from entering the room.
gr
eo
lG
Unit 8 A complaint
na
details about the reports, you frequently suggest that migrants who come to this country are looking for benefits and
problem—including are involved in crime. While there are obviously unemployed people or criminals among the migrant
N
ng
the future.
Spanish and English, and having traveled widely, I am used to being around people
from other cultures. I am also prepared to get my hands dirty and help out in any
ni
way I can. I do a lot of sports and would say I have a good level of fitness, so I feel
confident that I would be able to cope with the manual labor.
ar
In addition, I have some experience in both gardening and farming because my
Le
Explain any skills grandparents live on a farm and I usually spend the summers helping out there.
and abilities you I am also an excellent team player and like to think I possess good social skills.
have which would
make you suitable
c
I hope you feel I am suitable for the post and look forward to hearing from you
hi
for the job. soon.
ap
Yours sincerely,
gr
Melanie Gleich
eo
lG
When writing success “Stop!” my teacher whispered loudly. “Look over there.” I had been dreading this
stories, it is customary moment—almost hoping we wouldn’t find one. But there it was—a python lying
at
for my biology class, and not only did we have to look for them, we had to catch
one too!
There was a group of us. I had to put a special stick at the back of its head while my
teacher and other students got hold of it. At least this way I wouldn’t have to touch
it. We had practiced lots of times with a plastic snake at school. We crept nearer.
My hands started to sweat; my heart started beating like a drum. The snake didn’t
move. And then it all happened in a flash! I put the stick behind its neck and the
others leapt over and grabbed it. Use descriptive verbs
to make the story
As the others held the snake down and measured it, I forced myself to touch it. more exciting.
Explain how
you felt after I finally managed to do it! Little did I know how nice they actually felt! That day
succeeding. changed my life. Rather than being disgusted by snakes, I became fascinated by
them, and now I plan to do lots of research on them.
ng
community (n) /kəˈmjunɪti/ strongly (adv) /ˈstrɔŋli/ inbox (n) /ˈɪnˌbɒks/
culture shock (n) /ˈkʌltʃər ˌʃɒk/ trip up (phr v) /ˈtrɪp ˈʌp/ infect (v) /ɪnˈfɛkt/
ni
date back (phr v) /ˈdeɪt ˈbæk/ turn out (phr v) /ˈtɜrn ˈaʊt/ intrigue (v) /ɪnˈtriɡ/
deal (n) /dil/ tutor (n) /ˈtutər/ invent (v) /ɪnˈvɛnt/
ar
decline (n) /dɪˈklaɪn/ upgrade (n) /ˈʌpˌɡreɪd/ investor (n) /ɪnˈvɛstər/
established (adj) /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ upgrade (v) /ʌpˈɡreɪd/ knock on the head /ˈnɒk ɒn ðə ˈhɛd/
Le
evaluate (v) /ɪˈvæljuˌeɪt/ vice versa (adv) /ˈvaɪsə ˈvɜrsə/ (idiom)
extensive (adj) /ɪkˈstɛnsɪv/ wealth (n) /wɛlθ/ leadership (n) /ˈlidərˌʃɪp/
fluent (adj ) /ˈfluənt/ welcoming (adj) /ˈwɛlkəmɪŋ/ market (v) /ˈmɑrkɪt/
food poisoning (n) /ˈfud ˌpɔɪzənɪŋ/ worry (n)
c /ˈwɜri/ network (v)
origin (n)
/ˈnɛtˌwɜrk/
/ˈɔrɪdʒɪn/
hi
genuinely (adv ) /ˈdʒɛnjuɪnli/
get a real feel for /ˌgɛt ə ˈrɪəl ˈfil fɔr/ out of hand (idiom) /ˈaʊt əv ˈhænd/
Unit 2
ap
(phr v) post (v) /poʊst/
get used to (the food) /ˌgɛt ˈjuzd tu/ potential (n) /pəˈtɛnʃəl/
(phr v) pressure (n) /ˈprɛʃər/
gr
grand (adj) /ɡrænd/ (a) matter (of) (idiom) /(ə)ˈmætər (əv)/ profile (n) /ˈproʊfaɪl/
hang out (phr v) /ˈhæŋ ˈaʊt/ adapt (v) /əˈdæpt/ profit (n) /ˈprɒfɪt/
eo
investment (n) /ɪnˈvɛstmənt/ be based (phr v) /bi ˈbeɪst/ solar (adj) /ˈsoʊlər/
keep in touch (idiom) /ˈkip ɪn ˈtʌʧ/ beg (v) /bɛɡ/ source (n) /sɔrs/
at
left to (your) own /ˈlɛft tu (yər) ˈoʊn businessperson (n) /ˈbɪznɪsˌpɜrsən/ spam (n) /spæm/
devices (idiom) dɪˈvaɪsɪz/ campaign (n) /kæmˈpeɪn/ statement (n) /ˈsteɪtmənt/
N
anticipate (v) /ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪt/ role model (n) /ˈroʊl ˌmɒdl/ expression (n) /ɪkˈsprɛʃən/
athletic (adj) /æθˈlɛtɪk/ roughly (adv) /ˈrʌfli/ factor (n) /ˈfæktər/
attitude (n) /ˈætɪˌtud/ schedule (n) /ˈskɛdjul/ fatal (adj) /ˈfeɪtəl/
awareness (n) /əˈwɛərnɪs/ season (n) /ˈsizən/ festival (n) /ˈfɛstɪvəl/
billion (n) /ˈbɪljən/ select (v) /sɪˈlɛkt/ figure out (phr v) /ˈfɪgjər ˈaʊt/
brand (n) /brænd/ set (a new record) (v) /sɛt/ found (v) /faʊnd/
bronze (adj) /brɒnz/ set up (v) /ˈsɛt ˈʌp/ foundation (n) /faʊnˈdeɪʃən/
captain (v) /ˈkæptən/ shrink (v) /ʃrɪŋk/ fulfill (v) /fʊlˈfɪl/
championship (n) /ˈtʃæmpiənˌʃɪp/ slightly (adv) /ˈslaɪtli/ gallery (n) /ˈɡæləri/
change the face of /ˈʧeɪnʤ ðə ˈfeɪs əv/ slow down (phr v) /ˈsloʊ ˈdaʊn/ gang (n) /ɡæŋ/
(idiom) smash (v) /smæʃ/ generate (v) /ˈdʒɛnəˌreɪt/
closely (adv) /ˈkloʊsli/ specialize (v) /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/ hard work (col) /ˈhɑrd ˈwɜrk/
compete (v) /kəmˈpit/ specific (adj) /spəˈsɪfɪk/ impact (n) /ˈɪmpækt/
conquer (v) /ˈkɒŋkər/ spirit (n) /ˈspɪrɪt/ income (n) /ˈɪnkʌm/
debt (n) /dɛt/ stamina (n) /ˈstæmɪnə/ industrial (adj) /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/
ng
determine (v) /dɪˈtɜrmɪn/ status (n) /ˈsteɪtəs/ initially (adv) /ɪˈnɪʃəli/
elite (adj) /ɪˈlit/ subsequently (adv) /ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli/ innovative (adj) /ɪnəˌveɪtɪv/
ni
energetic (adj) /ˌɛnərˈdʒɛtɪk/ subway (n) /ˈsʌbˌweɪ/ inspiration (n) /ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən/
entire (adj) /ɛnˈtaɪər/ suit (v) /sut/ lead to (phr v) /ˈlid tu/
ar
essentially (adv) /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/ sum (n) /sʌm/ leading orchestra (col) /ˈlidɪŋ ˈɔrkɪstrə/
establish (v) /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ surface (n) /ˈsɜrfɪs/ literally (adv) /ˈlɪtərəli/
Le
evolution (n) /ˌɛvəˈluʃən/ tackle (v) /ˈtækəl/ low income (adj) /ˈloʊ ˈɪnkʌm/
evolve (v) /ɪˈvɒlv/ target (n) /ˈtɑrɡɪt/ mayor (n) /meɪər/
expense (n) /ɪkˈspɛns/ technique (n) /tɛkˈnik/ minister (n) /ˈmɪnɪstər/
fade away (v)
fame (n) /feɪm/
/ˈfeɪd əˈweɪ/
c
technological (adj) /ˌtɛknəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ minority (n) /mɪˈnɔrɪti/
hi
tend to (phr v) /ˈtɛnd tu/ mixed results (phrase) /ˈmɪkst rɪˈzʌlts/
formal (adj) /ˈfɔrməl/ terminal (n) /ˈtɜrmɪnl/ museum (n) /mjuˈziəm/
ap
forward (n) /ˈfɔrwərd/ throughout (prep) /θruˈaʊt/ official (adj) /əˈfɪʃəl/
funding (n) /ˈfʌndɪŋ/ top (adj) /tɒp/ organizer (n) /ˈɔrɡəˌnaɪzər/
gardening (adj) /ˈɡɑrdnɪŋ/ vast (adj) /væst/ parade (n) /pəˈreɪd/
gr
ng
conduct (v) /kənˈdʌkt/ surgeon (n) /ˈsɜrdʒən/ mammal (n) /ˈmæməl/
consume (v) /kənˈsum/ surgery (n) /ˈsɜrdʒəri/ mass (adj) /mæs/
ni
cooperation (n) /koʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən/ surround (v) /səˈraʊnd/ misunderstanding (n) /ˌmɪsʌndərˈstændɪŋ/
cooperative (adj) /koʊˈɒpərətɪv/ survey (n) /ˈsɜrveɪ/ mysterious (adj) /mɪˈstɪəriəs/
ar
curiosity (n) /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsɪti/ theory (n) /ˈθɪəri/ overcome (v) /ˌoʊvərˈkʌm/
deadline (n) /ˈdɛdˌlaɪn/ threat (n) /θrɛt/ polar bear (n) /ˈpoʊlər ˌbɛər/
Le
determining (adv) /dɪˈtɜrmɪnɪŋ/ transform (v) /trænsˈfɔrm/ proof (n) /pruf/
discovery (n) /dɪˈskʌvəri/ transparent (adj) /trænsˈpærənt/ psychologist (n) /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/
dissolve (v) /dɪˈzɒlv/ tremendous (adj) /trəˈmɛndəs/ purely (adv) /ˈpjʊərli/
dominant (adj) /ˈdɒmɪnənt/ ultimate (adj)
c/ˈʌltəmɪt/ put forward (phr v) /ˌpʊt ˈfɔrwərd/
hi
downwards (adv) /ˈdaʊnwərdz/ uncertainty (n) /ʌnˈsɜrtənti/ rainfall (n) /ˈreɪnˌfɔl/
effective (adj) /ɪˈfɛktɪv/ use (n) /jus/ rate (n) /reɪt/
ap
electrical (adj) /iˈlɛktrɪkəl/ useful (adj) /ˈjusfəl/ rethink (v) /riˈθɪŋk/
embrace (v) /ɛmˈbreɪs/ voice (n) /vɔɪs/ reveal (v ) /rɪˈvil/
engage (v) /ɛnˈɡeɪdʒ/ revenge (n) /rɪˈvɛndʒ/
gr
ng
creatively (adv) /kriˈeɪtɪvli/ modify (v) /ˈmɒdɪˌfaɪ/
abuse (n) /əˈbjus/
demonstration (n) /ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃən/ norm (n) /nɔrm/
accuse (v) /əˈkjuz/
ni
desire (v) /dɪˈzaɪər/ notion (n) /ˈnoʊʃən/
acknowledge (v) /ækˈnɒlɪdʒ/
detailed (adj) /ˈditeɪld/ obsession (n) /əbˈsɛʃən/
apparently (adv) /əˈpærəntli/
ar
displace (v) /dɪsˈpleɪs/ offended (adj) /əˈfɛndɪd/
appropriate (adj) /əˈproʊpriɪt/
electrocute (v) /ɪˈlɛktrəˌkjut/ open-minded (adj) /ˈoʊpənˈmaɪndɪd/
associate with (phr v) /əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt ˌwɪð/
Le
external (adj) /ɪkˈstɜrnəl/ phenomenon (n) /fəˈnɒmɪˌnɒn/
assumption (n) /əˈsʌmpʃən/
extreme (adj) /ɪkˈstrim/ policy (n) /ˈpɒləsi/
assure (v) /əˈʃʊər/
flexibility (n) /ˌflɛksəˈbɪlɪti/ praise (v) /preɪz/
awkward (adj) /ˈɔkwərd/
flexible (adj) /ˈflɛksəbəl/
awkwardness (n)
c /ˈɔkwərdnɪs/
presence (n) /ˈprɛzəns/
hi
fluency (n) /ˈfluənsi/ pretend (v) /prɪˈtɛnd/
belong (v) /bɪˈlɔŋ/
follow (v) /ˈfɒloʊ/ proportion (n) /prəˈpɔrʃən/
breakdown (n) /ˈbreɪkˌdaʊn/
ap
devastation (n) /ˌdɛvəˈsteɪʃən/ the loud (n) /ðə ˈlaʊd/ expose (v) /ɪkˈspoʊz/
disaster (n) /dɪˈzæstər/ the old (n) /ði ˈoʊld/ express (v) /ɪkˈsprɛs/
donation (n) /doʊˈneɪʃən/ the outgoing (n) /ði ˈaʊtˌgoʊɪŋ/ extract (n) /ɪkˈstrækt/
earthquake (n) /ˈɜrθˌkweɪk/ the poor (n) /ðə ˈpʊər/ fascinated (adj) /ˈfæsəˌneɪtɪd/
edit (n) /ˈɛdɪt/ the rich (n) /ðə ˈrɪʧ/ flash (n) /flæʃ/
evacuate (v) /ɪˈvækjuˌeɪt/ the stupid (n) /ðə ˈstupɪd/ force (v) /fɔrs/
flee (v) /fli/ trap (v) /træp/ get out (phr v) /ˈgɛt ˈaʊt/
frustrate (v) /ˈfrʌstreɪt/ unfamiliar (adj) /ˌʌnfəˈmɪljər/ gripping (adj) /ˈɡrɪpɪŋ/
give (sth) a go (phr v) /ˈgɪv ə ˈgoʊ/ unfold (v) /ʌnˈfoʊld/ heath care (n) /ˈhɛlθ ˌkɛər/
global warming (n) /ˈgloʊbəl ˈwɔrmɪŋ/ helmet (n) /ˈhɛlmɪt/
globe (n) /ɡloʊb/ honor (n) /ˈɒnər/
graduate (n)
greed (n)
/ˈɡrædʒuɪt/
/ɡrid/
Unit 10 house (v)
inability (n)
/haʊz/
/ˌɪnəˈbɪlɪti/
headquarters (n) /ˈhɛdˌkwɔrtərz/ inevitable (adj) /ɪnˈɛvɪtəbəl/
actively (adj) /ˈæktɪvli/
homeless (adj) /ˈhoʊmlɪs/ infection (n) /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/
ng
address (v) /əˈdrɛs/
housing (n) /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ insufficient (adj) /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/
aim (v) /eɪm/
humanity (n) /hjuˈmænɪti/ intensive (adj) /ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/
allergic (adj) /əˈlɜrdʒɪk/
ni
imprison (v) /ɪmˈprɪzən/ keep down (phr v) /ˈkip ˈdaʊn/
amazement (n) /əˈmeɪzmənt/
inclusive (adj) /ɪnˈklusɪv/ lead (v) /lid/
antibiotics (n) /ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪks/
ar
infrastructure (n) /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃər/ lung (n) /lʌŋ/
apocalypse (n) /əˈpɒkəˌlɪps/
initiative (n) /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ make the most of /ˈmeɪk ðə ˈmoʊst əv/
award (v) /əˈwɔrd/
Le
interactive (adj) /ˌɪntərˈæktɪv/ (phrase)
bench (n) /bɛntʃ/ misery (n) /ˈmɪzəri/
joy (n) /dʒɔɪ/
bestseller (n) /ˈbɛstˈsɛlər/ nickname (n) /ˈnɪkˌneɪm/
launch (v) /lɔntʃ/
blindness (n) /ˈblaɪndnɪs/
limited (adj) /ˈlɪmɪtɪd/
blink (v)
c
/blɪŋk/
optimistic (adj)
partial (adj)
/ˌɒptəˈmɪstɪk/
/ˈpɑrʃəl/
hi
neutral (adj) /ˈnutrəl/
cast (n) /kæst/ peer (v) /pɪər/
on behalf of (phr v) /ˌɒn bɪˈhæf əv/
category (n) /ˈkætɪˌɡɔri/
ap
ng
dad’s American, so I’d been to the US with family a few times, but I hadn’t that contain more than one person.
traveled on my own before. I was actually thinking about canceling my trip Fresh fears But what about general travel? I often argued with my parents
before I left. I remember as my departure day got nearer, I got really nervous, about the dangers of hitchhiking, and I would tell them about all the
ni
but I’m so happy I didn’t cancel because it completely changed my life. I amazing experiences I’d had and the generous, interesting people I’d met.
stayed with a host family in Munich and they were really welcoming. When I think it genuinely gave me a different perspective to other travelers and
ar
I wasn’t in school, they showed me all the sights, took me hiking and skiing, tourists. But now, I look at my daughter and I wonder about her going on a
and really helped me get a feel for the country. I have become far more fluent trip. Would I want her to go hitchhiking?
Le
in German and feel as though I have matured a lot. I miss my host family, but
we still talk a lot online and I’m actually planning to visit again in the summer. Track 4 1: I was a student going home to visit friends. 2 Hitchhiking used
Catalina: My name is Catalina. I went to Italy last year as part of the Sum- to be so common. 3 You’d have to line up behind several others.
mer Explorer program. I have an Italian grandmother, so I’d been wanting
c
hi
to go there for ages. I’d never left Argentina! I’ll never forget the feeling I Track 5 1 I make the mistake of asking him “So where are you staying
had as I was stepping off the plane and into Palermo airport! It all took a tonight?” 2 And I’m thinking “Oh man! What do you do?” 3 And the voice
ap
while to get used to and I got a bit of a culture shock to begin with, but I in my head goes, “Wait, what?” 4 I’m staring at the ceiling, I’m thinking, “Oh
soon started making new friends. After the first month, I could get by in my god, what have I done?”
gr
Italian and by the end of the second month, it had got way better. By the
third, I didn’t want to leave as my Italian was really improving, and I’d made Track 6 S1: I’m thinking of seeing some sights today. Can you recommend
eo
loads of new friends. All in all, it was a great experience and I’m keen to go anywhere? S2: Well, the Old Town is well worth a visit. There are some
back sometime in the future to live and work for a few years. amazing buildings there. S1: OK. Well, I’ll check that out this morning, then.
And do you know anywhere good to have lunch? S2: Well, there’s a great
lG
Track 3: Hitchhiking: Where did all the hitchhikers go? I was driving steak place down by the river. S1: Oh, right. Well, actually, I don’t eat meat,
along the other day, and I passed a man sticking his thumb out. He was so … S2: In that case, you’d be best off going to Madragora – a nice little
asking for a ride. When we had gone past, my daughter, who is 15, asked me, vegetarian place near the park. S1: Great. Thanks for the tip.
na
“What was that man doing?” The question surprised me because hitchhiking
used to be so common. I used to do it all the time when I was a student Track 7 The number of entrepreneurs has been growing ever since the arrival
io
going home to visit friends, and I also spent one summer hitchhiking around of new technology and online services. This new technology has reduced the
South America. Often when you went to some hitching spots, you’d have to barriers that previously discouraged people from setting up a business. Now,
at
line up behind several others already waiting for a ride—it was so popular. So a company does not have to be based in an impressive office or employ
what happened? Why is it so rare now? The authors of Freakonomics, Stephen lots of people. It could be just one person at home with a computer – like
N
Dubner and Steve Levitt, have also asked this question in one of their regular Nick D’Aloisio. He created an app in his bedroom to summarize news articles
podcasts. They suggest that it probably comes down to five main reasons. and then sold it to Yahoo for 30 million dollars – all before he reached his
Fear Several horror movies have shown psychotic drivers who kidnap and 18th birthday! Or it could be someone like the best-selling author Amanda
murder the hitchhiker they pick up (or vice versa). This has been reinforced Hocking. Rather than finding a publisher to market and distribute her work,
by certain stories in the media of people getting robbed and being left she self-published her fantasy-thrillers as e-books. She has since sold over
in the middle of nowhere. Unsurprisingly, this has caused trust to break a million copies of them on Amazon. This new style of business particularly
down. Some people believe that the chances of these things happening benefits people like Nick and Amanda: young people or people from other
are small. The website Wand’rly, for example, suggests people are far more groups who have been under-represented in corporate leadership.
likely to die by tripping and falling than hitchhiking. Technology has also changed how businesses are funded. Previously, peo-
Legal restrictions There are more major roads now than there used to ple trying to raise money to develop their ideas had to go to a bank or ne-
be, and hitching is either banned or drivers are not allowed to pull over on gotiate a deal with an investor. Bankers and investors often only supported
these roads. people like themselves – older, wealthy men in suits. In contrast, D’Aloisio’s
Greater access to cars Alan Piskarsi, a transportation expert, points to the first investor contacted him by email from Hong Kong and had no idea that
fact that cars last longer so there are more of them available at a cheaper price. the company was run by a 15-year-old boy out of his bedroom. Crowd-
What’s more, many more people have driver’s licenses than they used to. funding websites such as Kickstarter allow entrepreneurs to avoid banks or
Low-cost flights In the past, young people simply couldn’t afford to fly having to sell part of their business to an investor. They provide a place for
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Online banking allows people to access their accounts from anywhere that we’d never won any gold medals. I guess you could say we were lucky the
has an internet connection. People don’t even have to leave the house to go International Olympic Committee decided to introduce badminton as an
shopping! However, with greater connectivity comes greater risk. Every year, Olympic sport that year because Susi won the women’s singles – and her
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hundreds of thousands of people become victims of online crime. We asked our future husband, Alan Budikusuma, won the men’s. Susi is not very tall –
maybe one metre 60, something like that – but she was so energetic and
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readers to share some of their terrible tech tales while we examine where the
crimes originate. Laura One day last year, I got a call from what I thought was determined, always moving, almost floating! Another thing I love about her
my bank. They said someone was trying to take money from my account is her attitude. She always fought right to the end, even when it seemed
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without my permission and that they needed to confirm my personal there was no hope, and I admire that.
details to stop it. I’ll be honest – I didn’t really understand what was going
on and wanted to stop anything bad from happening, so I gave them my Track 12 Olympic gold When Baron Pierre de Coubertin set up the first
name and address and date of birth. I didn’t hear back, but a month later I
c modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, he declared that “The most important
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got my credit card statement and found someone had spent over $11,000 thing in the Olympic Games is not winning, but taking part; the essential
on flights and luxury hotels! Bruno I was surfing the web one day when I thing in life is not conquering but fighting well.” Sometimes, these days
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found a site selling Xboxes and PlayStations. I couldn’t believe how cheap it can seem that this core principle has been forgotten, overtaken by the
they were. They had stuff on there for half the normal price! I clicked on one other motto de Coubertin is known for: “faster, higher, stronger”.
