Digital Carrier Systems: EE 442 - Spring Semester
Digital Carrier Systems: EE 442 - Spring Semester
ON-Off Keying
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
(4 states)
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Digital Carrier Systems
In the last lecture we studied “baseband” digital signals; that is, the
modulating signal m(t) have not been frequency shifted.
There are two basic forms of carrier modulation – they are (1) amplitude
modulation and (2) angle modulation (phase and frequency modulation).
We have already studied both under the heading of analog modulation.
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Example: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
m(t)
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Example of Multilevel ASK with 2-Bit Coding
Bit 1
Bit 2
http://www.tmatlantic.com/encyclopedia/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10420
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Band Limiting Softens the Edges of ASK Waveforms
m(t)
time
Notice the similarity between ASK and analog AM because the amplitude
of the modulated signal is proportional to m(t).
http://www.slideshare.net/Zeolite27/dc-ppt-final
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Next: Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Angle modulation gives rise to both phase modulation and frequency modulation.
Starting with phase modulation; this is generally known as “phase shift keying.”
Example: m(kTb) = +1
m(kTb) = -1
http://electronicdesign.com/communications/understanding-modern-digital-modulation-techniques
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Constellation Diagram For PSK
PSK
A special case: on-off keying (OOK)
Q
I
OOK
0
I
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Expressing PSK in I and Q Components
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Binary PSK (BPSK) Transmitter and Receiver
BPSK Modulator:
Carrier Balanced
Amplifier
cos(ct) Modulator BPF
PSK
BPSK Demodulator:
LPF S&H Comparator
PSK
+ d(t)
r (t ) B cos[2C t + (t )] + B cos[ (t )]
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Binary PSK (BPSK) Waveforms at the Receiver
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BPSK Waveforms and Noise
Constellation Diagram
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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Bit 0
Bit 1
Bit 0
1 0 1 0
aka MSK
https://www.cdt21.com/resources/Modulation/modulation_FSK.asp
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Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
Minimum shift keying (MSK) is a form frequency modulation based on a
system called continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK).
MSK advantages are (1) better spectral efficiency as compared to other
modes, and (2) it allows power amplifiers to operate in saturation
enabling higher levels of efficiency.
https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/radio/modulation/what-is-msk-minimum-shift-keying.php
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Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
Tb
1
Define the frequency separation: f = f 1 − f 2 =
2Tb
is the minimum separation to ensure orthogonality to hold.
f +f
The carrier frequency fC is defined to be fC = 0 1
2
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MSK Modulation and Demodulation
MSK Modulator:
NRZ Data Voltage
input Controlled Amplifier
Oscillator BPF
t FSK
Vcontrol RF
VCO Output
MSK Demodulator:
BPF Amplifier LPF Comparator
FSK
+ m(t)
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Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
GMSK
waveform
http://home.scarlet.be/~pc030062/extra_info/MSK%20-%20GMSK.pdf
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Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Advantages:
Applications:
(1) Automatic Identification System in maritime navigation
(2) Bluetooth headsets
(3) Standard GSM cellular (usage is > 40% of cell phones in world)
Uses BTb = 0.3 for Gaussian filter giving 99% of
transmission power in bandwidth of 250 kHz. The GSM
bandwidth per channel is 200 kHz and GSM transmits
at 270 kb/sec (limited by ISI problems). B = 81.3 kHz
and Tb = 3.7 microseconds.
MSK
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-shift_keying#/media/File:GMSK_PSD.png
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Generating GMSK Signals
https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/radio/modulation/what-is-gmsk-gaussian-minimum-shift-keying.php
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Second Generation (2G) Mobile Phones
❑ Second Generation (2G) introduced in early 1990s to replace 1G
❑ Digital (rather than analog) transmission of voice
❑ Designed for circuit-switched networks (voice centric standard)
❑ Uses 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands
❑ Dominant 2G phone standard: GSM (Global System for Mobile)
❑ Introduced SMS (aka “text messaging”)
❑ GSM uses SIM card containing user ID (Subscriber Identity Module)
❑ Began in Europe; rapidly expanded around the World
GSM is still
widest used
cell phone
standard
Worldwide!
Nokia 2G
http://sharingmythoughts-
ben.blogspot.com/2010/09/histor Mobile
y-of-mobile-phone.html Phones
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications
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Comparing PSDs For Binary ASK, PSK and FSK
ASK
PSK
FSK
Figure 7.32 in Lathi & Ding, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems. 4th ed., 2009.
