CGEO793 – The Geography of Toronto

Midterm Notes
 Lecture 1: Why the City? Why Toronto?
 Lecture 2: Toronto: The Form of The City

Lecture 1: Why the City? Why Toronto?

Territorial Acknowledgement
 “Toronto is in the ‘Dish with One Spoon Territory.’ The Dish with One Spoon Is a treaty between the
Anishinaabe, Mississaugas and Haudenosaunee that bound them to share the territory and protect the
land. Subsequent Indigenous Nations and peoples, Europeans and all newcomers have been invited into
this treaty in the spirit of peace, friendship and respect.”

Filion and Bunting

 3 Themes and How do these themes apply to Cities?

o Sustainability relates to the pollution in a city. Policies driven by deepening concern about
sustainability have resulted in a reduction of some pollutants – a trend driven, as well, by
deindustrialization, which has caused the removal of many sources of pollution. Improvements
have been most evident in the case of water quality. Still, many forms of pollution remain
unacceptably high, including the presence of toxic substances in water. Especially when
summers are hot, residents of large metropolitan regions are reminded by successive smog
alerts of the environmental consequences of industrialization, power generation and
transportation. We have also become less tolerant of the environmental impacts of our lifestyle,
as evidenced by reactions against landfills and negative sentiments about the loss of rural and
natural area to urban sprawl. Little has been done to alleviate the consequence of consumption
and urban development.
o Unevenness pertains to rising inequality both within and between cities. Economic globalization
and the attendant massive loss of well-paid manufacturing employment, the shrinkage of the
public sector, and attrition of the trade union movement have resulted in a smaller middle class.
As a result, a growing number of households now live in poverty. At the other extreme are the
very rich, who have enjoyed a disproportional rise in their income. Of course, polarization finds
expression in the urban landscape in the stark contrast between impoverished neighbourhoods
and luxury condominiums and upscale suburban communities. Inter-urban unevenness, the
outcome of economic and demographic trends, will position a few growing centres- large
metropolitan regions that may be very extensive and include a metropolitan core and many
smaller outlying metropolitan and non-metropolitan places plus a sprinkling of other smaller
centres – against the majority of cities that will experience stagnation or decline. Economically
driven inter-urban unevenness will be exacerbated by demographic trends
o Uncertainty refers to the instability generated by intensification of economic competition,
which, propelled by globalization, is a source of increased risk for the numerous economic
sectors facing international competition. Uncertainty for large numbers of people will mean
frequent changes of employment. Uncertainty can also be associated with future availability of
the economic conditions and natural resources underlying auto-dependent suburban lifestyles.