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item and bought what was advertised as a “PlayStation 4 original box and The hosting countries spend huge amounts of money to hold the 16-day
receipt”. I assumed it was second-hand and, as it was only €150, I bought event. Many of the countries taking part invest huge sums in programs for
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it without checking the details. You can imagine how I felt a few days elite athletes. And that money is not spent to come fourth; the only thing that
later when the postman brought me just the box and the receipt! Janella matters is having “the best Games” and winning medals – preferably gold.
Looking back, it was my own fault, but when I got an email saying a distant The figures are enormous! Depending on who you ask, China spent
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relative had died and left me millions of dollars, common sense went out $40 billion on the Beijing Olympics, Russia invested $50 billion in Sochi;
of the window! It was from someone claiming to be a lawyer in West Africa. while Rio and London each cost between 14 and 18 billion dollars. In
I know my dad’s side of the family had connections there, so I thought it terms of money for athletes, the UK spent over $400 million on supporting
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must be true. They attached documents that looked official and kept writ- 1,300 top competitors. This funding is directly linked to success: those who
ing, so eventually I sent them $8,000 to pay the legal fees. Of course, it was fail to achieve their targets will have their funding cut and in some cases
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a scam and I never heard from them again … or got my money back! completely removed. So much for the value of just “taking part!”
Similarly, some years ago, China established a system known as Juguo Tizhi
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Track 9 A: We can start with 50 kilograms as a trial shipment. B: Fifty (“whole country support for the elite sport system”) for developing athletes.
kilograms? There’s no point doing this unless you’re shipping at least a Children are identified as potential sports stars at the ages of six to nine and
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metric ton. are sent to special sports schools run by local government, where they train
for up to 15 hours a week. Those who prove to have talent move on to a
Track 10 1: Wouldn’t it be good to have something like that? 2 Don’t you semi-professional schedule of four to six hours a day, five or six days a week.
think it’s a bad idea to give money to strangers online? 3 Isn’t there some- After some years, the top performers then move on to provincial training
thing similar to that already? 4 Haven’t you ever wished you could do that? centers. Students there live and breathe their sport and hope to be selected
5 Wouldn’t you be happy to pay a little more to help? for their provincial team and then to be full-time professional athletes repre-
senting their country. There are around 400,000 young people in this system
Track 11 1, Shelley: She’s retired now, but I’ve always really admired Mia whose main purpose is to “win glory for their nation” and, in the years before
Hamm. She used to be a forward in the US women’s football team, and Beijing, it accounted for a very large percentage of all sports funding.
she’s one of the most successful football players ever. I mean, she’s won In both sports and life, you tend to get what you pay for; the more
Olympic medals, World Cup medals … she played for her country 275 money you spend, the better the results. China came first in Beijing,
times – and scored over 150 international goals. No man has ever man- and Great Britain got its highest ranking for over 100 years in 2016. The
aged that! And they were some of the best goals I’ve ever seen as well. She question is whether this search for success at all costs comes at the
really had everything: awareness, technique, skill, stamina, everything. And expense of investing in something which is arguably more valuable: local
she was so consistent too – always an eight or nine out of ten performer. clubs and competitions; facilities for people to stay healthy and play for fun.
2, Luca: Not many people can claim to have made a sport popular more Seeing your team win can obviously lift your spirits. However, this feeling is
or less on their own, but Valentino Rossi is one of them. In my eyes, he’s the only temporary, while taking part in regular exercise and sports has been
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shown to have long-term psychological benefits, as well as having other example, we’re about to put on a community arts festival. We’re holding
advantages. Given this, surely spending more money on increasing sports various shows and events over a week with local people volunteering.
participation from the lowest levels up would be a better way of tackling Host: That sounds interesting, but I’m afraid we’ve run out of time. You can
some of the health and social challenges that many countries face. continue the discussion on the Arts Spot website and get information on
Mark’s festival which starts soon. M: Yup. Host: OK. So thanks to Mark and
Track 13 1: I’m better at it than I used to be. 2 It’s the best thing I’ve Holly. Until next time.
experienced in my life. 3 I don’t do it as much as I used to. 4 It’s a lot more
popular than it used to be. 5 It’s a bit more difficult than it was in the past. Track 17 A system that’s leading the way Jose Antonio Abreu trained
6 It’s far easier than it was in the past. 7 I’m not as good at it as I’d like to be. and worked as an economist for many years, but his dream was to have
8 They’re doing worse than they did last season. a life in music. He fulfilled that dream, first through individual perfor-
mance, but more importantly through founding El Sistema. El Sistema is
Track 14 The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon ran two hours and an innovative program for teaching music to children from diverse social
eight minutes. Had he been racing against the winner of the 1904 Olympic backgrounds. It has been so successful that an orchestra that is part of the
marathon, he would have won by nearly an hour and a half. program – the Venezuelan National Youth Orchestra – has been named
among the five leading orchestras in the world. Yet, 40 years ago, such an
Track 15 The Rio Carnival, one of the world’s leading festivals, is held every idea seemed a long way off.
February in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the festival, organizers put on a When he first started the orchestra, Abreu had managed to get 50 music
huge number of parades and parties all over the city, which attract almost stands for the 100 children he was expecting to come and rehearse. In the
a million tourists. The festival has a big impact on the city, and on people’s end, only 11 turned up. What was he going to do? Give up? Try to get more
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cultural lives. The carnival involves around 200 Samba schools which children involved? In fact, he went several steps further and promised
compete to have the best costumes, dance routines, and musical bands. those 11 students that he would turn the orchestra into a world leader! So
It generates over 750 million dollars in income locally in Rio, which comes apart from this fierce ambition, how did it happen?
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from tourists who attend the four-day event and the Samba schools, which Obviously, the resources that the Venezuelan government puts into El
can sometimes spend over three million dollars on costumes and prepa- Sistema are important. It pays for instruments and teaching for over 500,000
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rations. The festival also boosts Brazil’s broader economy. But it’s not just young musicians who are involved in the program and also provides
about money. There’s wide support for the festival because it brings people monthly grants to older pupils as a reward for their hard work. It also pays
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together and helps create a sense of pride in the country. Many of the for performances and teaching younger children in the program. Private
Samba schools are from the poorest neighborhoods in the city, and the companies often sponsor local groups and parents also raise funds for tours.
festival offers young people opportunities to take part in cultural activities However, money is not the only factor in its success. Central to El Sistema is a
and learn new skills. In many ways, the festival has put Rio on the map as a
c focus on discipline and commitment. New students can start from as young
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world city and cultural hotspot. as three, but students and their parents must agree to a strict set of rules
and attend classes and rehearsals for between one and four hours a day, up
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Track 16 Host: Today on Arts Spot, we’re looking at some art projects aim- to six days a week. Teachers may visit parents to help them understand the
ing to make a difference. I’m here with my usual guests, Holly and Mark. So hours required to improve and how to support their children.
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Holly, if we can start with you . . . I think you wanted to talk about the Favela While discipline is important, the musical training also emphasizes fun,
Painting Foundation, right? H: Yeah. You may have seen these guys Haas team spirit, physical expression and the value of performance. Students
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and Hahn give a TED Talk on their project in Rio. M: Yeah, they’re very cool start in a choir and work on rhythm and percussion before moving on
guys. They created an incredible work of art by painting a whole neighbor- to playing the recorder and then finally choosing their instrument at the
hood. H: Exactly. So their latest project is something similar, but in Port-au- age of seven. Lessons are mainly conducted as a group, with all the class
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Prince, the capital of Haiti, which, as you know, has suffered a lot over the working towards performing a piece in front of an audience.
last few years from an earthquake in 2010 and a hurricane in 2016. Host: El Sistema is seen by many people from low-income families as a way
OK. So these paintings have a big impact on the eye – I mean, they’re to stay in education and escape poverty. It can present opportunities to
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really colorful and beautiful, but what about their impact on the communi- travel via tours within Venezuela and abroad. It has also been credited
ty. H: That’s a difficult one. I mean, I think they have a positive impact. They with improving relations between different communities and saving many
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certainly get local people involved very early on so the community really children from getting involved in gangs and violence. No wonder many
supports the projects. And in Haiti, the project is certainly going to create other countries have looked to copy the program.
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jobs, and it’ll be employing local artists. I guess that work won’t last, but I Setting up a “sistema” is not a straightforward process and there have been
think the locals are hoping the project will attract interest in the area and mixed results. However, it seems there are always individuals whose lives
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bring in more investment long term. Host: That’s always the hope, isn’t are changed. As one parent from the Scottish Sistema put it: “My son was
it? Mark, you have another city which is hoping to put itself on the world struggling, and I was worried he was going to drop out of school and end
cultural map – Birmingham! M: Yeah, well that’s what they say. Host: up hanging out with the wrong kids. El Sistema has made a huge difference.
They’re looking for an artist to create a big innovative piece of public art, He’s gained confidence, learned discipline and he’s definitely back on track.”
aren’t they? M: That’s the plan. It’s part of the continuing redevelopment of
the city. The idea is it’ll be part of a space local people can enjoy; a place Track 18 a: but they just played loads of new stuff. They were absolutely
they can hold events to attract tourists and boost their economy. Host: terrible. b: but it literally sold out in seconds. I couldn’t believe it. c: loads
That’s very ambitious! So how much is it all going to cost? M: Well, the of people were actually against it. d: but it cost way more than that. e: but
budget for the selection process and the cost of installing the piece they we had to wait for hours. It must’ve been midnight before they came on. f:
choose is set at two million pounds. Host: Wow – and what about once it’s but it just poured all day.
been completed? M: Who knows? I mean, the idea is the piece should be
low maintenance, so they won’t be spending thousands of pounds every Track 19 1 Shelby: My parents took me to see The Mousetrap while we
year to keep it in good condition. Host: Yeah, that’s important. Part of me were on vacation. I don’t know if you know it or not, but apparently it’s
wonders about that with the Haiti painting. What’ll happen when the paint the world’s longest-running play. My dad said it’ll soon have been running
fades? H: I don’t know. Does it matter? I think in that case what matters is for 70 years, and over 10 million people will have seen it, which is pretty
it’s bringing people together and restoring pride in their community. amazing, really. Anyway, I wasn’t expecting much because I don’t usually
M: You’re probably right, but aren’t there cheaper ways to do that? For like murder mysteries, but it was way better than I thought it would be.
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out somewhere with me tomorrow? S2: Yeah, OK. Why not? Where did you Curiosity also allows us to embrace unfamiliar circumstances, brings excite-
have in mind? Anywhere in particular? S1: Well, there’s this new exhibition ment into our lives and opens up new possibilities. Being curious requires
on in town that I’d quite like to go and see. S2: OK. What kind of thing is it? us to be both humble enough to know we don’t have all the answers, and
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I’m not really into art, so … S1: No, it’s all about technology and how it’s confident enough to admit it. Asking the questions that help us bridge the
changing the world. You know – 3-D printers and all that. gap between what we already know and what we’d like to know can lead
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S2: Ah, it doesn’t sound like my kind of thing, to be honest. S1: No worries. us to make unexpected discoveries.
It’ll be running for a while, so I can always go and see it on my own some In science, basic curiosity-driven research – carried out without pressure to
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time. S2: Cool. Hey. How about checking out this band that are playing in produce immediate practical results – can have unexpected and incredibly
the park tomorrow night? S1: Umm … maybe. Who are they? S2: They’re important benefits. For example, one day in 1831, Michael Faraday was
called Moral Panic. They’ve got this sort of alternative / hardcore / metal playing around with a coil and a magnet when he suddenly saw how he
sound. S1: OK. Doesn’t really sound like my kind of music, I’m afraid. Metal
c could generate an electrical current. At first, it wasn’t clear what use this
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just does nothing for me. S2: Hmmm. OK. Well, we’re a bit stuck then, really, would be, but it actually made electricity available for use in technology,
aren’t we? S1: I don’t know. What about just going to see a film? Would you and so changed the world.
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be up for that? S2: Yeah. Maybe. Do you know what’s on? Unsurprisingly, there are chemical and evolutionary theories to explain why
S1: Well, there’s The Gift, this new thriller that’s supposed to be really good. humans are such curious creatures. When we become curious, our brains
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S2: Oh yeah! I was going to go and see that last week but couldn’t get release a chemical called dopamine, which makes the process of learning
tickets in the end. It looks amazing, though. S1: So how about that, then? more pleasurable and improves memory. It is still not known why learning
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Let me just check (pause). Yeah. There’s a showing at 4:15. And another one gives us such pleasure, but one theory is that we may have developed a
at 6:45. S2: Let’s go for the later one but meet a little bit earlier. basic need to fight uncertainty – the more we understand about the world
S1: OK. Shall we say six in the café so we can get a coffee first? And I’ll book around us, the more likely we are to survive its many dangers!
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tickets right now, just to be safe. S2: Brilliant. I’ll see you there, then. Bye. However, curiosity is currently under threat like never before – and perhaps
the biggest threat comes from technology! On one level, this is because
Track 22 S1: Hi – and welcome to Life Hacks, the show where we help technology has become so sophisticated that many of us are unable to
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you deal with those annoying everyday problems. And with me today to think too deeply about how exactly things work anymore. While it may be
share the life hacks they’ve picked up this week are Marie and Jamal. So possible for a curious teenager to take a toaster apart and get some sense
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Marie, what have you got for us? S2: Well, I was recently given this lovely of how it works, how far do you understand what happens when you type
new smartphone for my 18th birthday and, if you’re one of those people – a website address into a browser? Where does your grasp of technology
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like me – who finds it really hard to get out of bed in the morning, there’s end and the magic begin for you?
a hack for that. S1: Interesting! Go on. S2: Well, basically, if you use your In addition to this, there’s the fact that we all now connect so deeply with
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phone as an alarm clock like me, you can create your own loudspeaker by technology, particularly our phones. The more we stare at our screens, the
simply putting the phone speaker downwards in a paper cup – a clean, dry less we talk to other people directly. To make matters worse, all too often we
one, obviously. And of course it works better as an alarm if the cup is then accept the images of people that social media provides us with, and then feel
left far away from your bed, as then you’ll be forced to get up to turn it off. we know enough about a person not to need to engage further with them.
S3: And how does it work, Marie? I mean, what’s the science behind it? S2: The final – and perhaps most worrying – way in which technology stops
Simple: the cup channels the sound in one direction, whereas normally it’d us from asking more has to do with algorithms, the processes followed by
be thrown around all over the place. S1: You’ve actually just reminded me, computers. As we increasingly get our news via social media, algorithms
Marie, of an app I came across recently. It’s been designed to track your find out what we like and push more of the same back to us, meaning we
sleep patterns and wake you up during light sleep rather than deep, which end up inside our own little bubbles and no longer meet ideas that chal-
is far less painful of course! S2: Neat. I like the sound of that. I might give it lenge our pre-existing beliefs. Perhaps the real key to developing curiosity
a try. By the way, one other phone hack I’ve learned recently … you know, in the 21st century, then, is to rely less on the tech tools of our age.
if your phone’s being charged and you need it done ASAP, then what you
need to do is put it in Airplane mode. That reduces the energy the phone Track 24 a Many people, like the Greek philosopher Aristotle, believed the
uses and so speeds things up a bit. S1: Great. Thanks, Marie. Jamal. What heart was the center of intelligence, but there were others who disagreed
have you got for us today? S3: Something completely different, actually. and the idea of thinking with your heart didn’t die out until the Middle
An email has just been sent to me by Maxine, who’s suggested a hack Ages. b The market for brain games has grown massively in recent years,
for anyone out there who likes a spicy curry from time to time. S2: That’d but the research into what impact these training products have is still hotly
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debated. While it seems probable that they can have a positive effect, the new environment, because evolution’s not a choice, and the chance of
it hasn’t been proven yet. c There has been some research on Einstein’s getting the right genetic change is low. I: And that’s why we’ve had mass ex-
brain which suggests he had more neurons and that some parts were tinctions like the dinosaurs? P: Exactly. And the argument is that humans are
more developed, but the size of his brain was average or slightly smaller, now the equivalent of an ice age. We’re causing so many changes so quickly
and it can’t be proven that any of these differences were what caused his that animals and plants can’t adapt and are dying out at an incredible rate. I:
intelligence. d The brain contains 75 percent water, which is perhaps why But that still doesn’t explain why we should protect them, does it? P: Well, I
being thirsty can affect your ability to think. e We use all our brain at some suppose because we humans can choose to alter our behavior, I feel we have
point, and most of the brain is working most of the time. f Exercise – at a duty to. I: A lot of people won’t share that feeling – they will think of the
least light exercise like a short run or swim – produces chemicals that help cost of conservation. P: It’s not cheap, but they might want to look at it from
you think. g Brain scans of taxi drivers have shown that they have a larger a purely selfish point of view. Plants we’re killing could be cures for cancer.
hippocampus than average. h It has been disproven that creative people And losing biodiversity has negative consequences for us – some that could
have a dominant right brain. We use both sides of our brains in creative even lead more quickly to our own extinction! I: Yes – a point the exhibition
acts and everyone’s brains are pretty much equal on both sides. ends with. Our short-term survival isn’t guaranteed.
P: Absolutely not, but conservation of other species may help us last longer.
Track 25 What are you reading? There are no words there. I said, read what I: Paloma, shall we leave it there? P: Sure. Thank you. I: Thank you.
you’re seeing. Right? It literally says, “Wat ar ou rea in?” Right? That’s what you
should have said. Right? Why is this? It’s because perception is grounded in Track 28 Help save the Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus from extinction
our experience. Right? The brain takes meaningless information and makes About The Pacific Northwest tree octopus (Octopus Paxarbolis) is only
meaning out of it, which means we never see what’s there, we never see found in the forests of Washington State, on the eastern side of the Olympic
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information, we only ever see what was useful to see in the past. All right? Mountains, in the United States. These creatures reach an average size of
Which means, when it comes to perception, we’re all like this frog. Right? It’s between 30 and 35 centimeters and live for around four years. They are
getting information. It’s generating behavior that’s useful. unusual in that they live both in water and on land, a fact made possible by
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the very high amounts of rainfall in this part of the United States.
Track 26 The Scientific Method is basically an organized way of designing Possessing the largest brain of any octopus, the tree octopus explores its
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and setting up experiments that helps you answer questions or solve prob- surroundings by touch and sight. Some scientists believe that the way it
lems. It usually involves six specific steps. First, define the purpose of your has adapted to life in the forest mirrors the way early life forms adapted to
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experiment. What question are you trying to answer? Maybe you want to life away from the water. Although they are not social animals like humans,
find out if the color of a light bulb affects plant growth, for instance. Next, they can still show emotions by changing their skin color: red indicates
do your research: look for information in books, on the web, and so on. Get anger and white, fear. Normally, though, they are a green-brown color that
as much information as you can before you start your experiment. Maybe
c matches their surroundings.
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someone has already done a similar experiment that you could repeat or Every spring, tree octopuses leave their homes and travel to the coast to breed.
develop. After this, you form your hypothesis. In other words, you predict Males soon return to the forest, while females lay their eggs underwater. The
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an answer to your question. It’s best to state your hypothesis explicitly. An young then spend the first month or so floating near to the shore before
example might be, “If I grow plants under red light bulbs, they’ll grow faster moving out of the water and beginning their adult lives in the forest.
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than plants growing under white ones.” Then comes the fun part – the Why is it endangered? Although the tree octopus is not yet on the offi-
experiment itself. Design a test to find out if your hypothesis is correct. In cial list of endangered animals, it should be, as numbers are now seriously
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our example, you could set up some plant seeds under a red light bulb low. It faces many threats: trees in Pacific-Northwest forests are constantly
and some under a white one and observe each for a couple of weeks. being cut down; new roads have cut off access to water; the growth of
During the experiment, keep a record of what happens and then analyze local towns has introduced house cats into the region which hunt the
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this data before finally drawing your conclusions. Review your data to see if octopuses and pollution is getting worse. Immediate action needs to be
your original hypothesis was correct. If the plants under the red light bulb taken to stop the tree octopus from becoming extinct.
did actually grow faster, then you’ve proved your hypothesis. If not, your Become an activist Here are some things you can do to help protect the
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hypothesis was wrong. Either way, you’ve discovered something! last few tree octopuses:
• Write to the government to say you are worried and that you feel the
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Track 27 Interviewer: So today, inspired by the exhibition Extinction: Not the tree octopus should be given special protection and included on the
end of the world? we’re talking about conservation – and here to discuss it is Endangered Species List.
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biologist and conservationist Paloma Sánchez. Paloma, welcome. Paloma: • Write to celebrities, asking them to talk in interviews about the dangers
Pleasure to be here. I: So Paloma, I suppose the first thing that will strike facing the tree octopus.
