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1) What Is Framework in Java?
1) What Is Framework in Java?
ArrayList Vector
It can increase its size by 50% of the size of the array. It can increase its size by doubling the size of the
array.
The Iterator can traverse the array elements in ListIterator can traverse the array elements in
the forward direction. backward as well as forward directions.
It can perform only remove operation. It can perform add, remove, and set operation
while traversing the collection.
8) What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration?
The difference between Iterator and Enumeration
Iterator Enumeration
The Iterator can traverse both legacies as well as Enumeration can traverse only legacy elements.
non-legacy elements.
The Iterator is very slow compare to Enumeration. Enumeration is fast compare to Iterator.
The Iterator can perform remove operation while The Enumeration can perform only traverse
traversing the collection. operation on the collection.
9) Define BlockingQueue
BlockingQueue is an interface used in Java that can extend the Queue. It provides concurrency in
various queue operations like retrieval, insertion, deletion, etc.
The Queue waits to become non-empty at the time of retrieving any elements. BlockingQueue
should not contain null elements. The implementation of this Queue is thread-safe.
The syntax of BlockingQueue is:
public interface BlockingQueue<E> extends Queue <E>
Comparable Comparator
Comparable provides compareTo() method to sort Comparator provides compare() method to sort
elements in Java. elements in Java.
Comparable interface is present in java.lang package. Comparator interface is present in java. util package.
The logic of sorting must be in the same class whose The logic of sorting should be in a separate class to
object you are going to sort. write different sorting based on different attributes
of objects.
The class whose objects you want to sort must Class, whose objects you want to sort, do not need
implement the comparable interface. to implement a comparator interface.
It provides single sorting sequences. It provides multiple sorting sequences.
This method can sort the data according to the This method sorts the data according to the
natural sorting order. customized sorting order.
It affects the original class. i.e., the actual class is It doesn't affect the original class, i.e., the actual
altered. class is not altered.
All wrapper classes and String class implement the The only implemented classes of Comparator are
comparable interface. Collator and RuleBasedColator.
12) Explain equals() with example
Equals() verifies whether the number object is equal to the object, which is passed as an argument
or not.
The syntax of the equals() method is:
public boolean equals(Object o)
This method takes two parameters 1) any object, 2) return value. It returns true if the passed
argument is not null and is an object of a similar type having the same numeric value.
Example:
import java.lang.Integer;
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Integer p = 5;
Integer q = 20;
Integer r =5;
Short s = 5;
System.out.println(p.equals(q));
System.out.println(p.equals(r));
System.out.println(p.equals(s));
}
}
13) List out benefits of generic collection
The benefits of using the generic collection are:
If the programmers are using generic class, they don't require typecasting.
It is type-safe and can be checked at the time of compilation.
It provides the stability of the code by detecting bug at the compilation time.
14) Explain the method to convert ArrayList to Array and Array to ArrayList
Programmers can convert an Array to ArrayList using asList() method of Arrays class. It is a static
method of Arrays class that accept the List object. The syntax of asList() method is:
Arrays.asList(item)
Java programmers can convert ArrayList to the List object using syntax:
List_object.toArray(new String[List_object.size()])
System.out.println("------Before Sort-----");
printArray(myArray);
selection(myArray);//sorting array using selection sort
System.out.println("-----After Sort-----");
printArray(myArray);
}
public static void selection(int[] array)
{
for (int i = 0; i < array.length - 1; i++)
{ System.out.println("Sort Pass Number "+(i+1));
int index = i;
for (int j = i + 1; j < array.length; j++)
{
System.out.println("Comparing "+ array[index] + " and " + array[j]);
if (array[j] < array[index]){
System.out.println(array[index] + " is greater than " + array[j] );
index = j;
}
}
int smallerNumber = array[index];
array[index] = array[i];
array[i] = smallerNumber;
System.out.println("Swapping Elements: New Array After Swap");
printArray(array);
}
}
static void printArray(int[] array){
Method Description
Object element() Retrieves the data from the Queue, but does
not remove its head.
