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Migration: Definition and Concepts
Migration: Definition and Concepts
For migration, the area or place from which a move is made is the
area of origin. For migrants it may be -
•Data that refer to all moves or all migrants, within a specific definition of
migration that is being applied, are concerned with "gross" migration.
With respect to a given area, the sum of in-migration and out-migration,
or of in-migrants and out migrants, is called "turnover".
•Net migration refers to the balance of movements in opposite directions.
With reference to a given area, it is the difference between in-migration
and out-migration. When in-migration exceeds out-migration, the net
going to area is called "net in-migration", which takes a positive sign. In
the opposite case, there has been "net out-migration", and which takes a
negative sign.
•
Intra District Migrants:
When a person moves out from the place of usual residents or
birth to another defined area which is within the district of
enumeration, he/she is termed as intra district migrant.
ii. Most of the cities are unable to meet the growing demand for these
services, as they often require large overhead investments.
iii. The influx of migrants is also likely to push up rents and land values.
However, if migrant workers are concentrated in construction and
low-level jobs in the services sector, their presence may lower the costs
of providing housing and other amenities.
Effect on urban income distribution
i. If the majority of migrants enter low-income jobs, the direct
and immediate impact of their arrival in the urban area will
be the worsening of the urban income distribution.
ii. Migration is also likely to have some effect on urban wages.
To the extent increased supply of migrant labour depresses
wage levels, particularly of workers with little or no skills, it
would render the distribution of urban income still more
unequal
Effect on urban development
iii. If migrants bring skills needed by the destination areas, these areas
will benefit in so far as they are able to utilise the skilled manpower
educated at the expense of the origin areas.
Effect on demographic structure of urban population
i. As mentioned earlier, migration is generally selective of
younger persons. On an average, this would tend to lower the
crude death rates in the urban areas.
ii. If migration is not heavily selective of males, young migrant
women may also increase the city's proportion of women in the
peak childbearing years.
iii. The cumulative effect of these changes in the age and sex
composition of population can be a rapid rise in the size of
urban labour force.
MIGRATION
MEASUREMENT
PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF DATA ON INTERNAL MIGRATION
Censuses, population registers and sample surveys are the main sources of
information on internal migration. Census has been the major source of
information on internal migration.
Since 1881 in India the information on place of birth has been regularly
collected.
From 1961 the information on the following are collected:
(a) Birth Place
(b) Whether born in village or town
(c) Duration of residence
The scope of data on migration was further expanded 1971 census and
following questions were put to each individual:
1.Birth Place- Place of Birth, Rural/Urban, District , State/Country
2. Last Residence- Place of last residence, Rural/Urban, District, State/Country
3. Duration of last residence at the village or town of enumeration
In 1981 census of India, in addition to the above, individuals were asked to
give reasons of migration
INDIRECT METHODS