Title Balbharati

List of Practicals

Subject: Mathematics and Statistics (Arts and Science)

Standard : XI

Following are the guidelines for conducting practicals in Mathematics and Statistics.

(1) Total 18 practical sessions should be conducted in the academic year, 9 from paper
I and 9 from paper II.
(2) All the practical sessions are compulsory.
(3) Every practical session must contain at least 4 problems.
(4) These are specimen problems. Teachers may use these or can give similar problems
in practical session.
(5) Practical sessions conducted during the year should be maintained in the form of
journal (file).
(6) Teacher in charge must sign the journal at the end of every practical session.
(7) Journal should be certified before the practical examination.
(8) The practical examination will be of 20 marks with duration of1 hour. Two problems
from paper I and two problems from paper II will be given. Student will have to solve
3 problems out of given 4 problems.
(9) In the journal, on the first page of each of the new practical session; definition,
formulae, rules, laws related to the topic are to be written as introduction to the
session.
 Practical Session No. 1
Angle and its measurement

(1) Find the radian measure of the angle between hour-hand and minute-hand of a clock
at : (i) twenty minutes past two (ii) ten minutes past eleven
(iii) thirty minutes past six (iv) five minutes past one
(2) Find the exact time when the angle between hour-hand and the minute-hand of a
clock will be :
(i) 440 for the first time after 12 O’clock. (ii) 590 for the first time after 6 O’clock.
(3) A wire of length 10 cm is bent to form an arc of a circle of radius 4 cm. Find the
radian and degree measure of the angle subtended by the arc at the center of the circle.
Also find the area of the corresponding sector.
𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐
(4) Arrange following angles in ascending order : 𝜋𝜋 𝑐𝑐 , 𝜋𝜋 0 , 3𝑐𝑐 , 1000 ,
2

(5) ABCDEFGH is a regular octagon inscribed in a circle of radius 1 unit. O is the center
of the circle. Find
(i) radian measure of ∠AOB (ii) 𝑙𝑙(𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) (iii) 𝑙𝑙(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
(iv) area of the region enclosed between chord AB and arc AB.

Practical Session No. 2

Trigonometry 1

(1) Construct an angle in standard position whose terminal arm passes through 𝐴𝐴(−6, 8).
Hence find all trigonometric ratios of this angle.
(2) Construct angle of measure 22.50 by bisecting angle of measure 450 . Hence find the
value of 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡22.50 .
7
(3) Draw and measure the angle in standard position whose tangent ratio is .
13

(4) Draw and estimate the angle in standard position whose sine ratio is 0.57.
(5) Construct a triangle, the measures of whose angles are 320 , 580 and 900 . Measure
the lengths of sides of this triangle. Find 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠320 and 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐320 . Hence find the value of
sin2 320 + cos 2 320 .
(6) (a) Which is greater, sin(18560 )or sin(20190 ) ? Give reason.
(b) Which of the following is positive ? sin(−3100 ) and sin 3100 . Give reason.
 Practical Session No. 3
Trigonometry 2

(1) Show that (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃)3 = cos 3𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 sin 3𝜃𝜃
(2) Show that cos 3𝜃𝜃 − sin 3𝜃𝜃 = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + sin 𝜃𝜃)(1 − 2 sin 2𝜃𝜃)
3
(3) Prove that cos 2 𝜃𝜃 + cos 2 (𝜃𝜃 + 1200 ) + cos 2 (𝜃𝜃 − 1200 ) =
2

(4) If 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 = 𝜋𝜋 then prove that

cos2 𝐴𝐴 + cos 2 𝐵𝐵 + cos 2 𝐶𝐶 = 1 − 2 cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 cos 𝐶𝐶.
1
Hence prove that cos 600 = .
2

(5) Find the values of sin 180 and cos 180 .