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people is the statistic that 99 percent of species that have ever lived on Earth • Let the world know about the tree octopus: tell your family and friends.
are already extinct! P: Absolutely. Extinction is as natural a part of our planet • Tell people not to buy products made by companies that don’t protect
as death itself: we all die, and all species eventually die out! I: Indeed, but the tree octopus when cutting down trees.
doesn’t that raise a huge question for you as a conservationist? Should we • Start an online campaign! Encourage people to sign a petition.
even try to preserve endangered species? I mean, if evolution is the survival
of the fittest, then you might stop weak species going extinct, which could Track 29 A study sponsored by the US Department of Education and
be a bad thing. Maybe we shouldn’t interfere. P: Well, I think there’s a bit of a conducted by researchers at the University of Connecticut has revealed
misunderstanding there. That phrase, “the survival of the fittest” can suggest the alarming degree to which internet users believe anything they read
evolution is a kind of competition where only the strong survive, but that’s online. As part of the research, students were sent to a website containing
a myth. The initial genetic changes that lead to evolution occur purely by details about a made-up creature – the endangered Pacific Northwest tree
chance. Those changes have a positive effect on a species” ability to breed, octopus – in order to assess their ability to evaluate information found
defend itself or get food and, as a result, the genes get passed on. However, online. Researchers discovered that not only did students believe the site
while the changes must bring some benefit, the animal can be weaker in was genuine, but some also insisted the octopus must exist even after it
another area which might actually leave it more at risk of extinction. I: Really? was revealed to them that it was all a trick.
P: Absolutely. Say an animal adapts perfectly to one specific area. If that hab- This has led to concerns that students are now too reliant on the internet
itat disappeared for whatever reason, they’d easily die out. I: They couldn’t when doing research, as well as fears that students are not being taught
adapt to a new environment? P: Not unless their existing features matched how to check whether information found on the internet is genuine or not.
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getting interested. Now I’m just as bad as he is! Our favorite is a python that you feel is the best for the problem you are trying to solve.
called Monty. We will have had him for three years this November. Torrance followed the lives of children who first took his tests to see if they
predicted creative achievements as adults. Analyses of these studies suggest
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Track 31 1 Male: They must not have been serious. Female: They must have they do. In fact, his tests are better at judging future creative success than
been joking. 2 M: I should have helped him. F: I would have helped him. intelligence tests. This is why they are frequently used to identify top man-
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3 M: It must have been really interesting. F: It was really interesting. agers in business and children for special educational programs. It is also
4 M: I guess that might have been the reason. F: I guess that could have been why there was concern in the United States when the magazine Newsweek
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the reason. 5 M: You shouldn’t have texted me. F: You shouldn’t have been reported that children’s scores on the tests were falling.
texting me. 6 M: It should have arrived by now. F: It will have arrived by now. Some have argued that this drop is because of children’s lifestyles: too
many video games, too much TV and too little freedom to make choices.
Track 32 1 … she thought it was just a splinter of wood, because that’s the
c Others have suggested that education in the United States has become
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sort of thing people had found at the Fyles Leaf Bed before – prehistoric too focused on exam results, so teachers use fewer creative activities and
plant parts. 2 How certain were you that you had it right, like ... that you favor more traditional learning by heart. This is in contrast to countries with
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had put it together in the right way, like? 3 … something like a cow or a a history of more traditional activities like memorization and practice drills
sheep. But it couldn’t have been either of those. It was just too big. such as China, which are doing the opposite and encouraging creativity
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4 … you’re going to have different body sizes. You’re going to have some through techniques such as problem-based learning.
with really long necks, so they’re actually functionally like giraffes. 5 And, as Problem-based learning involves setting a genuine problem such as re-
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a historian, you start with an idea in your mind of how the story goes. ducing noise in a school library or deciding on a week’s menu of meals for
an athlete. In reaching a conclusion, students have to do research across
Track 33 The Monster Engine is one of the most wonderful things several subjects and be creative in the fullest sense. No doubt Torrance
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I’ve come across in quite some time. It’s a book, a lecture and a gallery would have approved if he was still alive.
exhibition, featuring wonderfully detailed colored paintings of all kinds of
crazy creatures. And none of it would ever have happened if comic artist Track 35 1 A: Don’t you ever wish you didn’t have to sleep? 2 A: I wish
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Dave Devries hadn’t spent a day with his young niece Jessica back in 1998. I hadn’t heard that song. 3 B: If only I didn’t hate the sight of blood or
Jessica was busy filling the pages of a sketch pad with pictures of monsters needles. 4 B: I’d rather we finished it today. 5 B: Yeah, if only we had the
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when Devries suddenly thought, “What would these drawings look like money to buy proper equipment – and the ideas! A: I wish I was as crea-
if they were painted more realistically?” Using his experience of drawing tive as you. 6 A: I wish you’d been there. B: I wish my parents would relax a
at
superheroes and comic book characters for DC and Marvel, he then set bit and let me go out more.
about applying color and shading to children’s artwork in an attempt to
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bring their pictures to life. For Devries, it was also a link back to his own Track 36 I’m a lexicographer. I make dictionaries. And my job as a lexicog-
childhood and proof, if he needed it, that he could still see with the eyes of rapher is to try to put all the words possible into the dictionary. My job
a child – still create like a child creates. is not to decide what a word is; that is your job. Everybody who speaks
At the heart of The Monster Engine, though, lies a much bigger idea: English decides together what’s a word and what’s not a word. Every lan-
that most adults would be more creative if their schools had embraced guage is just a group of people who agree to understand each other. Now,
difference and encouraged unusual ways of seeing the world. Now, of sometimes when people are trying to decide whether a word is good
course, this isn’t a new idea. But it is an important one. As Sir Ken Robinson or bad, they don’t really have a good reason. So they say something like,
famously points out in one of his TED Talks, if you’re at school now you’ll “Because grammar!” I don’t actually really care about grammar too much –
probably be entering the world of work in the 2020s or early 2030s and, if don’t tell anybody.
we’re honest, we have no idea what skills will be needed in the workplace
by then. Skills will be more important than knowledge and being able to Track 37 A: Welcome to Travel Chat. I’m here with Stacey, who’s lived in
think outside the box will benefit you greatly. several countries because of her parents” work. How many places is it,
Now, you might be thinking that this all sounds a bit extreme. You might Stacey? B: Five now – if you include the USA. A: Quite a variety. So today
be asking, “If schools are so bad, how come we’ve got the Dave Devries we’re talking about intercultural communication … or should I say mis-
and Ken Robinsons of this world?” But surely it’s worth asking how things communication. B: Yep. A: And I think your first example’s from Germany.
could be even better and what else schools could do to stimulate creativity B: Yeah, so when I was first there, I was leaving school one day and I asked
and keep alive in us the childlike desire to experiment, to play, to fail – and a German girl from my class if she was going to the train station, and she
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replied, “Of course”. And I thought, “That’s rude” because to me “of course” Over recent years, a far more localized subculture has been developing in
means, like, obviously and so she made me feel like I was stupid for asking! Mexico, where a style of music known as Trival Guarachero has evolved,
A: Absolutely! B: Anyway, we walked on a bit in silence and then I made complete with its own remarkable fashions! More commonly known just
an excuse: I said I’d forgotten something and had to go back to school. A: as Trival, the hugely popular sound mixes traditional regional folk music
Awkward. B: Yeah, definitely. Anyway, that evening I told my Dad what had with electronic dance. Young fans often identify themselves by combining
happened and he said that I shouldn’t be so sensitive because in German futuristic elements with a basic farm worker look … and wearing extreme-
the word for of course is also used for yes or absolutely. A: In other words, ly long, pointy boots when dancing, often competitively against groups
the girl was actually really pleased to go with you! from other local towns! Believe it or not, some items of footwear have
B: Yeah, exactly! Silly of me to think otherwise, I guess. A: But it does make apparently reached five feet in length!
you realize how easily misunderstandings come about when you make Of course, subcultures that develop in a particular area can spread like wildfire
certain assumptions. B: Yeah. So, I know Americans who were in Russia, in a matter of moments these days, thanks to the internet. This is what’s hap-
and they thought Russian shop assistants were a bit rude because they pened with the Scraper Biker subculture. Originally the obsession of a small
didn’t smile or ask how you were. However, a Russian friend told me their group of young people in the San Francisco Bay area, scraper bikes are simply
parents kind of discouraged them from smiling at strangers because it ordinary bicycles that have been modified by their owners, typically with
is seen as a sign of dishonesty. There’s also a Russian proverb that says decorated wheels and bright body colors. Much of the decoration is done
“Laughter for no reason is a sign of stupidity.” A: Not a good message if very cheaply, using tin foil, reused cardboard, candy wrappers and paint! The
you’re trying to sell something! B: Exactly! But Russians do smile at people craze went global after a hip-hop video featuring these creations went viral
they know – in fact, I’d say they’re really warm and friendly. I also have a and scraper bikes can now be seen in cities all over the world.
Korean friend who went to the USA and she wondered why people asked, If the internet helps some subcultures grow, for others it’s their main home.
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“How’re you doing?”, but then when she replied – you know, actually told Otherkin – people who identify to some degree as non-human – have a
them how she was – people gave her strange looks. But, of course, to them massive online presence that’s growing all the time. While some otherkin
they’d only said “hi” so all they expected was “hello” in return! A: Yeah – and believe themselves to actually be, say, dragons or lions or foxes, others
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I guess you could take offense when that happens and say people are simply feel special connections to certain creatures – and have found a
insincere. B: Exactly! But it’s like in Chinese, sometimes people from China space within which to explore these feelings.
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ask – I mean literally – “Have you eaten?” instead of saying “hello”, but it It seems that, whatever you’re going through and whatever your own per-
doesn’t mean they’re offering you food at that moment. A: Although they sonal enthusiasms, there’s a worldwide community out there just waiting
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certainly will at other times. I’ve heard international companies often give for you to find them – and to assure you that you belong!
lessons to avoid these breakdowns in communication. Have you ever seen
anything like that? B: No, not really. I just talked to people, and as you go Track 40 1 I just had to grunt a lot for that one. 2 I just sat there on the
on, you learn not to assume what you do or say is normal. There’s always
c computer, hitting “refresh,” 3 This was just the first of a two-part video.
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an alternative interpretation. A: That’s a great lesson, because miscom- 4 I just could not do it. 5 If I stutter along the way, I just go back in and fix it.
munication happens in all walks of life. Have you found your intercultural 6 And just the year before, that number was about eight percent. 7 Just
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experience has helped with other relationships? B: For sure – like the color blue for Ancient Greeks, minorities are not a part of what we
although I do still argue with my mum sometimes! consider “normal”.
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Track 38 1 A: We’re meeting on Tuesday. B: Really? I thought you said we Track 41 1 A: As a shopkeeper, I’m in favor. These kids don’t actually spend
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were meeting on Thursday! 2 A: I got a B on the science essay. B: Oh, that’s any real money with us and in fact we’ve lost a bit of stock recently, which
quite good! I thought you said you got a D! 3 A: I’m interested in seeing the I think might be their fault. As a parent of a teenager, I know they’re not all
new Star Wars film. B: Really? I’m sure you told me you weren’t interested! like that, but you know there are better places for them to go.
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4 A: I’ll bring you all the stuff you need next week. B: You don’t have it? I 2 B: This is crazy. Just because you’re hanging out in a group, it doesn’t
thought you were bringing it today. 5 A: I’m going to my dance class later. mean you’re looking to cause trouble. The mall is relatively safe, you know,
B: I didn’t know you went dancing. How long have you been doing that? 6 there are security guards around and it’s out of the rain. I mean, where else
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A: We have to leave at 11 o’clock. B: I thought we had to leave at 12 o’clock. are we supposed to go? Or are we just not supposed to hang out at all?
3 C: As someone who goes there quite a lot, I totally support the idea.
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Track 39 A place to be During adolescence, teenagers start to form inde- They’re often loud and take up the whole place so you can’t walk around
pendent adult identities of their own, and for many young people around very easily. They don’t show respect. For an older person like me, I feel a bit
at
the world, this means experimenting with different social groups. Deciding scared. I don’t want to go there. 4 D: Speaking as a teacher, I just don’t get
to join a particular group or subculture offers young people the oppor- it. We see kids who aren’t independent. They spend all day at home – they
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tunity to explore who they are and what they stand for. It allows them to rely on their parents for everything. This is sending the wrong message.
start defining themselves outside their immediate family circle, and can Just because one or two misbehave doesn’t mean they all do. I mean,
provide both a sense of identity and of belonging, too. In our increasingly adults shoplift and cause problems too, but we don’t ask adults to be ac-
interconnected world, membership of particular groups can mean contact companied by their parents - or their children! 5 E: OK . . . if I look at it from
not only with other like-minded people locally but also globally. However, my grandpa’s point of view, I can kind of understand it. He often complains
while being part of a group can be an extremely positive thing, it can also about kids in the mall. But I think it’s more about the media and all the
attract abuse and bullying, especially of those who insist on challenging negative stereotypes of teenagers. I’m not loud or disrespectful or causing
social norms. Here we look at four of the more remarkable youth cultures trouble. Banning us from the mall? Come on, give us a break!
out there.
Some claim that the roots of Goth can be found in such 19th century Track 42 The earthquake that struck the small Caribbean country of Haiti
literary classics as Dracula and Frankenstein, but the dyed black hair and on the evening of January 12th, 2010 measured a massive seven on the
black clothes, dark eyeliner and fingernails and intense dramatic post-punk Richter scale. The devastation which it caused was simply staggering,
music originated in England in the late 1970s. The style and sound have had hitting the capital city, Port-au-Prince, particularly hard. Over the next few
a long-lasting appeal and nowadays there are large communities of goths days, the country, which has long been one of the poorest in the world,
everywhere from Chile to China. Many goths resent being stereotyped as struggled to cope in the absence of any organized relief effort. Many of
sad or angry, and instead see themselves as romantic, creative, open-mind- those who had survived were left to fend for themselves. The city’s hospi-
ed and able to find beauty in what others may see as dark or ugly. tals had all been destroyed, roads in and out of the city remained blocked
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completely destroyed and evacuate people who were trapped or injured. salaries in this field are out of control and that greed and self-interest are
The map was quite literally a life-saver! And it set a new standard for how king and they offer little for society let alone a crisis. But think about it for
technology can be utilized in times of crisis. a moment. First, people who’ve made their millions on the pitch will have
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Since 2010, Ushahidi has been used to focus world attention on humani- plenty to donate to people in a crisis. Second, imagine if they actually went
tarian crises and to help tackle forest fires in Russia and floods in Colombia. out and helped – what a great message that would send. These people are
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And most remarkable of all is the fact that anyone with access to a smart- role models and would be a real force for good in showing young people
phone, tablet or laptop can now play their part in all of this as well. We are values such as hard work, getting your hands dirty, showing respect and
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all connected and all able to help. that there is more to life than sports. And of course most of them are really
strong and fit – just the kind of people you might need to clear debris
Track 44 Shouting out for the young Almost half of the world’s seven and piles of litter. Finally, think about how they might also lift the spirits of
billion citizens are under the age of 25, and they have huge potential to
c people who have suffered a lot. They bring joy to millions, and I’m sure fans
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shape the countries they live in. A few countries, such as Argentina, have would be amazed to meet them or even actually watch them play. They
tried to empower their youth by giving them the right to vote at the age of would be great in a crisis!
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16, but it still seems that in many places young people’s opinions are often
overlooked or simply not heard. However, one organization that has a long Track 48 Clara: So, Jaime, last week we had an email from a listener, Hugo,
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history of giving a voice to young people is the United Nations (UN). who is recovering at home from an injury and wanted suggestions for
In 1946, the UN created a fund called UNICEF to support the millions of chil- inspiring films to watch. Jaime: And we got quite a few. C: Absolutely.
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dren affected by World War II thanks to the leadership of the Polish medical J: So, Clara, first up is 127 Hours. C: You don’t think that’s too much? J: You
scientist Ludwik Rajchman. The fund distributed aid without discrimination think? For those who don’t know it, this is the true story of Aron Ralston
because, as its director Maurice Pate said, “There are no enemy children.” who was climbing in Utah when he cardped, fell down a small canyon and
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One of those helped by the fund was seven-year-old Dzitka Samkova from got his arm trapped between a rock and the wall. He couldn’t move it. He
Czechoslovakia, as it was known then. She painted a picture of five dancing was in the middle of nowhere and no-one could help because he hadn’t
girls as a thank you and it was turned into a greeting card, the first of many told anyone where he was going. C: Not the best situation to be in. J: No.
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such cards sold to raise money for millions more children. So basically, after trying everything to free his arm, the only thing he could
Having campaigned on behalf of young people, UNICEF also had a key part in do was cut it off. C: I know! It’s horrible. J: It IS horrible, but they managed
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the creation of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989, to film it in a way which isn’t over the top and you do learn his life went
now signed by more countries than any other convention. The 54 articles of back to normal after the accident. Considering it’s 90 minutes watching
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the CRC declare different rights connected to housing, health, the economy, someone who can’t move, it’s very gripping. C: That’s true. It’s the same
culture and politics, including such things as the right to a safe home, the with that film about the guy who had a stroke and was left completely
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right to play and rest and a child’s right to choose their own friends. paralyzed and unable to speak. J: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly? C: Yeah –
In recent years, the UN has opened up new ways to address Article 12 an amazing story. It’s based on his book which he actually managed to
of the CRC, which states that children have the right to give their views, dictate by only moving his eye. Incredible! J: Yeah, it IS incredible but, sorry
and for adults to listen and take them seriously. UNICEF’s Voices of Youth the movie didn’t do it for me. C: No? J: Bit dull. C: Whatever. I liked it.
website brings together young bloggers and activists working on devel- J: What about Frida? This is about Frida Kahlo, the Mexican artist who suffered
opment issues to share their ideas and successful projects for change in a intense pain all her life after a terrible bus accident and … C: … Jaime,
huge range of countries from Sierra Leone to the Philippines. Using online we’re looking for inspiration, not pain and misery. J: No, no, it IS inspiring. I
discussion boards as a “meeting place”, the initiative provides a space for mean, she managed to deal with that pain in the end and was able to turn
youngsters who care. it into incredible art. C: I suppose, but ... J: … You know, she succeeded in
The UN also established the Youth Assembly in 2002 and a network of Youth becoming a world-renowned artist. That’s pretty amazing. C: I know, I know.
Observers. Since starting, the assembly has brought around 20,000 people It’s just that the film … J: What? C: I guess it depends if you’re into art. J: It’s
between the ages of 16 and 28 from over 100 countries to its headquarters in not your thing then. C: Not exactly. I prefer something like The Fundamen-
New York. Through workshops, panel discussions and networking events, these tals of Caring. J: Oh, yeah! Now that’s a great choice. C: So, basically, the film
young people discuss UN policies from a youth perspective. The assembly also is about this guy who becomes a care assistant and his first job is with a
helps to build friendships across different cultures and give political experience teenage boy who has a disease that weakens his muscles and has left him
to those who can bring change for children. One of its graduates, Ahmad Al- in a wheelchair. Put like that it doesn’t sound great, and it’s not even about
hendawi of Jordan, became the UN Secretary General’s first ever representative him recovering … J: … No, but it kind of is, because he learns to make the
166 Audio Script SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
most of his life. In fact, they both do. C: Which is what I love about it. J: And options did exist before the invention of the Argus II, none were nearly as
it’s really funny. C: Exactly! At least we’ve been able to agree on one movie. effective as the device, which uses a chip that’s implanted into the back of
the eye and that receives its visual information from a tiny camera fixed on
Track 49 1 It IS horrible, but they managed to film it in a way which isn’t a pair of glasses. The images from the camera are converted into electrical
over the top. 2 Yeah it IS incredible, but sorry, the movie didn’t do it for me. signals and sent to the chip, where they stimulate cells that then send the
3 No, no, it IS inspiring. information to the brain.
While each bionic eye does cost a lot of money to set up – well over a
Track 50 Avoiding the antibiotic apocalypse This may sound like the hundred thousand dollars once treatment costs are included – reports
stuff of nightmares or of terrifying science-fiction movies but, according from people who’ve been fitted with them have been incredibly positive,
to the World Health Organization (WHO), the threat of an “antibiotic with recipients often speaking of the life-changing effects that surgery has
apocalypse” is very real and many experts fear that it’s only a matter of had on them.
time before we see the emergence of a superbug – a very powerful type
of bacteria that normal drugs cannot kill – capable of wiping out huge Track 52 1 Some doctors do read research about new medicine, but too
numbers of people. many just accept what big drug companies tell them. 2 While caffeine
Perhaps most disturbing of all is the fact that this potential disaster has does increase energy levels, in large doses it can actually prove fatal.
been predicted for many decades. In fact, the earliest warnings came from 3 In the old days, doctors did sometimes remove arms or legs without us-
Sir Alexander Fleming, the Scottish doctor and bacteriologist who in 1928 ing any painkillers! 4 When the patient started having terrible headaches,
discovered the world’s first antibiotic substance – penicillin. little did she know it was because a spider was living in her ear. 5 In no
Like many ground-breaking scientific finds, the discovery of penicillin was way does research suggest there is anything unhealthy about a vegetarian
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largely accidental. Its importance wasn’t realized for at least another ten diet. 6 Rarely did doctors cut people open in the days before penicillin.
years and mass production didn’t start until the 1940s. However, there’s no 7 Only after the age of 24 do you fully become an adult.
doubting the fact that it changed medical practices beyond all recogni- 8 At no time in the Middle Ages were doctors in doubt that releasing
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tion. Infections that had previously been fatal were now treatable. blood from the body kept people healthy. 9 Not until the 1980s did plastic
In the speech he made when accepting the Nobel Prize for his work, surgery become very popular, despite having been around for over 200
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Fleming warned that bacteria could easily become resistant to antibiotics years before then. 10 Nowhere in the world do people do less exercise
if regularly exposed to concentrations insufficient to kill them. He went on than in the United States.
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to express his fears that penicillin would end up being so widely used that
such changes were inevitable. Worryingly, this is precisely what happened! Track 53 Life was good. We’d been on our bikes for around five and a half
Antibiotics are now regularly prescribed for such non-life-threatening hours when we got to the part of the ride that I loved, and that was the
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illnesses as sore throats, colds and ear infections and, if doctors refuse their hills, because I loved the hills. And I got up off the seat of my bike, and I
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requests, many patients turn to the internet for their desired medication. started pumping my legs, and as I sucked in the cold mountain air, I could
On top of this, a large percentage of all antibiotics sold are now being used feel it burning my lungs, and I looked up to see the sun shining in my face.