Six Properties to Understand the City

 Production
o Reason why cities exist?
 Cities were initially created in order for production activities to happen
 Centralized government – have to have this govt. located in one spot/in this case, one
city
 If a minister has to travel long to talk to a colleague, no decision can be reached
 Markets cannot be in the country side because its goal is to attract customers. They
need trade in a concentrated place, in cities. Everything takes place in one place
 Another thing that cannot function properly in countryside is money factor. For example,
workers working in a factory producing a car etc.
 Goal is to have workers in the same place. This cannot be in the countryside
because if a worker has to travel 3 hours to get to work and 3 hours to come
home, it will take a long time
 In the city, distance is minimum because of transportation
 These activities cannot take place in country side which is why cities were created
 Every city must produce something in order to survive. If they don’t produce anything,
they will not survive and fall apart
 Countryside production
 Country side is self-sufficient - At a minimum, country side people can support
themselves no matter where they live but at a minimum, they can raise chickens
or vegetables
 City is not self sufficient
 Cannot produce enough to feed all people in the city
 If you don’t produce enough, you import your food stock for example
 Importers come from different sides. In 1850s, imports were coming from
country side
 In order for city to survive, it must import food from other places
 For importing food, you need money and infrastructure
 The city must produce something in order to make enough money to buy food
stock
 In Toronto, 1950s, we were producing goods such as automobiles, chairs,
furniture etc. but today, not so much. Manufacturing in Toronto has moved to
overseas or suburbs of Toronto
 Today, Toronto offers a number of services including financial, education,
medical services, less valued service including gym, mall, haircut, restaurants
 Irrespective of whether you produce goods or services, important that something
is produced. It allows city to be sustainable and survive through the years
 Reproduction
o In order to produce something, you need people to produce
 You require a basic workforce
 The workforce is an essential component for any production activities
 How do you get the workforce? People retire, die
 You need to replenish the workforce by adding new people
 You need a constant replenishment of the workforce
o How do you replenish the workforce?
 Having children to replenish workforce which means that when parents retire, children
can take their place so any society needs sufficient fertility levels
 Scholars say that in order for a society to be sustainable, every couple needs 2.1
children
  In Canada, it is 1.6 fertility rate because Canadian couples don’t want to have many
children
 If population is less, production will be less in a city
 Alternative is to allow immigrants to come to Canada as they do us a favour to keep our
economy stable
o What do we need for reproduction in order to keep them mentally and physically healthy?
 Places of recreation including gym
 Medical services
 We have to give all human beings time to relax so that they can regenerate
 Parks, rec centres
 Everyone needs some kind of education,
 Provision of schools etc.
o 3 components: People, making them healthy, making them educated
 Men in 1950s had less time raising children as men were the breadwinner while women
were housewives
 In 1960s, women decided to have a career and be independent, so more women started
to enter the workforce
 Today, common norm that women get educated and go to work
 The state decided to step in and provide services of public education and daycare etc.
 The problem is that starting with 1990s, the state decided that they did not want to
invest in these services
 The state has gradually got out of the provision of these services which created
problems with families
 In Toronto, today, $22,000 a year for daycare services
 Another example of why the state stopped these services
 Funding for post-secondary has decreased which is why we pay 3 times higher
than kids in 1980s for post-secondary education
 Since 1990s, in different sectors of society, state has taken less responsibilities
 Proximity
o What is the reason why people like to live in cities rather than country side?
 In city, everything is close
 Proximity is the aspect that is so appealing to people which is why prices for land prices
are higher in cities
 Allows us to save on many precious things
 Save on money – shorter distances covered compared to paying for gas
 Save time – less travel time
o The shorter the commuter time, the more time you have for yourself for
recreational activities
 In 1850s, only walking, riding bikes and riding horses was only transportation
 Today, there are cars and buses and trains so because of transportation technology is not
a problem
 High demand means high prices
 A lot of people want to live in the city
 Capitalization
o Looking at fundamental properties of the city
o Investment in the space of the city in order to maximize the use of that space
o Space of the city is limited by boundaries
 Example: if you build semi-detached and detached houses, you are using horizontal
space but if you build condos, you can accommodate multiple families because space is
vertical
o Invest money hoping to maximize the use of space increasing our return
o In Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal, if you build condo properties, you get a higher return