5 1 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
(6) If tan 𝐴𝐴 = and tan 𝐵𝐵 = then show that 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 .
6 11 4 4

Practical Session No. 4

Determinants and Matrices
cos 𝛼𝛼 sin 𝛼𝛼
(1) If 𝐴𝐴 = � � then show that
− sin 𝛼𝛼 cos 𝛼𝛼
cos 2𝛼𝛼 sin 2𝛼𝛼 cos 3𝛼𝛼 sin 3𝛼𝛼
(i) 𝐴𝐴2 = � � (ii) 𝐴𝐴3 = � �
− sin 2𝛼𝛼 cos 2𝛼𝛼 − sin 3𝛼𝛼 cos 3𝛼𝛼
3 −4 1 + 2𝑛𝑛 −4𝑛𝑛
(2) If 𝐴𝐴 = � � then prove that 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = � �, for all 𝑛𝑛 ∈ 𝑁𝑁.
1 −1 𝑛𝑛 1 − 2𝑛𝑛
(3) Construct a 3 × 3 matrix 𝐴𝐴 = [𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ] whose elements are given by :
(i) 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖 × 𝑗𝑗 (ii) 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = (𝑖𝑖 + 𝑗𝑗)2
0 , if 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑗𝑗
0 , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ≠ 𝑗𝑗
(iii) 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � (iv) 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = � 1 , if 𝑖𝑖 > 𝑗𝑗
1 , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑗𝑗
−1 , if 𝑖𝑖 < 𝑗𝑗
1 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
(4) Show that �1 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � = (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏)(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐)(𝑐𝑐 − 𝑎𝑎)
1 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
1 + 𝑎𝑎 1 1
(5) Show that � 1 1 + 𝑏𝑏 1 � = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
1 1 1 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥𝑥 3
(6) If 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 𝑦𝑦 ≠ 𝑧𝑧 and �𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦𝑦 3 � = 0 then show that 1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0.
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 2 1 + 𝑧𝑧 3
 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐 2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎
(7) Show that � 2𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑎𝑎 2𝑏𝑏 � = (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐)3
2𝑐𝑐 2𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏

Practical Session No. 5

Straight Lines
(1) Show that the equation of the line passing through 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and parallel to the line
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 is 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥1 ) + 𝑏𝑏(𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦1 ) = 0. Hence find the equation of the line
passing through (1, 1) and parallel to the line 15𝑥𝑥 + 8𝑦𝑦 + 1947 = 0.
(2) Show that the equation of the line having slope 𝑚𝑚 and making X - intercept 𝑑𝑑 is given
by 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑑𝑑). Find the Y - intercept of this line.
(3) A line makes intercepts ℎ and 𝑘𝑘 on the co-ordinate axes. If 𝑝𝑝 is the length of the
1 1 1
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the line then show that + = .
ℎ2 𝑘𝑘 2 𝑝𝑝2

(4) Show that there are two lines which pass through the point 𝐴𝐴(3, 7) and the sum of
whose intercepts on the co-ordinate axes is zero. Draw the rough sketch of these two
lines.
(5) Find the number of lines which pass through the point 𝐵𝐵(5 ,5) and the sum of whose
intercepts on the co-ordinate axes is zero.
(6) Find the co-ordinates of the orthocenter of the triangle formed by lines
2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 − 9 = 0, 𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 9 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 9 = 0.

Practical Session No. 6

Circle and parabola

1) Find the center and radius of the circle 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 3 = 0

2) Find the equation of circle passing through the point of intersection of the lines
𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥𝑥 − 7𝑦𝑦 = 0 and whose centre is the point of intersection of the lines
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 4 = 0.
3) Find the equation of circle, the end points of whose diameter are the centers of circles

𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 14𝑦𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 10𝑦𝑦 − 2 = 0.

4) Find the equation of the circle passing through points (5, 7), (6, 6) and (2, −2).
5) Consider a circle with center at origin and radius r. Let P(x, y) be any point on the
circle making an angle θ with positive direction of the X - axis then verify that

P(x, y) = P (r cosθ , r sinθ ). By taking r = 5 and θ = 1350 verify the above result.

