Understanding Culture,

Society, & Politics

Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Culture & Society (Part II)
Understanding Culture, Society, & Politics – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Lesson 2 Society (Part II)
First Edition, 2020

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Understanding Culture,
Society, & Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Culture & Society (Part II)
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society & Politics – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Society!

This module is divided into two lessons: Lesson 1 for Culture, and Lesson 2

for Society. This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or

facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum

while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also

aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into

consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the

body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this

module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to

manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist

the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society & Politics – Grade 12

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Society!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

What I Know
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you link

What’s In
the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New
introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the

What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

What’s More
practice to solidify your understanding and
 skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will

What I Can Do
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your

Assessment
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given

Additional Activities
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in the

Answer Key
module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to introduce to you the disciplines of

Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science; and to discuss the nature, goals, and

perspectives of the said disciplines.

At the end of this module, it is expected that you have learned

to:

1. Explain anthropological and sociological perspectives on culture and

society (UCSPC11DCS-Ic-6).

2. Describe society and culture as a complex whole (UCSPC11/12DCS-Ic-7)

3. Identify aspects of culture and society (UCSP11/12DCS-Ic-8).

4. Identify forms of tangible and intangible heritage and the threats to these

(UCSP11/12DCS-Ie-11).
 What I Know

Determine whether the statements are True or False.

1. Society is made up of only a few people.

2. Society is made up of interconnected individuals.
3. Conflict theory is a reaction to Structural functionalism.
4. Structural functionalism sees society as stable and orderly.
5. Conflict theory sees the struggle between man and animals.
6. Structuration studies the interaction between SF and Conflict
theory in society.
7. Travel agency is the power or ability to make choices.
8. SF means Structural functionalism.
9. If one-part changes, all the other parts also change—this is
according to Structural functionalism.
10. Agency is more powerful than social structures—this is according
to Structuration.

Write SF if the perspective used is Structural functionalism, Ct if Conflict theory,

and St for Structuration theory.

11. Illusion of social change.

12. Struggle for power.
13. Dynamic relationship of people and social structures.
14. Harmony among the different parts of society.
15. Choice.
 Lesson
Society
2
One may be lonely.
“Two is a company, Three’s a crowd”.
Four is double the company
Five is a pair of company and the fifth wheel.

What’s In
When we study culture, it is always in the context group or social meanings
because, again, we can’t call something a culture unless a number or people
recognizes and practices it. When we study politics, it is always in the context of
social relations because politics is defined as “power relations”; it is the
“unequal” relationship between two or more people, or the relationship
between people and their government. In other words, when we study ways of life
and power relations, we look into the groups of people interacting with each other,
making meanings, living out traditions, and exercising power over each other—
we are actually looking into
society.

Notes to the Teacher

This lesson investigates the not-so-simple dynamics in a society.
Encourage the student to look into his/her preconceived notions
of how a society operates.
 What’s New

How “sosyal”/social are you? Answer every cell in the Bingo and add your points
to see how connected you are to other people outside your family.

HUMAN SOSYAL BINGO

You know the When going to
You know someone Tried to catch You know the
name of the school, you greet or
outside your family “Manong Taho” 2x birthday a
ATE/KUYA at the talk to people (not
with a name that or 3x in the classmate’s (not
sari-sari store your family
starts with letter morning. You know your relative)
where you usually member or
“X” his daily schedule. sibling
buy things classmate) along
the way
2 points 3 points 2 points
1 point 5 points
You have memorized
the different You have tried to You won after You were invited to
At least 5 students
sections of the run in your running for a the birthday of your
outside your
public market, and school’s Student position in your classmate’s sibling
section know you
you know where to Governance school’s Student
buy what Governance
3 points
4 points
5 points 4 points 5 points
You have at least 5
The security guard You know the You went to the
friends (not your
in your school name of the birthday
relative) in real life
knows your name SOSYAL! security guard in celebration of your
(not just in social
or nickname 1point bonus your school classmate’s sibling
media)
3 points 1point 4 points
5 points
You notice the face, You have
new house, new You know someone baon/pabalot/
You know the store, or any change (not your relative) You know someone takeaway from the
name of your in your barangay who has the same outside your family birthday
that just gave birth
Punong Barangay name as yours celebration of your
4 points classmate’s sibling
1 point 2 points 3 points 5 points
At least 3 people
Your profile picture At least 3 people (not your relative) More than 3 You invited your
has more than 100 (not your relative) react or comment classmates (not classmates (not
your relative) to
reactions shared your post your social media your relative) went
your house during
on social media post to your birthday your birthday

