Passage 1

With its radiant color and plantlike shape, the sea anemone looks more like a
flower than an animal. More specifically, the sea anemone is formed quite like the flower
for which it is named, with a body like a stem and tentacles like petals in brilliant shades
of blue, green, pink, and red Its diameter varies from about six millimeters in some
species to more than ninety centimeters in the giant varieties of Australia. Like corals,
hydras, and jellyfish, sea anemones are coelenterates. They can move slowly, but more
often they attach the lower part of their cylindrical bodies to rocks, shells, or wharf pilings.
The upper end of the sea anemone has a mouth surrounded by tentacles that the animal
uses to capture its food. Stinging cells in the tentacles throw out tiny poison threads that
paralyze other small sea animals. The tentacles then drag this prey into the sea
anemone's mouth. The food is digested in the large inner body cavity. When disturbed a
sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that it resembles a lump on a
rock. Anemones may reproduce by forming eggs, dividing in half or developing buds that
grow and break off as independent animals.

2. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true of sea anemones?
(A) They are usually tiny. (B) They have flexible bodies.
(C) They are related to jellyfish. (D) They are usually brightly colored.

5. The word "disturbed" in line 11 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(A) Bothered (B) Hungry (C) Tired (D) Sick

1. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

(A) The varieties of ocean life
(B) The characteristics of the sea anemone
(C) A comparison of land and sea anemones
(D) The defenses of coelenterates

2. The work "shape" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) length
(B) grace
(C) form
(D) nature

3. The author compares a sea anemone's tentacles to a flower's.

(A) stem
(B) petals
(C) leaves
(D) roots

4.It can be inferred from the passage that hydras

(A) were named after a flower
(B) are usually found in Australia
(C) prey on sea anemones
(D) are related to sea anemones

5. It can be inferred from the passage that sea anemones are usually found
(A) attached to stationary surfaces
(B) hidden inside cylindrical objects
(C) floating among underwater flowers
(D) searching for food

6. The word "capture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) catch
(B) control
(C) cover
(D) clean

7. The word "retracts" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) pulls back
(B) relaxes
(C) reproduces
(D) lifts up

8. According to the passage, when a sea anemone is bothered it

(A) hides under a rock
(B) alters its shape
(C) changes colors
(D) ejects a poisonous substance

9. The sea anemone reproduces by

(A) budding only
(B) forming eggs only
(C) budding or dividing only
(D) budding, forming eggs, or dividing

10. Based on the information in the passage, all of the following statements about sea anemones are
true EXCEPT that they
(A) are usually tiny
(B) have flexible bodies
(C) are related to jellyfish
(D) arc usually brightly colored

11. Where does the author mention the, sea anemone's food-gathering technique?
(A) Lines 1-2
(B) Lines 4-6
(C) Lines 7-10
(D) Lines 11-14

Passage 5
Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human
knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which
humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today
just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of
pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties
must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all
living things, even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the
welfare of peoples, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes:
medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of
the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To
them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special
branch of "Knowledge at all.

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from
direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet
everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few
people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors,
living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could
be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step
in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from
them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would
increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than
getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild – and the
accumulated knowledge' of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with
plants in the wild would begin to fade away.

1. Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?
(A) They probably had extensive knowledge of plants.
(B) They thought there was no need to cultivate crops.
(C) They did not enjoy the study of botany.
(D) They placed great importance on the ownership of property.

2. What does the comment "This is logical" in line 6 mean?

 (A) There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestor’s knowledge of plants.
(B) It is not surprising that early humans had a detailed knowledge of plants.
(C) It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behaved very much like people in preindustrial
societies.
(D) Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed.

3. According to the passage, why has general knowledge of botany begun to fade?
(A) People no longer value plants as a useful resource.
(B) Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science.
(C) Research is unable to keep up with the increasing numbers of plants.
(D) Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased.

4. In line 16, what is the author’s purpose in mentioning "a rose, an apple, or an orchid"?
(A) To make the passage more poetic
(B) To cite examples of plants that are attractive
(C) To give botanical examples that all readers will recognize
(D) To illustrate the diversity of botanical life

5. According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture?
(A) The invention of agricultural implements and machinery
(B) The development of a system of names for plants
(C) The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted
(D) The changing diets of early humans

6. The relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relationship between zoology (the
study of animals) and
(A) deer hunting (B) bird watching
(C) sheep raising (D) horseback riding

7. In which lines in the passage does the author describe the beneficial properties that plants have for
humans?
(A) Lines 1-2 (B) Lines 7-9
(C) Lines 11-12 (D) Lines 14-16