6) Find the equations of tangents to the circle 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4 drawn from the point
(2, −1).

7) Find the co-ordinates of the focus, equation of the directrix, length of Latus
Rectum, and the co-ordinates of the end points of the Latus Rectum of the parabola

𝑖𝑖) 5 𝑦𝑦 2 = 24𝑥𝑥 , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥𝑥 2 = 12 𝑦𝑦 , 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3 𝑦𝑦 2 = −16 𝑥𝑥 .

8) Find the co-ordinates of the focus, equation of the directrix, length of Latus
Rectum, and the co-ordinates of the end points of the Latus Rectum of the parabola
𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 + 16 = 0.

9) Find the area of triangle formed by the lines joining the vertex of the parabola
𝑥𝑥 2 = 12𝑦𝑦 to the ends of its Latus rectum.

10) For which point of the parabola 𝑦𝑦 2 = 18𝑥𝑥 is the ordinate equal to 3 time the
abscissa?

Practical Session No. 7

(Ellipse and hyperbola)
1) Find the lengths of the major and minor axes, coordinates of vertices, eccentricity,
co-ordinates of the foci, equations of directrices and the length of the Latus Rectum
of the following conics
𝑖𝑖) 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 16𝑦𝑦 2 = 144, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 25𝑦𝑦 2 = 100
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) − =1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) − =1
25 9 4 9
3
2) Find the equation of ellipse referred to its principal axes with eccentricity and
4

passing through the point (6,4).

3) An ellipse has OB as a semi-major axis, S and S’ are its foci and ∠𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ′ is a right-
angle, then find the eccentricity of the ellipse.
4) Find focal distances of the point P�5, 4√3� on the ellipse 16𝑥𝑥 2 + 25𝑦𝑦 2 = 1600.
 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 2
5) If 𝑒𝑒1 and 𝑒𝑒2 are eccentricities of hyperbolas 2
− = 1 and − =1
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏2 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑎𝑎2
1 1
then show that 2
+ =1
𝑒𝑒1 𝑒𝑒2 2

6) Find the equation of hyperbola whose

i) directrix is 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 1 , focus at (1,2) and eccentricity √3.
ii) foci are at (±4 , 0) and the length of its latus rectum is 12 unit.
iii) vertices are ( 0 , ± 2 ) and the foci are at ( 0 , ± 3 ).
7) An interesting property of rectangular hyperbola
Equation of rectangular hyperbola is x y = k (k is non zero constant) …(I)
Tangent is drawn to the curve at point on it whose abscissa is ‘a’.
Therefore point of contact is (a, … )
𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘
Slope of tangent =� � �� at point (a, … )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
−𝑘𝑘
= � 2 � at point (a, … )
𝑥𝑥
−𝑘𝑘
= …(II)
𝑎𝑎2

Equation of tangent to xy = k at point (a, … ) is

(by slope point form)
−𝑘𝑘
y - ….. = � 2 �(x - a)
𝑎𝑎

i.e. a2 (y - …) = -k (x – a)
i.e. …………
i.e. …………
this equation of tangent in terms of double intercept form is
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
+ 2𝑘𝑘 = 1.
2𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎

tangent cuts the x – axis at point P and the Y – axis at point Q.

clearly P = (… , 0) and Q = (0, …)
1
Area of ∆ POQ = (OP)(OQ)
2
1
= (….)(….)
2

= 2k Verify this interesting result for different values of k.

i) xy = 4 at (2, 2) ii) xy = 12 at (-2, -6)
 Practical Session No. 8
Measures of Dispersion
(1) For the following data : 710, 635, 423, 221, 971, 843, 307, 289. Which are the
extreme values in this data ? and compute the range.
(2) A die is rolled 30 times and the following distribution is obtained. Find the
variance and the standard deviation.
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 2 6 2 5 9 6
Repeat the experiment and construct the frequency table as shown above. Find its
mean and standard deviation.