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in farming. They are, for instance, often given to healthy animals to ensure And then everything went black. Where was I? What was happening? My
rapid weight gain. Given all of this, it’s no surprise that more and more body was consumed by pain. I’d been hit by a speeding utility truck with
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bacteria are evolving a resistance. only ten minutes to go on the bike ride. I was airlifted from the scene of
One man determined to overcome this challenge is the Saudi microbiol- the accident by a rescue helicopter to a large spinal unit in Sydney.
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ogist Hosam Zowawi, who has devoted a considerable portion of his time
to developing a test that’s able to identify bacteria in hours rather than Track 54 1 A: Hi! Sorry I’m a bit late. B: That’s OK. A: Is Chen not here?
days, allowing doctors to act more quickly and efficiently, and slowing B: He’s not coming. He’s broken his leg! A: You’re kidding! When did he
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the potential spread of any deadly infections. Zowawi is also very actively do that? I only spoke to him yesterday! B: This morning. Apparently, he
involved in campaigns designed to raise public awareness of the risks of tripped when he was running for the bus and fell against a bench or some-
antibiotic overuse. thing. This girl in my class, Olga, was there. She said the bus actually waited
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In addition to reducing the use of antibiotics, there are many other ways for him and he managed to get to school, but when he got there he was in
that the situation is now being addressed. For instance, in the Nether- such pain he could hardly walk. A: I’m not surprised! B: Yeah, anyway, they
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lands, the government has started putting pressure on farmers to reduce took him to the hospital and they said he’d broken it. A: Poor guy. So is he
the amount of antibiotics given to animals. Elsewhere, there’s a growing OK? B: Yeah, our teacher said he’s fine. He has some kind of cast and they
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understanding of the need to address the underlying conditions that allow told him to take it easy for a couple of days. And I guess he won’t be able
new diseases to spread, which, in turn, leads to better trash collection, to play football for a while. A: He must be fed up! We’ll have to give him a
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better drainage and better housing. Finally, we’re starting to see increased call or go round and see him. B: Yeah, let’s call him after the game. Anyway,
investment in research aimed at finding the new antibiotics that could be shall we go? We don’t want to miss the start.
the penicillin of tomorrow. 2 C: Shall we go then? D: Isn’t your friend Ewa coming? C: Sorry, no. I
should’ve said. She’s ill. D: Oh, no! What’s up with her? C: Apparently, she’s
Track 51 We’re all used to hearing news about the terrible things going just got this really bad virus. She wasn’t even answering her phone. I had to
on around the world, but rarely do we hear much about the exciting new ring her mom and she said she’d been up all night and had been really sick
developments that are actually helping to make our world a healthier, and she had a really high fever and everything. D: Sounds horrible. I hope
happier place to live in. The past decade has seen remarkable progress in it’s not too serious. C: I don’t think so. Her mum said she was a bit better,
the field of medicine. Only after scientists have been awarded a Nobel Prize but that she’d probably be off for a few days. D: What a drag! Well, if you do
or some other similar kind of honor does their work usually start to enter manage to speak to her say “hi” from me and I hope she gets better soon.
the public consciousness. C: Will do. Anyway, where do you actually want to go? I want to get some
Take, for instance, what’s being called the bionic eye. In the early 1990s, new shoes. D: OK, whatever. I don’t have anything special in mind, I’ll see
when a company called Second Sight started experimenting with ways what’s in the sales. Why don’t we get something nice for Ewa? Cheer her
in which electricity could be used to encourage patients to see spots of up! C: Yeah, great idea!
light, little did they know that they were on their way to revolutionizing
what’s possible in the treatment of partial or total blindness! While surgical
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first time. It’s hard for people to leave bad reviews. Eventually, we learnt
to end up kidnapped in the trunk of a Miata. That’s a small trunk! So then
to wait until both guests and hosts left the review before we revealed
I hear myself saying, “Hey, I’ve got an airbed you can stay on in my living
them. The more different somebody is, the less we trust them. Now,
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room.” And the voice in my head goes, “Wait, what?” That night, I’m laying
that’s a natural social bias. But what’s interesting is what happens
in bed, I’m staring at the ceiling, I’m thinking, “Oh my God! What have
when you add reputation into the mix – in this case, with reviews.
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I done? There’s a complete stranger sleeping in my living room. What
Now, if you’ve got less than three reviews, nothing changes. But if
if he’s psychotic?” My anxiety grows so much, I leap out of bed, I sneak
you’ve got more than ten, everything changes. High reputation beats
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on my tiptoes to the door, and I lock the bedroom door. It turns out he
high similarity. The right design can actually help us overcome one of
was not psychotic. We’ve kept in touch ever since. And the piece of art
our most deeply-rooted biases. Now we also learnt that building the
he bought at the yard sale is hanging in his classroom; he’s a teacher
right amount of trust takes the right amount of disclosure. This is what
now. This was my first hosting experience and it completely changed my
c happens when a guest first messages a host. If you share too little,
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perspective. Maybe the people that my childhood taught me to label
like, “Yo” acceptance rates go down. And if you share too much, like,
as strangers were actually friends waiting to be discovered. The idea of
“I’m having issues with my mother, acceptance rates also go down.
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right amount of disclosure? We use the size of the box to suggest the
and then the rent goes up. And then I learn there’s a design conference
right length and we guide them with prompts to encourage sharing.
coming to town and all the hotels are sold out. And I’ve always believed
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Obviously, there are times when things don’t work out. Guests have
that turning fear into fun is the gift of creativity. So here’s what I pitch
thrown unauthorized parties and trashed homes. Hosts have left guests
my best friend and my new roommate Brian Chesky: “Brian, thought
stranded in the rain. In the early days, I was customer service and
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of a way to make a few bucks – turning our place into “designers” bed
those calls came right to my cell phone. I was at the front lines of trust
and breakfast” – offering young designers who come to town a place to
breaking. And there’s nothing worse than those calls – it hurts to even
crash, complete with wireless internet, a small desk space, sleeping mat
think about them. And the disappointment in the sound of someone’s
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and breakfast each morning. Ha!” We built a basic website and Airbed
voice was and, I would say, still is our single greatest motivator to keep
and Breakfast was born. Here’s what we pitched investors: “We want
improving. Thankfully, out of the 123 million nights we’ve ever hosted,
to build a website where people publicly post pictures of their most
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donated their own blood for his operation. Let me read you his review.
ship to blast off. It did not. No one in their right minds would invest in a
“Excellent house for sedentary travelers prone to myocardial infarctions.
service that allows strangers to sleep in people’s homes. Why? Because
The area is beautiful and has direct access to the best hospitals. Javier
we’ve all been taught as kids: strangers equal danger. Now, when you’re
and Alejandra instantly become guardian angels who will save your
faced with a problem, you fall back on what you know and all we really
life without even knowing you. They will rush you to the hospital in
knew was design. In art school, you learn that design is much more than
their own car while you’re dying and stay in the waiting room while
the look and feel of something – it’s the whole experience. We learnt
the doctors give you a bypass. They don’t want you to feel lonely, they
to do that for objects, but here, we were aiming to build Olympic trust
bring you books to read and they let you stay at their house extra nights
between people who had never met. Could design make that happen? Is
without charging you. Highly recommended!” Of course, not every
it possible to design for trust?
stay is like that. But this connection beyond the transaction is exactly
Part 2 what the sharing economy is aiming for. Now, when I heard that term,
I have to admit, it tripped me up. How do sharing and transactions go
I want to give you a sense of the flavor of trust that we were aiming to
together? So let’s be clear; it is about commerce. But, if you just called
achieve. I’ve got a 30-second experiment that will push you past your
it the rental economy, it would be incomplete. The sharing economy
comfort zone. If you’re up for it, give me a thumbs-up. OK, I need you to
is commerce with the promise of human connection. People share a
take out your phones. Now that you have your phone out, I’d like you to
part of themselves and that changes everything. I see a future of shared
unlock your phone. Now hand your unlocked phone to the person on
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went like this: it said, “Hello James Veitch, I have an interesting business would happen if I just spent as much time as I could replying to as many
proposal I want to share with you, Solomon.” Now, my hand was kind scam emails as I could? And that’s what I’ve been doing for three years
on your behalf. Yeah! Let me tell you. Crazy stuff happens when you
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of hovering on the delete button, right? I was looking at my phone.
I thought, I could just delete this. Or I could do what I think we’ve start replying to scam emails. It’s really difficult, and I highly recommend
we do it. I don’t think what I’m doing is mean. Right? I … You know,
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all always wanted to do. And I said, “Solomon, your email intrigues
me.” And the game was afoot. He said, “Dear James Veitch, we shall there are a lot of people who do mean things to scammers. I don’t think
what I’m doing … All I’m doing is wasting their time. And I think any
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be shipping gold to you. You will earn ten percent of any gold you
distribute[s].” So I knew I was dealing with a professional. I said, “How time they’re spending with me is time they’re not spending scamming
much is it worth?” He said, “We will start with smaller quantity”, – I vulnerable adults out of their savings, right? And if you’re going to do
this – and I highly recommend you do – get yourself a pseudonymous
was like, aww – and then he said, “of 25 kilograms. The worth should
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be about 2.5 million.” I said, “Solomon, if we’re going to do it, let’s go email address. Don’t use your own email address because that’s exactly
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big. I can handle it. How much gold do you have?” He said, “It is not what I was doing at the start and it was a nightmare.
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at least a metric tonne.”He said, “What do you do for a living?”I said, receive an email that begins like this: “I AM WINNIE MANDELA, THE
“I’m a hedge fund executive bank manager.” This isn’t the first time I’ve SECOND WIFE OF NELSON MANDELA THE FORMER SOUTH AFRICAN
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shipped bullion, my friend, no no no. Then I started to panic. I was like, PRESIDENT.” I was like, oh! – that Winnie Mandela. I know so many. “I
“Now look, where are you based? I don’t know about you, but I think if NEED TO TRANSFER $45 MILLION OUT OF THE COUNTRY BECAUSE OF MY
we’re going via the postal service, it ought to be signed for.” Right? That’s HUSBAND NELSON’S HEALTH CONDITION.” Let that sink in. She sent me
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a lot of gold. He said, “It will not be easy to convince my company to this, which is hysterical. And this. And this looks fairly legitimate –
do [a] larger quantity shipment.” I said, “Solomon, I’m completely with this is a letter of authorization. But, to be honest, if there’s nothing
written on it, it’s just a shape! I said, “Winnie, I’m really sorry to hear of
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you on this one. I’m putting together a visual for you to take into the
board meeting. Hold tight.” This is what I sent Solomon. I don’t know if this. Given that Nelson died three months ago, I’d describe his health
we have any statisticians in the house, but there’s definitely something condition as [fairly serious].” That’s the worst health condition you can
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going on. I said, “Solomon, attached to this email you’ll find a helpful have – not being alive. She said, “KINDLY COMPLY WITH MY BANKERS
chart. I’ve had one of my assistants run the numbers. We’re ready for INSTRUCTIONS. ONE LOVE.” I said, “Of course. NO WOMAN, NO CRY.” She
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shipping as much gold as possible.” There’s always a moment where said, “MY BANKER WILL NEED TRANSFER OF $3,000. ONE LOVE.” I said, “no
they try to tug your heartstrings and this was it for Solomon. He said, problemo. I SHOT THE SHERIFF” [(BUT I DID NOT SHOOT THE DEPUTY)]
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“I will be so [much] happy if the deal goes [well] because I’m going to Thank you.
get a very good commission as well.” And I said, “That’s amazing! What
are you going to spend your cut on?” And he said, “On real estate, what Unit 3 David Epstein: Are athletes really getting better, faster,
about you?” I thought about it for a long time. And I said, “One word: stronger?
Hummus. It’s going places. I was in Sainsbury’s the other day and there PART 1
were, like, 30 different varieties. Also you can cut up carrots and you can The Olympic motto is “Citius, Altius, Fortius.” Faster, Higher, Stronger.
dip them. Have you ever done that, Solomon?” He said, “I have to go bed And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly. The winner of the 2012
now. Till morrow. Have sweet dream.” I didn’t know what to say! I said, Olympic marathon ran two hours and eight minutes. Had he been
“Bonsoir, my golden nugget, bonsoir.” Guys, you have to understand, racing against the winner of the 1904 Olympic marathon, he would have
this had been going for, like, weeks, albeit hitherto the greatest weeks won by nearly an hour and a half. Now, we all have this feeling that we’re
of my life, but I had to knock it on the head. It was getting a bit out somehow just getting better as a human race, inexorably progressing,
of hand. So I figured I had to knock it on the head. I had to take it to a but it’s not like we’ve evolved into a new species in a century. So what’s
ridiculous conclusion. So I thought … I concocted a plan. I said, look, going on here? I want to take a look at what’s really behind this march of
“Solomon … Solomon, I’m concerned about security. When we email athletic progress.
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specially fabricated carpet designed to allow him to travel as fast as over the water. And the opposite is advantageous in running–you want
humanly possible. Jesse Owens, on the other hand, ran on cinders–the long legs and a short torso. And this shows in athletes’ bodies today.
Here you see Michael Phelps, the greatest swimmer in history, standing
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ash from burnt wood–and that soft surface stole far more energy from
his legs as he ran. Rather than blocks, Jesse Owens had a gardening next to Hicham El Guerrouj, the world record holder in the mile. These
men are seven inches different in height, but because of the body
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trowel that he had to use to dig holes in the cinders to start from.
Biomechanical analysis of the speed of Owens’s joints shows that had types advantaged in their sports, they wear the same length pants.
Seven inches difference in height, these men have the same length
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he been running on the same surface as Bolt, he wouldn’t have been
14 feet behind, he would have been within one stride. Rather than the legs. Now, in some cases, the search for bodies that could push athletic
last beep, Owens would have been the second beep. Listen to it again. performance forward ended up introducing into the competitive
world populations of people that weren’t previously competing at
That’s the difference track surface technology has made, and it’s done
it throughout the running world. Throughout sports, technology has c all, like Kenyan distance runners. But we think of Kenyans as being
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changed the face of performance. In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record great marathoners. Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe as being great
for the longest distance cycled in one hour at 30 miles, 3,774 feet. Now marathoners. The Kalenjin make up just 12 percent of the Kenyan
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that record improved and improved as bicycles improved and became population but the vast majority of elite runners. And they happen, on
more aerodynamic all the way until 1996, when it was set at 35 miles, average, to have a certain unique physiology: legs that are very long and
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1,531 feet, nearly five miles farther than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972. very thin at their extremity, and this is because they have their ancestry
But then, in 2000, the International Cycling Union decreed that anyone at very low latitude in a very hot and dry climate, and an evolutionary
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who wanted to hold that record had to do so with essentially the same adaptation to that is limbs that are very long and very thin at the
equipment that Eddy Merckx used in 1972. Where does the record extremity for cooling purposes. It’s the same reason that a radiator has
stand today? 30 miles, 4,657 feet, a grand total of 883 feet farther than long coils, to increase surface area compared to volume to let heat out,
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Eddy Merckx cycled more than four decades ago. Essentially, the entire and because the leg is like a pendulum, the longer and thinner it is at
improvement in this record was due to technology. the extremity, the more energy-efficient it is to swing. To put Kalenjin
running success in perspective, consider that 17 American men in
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PART 3 history have run faster than two hours and ten minutes in the marathon.
Still, technology isn’t the only thing pushing athletes forward. While That’s a four-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace. Thirty-two Kalenjin
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indeed we haven’t evolved into a new species in a century, the gene men did that last October. That’s from a source population the size of
pool within competitive sports most certainly has changed. In the early metropolitan Atlanta.
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endeavors: medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport. And Still, even changing technology and the changing gene pool in sports
this showed in athletes’ bodies. In the 1920s, the average elite high- don’t account for all of the changes in performance. Athletes have a
jumper and average elite shot-putter were the same exact size. But, as different mindset than they once did. Have you ever seen in a movie
that idea started to fade away, as sports scientists and coaches realized when someone gets an electrical shock and they’re thrown across a
that, rather than the average body type, you want highly specialized room? There’s no explosion there. What’s happening when that happens
bodies that fit into certain athletic niches, a form of artificial selection is that the electrical impulse is causing all their muscle fibers to twitch at
took place, a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports, and athletes’ once, and they’re throwing themself across the room. They’re essentially
bodies became more different from one another. Today, rather than jumping. That’s the power that’s contained in the human body. But
the same size as the average elite high jumper, the average elite shot- normally we can’t access nearly all of it. Our brain acts as a limiter,
putter is two and a half inches taller and 130 pounds heavier. And this preventing us from accessing all of our physical resources, because we
happened throughout the sports world. In fact, if you plot on a height might hurt ourselves, tearing tendons or ligaments. But the more we
versus mass graph one data point for each of two dozen sports in the learn about how that limiter functions, the more we learn how we can
first half of the 20th century, it looks like this. There’s some dispersal, push it back just a bit, in some cases, by convincing the brain that the
but it’s kind of grouped around that average body type. Then that idea body won’t be in mortal danger by pushing harder. Endurance and
started to go away and, at the same time, digital technology–first radio, ultra-endurance sports serve as a great example. Ultra-endurance was
then television and the internet–gave millions, or in some cases billions, once thought to be harmful to human health, but now we realize that
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in the mile. Changing technology, changing genes and a changing section one. It’s this amphitheater right over 10th Avenue. And the first
mindset. Innovation in sports, whether that’s new track surfaces or new section ends at 20th Street right now. The other thing, it’s generated,
swimming techniques, the democratization of sport, the spread to new obviously, a lot of economic value; it’s also inspired, I think, a lot of
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bodies and to new populations around the world, and imagination in great architecture. There’s a point where you can stand–here–and see
sport, an understanding of what the human body is truly capable of, buildings by Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Shigeru Ban, Neil Denari. And
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have conspired to make athletes stronger, faster, bolder, and better than the Whitney is moving downtown and is building their new museum
ever. Thank you very much. right at the base of the High Line. And this has been designed by Renzo
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Piano. And they’re going to break ground in May. And we’ve already
Unit 4 Robert Hammond: Building a park in the sky started construction on Section Two. This is one of my favorite features,
this flyover where you’re eight feet off the surface of the High Line,
PART 1
c running through a canopy of trees. The High Line used to be covered
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The High Line is an old, elevated rail line that runs for a mile and a half
in billboards, and so we’ve sort of taken a playful take where, instead
right through Manhattan. And it was originally a freight line that ran
of framing advertisements, it’s going to frame people and views of the
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site in Manhattan. And the city has planned–for better or for worse–12
Side Cowboy.” But even with a cowboy, about one person a month
million square feet of development that the High Line is going to ring
was killed and run over. So they elevated it. They built it 30 feet in the
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around. But you know, what really, I think, makes the High Line special is
air, right through the middle of the city. But with the rise of interstate
the people. And honestly, even though I love the designs that we were
trucking, it was used less and less. And by 1980, the last train rode. It
building, I was always frightened that I wouldn’t really love it, because I
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outside. But you see that happening on the High Line, and I think that’s,
board meeting–which I’d never been to one before–and sat next to
you know, the power that public space can have to transform how
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another guy named Joshua David, who’s a travel writer. And at the end
people experience their city and interact with each other. Thanks.
of the meeting, we realized we were the only two people that were sort
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we can ever do anything new is to step into that space. So how can we BL: “Can you help me, Henry?’” What good scientist says that, right? S:
ever do anything new? Well fortunately, evolution has given us an answer, There’s two up there. And three in here. BL: Right? So we’ve got our
right? And it enables us to address even the most difficult of questions. observations. We’ve got our data. They do the simple mathematics,
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The best questions are the ones that create the most uncertainty. They’re averaging, etc., etc. And now we want to share. That’s the next step.
the ones that question the things we think to be true already. Right? It’s So we’re going to write this up and try to submit this for publication.
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easy to ask questions about how did life begin, or what extends beyond Right? So we have to write it up. So we go, of course, to the pub. All
the universe, but to question what you think to be true already is really right? The one on the left is mine, okay? Now, I tell them, a paper has
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stepping into that space. So what is evolution’s answer to the problem four different sections: an introduction, a method, a results, a discussion.
of uncertainty? It’s play. Now play is not simply a process. Experts in play The introduction says, what’s the question and why? Methods, what
will tell you that actually it’s a way of being. Play is one of the only human did you do? Results, what was the observation? And the discussion is,
endeavors where uncertainty is actually celebrated. Uncertainty is what
c who cares? Right? That’s a science paper, basically. So the kids give me
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makes play fun. Right? It’s adaptable to change. Right? It opens possibility, the words, right? I put it into a narrative, which means that this paper is
and it’s cooperative. It’s actually how we do our social bonding, and it’s written in kid speak. It’s not written by me. It’s written by Amy and the
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intrinsically motivated. What that means is that we play to play. Play is its other students in the class. As a consequence, this science paper begins,
own reward. Now if you look at these five ways of being, these are the “Once upon a time…” The results section, it says: “Training phase, the
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exact same ways of being you need in order to be a good scientist. Science puzzle… duh duh duuuuuhhh.” Right? And the methods, it says, “Then
is not defined by the method section of a paper. It’s actually a way of we put the bees into the fridge (and made bee pie),” smiley face. Right?
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being, which is here, and this is true for anything that is creative. So if you This is a science paper. We’re going to try to get it published. So here’s
add rules to play, you have a game. That’s actually what an experiment the title page. We have a number of authors there. All the ones in bold
is. So armed with these two ideas, that science is a way of being and are eight to ten years old. The first author is Blackawton Primary School,
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experiments are play, we asked, can anyone become a scientist? And because if it were ever referenced, it would be “Blackawton et al” and not
who better to ask than 25 eight to ten-year-old children? Because they’re one individual. So we submit it to a public access journal, and it says this.
experts in play. So I took my bee arena down to a small school in Devon, It said many things, but it said this. “I’m afraid the paper fails our initial
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and the aim of this was to not just get the kids to see science differently, quality control checks in several different ways.” In other words, it starts
but, through the process of science, to see themselves differently. Right? off “once upon a time,” the figures are in crayon, etc.