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Multilevel Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
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Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
I = -1; Q = +1 I = +1; Q = +1
I = -1; Q = -1 I = +1; Q = -1
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Digital I/Q Modulation
Anticipating our coverage of digital communication systems
i(t)
q(t)
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Simple QPSK Modulator
-135
-45
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Widely-Used QPSK Modulator
QPSK Modulator
LPF
I
NRZ Data Amplifier
input BPF
Serial-to PSK
-Parallel
Parser
cos(C t )
LPF
t
Q
sin(C t )
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Basic Building Block: Quadrature Modulator
I and Q can be
either analog or cos(C t )
digital signals (t )
Q
sin(C t )
(t ) = I 2 + Q 2 cos(C t + (t ))
Q(t )
where (t ) = tan −1
I ( t )
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Data Demultiplexer (Serial to Parallel) For QPSK
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QPSK Demodulator
PSK(t)
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M-ary Signaling With Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
APSK definition
Definition: Amplitude and Phase-Shift Keying, APSK, is a digital
modulation scheme that uses both the amplitude and the phase changes
of on the carrier signal to provide the data transport mechanism for the
information. Also called QAM.
16-ary QAM
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation, QAM is a
form of modulation that
is a combination of
phase modulation and
amplitude modulation.
The QAM scheme
represents bits as
points in a quadrant
grid know as a
constellation map.
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Number-Bases in M-ary Constellations
(aka 4-QAM)
Variants of QAM are also used for many wireless and cellular technology
applications. In addition, 64-QAM and 256-QAM are commonly used in digital
cable television and cable modem applications. In the US, 64-QAM and 256-
QAM are the mandated modulation schemes for digital cable as standardized by
the SCTE in the standard ANSI/SCTE 07 2000.
Bits per
Modulation Symbol Rate
Symbol
BPSK 1 1 bit rate
QPSK 2 1/2 bit rate
8-PSK 3 1/3 bit rate
16-QAM 4 1/4 bit rate
32-QAM 5 1/5 bit rate
64-QAM 6 1/6 bit rate
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Greater Number of States Leads to Greater Demand Upon
Communication System
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Bit Error Rate versus Energy/Noise Ratio
Eb / N0 (dB)
energy per bit-to-noise power ratio
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio vs. Energy/Bit-to-Noise Ratio
Another metric that is often more useful in digital systems is the energy per
bit-to-noise power ratio, denoted by Eb/N0.
Define: Rb = bit rate (in bits per second)
S = total signal power (watts)
Eb = energy per bit (in joules/bit)
N = total noise power (over entire bandwidth B in Hz)
N0 = noise spectral density (N = N0B where B = bandwidth)
Then,
S Eb S Rb Eb
= Eb and = and SNR =
Rb N Rb N N0B
Increasing the data rate Rb increases the SNR. However, in general it also
increases the noise in the denominator, which lowers the SNR.
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What Modulation Schemes Does Wi-Fi Use?
802.11b (≤ 11 Mbps) − The 802.11b radio link uses a direct sequence spread
spectrum technique (DSSS) called complementary coded keying (CCK). The
bit stream is processed and then modulated using Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK).
802.11a and 802.11g (≤ 54 Mbps) − The 802.11a and g systems use 64-
channel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The
transmitter encodes the bit streams onto 64 subcarriers using Binary Phase
Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), or one of two
levels of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM, or 64-QAM).
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Circuit Switched Networks vs. Packet-Switched Network
https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Toward_Optical_Packet_Switching/a24582
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Circuit-Switched Network
PSTN = public switched telephone network
Once a connection is
Caller established, this
connection is
Central Office maintained until call
Telephone is terminated.
Telephone Switch
Many paths are Switch
possible, but only Full Telephone
one is selected per Duplex
Switch
call. Telephone
Switch
Trunks
Telephone (links between
Switch Exchanges) Telephone
Subscriber lines
(or local loops) Switch
Central Office Telephone
Switch Central Office
Router
or Switch
Sender
(source) Internet
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Network Organization
In 1962, Paul Baran (RAND Corp.) envisioned a network of unmanned nodes using
intelligent switches to route data node to node to their final destinations. Baran
called this "hot-potato routing" or distributed communications. This was
implemented in ARPANET which became the Internet.
A network
of routers
Home
Network
Local or
Home Regional
Network ISP
Example:
Example: Keysight Technologies
sonic.net
After Kurose & Ross, Computer Networking, 5th Edition, Addison-Wesley, New York, 2010. 41
Comparing Packet Switching to Circuit Switching
Feature Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Dedicated Path No
Yes
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Packet-Switched Network Operation
This is an
example of
“bursty” data
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TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Model
Data or SMTP
Application Data Message HTTP, DNS
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An Internet Packet and its Headers
Internet Packet
IP header TCP/UDP header Application Data
The rules that govern communication – any form – are called “protocols.”
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TCP versus UDP Transmission
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IPv6
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Questions
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Bandwidth Efficiency (aka Spectral Efficiency)
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http://wiki.ucalgary.ca/page/Courses/Computer_Science/CPSC_441.W2014/Ch
apter_1:_Computer_Networks_and_The_Internet.html
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