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Paragraph Writing:
Definition:
A paragraph is a component of fictional prose and non-fiction writings.
OR
A paragraph is a group of sentences that tells about ne subject or about one topic.
OR
A paragraph is made of a few sentences that talk about ONE single topic. You should
have at least five to seven sentences in your paragraph.

Explanation:
When writing essays research papers, books etc. New paragraphs are indented
to show their beginnings. Each paragraph begins a new indentation. The purpose of a
paragraph is to express a speaker’s thoughts on a particular point in a clear way that is
unique and specific to that paragraph. In other words, paragraphs shouldn’t be mixing
thoughts or ideas. When a new idea is introduced, generally, a writer will introduce a
new paragraph.

Reasons To Write A Paragraph:

 The purpose of a paragraph is to express a speaker’s thoughts on particular
point in a clear way that is unique and specific to that paragraph.
 In other words, paragraphs shouldn't be mixing thoughts or ideas.
 When a new idea is introduced, generally, a writer will introduce a new
paragraph.

Types Of A Paragraph:
Following are the four types of paragraph:
 Descriptive Paragraph.
 Process Paragraph.
 Narrative Paragraph.
 Persuasive Paragraph.

Descriptive Paragraph:
 In a Descriptive Paragraph, you should try to engage your reader by answering
the Journalists’ Questions: why, who, where, what, when, where. If applicable, you
should also describe how you, as the writer, felt. You should use active voice (normal)
verbs in this kind of paragraph. In sentences with active voice verbs we know who the
doer of the action is.

For example:
George washed my car yesterday.

Process Paragraph:
A Process Paragraph gives your reader a step by step of how to do things, for
example, cooking, building, or assembling something. The kinds of verbs you use in this
paragraph, should be imperative.

For example:
Imperative verbs are the base form of the verbs used to address the person in
front of you, such as drink, wash, grate, etc.

Different Parts of a Paragraph:

Topic Sentence:
A Topic Sentence is a sentence that tells the reader what your paragraph is
about. You can write your topic sentence in the beginning, middle, or end of your
paragraph. If you are a new writer, it might be easier for you to start your paragraph
with your topic sentence and take it from there.

Supporting Details:
If your paragraph has five sentences, usually the three sentences after the Topic
Sentence are called the Supporting Details (Sentences). These sentences give
explanation, evidence, and reason for your claim.

Concluding Sentence:
The last sentence in your paragraph is called a Concluding Sentence. The
Concluding Sentence does NOT introduce anything new. It either summarizes what you
already talked about or paraphrases the Topic Sentence.

Summary Writing:
Definition:
A summary should include all the ideas that are essential to the author’s thesis.

OR

A summary should recapitulate the author’s points. Do not include your

objections or criticisms in the summary.

OR

A summary should be written in your own words. Do not take strings of words
from the source do not paraphrase.

Explanation:
Summary: contains only the most important information of the original. It does not
have to follow the organization or order of the original. You do not change the meaning
of the original, and you must give clear references as to the origin of the ideas.

Reasons To Write A Paragraph:

 It saves time.
 Don’t make bor.
 Only give the basic ideas of the passage or speech etc.

Literary Terms:
Objectives:

 What are literary terms?

 Literary Elements.
 Literary Techniques.

What are literary terms:

 A literary devise is any tool used in literature to help the reader

understand the story and its character(s).
 There are two types of literary devises used by authors, literary
elements and literary techniques.
 Literary terms provide structure to the literature. All literary elements
are evident in all literature that creates a story.
 Literary techniques are specific to each author. Authors choose which
of the techniques to employ.
 Literary terms are not devices. They are simply terms used to
understand literature.

Elements of Literary Terms:

Literary elements are common literary devices found in all literature.

 Point of view
 Setting
 Character/Characterization
 Theme
 Plot

 Conflict
Point of View
First Person:
The narrator is a character, often the main character, of the story. This
character reveals personal thoughts and feelings but is unable to tell the feelings of
others unless he or she is told by another character.

Third Person Objective:

The narrator is an outsider, not a character. The third person objective
reports what is happening (seen and heard), but cannot tell the reader what characters
are thinking.

Third Person Limited:

The narrator is an outsider, not a character. The third person objective
reports what is happening as well as the thoughts of one specific character.

Omniscient:
This is the all-knowing narrator. The omniscient point of view sees
everything and hears everything, and is able to see into the minds of multiple
characters.

Setting:
• Setting generally provides the time and place of a specific scene or chapter, the
entire story, a play or a narrative poem.
• Setting can also include the mood of the time period, situation or event.
• Setting can also be the social, political, environmental or emotional climate.

• Setting can also include the emotional state of a character.

Character:
 The term character refers to a person or an animal in a story, play or other
literary work.
 A Dynamic Character changes as a result of the events of the story.
 A Static Character changes very little or not at all through the literary work.
 A character’s motivation is any force (i.e.: love, fear, jealousy) that drives the
character to behave in a particular way.

Characterization:
  Characterization is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.
 Characterization is how the author develops and uses the characters to tell a
story.
 Characterization is often the most important aspect of a story.
 The protagonist is the main character in a story. The story often revolves around
this character.
 The antagonist is the force that or character who opposes the protagonist.

 Minor characters are present, generally named and have a role that in some way
highlights the protagonist.

Theme:
 Theme is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.
 Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life.
 Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life,
society or human nature.
 Theme is typically implied rather than blatant. The reader has to think about it.

 Generally, there is one major theme in a piece of literature. Additional themes

can often be found in a piece of literature.

Conflict:
A Conflict is a struggle between opposing characters or opposing forces.
Conflict creates the plot of a story.
Conflict is the problem or struggle in a story.
There are four general types of conflict in literature:
 Man versus Man is the conflict of one person against another person.
 Man versus Nature is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of
nature and shows how insignificant one person can be when compared to
the cosmic scheme of things.
 Man versus Society is the conflict of a person/people and the views of
society. Prejudice/Racism is a good example.

 Man versus Self is internal conflict. It is those conflicts an individual has with his
conscience.
Plot:
 Plot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with
structure, like a map of a story.
 Plot has five basic points.
 Exposition is the beginning of the story.
 Rising action is when something starts to happen.
 Climax is the high point of the action.
 Falling action is the action following the climax, a cool down.
 Resolution is the conclusion of the action when everything comes together.

Literary Techniques:
 Literary techniques are used to produce a specific effect on the reader.

 Authors often use a variety of techniques throughout a piece of literature.

Alliteration:

• Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds generally at the beginning of

words, or, within neighboring words in a sentence.
• Alliteration is used to create a melody or mood, call attention to specific words,
point out similarities and contrasts.
Examples:

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Wide-eyed and wondering while we wait for others to waken.
Dialogue:

• Dialogue is conversation between two or more characters.

• Dialogue is when a character speaks to another character.
• Dialogue is conversation.
• Dialogue can include when a character speaks out loud to an animal, an
inanimate object or him or herself.
• Dialogue can be used to explain something to the reader/audience.