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PART 2 PART 3
at
The first step was to ask a question. So, here are some of the questions. So we said, we’ll get it reviewed. So I sent it to Dale Purves, who is at
I put them in small print so you wouldn’t bother reading it. Point is that the National Academy of Science, one of the leading neuroscientists
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five of the questions that the kids came up with were actually the basis in the world, and he says, “This is the most original science paper I
of science publication in the last five to 15 years. Right? So they were have ever read and it certainly deserves wide exposure.” Larry Maloney,
asking questions that were significant to expert scientists. Now here, I expert in vision, says, “The paper is magnificent. The work would be
want to share the stage with someone quite special. Right? She was one publishable if done by adults.” So what did we do? We send it back
of the young people who was involved in this study, and she’s now one to the editor. They say no. So we asked Larry and Natalie Hempel to
of the youngest published scientists in the world. Right? First she’s going write a commentary situating the findings for scientists, right, putting
to tell you the question that they came up with. So go ahead, Amy. Amy in the references, and we submit it to Biology Letters. And there, it was
O’Toole: Thank you, Beau. We thought that it was easy to see the link reviewed by five independent referees, and it was published. Okay? It
between humans and apes in the way that we think, because we look took four months to do the science, two years to get it published. Typical
alike. But we wondered if there’s a possible link with other animals. It’d science, actually, right? So this makes Amy and her friends the youngest
be amazing if humans and bees thought similar, since they seem so published scientists in the world. What was the feedback like? Well, it
different from us. So we asked if humans and bees might solve complex was published two days before Christmas, downloaded 30,000 times in
problems in the same way. Really, we wanted to know if bees can also the first day, right? It was the Editors’ Choice in Science, which is a top
adapt themselves to new situations using previously learned rules and science magazine. It’s forever freely accessible by Biology Letters. It’s the
conditions. So what if bees can think like us? Well, it’d be amazing, since only paper that will ever be freely accessible by this journal. Last year,
we’re talking about an insect with only one million brain cells. But it it was the second-most downloaded paper by Biology Letters, and the
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Blackawton Bee Project. Thank you. BL: Thank you very much. found a giant Arctic camel.
Unit 6 Latif Nasser: You have no idea where camels come from PART 2
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PART 1 Now, when you hear the word ‘camel’, what may come to mind is one
of these–the Bactrian camel of East and Central Asia. But chances
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Latif Nasser: So, this is a story about how we know what we know. It’s
are the postcard image you have in your brain is of one of these–the
a story about this woman, Natalia Rybczynski. She’s a paleobiologist,
dromedary–quintessential desert creature; hangs out in sandy, hot
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which means she specializes in digging up really old dead stuff. Natalia
places like the Middle East and the Sahara; has a big old hump on its
Rybczynski: Yeah, I had someone call me ‘Dr. Dead Things’. LN: And I
back for storing water for those long desert treks; has big, broad feet
think she’s particularly interesting because of where she digs that stuff
to help it tromp over sand dunes. So how on earth would one of these
up, way above the Arctic Circle in the remote Canadian tundra. Now,
c guys end up in the High Arctic? Well, scientists have known for a long
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one summer day in 2006, she was at a dig site called the Fyles Leaf Bed,
time, turns out, even before Natalia’s discovery, that camels are actually
which is less than 10 degrees’ latitude away from the magnetic north
originally American. They started here. For nearly 40 of the 45 million
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pole. NR: Really, it’s not going to sound very exciting, because it was
years that camels have been around, you could only find them in North
a day of walking with your backpack and your GPS and notebook and
America, around 20 different species, maybe more. If I, like, put them all
just picking up anything that might be a fossil. LN: And at some point,
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in a lineup, would they look different? NR: Yeah, so you’re going to have
she noticed something. NR: Rusty, kind of rust-colored, about the size
different body sizes. You’re going to have some with really long necks,
of the palm of my hand. It was just lying on the surface. LN: And at
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so they’re actually functionally like giraffes. LN: Some had snouts, like
first she thought it was just a splinter of wood, because that’s the sort
crocodiles. NR: The really primitive, early ones would have been really
of thing people had found at the Fyles Leaf Bed before–prehistoric
small, like, almost like rabbits. LN: What? Rabbit-sized camels? NR: The
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plant parts. But that night, back at camp... NR: Then I get out the hand
earliest ones. So those ones you probably would not recognize. LN: Oh,
lens, maybe I’m looking a little bit more closely and realizing it doesn’t
my God, I want a pet rabbit-camel. NR: I know! Wouldn’t that be great?
quite look like this has tree rings. Maybe it’s a preservation thing, but it
LN: And then about three to seven million years ago, one branch of
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looks really like... bone. LN: Huh. So, over the next four years, she went
camels went down to South America, where they became llamas and
to that spot over and over, and eventually collected 30 fragments of
alpacas and another branch crossed over the Bering Land Bridge into
that exact same bone, most of them really tiny. NR: It’s not a whole
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Asia and Africa. And then, around the end of the last Ice Age, North
lot. It, you know, fits in a…fits in a small Ziploc bag. LN: And she tried
American camels went extinct. So, scientists knew all of that already, but
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and putty, and it’s like…it’s not looking good. So finally, we have…we
three and a half million years ago, it was on average 22 degrees Celsius
had a 3D surface scanner. LN: Ooh! NR: Yeah, right? LN: It turns out it
warmer than it is now. So it would have been boreal forest, so more like
was way easier to do it virtually. NR: It’s kind of magical when it all fits
the Yukon or Siberia today. But still, like, they would have six-month-
together. LN: How certain were you that you had it right, like, that you
long winters where the ponds would freeze over. You’d have blizzards.
had put it together in the right way, like? Was there a potential that
You’d have 24 hours a day of straight darkness. Like, how... How? How is
you’d put it together a different way and you’d have, like, a, you know,
it that one of these Saharan superstars ever have survived those arctic
a parakeet or something? NR: Um, no. No, we got this. LN: What she
conditions? Natalia and her colleagues think they have an answer. And
had, she discovered, was a tibia–a leg bone, and specifically, one that
it’s kind of brilliant. What if the very features that we imagine make the
belonged to a cloven-hoofed mammal, so something like a cow or a
camel so well-suited to places like the Sahara actually evolved to help it
sheep. But it couldn’t have been either of those. It was just too big. NR:
get through the winter? What if those broad feet were meant to tromp
The size of this thing, it was huge. It’s a really big animal. LN: So what
not over sand but over snow, like a pair of snowshoes? What if that
animal could it be? Having hit a wall, she showed one of the fragments
hump–which, huge news to me, does not contain water–it contains
to some colleagues of hers in Colorado, and they had an idea. NR: We
fat–was there to help the camel get through that six-month-long winter
took a saw, and we nicked just the edge of it, and there was this really
when food was scarce? And then, only later, long after it crossed over
interesting…um, there’s a smell that comes from it. LN: It smelled kind
the land bridge, did it retrofit those winter features for a hot desert
of like singed flesh. It was a smell that Natalia recognized from cutting
environment? Like, for instance, the hump may be helpful to camels in
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to reframe everything you thought you knew. Like, in this case, this one from Chinese; we took ‘caramel’ from French. We also take words for
scientist finds this one shard of what she thought was wood and, because cool things like ‘ninja,’ right? We took that from Japanese, which is kind
of that, science has a totally new and totally counterintuitive theory of a cool trick because ninjas are hard to steal from. So another way
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about why this absurd Dr. Seuss-looking creature looks the way it does. that you can make words in English is by squishing two other English
And, for me, it completely upended the way I think of the camel. It went words together. This is called ‘compounding.’ Words in English are like
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from being this ridiculously niche creature suited only to this one specific LEGO: if you use enough force, you can put any two of them together.
environment to being this, this world traveler that just happens to be in We do this all the time in English: words like ‘heartbroken,’ ‘bookworm,’
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the Sahara and could end up virtually anywhere. This is Azuri. Azuri, hi, ‘sandcastle’ all are compounds. So go ahead and make words like ‘duck
how are you doing? OK, here, I’ve got one of these for you here. Yeah. So face,’ just don’t make duck face. Another way that you can make words
Azuri is on a break from her regular gig at the Radio City Music Hall. That’s in English is kind of like compounding, but instead you use so much
not even a joke. It’s…anyway– but really, Azuri is here as a living reminder
c force when you squish the words together that some parts fall off. So
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that the story of our world is a dynamic one. It requires our willingness these are blend words, like ‘brunch’ is a blend of ‘breakfast’ and ‘lunch.’
to readjust, to reimagine. Right, Azuri? And, really, that we’re all just one ‘Motel’ is a blend of ‘motor’ and ‘hotel.’ Who here knew that ‘motel’ was a
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shard of bone away from seeing the world anew. Thank you very much. blend word? Yeah, that word is so old in English that lots of people don’t
know that there are parts missing. ‘Edutainment’ is a blend of ‘education’
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Unit 7 Erin McKean: Go ahead, make up new words! and ‘entertainment.’ And of course, electrocute is a blend of ‘electric’ and
PART 1 ‘execute.’ You can also make words by changing how they operate. This
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is called ‘functional shift.’ You take a word that acts as one part of speech,
I’m a lexicographer. I make dictionaries. And my job as a lexicographer
and you change it into another part of speech. Okay, who here knew
is to try to put all the words possible into the dictionary. My job is not to
that ‘friend’ hasn’t always been a verb? ‘Friend’ used to be a noun and
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decide what a word is; that is your job. Everybody who speaks English
then we verbed it. Almost any word in English can be verbed. You can
decides together what’s a word and what’s not a word. Every language
also take adjectives and make them into nouns. ‘Commercial’ used to be
is just a group of people who agree to understand each other. Now,
an adjective and now it’s a noun. And, of course, you can ‘green’ things.
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English we had the word ‘editor’ before we had the word ‘edit.’ ‘Edit’ was
too much – don’t tell anybody. But the word ‘grammar’, actually, there
formed from ‘editor.’ Another way to make words in English is to take
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are two kinds of grammar. There’s the kind of grammar that kind of
the first letters of something and squish them together. So the National
lives inside your brain, and if you’re a native speaker of a language or a
Aeronautics and Space Administration becomes NASA. And of course
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good speaker of a language, it’s the unconscious rules that you follow
you can do this with anything, OMG!
when you speak that language. And this is what you learn when you
learn a language as a child. And here’s an example: This is a wug, right? PART 3
It’s a wug. Now there is another one. There are two of these. There are
So it doesn’t matter how silly the words are. They can be really good
two... Audience: Wugs. Erin McKean: Exactly! You know how to make
words of English. ‘Absquatulate’ is a perfectly good word of English.
the plural of wug. That rule lives in your brain. You never had to be
‘Mugwump’ is a perfectly good word of English. So the words don’t
taught this rule, you just understand it. This is an experiment that was
have to sound normal–they can sound really silly. Why should you
invented by a professor at Boston College named Jean Berko Gleason
make words? You should make words because every word is a chance
back in 1958. So we’ve been talking about this for a long time. Now,
to express your idea and get your meaning across. And new words grab
these kinds of natural rules that exist in your brain, they’re not like traffic
people’s attention. They get people to focus on what you’re saying and
laws–they’re more like laws of nature. And nobody has to remind you to
that gives you a better chance to get your meaning across. And a lot of
obey a law of nature, right? When you leave the house in the morning,
people on this stage today have said, “In the future, you can do this, you
your mom doesn’t say, “Hey, honey, I think it’s going to be cold, take a
can help with this, you can help us explore, you can help us invent.” You
hoodie, don’t forget to obey the law of gravity, right?” Nobody says this.
can make a new word right now. English has no age limit. Go ahead,
Now, there are other rules that are more about manners than they are
start making words today, send them to me, and I will put them in my
about nature. So you can think of, like, a word is like a hat. Once you
online dictionary, Wordnik. Thank you so much.
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or minority students. And we know that résumés with white-sounding
come true, really. And when that video was posted online, I just sat
names get more callbacks than résumés with black-sounding names.
there on the computer, hitting ‘refresh’, excited to see the response. The
Why is that? Because of our expectations of what is ‘normal.’ We think it
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first comment comes in. “Great job.” Yes! I hit ‘refresh’. “Excellent video. I
is normal when a black student has spelling errors. We think it is normal
look forward to the next one.” This was just the first of a two-part video.
when a female or minority student does not succeed. And we think it
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I was going to work on the second one next. I hit ‘refresh’. “Where is part
is normal that a white employee is a better hire than a black employee.
TWO? WHEREEEEE? I need it NOWWWWW!” People other than my mom
But studies also show that discrimination of this kind, in most cases, is
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were saying nice things about me, on the internet! It felt like I had finally
simply favoritism, and it results more from wanting to help people that
arrived. I hit ‘refresh’. “His voice is annoying. No offense.” OK, no offense
you can relate to than the desire to harm people that you can’t relate to.
taken. ‘Refresh’. “Could you remake this without peanut butter in your
And not relating to people starts at a very early age. Let me give you an
mouth?” OK, at least the feedback is somewhat constructive. Hit ‘refresh’.
c example. One library that keeps track of characters in the children’s book
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“Please don’t use this narrator again u can barely understand him.”
collection every year, found that in 2014, only about 11 percent of the
Refresh. I don’t have an Indian accent, I have a Pakistani accent, OK? But
books had a character of color. And just the year before, that number
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comments like that kept coming in, so I figured I should just ignore them
was about eight percent, even though half of American children today
and start working on the second part of the video. I recorded my audio,
come from a minority background. Half. So there are two big issues here.
but every time I sat down to edit, I just could not do it. Every single time,
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Number one, children are told that they can be anything, that they can
it would take me back to my childhood, where I had a much harder time
do anything, and yet most stories that children of color consume are
speaking. I’ve stuttered for as long as I can remember. I was the kid in
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about people who are not like them. And number two is that majority
class who would never raise his hand when he had a question—or knew
groups don’t get to realize the great extent to which they are similar to
the answer. Every time the phone rang, I would run to the bathroom so
minorities–our everyday experiences, our hopes, our dreams, our fears
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that I would not have to answer it. If it was for me, my parents would
and our mutual love for hummus. It’s delicious! Just like the color blue
say that I’m not around. I spent a lot of time in the bathroom. And I
for Ancient Greeks, minorities are not a part of what we consider normal,
hated introducing myself, especially in groups. I’d always stutter on my
because ‘normal’ is simply a construction of what we’ve been exposed
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name, and there was usually someone who’d go, “Have you forgotten
to, and how visible it is around us. And this is where things get a bit
your name?” And then everybody would laugh. That joke never got old. I
difficult. I can accept the preexisting notion of normal—that ‘normal’
spent my childhood feeling that if I spoke, it would become obvious that
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my work and with my voice and with my accent. And so I’m now slowly
my voice in my work was a huge step for me. Every time I record audio,
starting to use my voice in my work again. And it feels good. It does not
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I fumble my way through saying each sentence many, many times, and
mean I won’t have a breakdown the next time a couple dozen people
then I go back in and pick the ones where I think I suck the least. Audio
say that I talk like I have peanut butter in my mouth. It just means I now
editing is like Photoshop for your voice. I can slow it down, speed it up,
have a much better understanding of what’s at stake, and how giving
make it deeper, add an echo. And if I stutter along the way, and if I stutter
up is not an option. The Ancient Greeks didn’t just wake up one day
along the way, I just go back in and fix it. It’s magic. And so using my
and realize that the sky was blue. It took centuries, even, for humans to
highly edited voice in my work was a way for me to finally sound normal
realize what we had been ignoring for so long. And so…and so we must
to myself. But after the comments on the video, it no longer made me
continuously challenge our notion of normal, because doing so is going
feel normal. And so I stopped using my voice in my work.
to allow us as a society to finally see the sky for what it is. Thank you.
PART 2 Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
Since then, I’ve thought a lot about what it means to be normal. And
I’ve come to understand that ‘normal’ has a lot to do with expectations. Unit 9 Becci Manson: (Re)touching lives through photos
Let me give you an example. I came across this story about the Ancient PART 1
Greek writer, Homer. Now, Homer mentions very few colors in his Before March, 2011, I was a photographic retoucher based in New York
writing. And even when he does, he seems to get them quite a bit City. We’re pale, gray creatures. We hide in dark, windowless rooms, and
wrong. For example, the sea is described as wine-red, people’s faces are generally avoid sunlight. We make skinny models skinnier, perfect skin
sometimes green and sheep are purple. But it’s just not Homer. If you more perfect, and the impossible possible, and we get criticized in the
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places around the different towns for safekeeping. Now, it wasn’t until but her two boys were both at school, separate schools. One of them
this point that I realized that these photos were such a huge part of got caught up in the water. It took her a week to find them all again and
the personal loss these people had felt. As they had run from the wave, find out that they had all survived. The day I gave her the photos also
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and for their lives, absolutely everything they had, everything had to happened to be her youngest son’s 14th birthday. For her, despite all
be left behind. At the end of my first week there, I found myself helping of this, those photos were the perfect gift back to him, something he
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out in an evacuation center in the town. I was helping clean the onsen, could look at again, something he remembered from before that wasn’t
the communal onsen, the huge giant bathtubs. This happened to also still scarred from that day in March when absolutely everything else
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be a place in the town where the evacuation center was collecting the in his life had changed or been destroyed. After six months in Japan,
photos. This is where people were handing them in, and I was honored 1,100 volunteers had passed through All Hands, hundreds of whom had
that day that they actually trusted me to help them start hand-cleaning helped us hand-clean over 135,000 photographs, the large majority–a
them. Now, it was emotional and it was inspiring, and I’ve always heard
c large majority of which did actually find their home again, importantly.
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about thinking outside the box, but it wasn’t until I had actually gotten Over 500 volunteers around the globe helped us get 90 families
outside of my box that something happened. As I looked through the hundreds of photographs back, fully restored and retouched. During
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photos, some were over a hundred years old, some still in the envelope this time, we hadn’t really spent more than about a thousand dollars in
from the processing lab, I couldn’t help but think as a retoucher that equipment and materials, most of which was printer inks.
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I could fix that tear and mend that scratch, and I knew hundreds of
people who could do the same. So that evening, I just reached out on PART 3
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Facebook and asked a few of them, and by morning the response had We take photos constantly. A photo is a reminder of someone or
been so overwhelming and so positive, I knew we had to give it a go. So something, a place, a relationship, a loved one. They’re our memory-
we started retouching photos. keepers and our histories, the last thing we would grab and the first
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thing you’d go back to look for. That’s all this project was about, about
PART 2 restoring those little bits of humanity, giving someone that connection
This was the very first. Not terribly damaged, but where those…the back. When a photo like this can be returned to someone like this, it
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water had caused that discoloration on the girl’s face had to be repaired makes a huge difference in the lives of the person receiving it. The
with such accuracy and delicacy. Otherwise, that little girl isn’t going project’s also made a big difference in the lives of the retouchers. For
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to look like that little girl anymore, and surely that’s as tragic as having some of them, it’s given them a connection to something bigger, giving
the photo damaged. Over time, more photos came in, thankfully, and something back, using their talents on something other than skinny
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more retouchers were needed, and so I reached out again on Facebook models and perfect skin. I would like to conclude by reading an email I
and LinkedIn, and within five days, 80 people wanted to help from 12 got from one of them, Cindy, the day I finally got back from Japan after
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different countries. Within two weeks, I had 150 people wanting to six months. ‘As I worked, I couldn’t help but think about the individuals
join in. Within Japan, by July, we’d branched out to the neighboring and the stories represented in the images. One in particular, a photo
town of Rikuzentakata, further north to a town called Yamada. Once of women of all ages, from grandmother to little girl, gathered around
a week, we would set up our scanning equipment in the temporary a baby, struck a chord, because a similar photo from my family, my
photo libraries that had been set up, where people were reclaiming grandmother, mother, myself, and newborn daughter, hangs on our
their photos. The older ladies sometimes hadn’t seen a scanner before, wall. Across the globe, throughout the ages, our basic needs are just the
but within ten minutes of them finding their lost photo, they could same, aren’t they?’ Thank you.
give it to us, have it scanned, uploaded to a cloud server, it would be
downloaded by a gaijin, a stranger, somewhere on the other side of Unit 10 Janine Shepherd: A broken body isn’t a broken person
the globe, and it’d start being fixed. The time it took, however, to get it PART 1
back is a completely different story, and it depended obviously on the
Life is about opportunities, creating them and embracing them, and
damage involved. It could take an hour. It could take weeks. It could take
for me, that was the Olympic dream. That’s what defined me. That was
months. The kimono in this shot pretty much had to be hand-drawn,
my bliss. As a cross-country skier and member of the Australian ski
or pieced together, picking out the remaining parts of color and detail
team, headed towards the Winter Olympics, I was on a training bike
that the water hadn’t damaged. It was very time-consuming. Now, all
ride with my fellow teammates. As we made our way up towards the
these photos had been damaged by water, submerged in salt water,
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was 40 over nothing. I was having a really bad day. For over ten days, athlete. My body was a machine. But now I was about to embark on the
I drifted between two dimensions. I had an awareness of being in my most creative project that any of us could ever do: that of rebuilding a
body, but also being out of my body, somewhere else, watching from life. And even though I had absolutely no idea what I was going to do, in
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above as if it was happening to someone else. Why would I want to go that uncertainty came a sense of freedom. I was no longer tied to a set
back to a body that was so broken? But this voice kept calling me: ‘Come path. I was free to explore life’s infinite possibilities. And that realization
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on, stay with me.’ ‘No. It’s too hard.’ ‘Come on. This is our opportunity.’ was about to change my life. Sitting at home in my wheelchair and
‘No. That body is broken. It can no longer serve me.’ ‘Come on. Stay with my plaster body cast, an airplane flew overhead, and I looked up, and
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me. We can do it. We can do it together.’ I was at a crossroads. I knew I thought to myself, ‘That’s it! If I can’t walk, then I might as well fly.’ I
if I didn’t return to my body, I’d have to leave this world forever. It was said, “Mum, I’m going to learn how to fly.” She said, “That’s nice, dear.” I
the fight of my life. After ten days, I made the decision to return to my made a booking, and weeks later my friend Chris and my mum drove
body, and the internal bleeding stopped. The next concern was whether
c me out to the airport, all 80 pounds of me covered in a plaster body
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I would walk again, because I was paralyzed from the waist down. They cast in a baggy pair of overalls. I can tell you, I did not look like the ideal
said to my parents, the neck break was a stable fracture, but the back candidate to get a pilot’s license. I’m holding on to the counter because I
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was completely crushed. The vertebra at L1 was like you’d dropped a can’t stand. I said, “Hi, I’m here for a flying lesson.” And they took one look
peanut, stepped on it, smashed it into thousands of pieces. They’d have and ran out the back to draw short straws. ‘You get her.’ ‘No, no, you take
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to operate. I woke up in intensive care, and the doctors were really her.’ Finally, this guy comes out. He goes, “Hi, I’m Andrew, and I’m going
excited that the operation had been a success because at that stage I to take you flying.” I go, “Great.” And so they drive me down, they get me
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had a little bit of movement in one of my big toes, and I thought, ‘Great, out on the tarmac, and there was this red, white and blue airplane. It
because I’m going to the Olympics!’ I had no idea. That’s the sort of was beautiful. They lifted me into the cockpit. They had to slide me up
thing that happens to someone else, not me, surely. But then the doctor on the wing, put me in the cockpit. They sat me down. There are buttons
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came over to me, and she said, “Janine, the operation was a success, and dials everywhere. I’m going, “Wow, how do you ever know what
and we’ve picked as much bone out of your spinal cord as we could, all these buttons and dials do?” Andrew the instructor got in the front,
but the damage is permanent. The central nervous system nerves, there started the airplane up. He said, “Would you like to have a go at taxiing?”