5 points 3 points 3 points 4 points 3 points

Score:

 1-2 HERMIT: You might have a terrible case of social anxiety, distrust
towards people, or you may be living far away from other people.
 3-13 MAVERICK: You’re not really shy, just an introvert that relates
with people who you really need.
 14-31 APPRENTICE: You are sociable enough to establish few
connections outside the family.
 32-47 EXPLORER: You have expanded your social comfort zone. Your
social connections are not limited to your basic needs and you have a
“good radar” for the happenings around you.
 48-63 NETWORKER: You have a good and wide social connection that
can help you get around your community. You don’t just have a “good
radar”, you hold a good amount of information.
 64-81 INFLUENCER: You don’t just know people; people know you, too,
and recognize your ability. Use your “social power” well.
 What is It

Based on the activity above, how social are you? How actively engaged are
you with the people outside your house, and around your community? Whether we
like it or not, we are a part of the bigger picture called society. Society, as
defined in Cambridge English Dictionary (2020) as “a large group of people who live
together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do
things and sharing the work that needs to be done”. Unless you are living self-
sufficiently in a hidden location, without contact with other people, and never
influenced by the other people or government, then you can argue that you are not a
part of any society. But we’re living in the 21st Century where globalization is
undeniably taking place. Just look at the tag of clothes, the label in your store-
bought food, the news in the radio or television, the materials for building the
home where you’re staying—all manufactured, exported or imported. Therefore,
you’re not living in a vacuum; you’re living connectedly to people outside the
comfort of your home.
So how does society work? To answer this question, we will use three Sociological
perspectives.

֍֍֍

Structural Functionalism: Just like the Human Body

If you believe that everyone is in his/her proper place; that everyone fulfills
a specific function that only he/she can do; and that every part of our society
is essential, then you already have understood how SF or Structural
Functionalism sees society—everyone, every relationship and every structure
serves a purpose in maintaining society.
Let’s look at this analogy: Has anyone told you a compliment like, “Ang
ganda ng mata mo! (Your eyes are beautiful!)”, to which you responded
something like, “Sana mata na lang ako. (I wish I’m all eyes.)”? It might be a
compliment to another part of your body, and you wished that the compliment
isn’t just for that one part, so you wished to be all hands, all nose, all eyes, or all-
whatever that body part is. And of course, that can’t be because that is not
humanly possible. And if humanly possible, it isn’t beneficial at all. Every part of
our body serves for the benefit of our whole being. No matter how good or
unpleasant that function might seem, it helps us survive. If you were to become a
body part, you might prefer the function of the mouth or the eye, or even the brain
and never the unglamorous role of your pores or sweat glands, much more your
anus, but without those “cleaning” functions, the body won’t survive. If we will
apply this analogy in society, people would unlikely choose the role of street
sweeper, parking attendant, street vendor, jeepney barker,
butcher, construction worker or whatever “humble”, unappealing, and physically
demanding job there is. People would usually choose the corporate business sector,
or the law enforcement sector, medicine, engineering, or education sector. But
society won’t function properly if we are all police officers, doctors, engineers, or
teachers. Society is functioning smoothly as it should be because of the different
structures present. Remember our definition of social structure from module 1?
Social structure is the pattern of social interactions in a society, and this
includes, family, school, mass media, government, and religion to name a few. Each
structure has its own function to fulfill to maintain the stability of society: the
family is the first teacher and training ground of an individual before he/she
steps out of the house; the school reinforces what was taught in the family,
and teaches the individual to be an obedient and productive citizen; mass media
promotes the values and attitudes learned by an individual by producing shows
with characters that model the desired characteristics; the government keeps the
individual safe, and monitors individual behavior that can harm the society;
and the church would cultivate the spirituality of the individual, and would
teach the value faith and patience, instead of rebellion, in times of hardships. But
even though society should be working perfectly, as its parts are doing their
functions, dysfunctions happen. These dysfunctions would turn out to be the
social problems. These problems have wide-ranging effects, and don’t just involve
one or a few individuals. Examples of social problems are poverty, illegal drug
trade, and human trafficking. When dysfunctions or social problems happen, the
whole “body” or society reacts, just like the domino effect; like when you have a
wound in your hand or bruise in your leg, the whole body reacts and adjusts to the
pain. To maintain the order and balance in society, every social structure
responds to correct the dysfunction to bring back normality.
To conclude, remember that when using SF as your “lens” to view society,
always ask, “To what social structure does this role belong to?” and “How does
this social structure contribute to the order and stability of society?”
 What’s More