(3) Find the mean and the standard deviation of the first 𝑛𝑛 natural numbers. Hence find
the mean and the standard deviation of the first 200 natural numbers.
(4) The following table shows weight of students of two classes. Calculate the
coefficient of variation of the two distributions.
Weight in Kg. Class A Class B
30-40 8 9
40-50 16 12
50-60 12 18

Also find the mean and the standard deviation for both the classes.

Practical Session No. 9

Probability
(1) The turnout of spectators at the world cup cricket match is dependent upon the
weather. On a rainy day the probability of a big turnout is 0.3. If it doesn’t rain,
then the probability of big turnout increases by 0.6. The weather forecast gives a
probability of 0.75 that it will rain on the day of the match.
Find the probability that (i) there is a big turn out and it rains (ii) there is a big turn
out.
(2) A bag contains 7 red and 5 blue balls. A ball is taken at random from the bag, its
color is noted and not replaced into the bag. Now a second ball is taken from the
bag and its color is noted. Find the probability that one is red and the other is blue.
 1 2 1
(3) If 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) = , 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵) = then find
4 5 2

1) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵) 2) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵′) 3) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵) 4) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵𝐵′) 5) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵𝐵′)

(4) 2% of the population have a certain blood disease in a serious form. 10% have it in
a mild form and 88% don’t have it at all. A new blood test is developed, the
probability of testing positive is 9/10 if the subject has the serious form, 6/10 if the
subject has the mild form, and 1/10 if the subject doesn’t have the disease. A
subject is tested positive. What is the probability that the subject has serious form
of the disease?
(5) A coin is tossed until a head appears or until it has been tossed three times. Given
that head does not occur on the first toss, what is the probability that coin is tossed
three times ?

(6) From a group of 8 boys and 5 girls, a committee of 5 is to be formed. Find the
probability that a committee contains i) 3 boys and 2 girls ii) at least 3 boys.

Practical Session No. 10

Complex Numbers

1. If z= 3 + 4i then show the following on the Argand diagram

a) z b) − z c) z d) − z

2. If z1= 2 + 3i and z2= 2 − 4i then show the following on the Argand diagram

a) z1 b) z2 c) z1 + z2 d) z1 − z2

3. If z1 = 1 + 2i and z2 = 3 + i . Show the following on the Argand diagram

z1
a) z1 b) z2 c) z1 ⋅ z2 d)
z2

4. By means of Argand diagram, for z1= 0 + i and z2 =−2 + 0i ,verify the following

z1 z z 
a) | z1 ⋅ z2 |= | z1 | ⋅ | z2 | b) = 1 c) arg ( z1 ⋅ z2 )= arg z1 + arg z2 d) arg = 1
 arg z1 − arg z2
z2 z2 z
 2

0 b) x 3 − 1 =
5. Show the roots of the equation a) x 2 − 6 x + 10 = 0 on the Argand diagram.
 Practical Session No. 11

Sequence and series

1. A sequence is generated by the formula M n = an 2 + bn + c , where a ,b and c are

constants. If=
M 1 4,= M 3 18 , find the values of a ,b and c.
M 2 10 and=

2. Soham starts a new job on an annual salary of Rs. 2,00,000. He is given an annual rise
of Rs. 5000 at the end of every year until he reaches his annual salary of Rs.
2,50,000.Then his annual rise will be Rs 7000 per year. Find the total amount he earns
a) in the first 9 years b) over 15 years

3. Sanvi decided to save some money during the two week holiday. She saved Rs. 2 on
the first day, Rs. 5 on the second, Rs. 8 on the third and so on. How much did she have at
the end of the vacation? If she continuessaving in the same way, how long would it take
to exceed the total saving Rs. 610?

4.Suhani is offered a job. The starting annual salary is Rs.12 Lacs. She is given 5%
increment per year. What will be her annual salary after 10th year? Also find her total
earnings in 10 years.