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is no cure. Janine, you’ll have to rethink everything you do in your life, That’s when you use your feet to control the rudder pedals to control the
because you’re never going to be able to do the things you did before.” airplane on the ground. I said, “No, I can’t use my legs.” He went, “Oh.” I
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I tried to grasp what she was saying. I was an athlete. That’s all I knew. said, “But I can use my hands,” and he said, “Okay.” So he got over to the
That’s all I’d done. If I couldn’t do that, then what could I do? And the runway, and he applied the power. And as we took off down the runway,
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question I asked myself is, if I couldn’t do that, then who was I? and the wheels lifted up off the tarmac, and we became airborne, I had
the most incredible sense of freedom. And Andrew said to me, as we got
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PART 2 over the training area, “You see that mountain over there?” And I said,
I shared the ward with five other people, and the amazing thing is that “Yeah.” And he said, “Well, you take the controls, and you fly towards that
because we were all lying paralyzed in a spinal ward, we didn’t know mountain.” And as I looked up, I realized that he was pointing towards
what each other looked like. How amazing is that? How often in life do the Blue Mountains where the journey had begun. And I took the
you get to make friendships, judgment-free, purely based on spirit? And controls, and I was flying. And I was a long, long way from that spinal
there were no superficial conversations as we shared our innermost ward, and I knew right then that I was going to be a pilot. Didn’t know
thoughts, our fears, and our hopes for life after the spinal ward. After six how on earth I’d ever pass a medical. But I’d worry about that later,
months, it was time to go home. I remember Dad pushing me outside because right now I had a dream. So I went home, I got a training diary
in my wheelchair, wrapped in a plaster body cast, and feeling the sun out, and I had a plan. And I practiced my walking as much as I could,
on my face for the first time. I soaked it up and I thought, how could and I went from the point of two people holding me up to one person
I ever have taken this for granted? I felt so incredibly grateful for my holding me up to the point where I could walk around the furniture
life. But before I left hospital, the head nurse had said to me, “Janine, as long as it wasn’t too far apart. And then I made great progression
I want you to be ready, because when you get home, something’s to the point where I could walk around the house, holding onto the
going to happen.” And I said, “What?” And she said, “You’re going to get walls, like this, and Mum said she was forever following me, wiping off
depressed.” And I said, “Not me, not Janine the Machine,” which was my fingerprints. But at least she always knew where I was. So while the
my nickname. She said, “You are, because, see, it happens to everyone. doctors continued to operate and put my body back together again,
PART 4
The philosopher Lao Tzu once said, “When you let go of what you are,
you become what you might be.” I now know that it wasn’t until I let
go of who I thought I was that I was able to create a completely new
life. It wasn’t until I let go of the life I thought I should have that I was
able to embrace the life that was waiting for me. I now know that my
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real strength never came from my body, and although my physical
capabilities have changed dramatically, who I am is unchanged. The
pilot light inside of me was still alight, just as it is in each and every one
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of us. I know that I’m not my body, and I also know that you’re not yours.
And then it no longer matters what you look like, where you come from,
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or what you do for a living. All that matters is that we continue to fan the
flame of humanity by living our lives as the ultimate creative expression
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of who we really are. Thank you. Thank you.
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Language Simple past, past continuous, past perfect simple, and Expansion
past perfect continuous; Vocabulary about travel and tourism • After students have told their stories, you could:
• ask them to discuss the similarities and differences between
Time Approximately 30 minutes
their stories.
Preparation A copy of one set of pictures for each pair, cut up • ask them to think of three more details their partners could
have added that would have made the story even more
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Procedure interesting.
• Tell students they are going to come up with stories about a • put students with different partners and ask them to tell the
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trip two young people recently went on, based on twelve story they just heard.
pictures.
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• Ask students to put the pictures together in a different way
• Put students in pairs or groups of three. Hand out one batch of and tell—or write for homework—the new story that they
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twelve pictures to each pair or group. Tell them they have five come up with.
minutes to put the story in a logical (for them) order and to
start thinking about their story. Encourage them to use
vocabulary from Unit 1 in their Student’s Book and new c
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vocabulary. Allow them to use a dictionary or ask you if
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necessary.
• Next, students work together in pairs to write stories about the
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passage in class, e.g., How did the broken leg happen? Where did
we have to hitchhike and why? etc.
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Preparation One copy of the worksheet for each pair large knife, space blanket, basic cell phone, water container,
lighter, mini flashlight (LED), fishing line / dental floss,
Procedure 0.35mm clear plastic sheet (3x4m), $50 bill, water purification
• Put students in pairs and hand out the worksheets. Students tablets
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look at the list of items and check they understand them
asking each other and using a dictionary. Circulate and provide
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help, too. You may need to explain the following: Expansion
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dental floss: string or thread to clean between teeth You can extend the discussion by asking students to do one or
tinder: something that very easily catches on fire, such as more of the following:
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straw. You use it to start a fire from a spark. • Add four more items to their “group” survival kit.
compass: You use it to find where north is and go in the same • Discuss a different scenario, e.g., You are lost in the mountains. /
direction.
c You are lost in a large forest. / You are in a desert.
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duct tape: very strong waterproof tape • Plan what they would do and who would do what during: a)
brim: flat part at the bottom edge of a hat the first three hours; b) the first day; c) the second day; d) the
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• Tell students that they have crashed or have been left on a third day and beyond.
small tropical island. They can choose just six things to have
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their hand. What would they want to have? Give students five
minutes to work individually, choose their items, and think of
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reasons why they would need them. Give an example first: You
might need a wide-brimmed hat to keep the sun off your head
and face and stop you from getting sunstroke sick from the sun.
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Fast finishers
They decide on two more items to add to their survival kit.
• When students have agreed on at least four items, stop the
task and go through new language. Then tell students the
following rule of three:
In bad weather, you can die within three hours from lack of
shelter.
You can die within three days from lack of water.
You can survive three weeks without any food.
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• Tell students they need to complete the questions using the a few minutes to read through the instructions; check that they
two verbs in parentheses in the correct form. Do the first item understand the task. They may need help with the following:
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on each worksheet with the whole class. the retail price: the final price goods or services are sold to
• Get students to do the rest themselves, if possible without the end user for
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looking at the Student Book. (If students are in pairs of As and stake: the part of a business that you own because you’ve
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pairs of Bs they can help each other and do the next task invested money in it
together.) Monitor and provide help, but don’t give answers sell-by date: the date printed on food packaging by which it’s
away. Students will help each other with this. recommended you should eat the goods inside
• Ask students to add at least two more similar questions to ask
c DIY: (Do It Yourself ) the activity of making or repairing things
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their partners. They should use one of the verbs from the in your home, instead of paying someone else to do it
Grammar Reference on p. 130 of their Student Book (Verb
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• When students have written their questions, they take turns businesspeople/investors. Explain that each pair is going to
reading out their questions. If their question is grammatically take turns being the entrepreneurs and the investors. They
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correct, then their partner should answer it. If there’s an error, should first spend ten minutes in their pairs discussing what
their partner provides the correction but the student reading they are going to say about their products. During this
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out the question has to answer it. Point out that the correct planning time, they can use a dictionary or ask you for any
answers for their partner’s questions are on the bottom of the vocabulary they are not sure of.
sheet. Do an example with a student to demonstrate.
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board for feedback and also listen for any interesting or funny where they use L1. Help them by correcting or giving them
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things students say. You may also need to referee any of the English they need. Make sure you pay attention not only to
students’ own questions where their partner thinks there’s an the language students use to pitch, but also to questions the
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• A timer for every group (A clock/watch if it has a second hand
which everyone can see.)
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Procedure
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• Organize the class into matches with two teams in each.
Teams can have two, three, or four players each.
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• Tell students they are going to race around the game board. To
move, each team either flips a coin or throws a dice. (For a coin
flip: heads moves one place; tails moves either two places or
c three places.) Point out the special squares:
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Team square: All the players take part with each team
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• If the other team player lands on the same space, they must
choose the option which wasn’t previously used.
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• After a player from each team has had a turn, the next player
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on the team flips the coin and plays. They should play as above.
• As students play, circulate and help with any questions
regarding the rules, referee any disputes, and make a note of
errors to correct in feedback.
Fast finishers
Either stop the game when the first team finishes or tell students to
continue to see who can go the furthest until you stop the game.
Expansion
Ask students to design a similar board using the same basic tasks, but
adapted to review language and topics in Units 1 and 2. Put students
in groups to look back at their notes and their Student’s Book for
ideas. When it is completed, you might need to check and correct
the ideas before groups swap their boards and play the game.
SAMPLE COPY, NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION
182 Communicative Activities: Teacher’s Notes
3.2 General knowledge quiz • Finally, give some feedback about new language that came
up, and get students to correct the errors you wrote on the
Aim To review and practice using comparatives and superlatives board.
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volunteer the answer or nominate someone to answer. Discuss 4 Amazingly, there’s a 16-foot tree in Sweden that’s around
why the answer is correct and write it on the board. 9,550 years old now!
• Get students to do the others. When most have finished, ask 5 Mexico! The Great Pyramid of Cholula, an ancient Aztec
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them to compare answers in pairs. temple in Puebla, Mexico, has a base four times larger than
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• Go through the answers and write them on the board. For Egypt’s Giza pyramid and is nearly twice the volume.
each answer, ask how students decided. This repetition will 6 Hippos are more aggressive and have killed more people
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help to consolidate understanding of the underlying rules. than rhinos. They’ve actually killed more people in Africa
(See Grammar Reference p. 132.) You could also drill some of than any other wild animal other than mosquitoes!
7 The Atlantic. At its deepest, it’s 9,219 meters deep. The
the comparatives and superlatives both with the whole class
c Indian Ocean is 7,455 meters deep.
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and with individual students.
8 Australia. The inland taipan is by far the most poisonous
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7 deeper 8 the most dangerous 9 further high, but it doesn’t even make the list of the 100 highest
10 the highest 11 the most populated 12 longer mountains in the world!
13 the most common 14 the most expensive
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• Put students in groups of two to four and ask them to think of giraffes only live around 25 years.
a name for their team. Then give them a time limit of about 13 the article the
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ten minutes to write their answers to each question. No 14 Pirates of the Caribbean
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expressing likelihood on the board, e.g., It’s bound to happen. It’s • Get students to research online one or two predictions that
almost inevitable. It’s highly (un)likely. I guess it could happen. It’s caused the most discussion. They can do the research in L1 if
not impossible. I can’t see it happening myself, but I could be wrong.
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they want to. They then report back (in English!) on their
• Optional Write the phrases on the board in no particular findings. See if anyone has changed their mind in light of what
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order and ask students to rank them from most likely to least. they find.
• To model the task, before you give out the strips, tell students
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• Get students to think of at least two things that would happen
one prediction: It’ll soon be normal for most people to live to a if each of the predictions actually did come true.
hundred. Ask for students’ ideas and reasons. Emphasize that
there are no correct answers.
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• Put students in groups of four or five. Tell each group they need
to appoint a secretary, who should have a pen and some paper.
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Hand out a set of strips to each group, face down on the table
and tell students not to touch them yet. Then explain they
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should pick up one strip at a time and discuss how likely they
think the prediction is. They should debate their ideas until they
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out what’s going on this weekend in another city via the
Procedure website Time Out (+ city) or other What’s going on guides, and
• Hand out the What’s going on? page to each student, along with decide what they’d like to do. They then report back about
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one role card per student. (Note that some of the role cards are what they plan to do.
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identical.) Students should not show each other their role cards.
The expectation is that students will find their partner through
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the role-play of making arrangements, but this is not essential.
• Ask students to look through the worksheet and find four
things that the person on their role card might be interested in
doing over the weekend. Tell them that if prices or places are c
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not mentioned, they should think of the places or prices
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they must stick to their role. (Get them to throw away their
role card to ensure this, if you like.) Within their role, they can
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Procedure students to justify their decisions and give the real answers.
• Ask students to think of an invention or innovation from the
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last fifty years that has had wide-reaching consequences. Write
the first good idea that students come up with on the board Answers
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as a passive sentence, e.g., The Internet was invented. The sailboat – the fourth millennium BC
• Put students in pairs and tell them to think of anything that Cement – sometime in the first millennium
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they think was done as a result of the invention they thought The compass – the 12th century
of. They may also be able to think of things that have been
The printing press – 1430s
done, are being done, will be done, ought to / should be done, etc.
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Give students a few minutes to brainstorm ideas. The steam engine – 1712
• Get ideas from the whole class, writing results on the board, Refrigeration – 1850s
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rephrasing students’ ideas if necessary. Use arrows to connect The telephone – 1876
them to the original invention / innovation.
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directly from the Internet! • Ask students to discuss and/or research in groups what they
• Give students two more minutes to think of ideas. The add new know about each of the inventions. They may use the Internet
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ideas from students on the board, linking these with arrows to at this point if they have access. For example, who was behind
their causes. Correct any errors with passives if appropriate. the inventions, where did they happen, how, etc.
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them on the board yourself.
possible, they should use passive structures. They shouldn’t
write their ideas on their worksheet yet. • Tell students they are going to play a game where they have
to say a true story or a lie about each of the topics. The aim of
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• Get ideas from students and write them on the board. Correct
the game is for other students to guess if it is true or false. They
any errors or ask students to clarify anything that you find
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win a point if they do not guess correctly. Therefore, they want
unclear. Then either decide yourself or ask students to vote on
convincing lies and surprising truths. All statements should
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three categories/questions and add them to their worksheet.
relate to them or their family so for A hidden talent, it could be
• Tell them they are going to try and find a different person in about something their brother can do. In the case of My
the class for each category in the quickest time possible. They
need to also find out exactly what happened—at least the c grandparents, it could be anything connected to their
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grandmother or grandfather (using a different category if they
main detail—from the student whose name they write down. wish, e.g., A hidden talent). In the case of Never done, it should
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(If there are fewer than twelve students in the class, they can be something they or someone they know has never done or
obviously have the same name for more than one category, experienced, which might be surprising.
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the task and declare them the winner. Get the winner to say
their answers and you can use these to ask follow-up • Organize students into groups of three to four and hand out a
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questions of the students mentioned. set of the category cards face down. The first student in each
group picks up a card. This student is the “lie detective.” The
• At the end of the task, give some feedback about new
other students in the group say their statements. The “lie
language that came up, and focus on errors to correct, which
detective” then asks each student a maximum of three
you may have written on the board. You can also share some
questions before deciding if they are lying or telling the truth.
interesting things you heard with the class.
• If the “lie detective” guesses correctly for all of the other
Expansion students, they get two points. If the “lie detective” was tricked
• Ask students to work in pairs and find out who can answer yes by one or more students in the group, they get one point. If
to the most categories discussing what happened. the “lie detective” was tricked by all of the other students in the
• Ask students to choose one of the questions and write a funny group, they don’t get any points.
story.
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the class. they are going to do it as an auction. Ask who knows what an
• Students choose one of the stories (true or false) they heard auction is and what happens during an auction. Get a
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and develop it into a story for writing practice. definition that you like and repeat it for the class. (For example,
It’s a public occasion when things are sold to the people who offer
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the most money. People bid on things they want, and the highest
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bidder wins.)
• Put students in pairs or small groups and hand out the
worksheets. Each pair or group has $10,000 to bid with. The
c winners will be the pair or group that manages to buy the most
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correct sentences with that money. If you can find some kind of
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are correct—and how they’d correct the ones they think have
an error. They should also plan which sentences they are going
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• After all the sentences have been “sold,” run through each
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Variations
• Rather than openly bidding against each other, the teams
could be asked to write down how much they want to bid for
each sentence on a piece of paper. Collect these and then read
them out to see who bid the most.
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8 Correct – The feeling bad is about now because if the other’s ideas by grading them 1–5:
person had / hadn’t done the action, the result would
1 = imitation, 2 = variation, 3 = combination, 4 = transformation,
have been the same.
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and 5 = original creation. Write these five key words on the
9 Incorrect – Frequency adverbs usually go after the modal
board and give students time to discuss in pairs what they think
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and before the main verb.
each one involves.
10 Correct – It means that if I were you, I wouldn’t worry
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because I am sure in the future everything is fine. • Get ideas from the class and then clarify that the criteria
11 Incorrect – spend not spent (no simple past forms after a involve the following:
modal) • Imitation: The creation is the same or virtually the same as
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12 Correct – should is also possible, but shall is fine/usual to something that already exists.
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ask for a suggestion/agreement for an idea. • Variation: It’s a slight change to an existing object. It’s
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13 Incorrect – have been living (live is not a passive) different, but still has the identity of the original object.
14 Correct • Combination: It’s a mixture of two or more things, such
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• Get ideas from the whole class and get students to explain
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their ideas. Clarify the correct answers and explain why Ewa’s
idea was the most creative according to the criteria.
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Mohammed – transformation: His object is more than just a Procedure
combination of a backpack and something else. It now has You can play this game either as a class team game or as
water-specific purposes and has transformed what a backpack is.
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individuals in groups. In either case, the aim of the game is for
students to produce conditional sentences connected to the
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• Next, keep students in their groups and ask them to look at prompt card.
Part B of the worksheet. Tell them they need to come up with
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as many different ways of tackling each problem as they can Team game
within the time limit you set (about fifteen minutes). They • Put students into teams of up to six. Think about the make-up
should write down their most creative solution to each
c of the teams and make sure more proficient and less proficient
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problem, and they can also draw a quick sketch if they wish to students are distributed evenly. Ask them to think of a name
use one in their presentation. for their team and write them on the board.
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• When most students have finished, stop the task and put • Explain the game. Read out one of the prompts and have
different groups together. They should then explain their teams think of as many conditional sentences or wish
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solutions to each problem and assess each other’s idea (giving a sentences that might go with it as they can in one or two
number 1–5) according to the creativity criteria discussed earlier. minutes. Read this out as an example: I’d rather we took the
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Who has the most creative approach to each problem? Why? bus. Give a couple of examples: If we take the bus, we’ll get
• Get ideas from the whole class. See if you can all agree on there quicker; if we take the bus, we won’t get so wet; if we walk,
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what the most creative approach is in each case. we might be late; I wish/If only I could drive. Elicit other ideas
from students.
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approaches to each of the five situations, but that these might secretary in their group to write down their sentences.
not be the best solutions. Get students to think of possible • Now do a practice round of the game. In their groups,
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problems with the creative approaches that they have chosen students pick a statement and come up with as many
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and to suggest more effective alternatives, if they can. responses as they can. After two minutes, ask students to
• Get each student to think of one real-world problem they’ve count how many responses they got.
had to deal with. They share their problems in groups and • Find out which team got the most sentences. Write five
come up with creative solutions. Then each student should points on the board next to their team name. Having the
explain what they actually did in each situation. most sentences to begin with gives the team five points,
irrespective of correctness. This rule is important because
feedback will get very complicated otherwise. Plus, it will
encourage teams to think of as many sentences as possible
without worrying about accuracy, which in turn will produce
more sentences for challenges.
• Ask the team with the most sentences to read them out. The
other team(s) can challenge a sentence if they think it’s
grammatically wrong or there is no connection to the prompt
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on accuracy or relevance, or until they can’t think of another • Explain the game. Students turn over the scenario picture from
sentence. The person who had the last “correct” sentence wins the top of the pile. They take turns to say a sentence
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the card and keeps it. connected to the drawing using one of their reporting verbs.
• If the first student gets a sentence wrong, then the player who When the first student says their sentence, they discard their
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picked up the card gets to keep it—if they can think of a card, and the play moves to the next student. If they can’t play
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sentence. Otherwise, it continues to the next person. However, a card, the next person tries to say a sentence and so on. Keep
you probably don’t need to tell students this rule until the going until no one can say a sentence. The last person to
situation arises. speak picks up the next drawing scenario and tries to say a
• The player to the left of the person who picked up the first
c sentence, and the game continues like this. The winner is the
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card now starts, and they continue as above. The winner is the first person to get rid of all of their reporting cards.
person with the most cards.
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• You can add another rule if you want: at any point in the
game, a player can challenge another student if they think
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Fast finishers
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They play the game again, especially if they haven’t used all the
picture cards.
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Procedure
• Tell students they’re going to find out the degree to which
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they share common cultural values. Hand out the worksheet
and allow a few minutes for students to read through the
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statements. Tell them to mark each statement from 1–5,
depending on how strongly they agree. Give one or two
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examples yourself to model the task, if necessary.
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• While students are reading and ranking, you might want to
write some different ways of expressing agreement and
disagreement on the board, e.g., I couldn’t agree more; I totally
agree; I guess I agree up to a point, but …; I’m not really sure how
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I feel about it, to be honest; I totally disagree with that.
