Module 4 Plant Physiology and Development

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND
DEVELOPMENT
Jose Philip G. Maglalang, RPh
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
WHERE ARE WE NOW?
MODULE 4:
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT
• Energy Metabolism
1. Photosynthesis
2. Respiration
• Transport Processes
TAXONOMY
ESSENTIAL OUTCOME
Understand and explain the importance of
photosynthesis and other processes in the
production, transport and storage of primary
metabolites
TAXONOMY
Learning Objective/s
• Defi ne photosynthesis, and describe how photosynthesis is important not
only to plants but to the entire web of life on planet Earth.
• Write a summary reaction for photosynthesis, explaining the origin and fate
of each compound involved.
• Summarize the events of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis,
including the role of light in the activation of chlorophyll. Describe how a
proton gradient allows the formation of ATP according to the chemiosmotic
model.
• Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• List the three parts of aerobic respiration.
TAXONOMY
Energy
Metabolism
TAXONOMY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO2)

requiring process that uses light energy
(photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic
macromolecules (glucose).
TAXONOMY
IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Production of food
Contributes to the symbiotic

relationship between plants,
humans and animals.
Number one source of oxygen
Contributes to the carbon cycle.
TAXONOMY
SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ENVELOPE (OUTER MEMBRANE)
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
INNER MEMBRANE
STROMA
THYLAKOID SYSTEM
TAXONOMY
STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT DEPENDENT
REACTION
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
REACTION
TAXONOMY
LIGHT DEPENDENT
REACTION
• Uses light energy to make two molecules needed

for the next stage of photosynthesis.
• The light reactions take place in the thylakoid
membranes of the chloroplasts.
TAXONOMY
KEY TERMS
NUCLEOTIDE GROUP
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

• The principal molecule for storing and
transferring energy in cells.
• Phosphate Group
• Sugar Group
• Nucleotide Group PHOSPHATE GROUP
SUGAR GROUP
TAXONOMY
KEY TERMS
NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE
DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE (NADPH)
• An energy-carrying molecule produced
in the first stage of photosynthesis. It
provides energy to fuel the Calvin cycle
in the second stage of photosynthesis.
TAXONOMY
KEY TERMS
PHOTOSYSTEMS
• Large complexes of proteins and

pigments (light-absorbing molecules)
that are optimized to harvest light.
• Photosystem I (PSI)
• Photosystem II (PSII)
TAXONOMY
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
STEP 1: EXCITATION OF PHOTOSYSTEMS BY LIGHT ENERGY
TAXONOMY
STEP 2: PRODUCTION OF ATP VIA AN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
TAXONOMY
STEP 3: REDUCTION OF NADP+ AND THE PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER
TAXONOMY
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
REACTION
• Calvin cycle.
• Reactions because they are not directly driven by light.
• The energized electrons from the light-dependent
reactions provide the energy to form carbohydrates from ca
rbon dioxide molecules
• The reactions take place in the stroma
TAXONOMY
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION
STEP 1: CARBON FIXATION
TAXONOMY
STEP 2: REDUCTION OF GLYCERATE-3-PHOSPHATE
TAXONOMY
STEP 3: REGENERATION OF RUBP
TAXONOMY
SECTION BREAK
TAXONOMY
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• The process by which living cells break down

glucose molecules and release energy.
TAXONOMY
TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
TAXONOMY
STAGES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
GLYCOLYSIS
KREB CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

TAXONOMY
GLYCOLYSIS
EMBDEN MEYERHOF PATHWAY
• Series of reactions that extract energy from

glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon
molecules called pyruvates.
• Takes place in the cytosol of a cell
TAXONOMY
PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS
ENERGY-REQUIRING PHASE
ENERGY-RELEASING PHASE
TAXONOMY
KEY TERMS
PHOSPHORYLATION
• A biochemical process that involves the
addition of phosphate to an organic
compound. ISOMERASE
• Enzymes that catalyze reactions
KINASE
involving a structural rearrangement of a
• An enzyme that adds phosphate groups molecule. .
to other molecules.
TAXONOMY
KEY TERMS
DEHYDROGENASE MUTASE
• An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of • An enzyme which catalyzes the transfer
hydrogen atoms from a particular of a functional group between two
molecule. positions within the same molecule.
TAXONOMY
GLYCOLYSIS
TAXONOMY
GLYCOLYSIS
TAXONOMY
PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE
TAXONOMY
CITRIC ACID CYCLE

KREBS CYCLE/ TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE
• A series of chemical reactions used by all
aerobic organisms to generate energy through
the oxidization of acetate derived from
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon
dioxide.
• Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
TAXONOMY
PHASES OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE
CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE TO
ACETYL COA
CITRIC ACID CYCLE

TAXONOMY
CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE TO ACETYL COA
TAXONOMY
CITRIC ACID CYCLE

TAXONOMY
CITRIC ACID CYCLE

TAXONOMY
PRODUCTS OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE
TAXONOMY
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
• The electron transport chain is a series of

electron transporters embedded in the inner
mitochondrial membrane that shuttles
electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular
oxygen.
TAXONOMY
KEY TERMS
COMPLEX I (NADH-Q REDUCTASE COMPLEX III (CYTOCHROME C

COMPLEX) REDUCTASE COMPLEX)
• A very large enzyme catalyzing the first • A multi-subunit structure that functions
step of the mitochondrial electron to accept electrons from ubiquinol and
transport chain. The enzyme oxidizes transfer them onto another electron
NADH transferring electrons carrier.
TAXONOMY
KEY TERMS
CYTOCHROME C COMPLEX IV
• A water soluble electron transport • A multi-subunit structure that functions

protein that is loosely associated with to accept electrons from ubiquinol and
the mitochondrial inner membrane. It transfer them onto another electron
contains a heme iron metal center that carrier.
is essential to it's function in the ETC
TAXONOMY
STEP 1: GENERATING A PROTON MOTIVE FORCE
TAXONOMY
STEP 2: ATP SYNTHESIS VIA CHEMIOSMOSIS
TAXONOMY
STEP 3: REDUCTION OF OXYGEN
TAXONOMY
PRODUCTS OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
34 ATP
WATER
TAXONOMY
TYPES OF ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
TAXONOMY
REFERENCES
• Berg, Linda R. Introduction to Botany. Cengage

Learning Asia Pte Ltd. Philippines, 2012
• Mauseth, James D. Botany: An Introduction to

Plant Biology 5th Edition, Massachusetts: Jones
and Bartlett Publisher, 2012.
• Campbell, M., Farrell, S., & McDougal, O. (2015).

Biochemistry (5th ed.). Brooks Cole.

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Module 4 Plant Physiology and Development

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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND

• An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO2)

Contributes to the symbiotic

ENVELOPE (OUTER MEMBRANE)

• Uses light energy to make two molecules needed

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

• Large complexes of proteins and

• The process by which living cells break down

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

• Series of reactions that extract energy from

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

• The electron transport chain is a series of

COMPLEX I (NADH-Q REDUCTASE COMPLEX III (CYTOCHROME C

• A water soluble electron transport • A multi-subunit structure that functions

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

• Berg, Linda R. Introduction to Botany. Cengage

• Mauseth, James D. Botany: An Introduction to

• Campbell, M., Farrell, S., & McDougal, O. (2015).

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