(Given 1.059 ≈ 1.55,1.0510 ≈ 1.63 )

6
2 n −1 ∞
5. Find a) ∑ ( 3) b) 729 − 243 + 81 − ... c) ∑ 8 ( 0.25)
n

n=1 5 3 n =1

6. If the ratio of H.M. and G.M. of two quantities is 12 :13 , then show that the ratio of the
numbers is 9 : 4
a b c
7. If a, b, c are in H.P., then show that
, , are in H.P.
b+c c+a a+b
8. The sum of three decreasing numbers in A.P. is 27. If −1, − 1,3 are added to them
respectively, the resulting series is a G.P. Find the numbers.

Practical Session No. 12

Permuations and Combinations

1. How many three-digit numbers can be formed using digits 0, 2,3,5,6,8 ,9 with no digit
is repeated in each of the following?

a) there are no restrictions b) number must be multiple of 5.

c) the number is greater than 600. d) even number is less than 400.
2. A shipment of 12 cell phones contains three defective units. In how many ways can a
buyer purchase four of these units and receive (a) all good units (b) two good units
(c) at least two good units.

3. In how many ways can we arrange 3 red flowers, 5 yellow flowers and 7 white flowers
in a row? In how many arrangement the yellow flowers are to be separated (flowers of
same color are identical ).

4. There are 10 persons among whom two are friends. Find the number of ways in which
they can be arranged round a circle (a) if there is exactly one person between the two
friends. (b) the two friends are always separated.

5. Diagonals are formed by joining vertices of a polygon count all the diagonals. Consider
triangle whose sides are diagonals or sides of the polygon. How many such triangles
are there in a (a) Hexagon (b) Octagon (c) Decagon

6. A committee of 4 is chosen from 8 men and 6 women. Determine the number of ways
of selecting the committee if (a) there are no restrictions (b) it must contain 2 men and
2 women (c) it must contain all men (d) it must contain at least 3 men (e) it must
contain at least one of each gender.

7. A class has 25 students. The class teacher has been asked to make groups of m students
each and go to museum taking one group at a time. Find the size of group for which the
teacher goes the maximum number of times to the museum.

8. Veer has 8 friends and wants to invite some of them on his birthday party. In how
many ways this can be done if

(a) any number of friends can be invited? (b) at least two friends must be invited ?

Practical Session No. 13

Mathematical induction and Binomial theorem

1. Prove the following statements using principle of Mathematical Induction.

a) 3n < 3n+1

b) n 2 + 3n is divisible by 2
1 1 1 1 n
c) + + + ... + =
1⋅ 2 2 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 4 n ( n + 1) n + 1

d) log10 ( a1a2 a3 ...=

an ) log10 a1 + log10 a2 + log10 a3 + ... + log10 an

2. Using Binomial Theorem expand ( x + 3)5 .

3. Expand each expression using Binomial Theorem

a) ( x 2 + y ) b) ( 2 x + 3) c) ( x1/3 + y 2/3 ) ( )
6 4 3 4
d) x + 3 y1/4

4. Find the 5th term in the Binomial expansion of a) ( x + 3 y )7 b) ( 2 x − 7 )4 c) ( 2 x + 3 y )9

5. Find the coefficient A of the given term in each of the binomial expansion

Binomial Term
a ( x + 5 )7 A x6
b (3 y −2
− 1)
8
A y −8
c  4 6 A x0
x− 
 x
d ( x + 2 y )4 A x 2 y 2
6. Use Binomial theorem to express in the form of a+ ib

b) ( 3 + −4 ) c) ( 2 − 7i )
4 6
a) (1 + i )
5

Practical Session No. 14

Sets and Relations

1. For the following sets, if possible i) list the elements of A ii) Find n(A)

iii) write using interval notation iv) sketch on number line

a) A= { x ∈ N : −3 ≤ x ≤ 9} b) A= { x ∈ Z : −3 ≤ x ≤ 9} c) A= { x ∈ R : −3 ≤ x ≤ 9}