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• Check that students are doing the task correctly and notice
errors, difficulties, or where they use L1. Help them by
correcting or giving them the English they need, and make a
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you may have written on the board. You can also share some
interesting things you heard with the class.
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• Explain that students are going to review relative clauses and saw asked about and with some further language-focused
vocabulary/information from recent units. Hand out the feedback.
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worksheets and tell students to complete the questions by
adding the correct missing words. If they think no words are
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necessary, they should leave the blanks empty. Explain that
often more than option is possible. They could write both
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possible options here if you want them to.
• When most students have finished, ask them to compare
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answers in pairs. Check answers with the class and write them on
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the board as you go through. For each answer, ask how students
decided. This repetition will help to consolidate understanding of
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Answers
1 where 2 who / that 3 Nothing needed here
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units 7, 8, and 9. Then ask them to walk around the room, asking
other students the questions and writing down the best
answers they can find. No dictionaries, phones, etc. allowed!
• Check that students are doing the task correctly and note any
words/phrases they are struggling with on the board for
feedback.
• When the first couple of students finish, check the answers by
asking the whole class. Write the numbers and the answers on
the board. As you write, ask questions to expand on what they
can do with the vocabulary, e.g., What kinds of things happen in
a port? Which verbs go with conclusion? What kinds of things do
corrupt officials do?
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phrases. Ask them to order the phrases from “strongly agree” to
“strongly disagree.” • Circulate and listen to students talking and help them with
new language they want to use or need. Note some of this
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down for feedback.
Answers
• At the end of the time limit, stop the task. Give feedback on
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(Strongly agree) how well students kept the conversations going and how
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That’s a great idea. I’m totally for it. they could improve. Also teach some of the language you
noted down.
I’d say I’m basically in favor, but I have a couple of doubts/ • You could now ask students to form new pairs and groups to
questions.
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which will encourage students to be more precise and
I haven’t ever really thought about it.
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No way—that’s completely crazy. should discuss policies they would like to happen. First, elicit
general policy areas, e.g., education, crime and safety, health,
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(Strongly disagree) etc. Then ask for ideas connected to any of these policy areas.
You can allow a short debate of one or more of these ideas.
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• Go through the answers and ask students to practice saying • Allow students time to develop their ideas in their groups and
the sentences in pairs. Encourage them to place the stress on choose a name for their political party. They can include ideas
different words. Give an example: they have discussed already.
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THAT’s a great idea. I’M totally for it. • Once the time limit is up, ask students to elect a leader. This
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That’s a GREAT idea. I’m TOtally for it. person will then present the group’s ideas. At the end of each
short presentation, allow time for questions from other
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scenario cards to each group face down and a set of structure • If you give the quiz as a handout, set a time limit of about
cards. Ask students to divide the structure cards equally fifteen minutes for students to do the task. Tell them to write
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between themselves. They should get ten each. down their answers on a clean piece of paper. (See also Fast
• Explain the game. Students take turns to take a scenario finishers below.) It is up to you to decide whether students can
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picture from the top of the pile. They show it to the group and consult their notebooks or a dictionary.
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then take their first structure card and come up with a small • Alternatively, read out each question and give students a short
story that uses the item on the card in connection with the time to discuss their answers and write them down.
story. Give an example yourself to model the task. • When the time is up, ask the teams to swap their worksheets/
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• If the first student successfully manages to tell a short story papers and then go through the answers one at a time. You
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using their structure, the picture is placed face down on a new can decide how to allocate points.
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pile, and the structure card can be put to one side. If they are • Ask the teams to add up the scores and see who won.
unable to think of a story, they have to keep their structure
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card and the next student tries to think of a story. Students can
also challenge each other if they think there’s been an Suggested answers
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incorrect use of one of the structures. They should call you 1 You slip on ice or a banana skin and usually fall
over to act as the referee in these cases. backwards.
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• The game continues—using the pile of scenario cards again— You trip on or over something like a step or your
until one student has used up all of their structure cards. shoelaces, and you fall forwards.
2 Antibiotics – an infection
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• Check that students are playing the game correctly and notice
errors, difficulties, or where they use L1 and help them by Painkillers – stop pain, headaches, etc.
correcting or giving them the English they need. Inhaler – helps with asthma attacks
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5 No!
interesting things you heard with the class.
6 A doctor (or vet!). Study, take exams, complete a period of
Expansion work under supervision.
• Students play the game again, but this time each student 7 It is causing dangers or problems in society, but people
turns over two scenario cards and tries to use two structure don’t widely know about it.
cards while telling a short story that connects both pictures. 8 Infection gets worse (or spreads).
• Ask students to write a story that connects at least four of the Clear up with antibiotics or of its own accord.
scenario cards and uses at least eight different structures from Infection may spread or get worse because you leave it
the other set of cards. without treatment or cough and others catch it.
9 Need to be healthy to do a job. You fly a plane, want to
join an army, a football club.
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rush to the airport – late / may miss the flight
rush to hospital – emergency / may die
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Expansion
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• Ask students to look through the unit and find three more
words they learned which they can’t remember the meaning
of. They can ask these questions at the end of the quiz.
• Explain how knowing the extra information about the c
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vocabulary helps them to use the words. Ask students to work
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in groups and:
1) compare how they record vocabulary in their notebooks.
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improve them.
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Listen to Student B’s questions and tell them if the verb patterns are correct or not. Tell them if the answer is correct. If
the answer is wrong, help them correct it!
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Student B’s answers
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1 hurt yourself playing 5 caught someone lying
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2 heard your parents singing 6 challenged someone to beat
3 promised to help 7 remember going
4 hope to get / expect to get 8 allowed to go out
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Student B
Complete the questions by putting the verbs in parentheses into the correct form. Add two more questions to ask
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expect / get)
4 Have you ever someone but then not done it? (promise / help)
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7 Do you to school for the first time? What do you remember? (remember / go)
8 How often are you during the week? Until what time? (allow / go out)
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Listen to Student A’s questions and tell them if the verb patterns are correct or not. Tell them if the answer is correct. If
the answer is wrong, help them correct it!
1 Imagine you are taking part in a TV show called The Next Best Entrepreneur. These are the products you are going to
pitch to the presenters of the show. First, think of a name for each one.
• A healthy, luxury, dairy ice cream.
• A beach bag that you can take apart and then lay on your beach chair. It also allows you to hide all of your valuables
in its secret pockets.
• An app that allows customers to buy good food that is past its “sell-by” date at a huge discount.
2 Discuss how you would present each of your ideas/products. Explain how each one works, why it’s better than its
competitors, etc.
3 Think of the retail price and how much profit you would like to make on each one. Think about how much money
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you want the presenters to invest and why. What stake of the company will you give them in exchange?
4 Present your products and ask for an investment. Negotiate if necessary.
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Investing
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1 Listen to the entrepreneurs’ presentations. Ask questions about the products, the market, how much they will be
earning in a year / two years / three years, etc.
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2 If you like the product(s), offer to invest in their company. Negotiate what percentage of the company you want in
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return and specify any other conditions.
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Pair B
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Pitching
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1 Imagine you are taking part in a TV show called The Next Best Entrepreneur. These are the products you are going to
pitch to the presenters of the show. First, think of a name for each one.
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• A special brush that lets you brush your hair and remove knots without any pain.
• Socks that come in packs of three, rather than two.
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• A simple tool designed to help builders and people who like DIY projects to easily mark where they want to drill holes.
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2 Discuss how you would present each of your ideas/products. Explain how each one works, why it’s better than its
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competitors, etc.
3 Think of the retail price and how much profit you would like to make on each one. Think about how much money
you want the presenters to invest and why. What stake of the company will you give them in exchange?
4 Present your products and ask for an investment. Negotiate if necessary.
Investing
1 Listen to the entrepreneurs’ presentations. Ask questions about the products, the market, how much they will be
earning in a year / two years / three years, etc.
2 If you like the product(s), offer to invest in their company. Negotiate what percentage of the company you want in
return and specify any other conditions.
3
Give six reasons it’s
the best: the place 14
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you are living or Beginning to tire!
the time we are Miss a turn.
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living in. hi
4
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Write a single
complete sentence Speak continuously
of 20 words about: on a subject that
the other team
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a sports person/team
or a musician/band.
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4 How old is tree on Earth – around 800 years old; 1,500 years
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old; 3,000 years old; or almost 10,000 years old? (old)
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5 In which country do you find pyramid in the world? (big)
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6 Which animals are – rhinos or hippos? (aggressive)
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7 Which is – the Atlantic Ocean or the Indian Ocean? (deep)
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Using robots instead of soldiers will become normal within fifty years.
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Instead of one global superpower, we’re going to see a handful of global powers.
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The gap between the rich and the poor is going to become a huge issue.
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We’re all going to eat much less meat in the future.
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Within twenty years, all sorts of different things will be sold in plain packages.
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Within a hundred years, people are going to start living on other planets.
THEATER
Matilda Award-winning musical based on the Roald Dahl book. City Theater. Sat 3 and 8 pm. $20–80.
Macbeth Shakespeare’s play reworked by the city’s leading amateur company. The Arts Center. Sat and Sun 8 pm. $5–20.
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MOVIES
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Guardians of the Galaxy Latest volume in the Marvel series. 3:00 (not Sun), 6:05, 8:50, 12:05 pm.
Parent and Baby Screening Screening of the classic Italian movie, Cinema Paradiso, with subtitles. Sun 3 pm.
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Kids Club Beauty and the Beast. Sat 10 am. The BFG (Big Friendly Giant) Sun 8 pm.
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Art
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Malevich Exhibition of Russian master’s painting including his famous black square. City Gallery. Open 9am–5pm. Entrance $10.
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Green, Green Grass of Home Exhibition of regional landscape artists. West Arts Center. Open 10 am–4 pm. Free.
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Decaying Man Controversial installation in Main Square. A two-meter replica of Michelangelo’s David made from fat and seed is
slowly being eaten by mice, birds, and bacteria. Free.
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Events
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City-wide Food Festival All weekend, all the city’s cafes and restaurants will be offering 20% discount. Just take your pick! Reservations
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recommended in the evening. Look out for pop-up street food in Main Square, St. Peter’s Park, and Westtown Shopping Mall.
Teddy Bear’s Picnic Fun for all the family. Bring a picnic and your teddy bear. Fairground rides, clowns, and other entertainment
throughout the day. Sat 11 am–6 pm. St. Peter’s Park. Entrance free.
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Family Fun Run Run to raise money for the homeless. 10km, 5km, or 2km. Prizes for winners and costumes. Start Sun 10 am. Town
Hall, Main St. Entry fee: $5.
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Paintball Pop-up paintball continues in the disused chocolate factory. 10 am–4 pm. daily. Prices from $8/person.
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Museums
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Natural History Museum Open daily 8 am–4 pm. Entrance free. Aquarium: $2.
City Museum Open daily 8 am–4 pm. Silk Road – special exhibition: $3.
Sports
Football Jets play in the first round of the playoffs. Sun 5 pm. $15.
Basketball The Nets take on the Vikings. Sat 6 pm. $10.
Tennis Junior regional finals. Lane’s Tennis Club. Sat and Sun. Final Sun 3 pm. Free.
Workshops
Big Bake-Off Weekend cake baking and decorating course. Sat and Sun 9 am–1 pm. $40, $20 students and seniors.
Jewelry Making Learn to make necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. Sun 9 am–4 pm. $30, $15 students and seniors.
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a six-month-old baby. about food, and You are a 17-year-old.
You have $10 saved,
You usually go and eating. You have a You get $15 allowance
but your parents are
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see your parents on budget of $40 to and have $120 saved.
happy to pay for
Sunday. spend over the
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anything educational.
weekend.
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You are a student You are a student
You are a 17-year-old.
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starting college and You are a parent with starting college and
You get $15 allowance
studying Physics. You a 9-year-old daughter. studying Physics. You
and have $120 saved.
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sports. You play on a You usually go and You get $10 allowance
English. You don’t
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team that has games see your parents on and have $60 saved.
have much money.
on Saturday. Sunday.
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ni
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hi
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who has been given a present recently.
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who was late because of a transportation delay.
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who was given an award for something once.
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Me
Lost Found and Never done
a famous person
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ni
✂
ar
Le
An achievement A hidden talent My grandparents A scar
c
hi
✂
Me
ap
✂
eo
✂
io
at
✂
Me
Lost Found and Never done
a famous person
✂
4 I’d do it all the time when I was younger, but I’m not sure I would now.
ng
5 It can’t be true. She must’ve been lying to you.
ni
6 You should’ve told me. If I would’ve known, I’d have tried to help you.
ar
7 You shouldn’t have been driving so fast. It wouldn’t have happened.
Le
8 You shouldn’t feel bad about it. It wouldn’t have made any difference.
c
hi
9 You always should recycle paper and glass, if you can.
ap
11 When I was a kid, we’d often spent our vacations camping in the mountains.
eo
15 Could we just stop talking about it? Otherwise, we’ll end up arguing.
N
ng
Ewa imagines a large round tank of water that rolls on its side and can be pushed
like a lawnmower.
ni
ar
Le
Svetlana suggests designing a large plastic container that has a handle on it.
c
hi
ap
gr
Almir proposes they use a large plastic container, like the ones in water coolers.
People can carry it in their arms.
eo
lG
na
Mohammed decides that a backpack can be completely reinvented so that it can hold
water instead of other contents. This means drastically changing the materials and design
io
of the backpack.
at
N
Part B
Come up with as many different solutions to the five problems below as you can. In each case, decide which you feel is
the most creative approach.
1 Your school needs to cut its energy bills by thirty percent. How can it best do this?
2 Plan all the meals for a week for a family of four—on a very tight budget.
3 Three of your closest friends have been told they’re addicted to their smartphones. It’s having a negative effect on their
schoolwork and their relationships.
4 A new airport is going to be built near our town or city. Decide where it should go.
5 Your school is planning to create an app. The app needs to be realistic, but also to be of the most use to the highest number of
students. What should it do?
ng
✂
ni
If only people were more sensible.
ar
✂
Le
I’d rather we took the train to the airport.
c
hi
✂
ap
I wish there was a chip you could put inside your brain to translate languages.
gr
✂
eo
✂
na
✂
N
✂
✂
ng
ni
ar
Reporting cards
Le
agree arrange offer promise refuse
c
hi
ap
ng
d It’s fine for women to earn more than their partners.
ni
ar
e Things were better in the past.
Le
f Cheating is OK if you don’t get caught—and if it helps you get what you want.
c
hi
ap
g Human beings obviously have the right to control and use the natural world.
gr
h Having different kinds of people in a group makes it harder for everyone to work together.
eo
lG
i It’s important to show respect to people who are older than you.
na
k People around the world are basically more similar than they are different.
N
m The best way to judge people is not by what they say, but by what they do.
2 What’s the word for someone offers to do work for no money, to help others?
3 What’s the word for something you decide is true after thinking about it carefully and looking at all the
evidence?
4 What adjective would you use to describe officials do dishonest or illegal things to gain money or power?
5 What do you call that machine you use to copy a photo into a computer?
6 What do you call the part of the country the land meets the sea?
ng
7 What do you call the system is used to measure the strength of earthquakes?
ni
8 What’s the name of that organization was set up by the UN? You know, the one goal is to
provide humanitarian aid to children and mothers living in developing countries?
ar
9 What’s the word for the person carries out operations improve the appearance of people’s
Le
bodies?
10 What’s the adjective to describe a song you remember as soon as you hear it and sticks in your
head, even if you don’t like it?
c
hi
11 What’s the name of that girl from Pakistan was shot for insisting on her right to an education?
ap
12 What’s the name of those Native American people we read about, most of live in the Arctic
Circle? Do you remember?
gr
13 What do you call all the broken pieces are left when something big has been destroyed, especially by an
explosion or a natural disaster?
eo
14 What do you call those small aircraft don’t have pilots and are controlled from the ground?
lG
15 What do you call someone is very politically active and joins an organization aims are to bring
about social or political change?
na
2 Think about the words or information that’s being described in 1–15. Check with your classmates or ask for their help.
io
3 Think of five words, phrases, or information you’d like to find out. Write a question for each one. Then ask your
at
1
2
3
4
5
ng
• There should be no homework in elementary school and a maximum of an hour a day at high school.
ni
• Cars should be banned completely from the city center.
ar
• The maximum sentence for any crime should be ten years in prison.
Le
• Doctors should prescribe free gym lessons.
• Using social media should only be allowed over the age of 16.
c
hi
• Every school child should receive a tablet or laptop when they start high school.
ap
• Voting in general elections should be compulsory for everyone starting at the age of 16.
gr
4 Work in new groups. Discuss new policies you would like to put forward in a political party. Choose
na
✂
✂
ng
ni
✂
ar
Le
c
hi
ap
Structure cards
gr
3 Which is the odd one out: kidney, lung, wrist, liver, brain?
ng
6 Who needs a medical license and how do you get one?
ni
7 Why might the government have to raise awareness of issues?
ar
8 What’s the opposite of the infection cleared up? Why might each happen?
Le
9 Why might you need to take a physical? Say two situations in which you will need one.
c
hi
10 Can you lose a leg? What else can you lose?
ap
gr
14 Say three things that a disabled person may use to help them.
io
at
17 What’s the opposite of a rare disease? Say two other adjectives that describe diseases.
ng
7 Minjoo had been wanting to visit Sydney for years.
a trip my train
1B
ni
2
Vocabulary Building
1 voyage 2 route 3 commute 4 destination 5 ride 6 cruise
ar
7 backpacking 8 flight 1
1 Make sure you look after your sister at the pool.
3
Le
2 Where do we line up to get train tickets?
Logical: 3, 4, 5, 6
3 We were close to Las Vegas when the car broke down.
Illogical: 1, 2, 7, 8
4 Hanging out at the amusement park is lots of fun.
4
1 b 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 d
c
5 Where can drivers pull over on this road?
hi
6 It comes down to whether I have enough money for the trip.
5 7 Who is going to pick him up from the airport?
ap
1 e 2 a 3 b 4 f 5 d 6 c
Reading
6
2
gr
8 4
1 excursion 2 secluded 3 availability 4 down time 5 wander 1 failure(s) 2 underprice 3 rate(s) 4 excursion(s) 5 atmosphere
6 overbooked 7 amenities 8 tourist traps
na
1C
Pronunciation Grammar
io
9 1
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 b 6 b 7 a 8 a 1 b 2 a 3 d 4 d 5 b 6 b 7 a 8 b
at
2
Listening 1 my mother used to live on Kakkathuruthu
N
ng
1D
2A
Authentic Listening Skills
Vocabulary
ni
1
1 It’s 2 I’m 3 pulls 4 starts 5 buys 6 he’s 1
ar
1 of 2 in 3 competitive 4 full-time 5 well-paid 6 for
Watch 7 demanding 8 hours
Le
2 2
1 f 2 c 3 e 4 a 5 d 6 b 1 responsible 2 stressful 3 prospects 4 charge 5 flexible
3 6 part-time 7 industry
1 had 2 bought 3 used to be 4 didn’t use to write
c 3
hi
5 would take 6 took 7 has helped 1 c 2 f 3 b 4 d 5 a 6 e
ap
4 4
c People: meet, negotiate, network
Products: distribute, invent, market
gr
Vocabulary in Context
5
5
eo
1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 a 6 b
1 e 2 b 3 d 4 a 5 f 6 c
6
lG
7 you ask me 8 the one place 9 rather try something 1 team player / self-starter 2 chair 3 delicate
10 worth a shot 11 wouldn’t bother going 12 be better (off ) 4 systematic 5 self-starter / team player
at
1 h 2 g 3 e 4 f 5 b 6 d 7 c 8 a
Pronunciation
Writing 9
5 1 rise 2 rise 3 rise 4 fall 5 rise 6 fall 7 rise 8 rise
1 3 stars 2 1 star 3 2 stars 4 4 stars
Listening
6
1 enjoyed 2 arranged 3 which 4 On top of that 5 what’s more 10
6 fun 7 One other thing was the fact that 8 special 9 love 1 design 2 innovative 3 solar 4 Entrepreneurial
10 recommend 5 developing countries 6 particular needs 7 clean drinking
7 11
1 T 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 F 6 F 7 T 8 T 9 F 10 T 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 d
12
Review b
1 13
1 b 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 c 6 d 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 b
ng
1 3 Shouldn’t you wait for the sales?