Determine the social structure to which the following roles belong to and try to
explain the function of these roles in the maintenance or order in society.
Social structure: Education, Health sector, Market, Government, Religion
Example 1: Student education Study well, learn values and ideas that
contribute to the development of the
country, graduate, and become a
productive citizen
Example 2: Church religion Sing songs that promote the spiritual
choir well-being of the members of society;
promote peace, harmony, and trust in
God through songs they sing
Example 3: News Mass Inform people about the status of
reporter media society/country; report news that is not
biased; report news that does not
damage society
1. Nurse

2. Vendor

3. Priest

4. Senator

5. Teacher

Conflict theory: Inequality all around

 Karl Marx

If SF investigates the orderliness of society, our next perspective sees society

as a struggle. Conflict theory is a reaction to SF because it views social
structures as unfair and promotes inequality in society. This theory came from
Karl Marx’s theory (Marxism) that views the conflict between the rich capitalists
or business owners (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat).
Remember that for SF everyone is in its proper place in society because
everyone has a function to fulfill—this perspective accepts one’s place in society
without question. Conflict theory believes that SF’s perspective is used by those in
power to control the less privileged to maintain their position of power. For example,
let’s look into the relationship between a worker and his/her boss. According to
SF, it is important to maintain this relationship because they both have
different functions to fulfill—you can’t have a company with all workers and no
boss, or all bosses and no workers, right? How about promotion? If a worker does
a good job, he/she might be promoted to a higher-ranking position, but is still a
worker. And his boss? He would also move up to a higher-ranking position, thanks
to the productivity of his worker. Hard work and promotion give an illusion that
you are moving up in society, because you remain a worker, and the boss remains
the boss. Why? Because SF says, if change will happen in one part of society,
everyone else will move because the goal is balance and maintenance—and this
perspective maintains the inequality in society according to conflict theory. Let’s
look at another example: the function of religion or church in society. SF would say
that the church’s function is to teach faith in God in times of economic or whatever
hardships in society. Conflict theory would say that the church is an instrument
of the rich and powerful in controlling the people. Why? Because the church
teaches the people to accept hardships without questioning, because questioning
hardships is equivalent to questioning God; questioning authorities is like
questioning God; and challenging authorities is like challenging God. Conflict
theory sees that inequality is present in all social structures.
 What’s More

Listen to Tatsulok (by Bamboo) or Upuan (by Gloc-9). If you can’t listen to the
song, just look for or ask someone who knows the lyrics of the song. Then, using the
Conflict theory, write a reflection paper about the message of the song.

֍֍֍

Structuration Theory: Power in Our Choices

SF gave us a very positive view on society, but Conflict theory presented the
problems of SF. These two perspectives are like opposite poles. To balance these
opposing views, we will have the middle ground of Structuration theory. But
before we learn how this theory sees society, let’s introduce a new
concept. For structuration theory, we will use the concept agency, instead of
individuals. Agency is the “power” or capacity of individuals to decide and make
decisions for themselves. Agency then is not dictated by social structures; it is
independent and can change the social structures. Now going back to our theory,
Structuration theory suggests that social structures and agency have a dynamic
relationship, meaning the social structures affect agency much the same way
that agency affects the social structures; not one factor is more powerful than
the other. Let’s apply this theory! Have you encountered the expression,
“Ipinanganak na mahirap, mamamatay na mahirap”? This expression applies what
theory? If you answered SF, then you are correct! The Conflict theory would then
say that the poverty of that individual is because of the oppressive structures
that are taking advantage of him/her. Structuration theory, on the other hand,
doesn’t believe that you don’t have a choice. If you will remain poor, it might be
because you did not use your agency to break away from oppressive social
structures; it might also be that your choices contributed to the social
structures that are oppressing you. A better approach, using Structuration, would
be to revise the expression to, “Ipinanganak na mahirap, mamamatay na
mayaman”, because this expresses the individual’s power to choose. Using
structuration theory, you can break away from your status and contribute to
changes in society: you can become a boss, too, and you can help your employees
reach higher position than yours; you can be an obedient citizen while holding your
government accountable of its actions; you can be devote to your religion and at
the same time propose changes for improvement. Structuration theory doesn’t see
social structures and agency as enemies, but as interacting elements in society.
Think of 3 problems in society and apply the perspective of Structuration to solve
those problems.
Example: 1. Water shortage- conserve water; formulate rules that would help in
managing water resources; water companies should also involve the water users in
their decision-making policies.
Example: 2. Teenage pregnancy- encourage openness in the family, especially in
topics about relationships and sex; educate teens properly on sex education to help
them make better choices; teach the value of responsibility and priorities.