d) A = { x ∈ R : 4 ≤ x < 7} e) A= { x ∈ Q : −2 ≤ x} f) A={ x ∈ Z : x < 7}

2. Use separate Venn Diagrams and shade the regions for the following:

a) A b) B ' c) A ∪ B d) A '∪ B e) A∪ B' f) A '∪ B '

g) ( A ∪ B ) ' h) ( A '∪ B ) ' i) A ∩ B j) A '∩ B k) A∩ B'

l) A '∩ B ' m) ( A ∩ B ) ' n) ( A ∩ B ') '

3. Use separate Venn Diagrams and shade the regions for the following:

a) A b) B' c) A∪C d) B '∪ C e) A ∪ B '∪ C

f) B '∪ C '∪ C g) ( A ∪ B ) ∩ C ' h) ( A '∪ B ) '∪ C i) B ∩ A∩C j) ( C '∩ B ) ∪ A

4. In a group of 50 students, 20 study subject A, 25 study subject B and 20 study subject
C. 10 study both A and B, 5 study both B and C, 7 study both A and C. 2 study all three
subjects.

a) show this information on Venn diagram

b) find the number of students who study i) A only ii) B or C iii) A but not C
iv) none of A , B or C.

5. Show all possible relations from A = {a, b} to B = {5,6} using Arrow diagram. Find among
them the relations that are i) One-One relation ii) Onto relations iii) Null relation iv)
Universal relation.

6. Plot A × B and B × A on XY plane, if

A { x : x ∈ N ,1 ≤ x ≤ 5} ; B
a) = = { y : y ∈ W , y < 3}

A { x : x ∈ R,1 < x ≤ 4} ;=
b) = B { y : y ∈ Z , −1 ≤ y < 3}

7. Let R be the relation defined by R = {( x, y ) : x + 2 y = 6, x ∈ W , x ≤ 10, y ∈ Z }

Find i) R ii) Domain of R iii) Co-domain of R iv) Range of R

8. Given the relation R = {( 2,3) , ( 3, 4 )} on set of natural numbers N, add a minimum

number of ordered pairs so that the relation is i) reflexive ii) symmetric iii) transitive iv)
equivalence.
 Practical Session No. 15

Functions

Theory: Vertical shift : For c > 0 , f ( x ) + c shifts graph of f ( x ) to c units upward ,

and f ( x ) − c shifts graph of f ( x ) to c units downward.

Horizontal shift : For c > 0 , f ( x + c ) shifts graph of f ( x ) to c units to left , and f ( x − c )

shifts graph of f ( x ) to c units to right.

Reflection about X -axis : − f ( x ) reflects the graph about X -axis

Reflection about Y -axis : − f ( x ) reflects the graph about

Note: If f ( − x ) =f ( x ) , then f ( x ) is called Even Function, where the graph is
symmetric about x -axis (i.e. Reflection about y -axis ) , and if f ( − x ) =− f ( x ) , then
f ( x ) is called Odd function, where the graph is symmetric about Origin.

Activity:

1) Draw the graph of f ( x ) = 2 x and h ( x ) = 2( x −4) on the same graph paper

2) Draw the graph of f ( x ) = log x and =

h ( x ) log ( x + 1) on the same graph paper

3) Draw the graph of f ( x ) = x and h ( x )= x − 3 + 2 on the same graph paper

4) Draw the graph of f ( x ) = x3 and h ( x ) = − x3 on the same graph paper.

f ( x ) cos x, x ∈ [ 0, 2π ] and h ( x ) =
5)Draw the graph of = − cos x, x ∈ [ 0, 2π ] on the same graph
paper.

6) Draw the graph of f ( x ) = x and h ( x ) = − x on the same graph paper.

Practical Session No. 16

Limits
Practical Session No. 17

Continuity
Practical Session No. 18

Differentiation