1 personal 2 luxury 3 normal 4 distant 5 official 4 Don’t you need a plan B?
ni
6 well-paid 7 second-hand 5 Aren’t you going to play football?
ar
Reading Writing
2 5
Le
a 2 b 1 c 4 d 1 e 5 f 3 1 d 2 b 3 a 4 c
3 6
1 a 2 d 3 c 4 e 5 f 6 b
4
c
a 4 b 8 c 1 d 6 e 3 f 5 g 2 h 7
hi
1 NG 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 NG Review
ap
1
2C 1 is based in 2 dealing with 3 put together 4 recover from
Grammar 5 way of handling / way to handle
gr
1 2
1 using 2 to close 3 to receive 4 to plan 5 to continue 1 supplier 2 negotiate 3 market 4 Networking 5 distribute
eo
1 to create 2 to be 3 correct 4 to accept 5 thinking 5 been lending → has been lending 6 has cofounded → cofounded
6 interacting 7 correct 8 making 7 correct 8 is working → has worked / has been working
io
4 4
1 to study 2 to design 3 to guarantee 4 fixing 5 to see 1 studying / to study 2 to link 3 to see 4 to pick up 5 to give
at
6 to keep 5
6 1 watching / to watch 2 to go 3 to see 4 to look 5 calling
N
2 2
1 to accept 2 to receive 3 corresponding 4 to spend 1 court 2 kick 3 pass 4 swing 5 diving
5 wasting 6 creating 7 to send 3
3 1 b 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 c
1 b 2 c 3 a 4 c
ng
positivity positive
expensive / far more expensive
competition competitive 5 far better / much better / a lot better
ni
6 a bit longer / slightly longer
Pronunciation 7 great deal more / lot more
ar
9 3
1 best time, at the 2 far easier, think it is 3 fastest time 1 were 34 years earlier than the first World Cup soccer game
Le
4 isn’t as, popular in 5 He’s a lot, better at it, than I 2 5 feet longer than the women’s (world record jump)
6 first team, years in a 7 as often as, used to 8 than it, years ago 3 over 111.22 million more people watched it on TV
4 15 minutes longer than Ruby (can)
Listening
c 5 5 points fewer than we did / than us
hi
10
4
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 c
ap
1 a 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b 6 a 7 a 8 b
11
5
Sports mentioned: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10
1 not as fast 2 not as many 3 not as safe 4 more colorful
gr
6
13 1 a bit more/less talented than 2 is as beautiful as
1 d 2 e 3 a 4 g 5 b 6 f 7 c 3 is as important as 4 is slightly better than 5 correct
lG
6 is not nearly so hot / is not nearly as hot 7 far more efficient than
Grammar
8 correct 9 the longest
14
na
7
1 a 2 a 3 an 4 a 5 an 6 a 7 an 8 a 9 an
1 F 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 F
10 a 11 an 12 a
io
15 3D
at
1 the 2 the 3 the 4 x 5 the 6 an 7 the 8 the 9 a Authentic Listening Skills
10 x 11 any 12 the 13 the 14 His 15 the 1
N
Writing Listening
4 10
1 More than half 2 Just under two-thirds 3 Roughly a quarter 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 c 6 b 7 c
4 doubled 5 One in four 6 vast majority of 7 Almost 40 percent of
11
8 increased by
1 g 2 d 3 a 4 f 5 b 6 h 7 c 8 e 9 i
5
12
1 d 2 f 3 b 4 e 5 h 6 a 7 g 8 c
ng
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 b
6
1 b 2 a 3 b 4 a 5 b 6 a Grammar
ni
13
Review
ar
1 will read 2 we are going 3 subscribe 4 going to watch
1 5 you will use 6 are going 7 going to deliver
1 f 2 d 3 e 4 a 5 h 6 g 7 c 8 b
Le
8 will take 9 won’t use
2 14
1 medal 2 passion 3 record 4 score 5 captain 6 role 1 is attending 2 ‘ll be pretending 3 is performing
7 attitude 8 won
c
4 will be wearing 5 ‘m going to meet 6 finish
hi
3 7 are going to order 8 are about to put
Possible answers:
ap
15
1 x, a few, many, a lot of 2 the, a lot of 3 a, the 1 The lectures start on Friday evening.
4 x, a few, a lot of, many 5 a lot of, x, a few, many 6 many 2 Will the reporters be interviewing the singer after the concert?
gr
4 quite a bit taller 5 weren’t quite as expensive as 6 isn’t as long 6 The art class is going to display their drawings in the hallway
next week.
7 I don’t think he will be ready on time.
4 Cultural Transformation
na
8 I will have enough short stories ready once I publish my first book. /I will
publish my first book once I have enough short stories ready.
4A
io
16
Vocabulary 1 Do, know 2 will, be filming / film 3 Will, give 4 is, leaving
at
6 viewers 4B
2 Vocabulary Building
Art: mural, painting, portrait 1
Music: concert hall, lyrics, verse 1 diverse 2 strict 3 hard 4 innovative 5 low-
3 6 leading 7 driving 8 mixed
1 attracts 2 attend 3 boost 4 brings 5 holds 6 generates
Reading
4
1 on 2 on 3 for 4 in 5 on 6 in 2
1 g 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 e 6 f
5
1 c 2 b 3 a 4 d 5 a 6 d 7 d 8 b 3
1 a 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 d
6
Possible answers: 4
1 b, c 2 a 3 d, e 4 d, f 5 c, f 6 d, e 7 b, c 8 b 1 F 2 T 3 NG 4 T 5 F
ng
4 Students’ own answers.
1 My sister was going to read but couldn’t find her book.
Writing
ni
2 I wondered if he would come to my party.
3 I was going to call you, but I fell asleep. 4
ar
4 By the time we get to the theater, the movie will have started. 1 four 2 introduction 3 relevant 4 brief 5 three
5 By the time we arrive, we’ll have been sailing for two hours. 6 in favor of 7 against 8 support 9 conclusion 10 personal
Le
6 By the time he retires, he’ll have saved a lot of money. 5
5 a 6 b 7 c 2 d 5 e 4 f 8 g 3 h 1
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 a 7 a 6
6 c1 no 2 yes 3 no 4 no 5 yes
hi
1 will have finished 2 were planning to stay 3 will have been hiking
Review
ap
4 won’t have read 5 will have finished drying 6 was going to study
7 will not/won’t have spent 1
1 impact 2 sense 3 support 4 brings 5 attracts 6 boosts
gr
7 7 generate 8 attended
1 will have been 2 will have welcomed 3 was planning
4 was going to visit 5 would hike 6 will have melted 2
eo
4 I was going to take a drawing class tomorrow but won’t have enough 1 e 2 i 3 d 4 h 5 a 6 g 7 b 8 f 9 c
at
time. / I was going to take a drawing class tomorrow but there won’t 5
be enough time. 1 was going 2 will have 3 would wait 4 is giving 5 will have lived
N
5 The students will have read the book by Monday. 6 will have had 7 will have been playing
6 I hoped the play would finish earlier.
7 He said he was going to ride his bike and meet us at the museum. /
He said he would ride his bike and meet us at the museum. 5 It’s Not Rocket Science
8 We had to leave early because he was arriving at 9:00.
5A
4D Vocabulary
Authentic Listening Skills 1
1 1 b 2 d 3 c 4 b 5 b 6 a
1 a lot of 2 to try to 3 sort of 4 going to 5 or for worse 2
6 even though 7 right after 8 you know 1 data 2 results 3 discover 4 solution 5 proof
6 curious 7 examine 8 technology
Watch
2
1 run over 2 less 3 abandoned 4 industrial relic 5 economic case
6 dreams 7 architecture
ng
8 4
Hypothesis: disprove, formulate, test 1 a 2 f 3 c 4 b 5 d 6 e
ni
Experiment: conduct, perform, set up
9 5C
ar
1 data 2 reacted 3 disprove 4 set 5 performed Grammar
6 dissect 7 observation 8 support 1
Le
1 A 2 P 3 A 4 A 5 P 6 P 7 A 8 P 9 A
Pronunciation 10 A 11 P
10
1 believed 2 claimed 3 said 4 estimated 5 known
c
2
hi
1 a 2 d 3 c 4 a 5 d 6 d 7 b
6 thought 7 known 8 accepted
3
ap
d 4
12 1 b 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b
eo
14
1 b 2 d 3 a 4 b 5 d 6 c 7 a 6
2 It is thought (that) recording lectures helps students (to) learn
io
15
1 have been changed 2 was enjoyed 3 were developed 5 It is claimed (that) the world gets / is getting hotter every decade
N
4 was founded 5 can be shared 6 are spent 6 It is assumed (that) scientific advances help people (to) live longer
7 has also been changed 8 be “called” 9 can be seen 7 It is well known that Mrs. Liu is the best teacher at our school
10 was created 11 have been sold 12 will be improved 7
16 1 Studying abroad is thought to help students become more curious
1 might be conducted 2 had been questioned 3 was being caused about the world.
4 were confirmed 5 have been transformed 6 will be tracked 2 Thirty-seven percent of the people in our country are estimated to have
7 has been selected 8 are being won 9 was submitted college degrees.
3 Our experiment was said to be doomed to failure since we didn’t take
17
into account the temperature.
Answers may vary. Possible answers:
4 Brushing your teeth twice a day is claimed to keep your mouth
1 The scientists designed an experiment to test the quality of the gold.
healthy.
2 The biologist had released the fish into the stream.
5 Fish such as salmon are believed to be good for the health of your
3 We attached the wire to the battery, which started the experiment.
brain.
4 We are dissolving the powder in the liquid.
6 Getting at least eight hours of sleep every night is thought to help your
5 The smartphone was used to make a video of our experiment.
brain work better.
6 The winners can be found on our website or in our magazine.
ng
2 1 from 2 to 3 to 4 on 5 out 6 for
b
6
3
ni
1 habitat 2 extinct 3 endangered 4 survive 5 species
1 the first thing we’d need to do is 6 adapted 7 store 8 risk
ar
2 I wonder how
7
3 We’d also need to make sure that we
1 d 2 f 3 a 4 b 5 c 6 e
Le
4 we’d need to try and work out
5 I suppose then we’d probably be best 8
6 it’d be good to know whether Noun Adjective Verb
7 I’d imagine that the data would probably reveal
c conformity conforming conform
hi
8 I’d expect the results to show
9 I would have thought it’d be possible to prove modification modified modify
ap
7 9
1 I 2 L 3 E 4 E 5 I 1 insulation 2 conform 3 endurance 4 familiar 5 sanctuary
6 modification 7 hazard 8 prospect
lG
8
1 aim 2 discover 3 conform 4 incorrect 5 carried out
6 Before the experiment 7 During the experiment 8 In order to Pronunciation
na
a 5 b 3 c 8 d 2 e 7 f 1 g 6 h 4
Listening
at
Review 11
1 1 the consequences 2 species 3 their habitat 4 extinction
N
ng
3
1 c 2 b 3 d 4 a 5 d 6 c 7 b Speaking
1
ni
4
1 f 2 c 3 g 4 a 5 e 6 d 1 d 2 b 3 a 4 c
ar
2
6C Possible answers in first part:
Le
Grammar 1 Really? 2 That must have been wonderful! 3 So, what did you do?
1 4 What happened? 5 How amazing!
1 d 2 c 3 d 4 b 5 b 6 a 7 d Possible answers in second part:
2
c 1 Photograph C
hi
1 must have been / must’ve been 2 should have 2 Before seeing the zebras, Speaker A probably felt frustrated and
3 can’t have been 4 could have 5 wouldn’t have disappointed. After watching the herd, he or she was most likely very
ap
4 could have come 5 wouldn’t have come 6 should have seen you call anyone for help? Who? Were you able to help the dolphin get back
7 could have been done 8 must have been to the ocean?
na
5
Writing
1 h 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 g 6 e 7 d 8 f
6
io
6
a 6 b 4 c 1 d 7 e 2 f 5 g 3
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 a
at
7
7
1 d 2 g 3 e 4 b 5 h 6 a 7 f 8 c
1 I can see the movie on Saturday.
N
2 You should be studying at the library every day. / Every day you should 8
be studying at the library. 1 e 2 h 3 a 4 j 5 g 6 b 7 k 8 c
3 He might go to Madagascar this summer. / This summer he might go to
Review
Madagascar.
4 She may need to buy a new bike. 1
5 You can’t have read that entire book! 1 died out 2 are at risk 3 haven’t adapted to 4 long-term survival
6 He might have enjoyed the beach more in better weather. / In better 5 been saved 6 passed on
weather, he might have enjoyed the beach more. 2
7 You should have told me before I went! 1 habitat 2 risk 3 species 4 survival 5 genes 6 adapted
8 3
1 be called 2 be found 3 be 4 have been 5 be 6 have been 1 b/c 2 b/c 3 a 4 a/b 5 a/c 6 b/c
7 encourage 4
1 e 2 f 3 g 4 b 5 h 6 c 7 a 8 d
ng
4
Reading
1 follow 2 create 3 adapt 4 kill 5 score 6 make
ni
7 has 8 works 2
1 d 2 f 3 a 4 e 5 c 6 b
ar
5
1 a 2 c 3 d 4 b 5 a 6 d 3
Le
1 e 2 b 3 g 4 c 5 a 6 f
6
1 creatively → create 2 creation → creativity 3 create → creation 4
4 creative → creatively 5 to → with 6 out → up 1 identical (twins) 2 fraternal (twins) 3 nurture 4 at birth
7 c 5 indistinguishable 6 human nature 7 IQ 8 genetic influence
hi
1 a bank account 2 a deadline 3 an emotion 4 your resume 7C
ap
1 c 2 d 3 b 4 a 5 c 6 c 7 d 8 a
6 vision
2
eo
1 didn’t 2 should 3 couldn’t 4 doesn’t 5 could 6 hadn’t 1 could 2 had 3 rather 4 was 5 would 6 had listened
7 could 8 can’t 7 would stop 8 go
4
na
Listening
1 would be → was 2 correct 3 could → would
10 4 haven’t chosen → hadn’t chosen 5 correct 6 to go → go
io
5
c 1 I wish I were a fashion designer. 2 I’d rather be at the beach right now.
N
ng
1 a 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 a 5
1 c 2 d 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 d
3
ni
1 What do you think about 2 If we do that, won’t it 3 it would allow us 6
4 that way we could 5 My only issue is 6 Maybe we should 1 for → from 2 offend → offense 3 react → reaction
ar
4 consciously → conscious 5 compliment → complimentary
4 6 stereotype → stereotypical
Le
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
7
a Wouldn’t it be better to start with something easier, like a 5K? That way,
1 T 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 F 6 F 7 T
you can see if you like races.
8
b If you ask me, you should try to put the argument behind you. I’d
c 1 pay 2 insult 3 put 4 enthusiasm 5 praise 6 flatter
hi
suggest forgetting about the whole thing.
c Perhaps it would be better to look for another job first. My 7 swallowed 8 reaction
ap
1 4 7 8 Listening
7 10
lG
13
Review
N
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 c 8 a
1
1 creative 2 create 3 creation 4 creative 5 creatively Grammar
6 creativity 14
2 1 are 2 have 3 eat 4 have 5 served 6 like
1 2 3 5 6 15
3 1 visited 2 were 3 was 4 built 5 took 6 warned
1 want 2 correct 3 encourage 4 would feel 5 didn’t use 7 thought 8 wasn’t
6 wouldn’t have developed 7 correct 16
4 1 Jens asked if there was a championship for making funny faces.
1 a 2 c 3 c 4 a 5 d 6 b 7 d 2 Monika asked whether there was camel wrestling in Turkey.
3 Chen asked what Germans did to celebrate weddings.
5 4 Wilma asked how people exchanged business cards in China and Japan. /
1 c 2 f 3 e 4 a 5 d 6 b Wilma asked how people in China and Japan exchanged business cards.
5 Hasan asked if there was a monkey festival in Thailand.
ng
8C Writing
Grammar 6
ni
1 1 e 2 a 3 g 4 d 5 b 6 f 7 h 8 c
1 convinced 2 reminded 3 arranged 4 promised 5 suggested 7
ar
6 claimed 7 persuaded 8 encouraged 1 I am writing to complain, as it suggests, problems
Le
2 2 the attitude, While
1 of 2 on 3 x 4 for 5 x 6 x 7 to 8 for 3 however, stereotype, There is a risk
3 4 I would like you to, I suggest
1 warned 2 advised 3 confess 4 intended 5 recommend
c 8
hi
6 persuaded 7 recommend 8 ask 9 consider a 1 b 1 c 2, 3, 4 d 3 e 1, 2, 3 f 2 g 4 h 1, 2, 3
4
ap
Review
1 claim to me → claim that 2 for avoiding → to avoid
3 urged → invited 4 being → to be 5 correct 6 to make → making 1
gr
7 to → for 8 asked → promised 1 sort out their differences 2 was very offended
3 paid me a compliment about 4 best response is
5 5 discourage me from going 6 felt awkward
eo
7 stated that challenging 1 had taken 2 seemed 3 had made / was making / is making
4 had reacted / reacted 5 clapped / clap
7
io
8D
9 Lend a Helping Hand
Authentic Listening Skills 9A
1 Vocabulary
1 b 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 c 7 b 1
1 disastrous 2 level 3 flooded 4 rescued 5 shelter
Watch
6 impact 7 saved
2
1 T 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 F 6 T 7 T 8 F
ng
7 5 Anna Stork and Andrea Sreshta created a solar-powered light, which
makes it easier to distribute disaster aid.
Noun Verb
ni
18
devastation devastate
1 who → which 2 that → which 3 which it opens → which opens
ar
destruction destroy 4 which → who 5 whose → who 6 whom → who
appeal appeal
Le
9B
supplies supply
Vocabulary Building
provisions provide 1
evacuation evacuate
c 1 the traumatized 2 the rich, the poor 3 the brave 4 the young
hi
5 the best/worst, the worst/best 6 the old
8
ap
1 d 2 b 3 f 4 c
Pronunciation
3
eo
9
1 continuing 2 being 3 drinking 4 ongoing 5 clearing 1 boy 2 rope 3 wealth 4 lightweight 5 donkeys
6 responding 7 relocating 8 appealing 6 $108,000 7 inspire 8 suspension
lG
4
Listening 1 e 2 b 3 g 4 a 5 c 6 f
10
na
1 c 2 a 3 b 4 a 5 c 6 b 7 a 9C
11 Grammar
io
1 e 2 c 3 h 4 d 5 g 6 b 7 a 8 f 1
1 affected 2 wanting 3 including 4 made 5 damaged
at
12
6 based 7 investing 8 leading
c
N
2
13
1 Countries that/which have been affected by disasters often need
1 T 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 T 6 F 7 T 8 F
international aid.
Grammar 2 Students who want to help raise money for the appeal should meet in
14 the library at 2pm.
1 who 2 which 3 which 4 x 5 that 6 whose 7 that 3 I find it hard to watch news of disasters that include images of children.
8 who, whom 4 Donations that have been made by the public will be sent to the
victims of the earthquake.
15 5 Many countries give development aid to countries that have been
1 that 2 which 3 that 4 that 5 which 6 who damaged by war.
16 6 The headquarters of the U.N., which is based in New York, was set up in 1945.
1 There is new technology that was designed for use in disaster zones. 7 There has been an increase in companies which / that are investing in
2 Dr. Paul Gardner-Stephen, who is a computer researcher at a university green technologies.
in Australia, developed a way for people to communicate after a 8 There has been a series of natural disasters that has led to a food shortage.
natural disaster. 3
1 enlarged 2 traveling 3 including 4 filled 5 used 6 made
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1 3 Many people went to the concert held at the park.
1 rising 2 falling 3 rising 4 falling 5 falling 6 rising 4 Did you see the email sent by Kailash?
7 rising 8 rising 9 rising 10 falling
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5 I love the dress the girl walking ahead of us is wearing.
Watch 6 The boy riding the blue bike isn’t looking where he’s going.
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10 Life-changing
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1 b 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 b
3 10A
a 6 b 2 c 7 d 4 e 1 f 5 g 3
Vocabulary
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1 d 2 c 3 f 4 e 5 b 6 a
1 pass 2 absorb 3 support 4 infect 5 use 6 breathe
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9E 7 beats 8 tastes
Speaking 2
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2 3
1 c 2 d 3 a 4 b 1 h 2 c 3 b 4 d 5 f 6 g 7 a 8 e
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3 4
a 4 b 6 c 1 d 3 e 7 f 5 g 2 Illness: bleeding, cancer, stroke
Treatment: antibiotics, operation, physical therapy
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4
5
1 Today I want to speak to you 2 Now, I know what you might
1 waist 2 action 3 slam 4 up 5 spreads 6 made
be thinking 3 I’m obviously not going to deny that
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7 infection 8 damage
4 it’s too late 5 what do you recommend 6 To begin with
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7 On top of 8 Let’s not forget that 9 It’s also important to 6
10 final points you want to note 1 detect 2 think 3 action 4 intensive 5 wheelchair 6 cure
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7 chest 8 spread
Writing
7
6 1 c 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 b 6 c 7 d 8 d
1 E 2 I 3 E 4 I 5 E 6 I
8
7 1 Heart attacks can cause disability.
1 d 2 f 3 g 4 h 5 b 6 a 7 c 8 e 2 The patient felt numbness in his legs.
8 3 He suffers from a range of medical conditions.
1 response 2 volunteers 3 apply 4 future 5 First 6 hospital 4 People start rehabilitation in the hospital.
7 regard 8 bring 9 suitable 10 experience 11 forward 5 Her speech became slurred.
9
Pronunciation
1 T 2 T 3 T 4 NG 5 T 6 NG 7 T 8 F
9
1 am 2 has 3 was 4 haven’t 5 weren’t 6 is 7 have
8 has
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5 Were, able to 6 Could she manage to walk / Could she walk
7 Were, able 8 Did, manage Watch
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16 2
1 a 2 a or b 3 a 4 a or b 5 b 6 a 7 a or b 8 a or b 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 c 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 b
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17 3
1 little 2 at no time 3 did 4 only after 5 Not until
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1 could buy 2 were, able to manufacture 3 have, managed to identify
4 did, succeed in finding 5 were, able to give 6 Nowhere else 7 never before 8 did
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Vocabulary Building
1 c 2 d 3 e 4 a 5 f 6 b
1
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Reading 1
2 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 c 6 b
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1 c 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 a 6 d 7 a 2
3 1 sympathetic 2 surprised 3 passing on a message 4 surprised
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1 F 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 F 6 T 7 F 8 F 3
4 Some answers may vary. Possible answers:
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Grammar 1 heard 2 happened 3 Apparently 4 kidding 5 heard
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2 Only after the invention of antibiotics did surgery become more common. Suggested answers:
3 Not until recently have people realized the need for new treatments.
Photo 1: The child probably feels tired and weak. He might have a
4 Little would people have guessed the negative effect fast food would have. fever. However, he probably feels glad that his mother is there to
5 Regular exercise does improve your health. comfort him.
6 As a child, little did I imagine all the improvements in medicine.
Photo 2: The man probably feels awful because not only is he sick, but
7 Not until new drugs are invented will we be able to cure most diseases.
he also has to work. He might also feel stressed and tired.
8 Rarely has there been a luckier accident than the discovery of penicillin.
2 Writing
1 did 2 was 3 have 4 had 5 did 6 was 7 is 8 could 6
3 1 B 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 B 7 B 8 B
1 Not only 2 did 3 in no way 4 only after 5 Little 6 only after 7
4 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 b 6 c
1 not only... but also 2 did mean 3 Little can they 4 Not until I was 8
5 Rarely did it 6 Only after... did I begin 7 rarely do I let 1 d 2 e 3 b 4 f 5 a 6 c
8 medication does let me
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3 Only after I bought the tickets to the movie did I realize I couldn’t go.
4 At no time did I think I’d end up in the hospital because of a bite from
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a spider.
5 Nowhere else in our town sells better ice cream than my uncle’s shop.
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6 In no way should you underestimate the importance of a good
education.
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