Object peek() Retrieves the data from the Queue but does not
remove its head, or in case, if the Queue is the
Queue is empty, it will retrieve null.
24) Mention the methods provided by Stack class
Important methods provided by Stack class are:
push(): Push item into the stack.
empty (): This method finds that whether the stack is empty or not.
pop (): This Java collection framework method removes the object from the stack.
search (): This method searches items in the stack.
peek (): This Java method looks at the stack object without removing it.
Collection Collections
It represents a group of objects as a single It defines various utility methods for collection
entity. objects.
The collection is the root interface of the Java Collections is a general utility class.
Collection framework.
This interface is used to derive the collection This class contains static methods to manipulate
data structures. data structure.
Failfast Failsafe
It does not allow collection modification while It allows collection modification while iterating.
iterating.
It uses the original collection to traverse the It uses an original collection copy to traverse the
elements. elements.
Set Map
It can extend the collection interface. It does not extend the collection interface.
36) What are the two ways to remove duplicates from ArrayList?
Two ways to remove duplicates from ArrayList are:
HashSet: Developer can use HashSet to remove the duplicate element from the ArrayList. The
drawback is it cannot preserve the insertion order.
LinkedHashSet: Developers can also maintain the order of insertion by using LinkedHashSet instead
of HashSet.
41) Name the collection classes that gives random element access to its elements
Collection classes that give random element access to its elements are: 1) ArrayList, 2) HashMap, 3)
TreeMap, and 4) Hashtable.
Elements in the Queue are added or removed Elements in the Queue are added from either
from one end end can be added and removed from the both
end
ArrayList LinkedList
ArrayList provides random access. LinkedList does not provide random access.
ArrayList s stores only objects hence it takes less LinkedList stores object as well as address
overhead of memory object; hence, it takes more overhead of
memory.
Method Description
public Object next() This method returns the element and moves the
pointer to the next value.
public void remove() This Java method can remove the last elements
returned by the iterator. Public void remove() is
less used.
Methods Description
boolean contains(Object o): It returns true if the set contains the specified
element.
boolean remove(Object o): It remove the specified element from the set.
Methods Descriptions
boolean isEmpty() This Java method returns true if this set contains
no elements.
void clear() This Java method removes all the elements from
the set.
Method Description
boolean add( Object o) It is used to append the specified element to the
end of the vector.
void add (int index, Object element) Inserts the element at the specified element in
the vector.
int indexOf(Object element) This Java method returns the index with the first
occurrence of the mention element in this list,
or -1.
int lastIndexOf(Object element) It is a Java method that returns the index with
the last occurrence of the specified element in
this list, or -1.
Any number of null values can be stored Only one null values can be stored
ListIterator can be used to traverse the List in ListIterator cannot be used to traverse a Set
any direction
Contains a legacy class called vector Doesn't contains any legacy class
Method Description
removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) This method removes elements that satisfy the
mention of a predicate.
Hashmap Hashtable
HashMap allows one key as a null value. HashTable does not allow null values.
Iterator is used to traverse HashMap. Either Iterator or Enumerator is used for traversing a
HashTable.
It can be used for both HashTable, HashMap and is It can be used with HashTable and is fail-safe.
fail-fast.
HashMap perform faster than the HashTable. Hashtable is not much faster as compared to
HashMap.
Stack Queue
The working principle of the stack is LIFO. Working principale of queue is FIFO.
One end is used to perform the insertion or One end is used to perform insertion, and
deletion of elements. another end is used for the deletion of
elements.
It does not have any kind of variant. It has variants like priority queue, circular
Queue, doubly ended Queue.
Array Stack
It has a elements of data types which are same. It has a elements of data types which are
different.
Elements can be removed or added into the Elements can be removed or added into a stack
array using random access operation. using LIFO operation.