What I Have Learned

Let’s look what we have learned so far. Fill in the missing words to complete the
thought of the following paragraphs.

Society is a large number of people living together in an (1)

way. The way we view society depends on what theory or perspective we use. Using
SF or (2) makes us see society like a human (3) . All its
parts have a specific (4) . Just like in society, every social structure
works to maintain the order in society. Because the goal is the maintenance of
balance in society, there is almost no change. And if there is change in one part
of society, everything else changes. Just like our expression, “Sakit ng
kalingkingan, sakit ng buong katawan”, a change in a part effects the whole.
(5) theory, on the other hand, sees society as full of (6) .
Social structures favor the rich and powerful, and discriminate the poor and
helpless. There is always a struggle for power. It criticizes SF’s perspective of
change because it is only an (7) —you remain where you are because
everyone moves as you move. As the expression goes, “Ang mahirap, pahirap nang
pahirap at ang mayaman naman ay payaman nang payaman”.
Structuration theory on the other hand balances the two perspectives above. This
theory looks into the dynamics between social structures and (8) —this
is the power of an individual to make choices. It says that not one element of
society
is more powerful than the other. Instead it sees the (9) and
interrelationship between social structures and agency.
 What I Can Do

Think of 3 Social Structures that you belong to. Write down your role/s for each
social structure, the problem/s you see or experience, and possible solutions
for those problems.

Social structures I belong to

1 2 3

Your Role/s Your Role/s Your Role/s

The problem/s you see or The problem/s you see or The problem/s you see or
experience experience experience

What you can do to solve What you can do to solve What you can do to solve
the problem/s the problem/s the problem/s
 Assessment

Determine whether the statements are True or False.

1. Society is made up of only a few people.

2. Society is made up of interconnected individuals.
3. Conflict theory is a reaction to Structural functionalism.
4. Structural functionalism sees society as stable and orderly.
5. Conflict theory sees the struggle between man and animals.
6. Structuration studies the interaction between SF and Conflict
theory in society.
7. Travel agency is the power or ability to make choices.
8. SF means Structural functionalism.
9. If one-part changes, all the other parts also change—this is
according to Structural functionalism.
10. Agency is more powerful than social structures—this is according
to Structuration.

Write SF if the perspective used is Structural functionalism, Ct if Conflict

theory, and St for Structuration theory.

11. Illusion of social change.

12. Struggle for power.
13. Dynamic relationship of people and social structures.
14. Harmony among the different parts of society.
15. Choice.
 Additional Activities

Have you heard about the “feral children”? These are children found living
alone, usually in the wild, without humans taking care of them. For those found in
the forests, some say that animals took care and raised the children. Maybe you
have seen the movie Tarzan or heard of the character Mowgli from The Jungle
Book. They are examples of feral children that were eventually brought back to
society.

Do you think humans can really live outside of society? Imagine being raised
by an animal. What would happen when, after long years of living with animals, a
person is placed in society? What would be the challenges? Do you think that
person could forget what he “learned” from the animals?

Think and try to imagine the situation of a feral child. Write your thoughts
or reflections about the questions about.
Additional Assessment What I Have Learned What I Can Do
Activities
1. False 1. Organized Depends on
Depends on 2. True 2. Structural student’s answer
student’s answer 3. True functionalism
4. True 3. Body
5. False 4. Function
6. False 5. Conflict
7. False 6. Inequality
8. True 7. Illusion
9. True 8. Agency
10. False 9. Interaction
11. Ct
12. Ct
13. St
14. SF
15. St

What I know What’s More (SF) What’s New

1. False
2. True 1. heath sector, plus Depends on
3. True student’s explanation student’s answer
4. True 2. market, plus student’s
5. False explanation
6. False 3. religion, plus student’s
7. False explanation
8. True 4. mass media, plus
9. True student’s explanation
10. False 5. education, plus
11. Ct student’s explanation
12. Ct
13. St
14. SF
15. St
References:
Coole, Diana. 2017. "Agency | Political Science". Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/agency-political-
theory.
"Critical Theory | Definition & Facts". 2009. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/critical-theory.
Faris, Robert E.L. 1998. "Sociology | Definition, History, Examples, &
Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/sociology.
Gibbs, Beverley. 2013. "Structuration Theory | Sociology". Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/structuration-theory.
Mayall, John Jabez Edwin. 1875. Karl Marx. Image.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_001.jpg.
"SOCIETY | Meaning In The Cambridge English Dictionary".
2020. Dictionary.Cambridge.Org. Accessed July 4.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/society.
"Structural Functionalism | Definition, Development, & Criticisms".
2020. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/structural-
functionalism.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: [email protected]