The first English attempts to colonize North America were controlled by individuals
rather than companies. Sir Humphrey Gilbert was the first Englishman to send colonists
to the New World. His initial expedition, which sailed in 1578 with a patent granted by
Queen Elizabeth was defeated by the Spanish. A second attempt ended in disaster in
1583, when Gilbert and his ship were lost in a storm. In the following year, Gilbert's half
brother, Sir Water Raleigh, having obtained a renewal of the patent, sponsored an
expedition that explored the coast of the region that he named "Virginia." Under Raleigh's
direction efforts were then made to establish a colony on Roanoke island in 1585 an6
1587. The survivors of the first settlement on Roanoke returned to England in 1586, but
the second group of colonists disappeared without leaving a trace. The failure of the
Gilbert and Raleigh ventures made it clear that the tasks they had undertaken were too
big for any one colonizer. Within a short time the trading company had supplanted the
individual promoter of colonization,

1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
(A) The Regulation of Trading Companies
(B) British - Spanish Rivalry in the New World
(C) Early Attempts at Colonizing North America
(D) Royal Patents Issued in the 16th Century

2. The passage states which of the following about the first English people to be involved in
establishing colonies in North America?
(A) They were requested to do so by Queen Elizabeth.
(B) They were members of large trading companies.
(C) They were immediately successful.
(D) They were acting on their own.

3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Sir Humphrey Gilbert is true?
(A) He never settled in North America.
(B) His trading company was given a patent by the queen.
(C) He fought the Spanish twice.
(D) He died in 1587.

4. When did Sir Walter Raleigh's initial expedition set out for North America?
(A) 1577 (B) 1579 (C) 1582 (D) 1584

5. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about members of the first Roanoke
settlement?
(A) They explored the entire coastal region. (B) Some did not survive.
(C) They named the area "Virginia". (D) Most were not experienced sailors.

6. According to the passage, the first English settlement on Roanoke Island was established in
(A) 1578 (B) 1583 (C) 1585 (D) 1587

7. According to the passage, which of; the following statements about the second settlement on
Roanoke Island is true?
(A) Its settlers all gave up and returned to England.
(B) It lasted for several years.
(C) The fate of its inhabitants is unknown.
(D) It was conquered by the Spanish.
Although management principles have been implemented since ancient times, most management
scholars trace the beginning of modern management thought back to the early 1900s, beginning with
thepioneering work of Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first person to study work
scientifically. He is most famous for introducing techniques of time and motion study, differential piece
rate systems, and for systematically specializing the work of operating employees and managers.
Along with other pioneers such as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his
philosophy and methods “scientific management’. At that time, his philosophy, which was concerned
with productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as promoting worker interests at the expense of
management, was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms of worker exploitation. The
time and motion study concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The Gilbreths had 12
children. By analyzing his children’s dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this pioneer efficiency
expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles whereby workers could eliminate waste motion. He was
memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book called “Cheaper by the Dozen”. The Gilbreth
methods included using stop watches to time worker movements and special tools (cameras and
special clocks) to monitor and study worker performance, and also involved identification of“therbligs”
(Gilbreth spelled backwards) – basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these motions and
accompanying times have been used to determine how long it should take a skilled worker to perform
a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can get a handle on the approximate time it should take
to produce a product or provide a service. However, use of work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead
to useful results unless all five work dimensions are considered: physical, psychological, social,
cultural, and power.
40. What is the passage primarily about?
(a) The limitations of pioneering studies in understanding human behavior
(b) How time and motion studies were first developed
(c) The first applications of a scientific approach to understanding human behavior
(d) The beginnings of modern management theory
41. The word “ which” in line 9 refers to
(a) scientific management
(b) philosophy
(c) productivity
(d) time and motion study
42. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that
(a) workers welcomed the application of scientific management
(b) Talor’s philosophy is different from the industrial norms
(c) by the early 1900s science had reached a stage where it could be applied to the workplace
(d) workers were no longer exploited after the introduction of scientific management.
43. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(a) predominant
(b) broadly accepted
 (c) prevalent
(d) common
44. According to the passage, Frank Gilbreth discovered how workers could eliminate waste motion by
(a) using special tools such as cameras and clocks
(b) using stop watches
(c) applying scientific management principles
(d) watching his children do their chores
45. The basic motions used in production jobs were given which one of following names by Frank
Gilbreth?
(a) dimensions
(b) gilreths
(c) therbligs
(d) monitors
46. According to the passage, the time it takes a skilled worker to perform the motion of a given job
can be measured by using:
(a) stop watches
(b) all 5 work dimensions
(c) special tools
(d) therbligs
47. The word “motions” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(a) stop watches
(b) habits
(c) actions
(d) special tools
48. Where in the passage does the author comment that the principles of scientific management were
often misunderstood?
(a) Lines 1-5
(b) Lines 6-10
(c) Lines 11-15
(d) Lines 16-20
49. The word “dimensions” in line 24 is
closest in meaning to
(a) sizes
(b) extents
(c) aspects
(d) standards
50. All of the following are true except
(a) scientific management was concerned with productivity.
(b) the beginnings of modern management thought commenced in the 19th century.
(c) Frank Gilbreth’s fame was enhanced by two of his children writing a book.
(d) analyzing work to increase productivity is not likely to be useful unless all of the dimensions are
considered.