 Place
o To the sense and emotion with respect to places
o Feelings of repulsion – positive and negative feelings
o Two feelings
 Individual
 Everyone has experience living in a city or a place in a city and have positive/negative
feelings
 Positive – born in a city
 Negative – if you got robbed, you may have a sense of dis-attachment from that
place
 Social
 Develops based on what we are fed by the city media
 Ex: some places in a city where media advertises them to be good places to be
in. safer places, entertaining
o Ex: Waterfront, Rosedale, distillery district
 Negative comments about a place fed by the media Ex: Jane-finch community,
Parkdale
 Not based on personal experience but because of what society has told them
 Get generated by what we hear from media and so on
 Governance
o Last but not the least, not less important
o Without set of rules and regulations, any city cannot function
o Anyone cannot do whatever they want because it will create chaos
o What is government about? 3 things
 Common set of services to residents of the city
 Garbage disposal services – one of the most important
 Police force – to guarantee that majority of the population is safe
 House fires so Fire trucks department
 Efficient infrastructure
 Transportation infrastructure – roads with signage, bike lanes, street car rides, subway
lines
 Electricity – making sure each house is connected to the electricity grid
 Efficient sewage system
 So that we can accommodate growing population
o Set of rules and regulations – bylaws
o Ex: you cannot go to Dundas square and build a house
o Parking spaces – where its possible to park and where its not
 Cities are having problems providing these services because they are short of money
o Issue comes back to division of power
o Three levels of government
 Municipal
 Provincial
  Federal
o Only federal and provincial have substantial amount of money which comes from income taxes
o The city doesn’t get any of your income tax money
o Where does the city get money from?
 Property tax but if you are a renter, your income doesn’t go to city
 Every city gets money from the province
 In the last 3 decades, provinces have decided that the don’t have money so they
gradually give less and less money to city
 Ex: TTC in Toronto sucks because something fails every time now and then but TTC has
no power at all because it’s a municipal service and gets money from Ontario
 When people blame TTC, its wrong because TTC has no power but what the TTC has to
maintain decent level of services because no money is coming from government
 70% of TTC services are because of fare prices paid by customers whereas the higher
govt should pay most of the money for the TTC
 City govt. cannot do much because of low money

Before 1945: The Inner City

 Inner city development

 By 1945, downtown Toronto was already there
 Technology was not upgraded as of today
 We did not know how to build verticals, so construction was lower in height
 Transportation was not advanced, so people were moving by walking or horse powered vehicles, so car
did not exist back then
 Everything at the time needed to be close by so the city was made up of residential, work and retail
areas
 It was divided by ethnic and social class groups
  The rich tended to live near the rich while poor beside poor
 Central business district – most of the basic govt. court so you would have found the major courts etc.
here

Between 1945 and 1975: Metropolitan Development

 Inner Suburbs of Toronto are:

o Scarborough
o North York
o Etobicoke
 Metropolis – encompass inner and suburban areas in a city
 Up to 1945, only the red part of the city was Toronto and suburbs were farmlands only
 1945 – after WW2, from 1945 to 1965, Canadians started to have a lot of children so 5-6 children per
households which is unheard of today
o The war ended so during a war, the fertility rate is down because there is destruction
everywhere
o During war, soldiers could not be with their wives, so they couldn’t start a family
o There was a hope after the war because UN was created, and people wanted to have children
because of hope and confidence
o After WW2, Canada and US got rich because there was no war on Canadian soil and our
factories could send material to Europe for reconstruction
o We made a lot of money which means all Canadians had stable employment which means that
our economy was doing well
o Baby boomers – encouraged people to have children
 Self confidence
 Economic prosperity
 o So, in the immediate period after WW2, a lot of immigrants came to Canada and major cities
like Toronto and Montreal because people in Europe lost their jobs, houses etc.
 To accommodate new immigrants, Toronto expanded east, north and west to expand the city to the
inner suburbs of Toronto: SC, NY and EB
 When were the inner suburbs developed? Immediately after WW2

After 1975: Suburban Domination

 Outer suburbs. In the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) we have Markham, Richmond Hill, Vaughan,
Brampton, Mississauga etc.
o What’s the difference between inner suburbs and outer suburbs?
 Time distinction
 Inner suburbs: 1945-1975
o Inner Suburbs are inside, part of Toronto so John Tory gets elected for all
of Toronto
o Politically – Mayor of Toronto
 Outer suburbs: After 1975
o Different Mayors
o Close to Toronto but have their own municipalities
o Politically separate
o 1975 – Today
 People that are moving to suburbs are not just white
 Outer Suburbs are ethnically diverse
 Markham – a lot of Chinese Suburbs
 Brampton – a lot of South Asian communities
 Wealthy people want to come to downtown because of entertainment etc. in the
downtown core
 Gentrification & Condominium development in some inner-city areas
o Prices of land goes back up mainly becomes areas for rich people in the city
 Smart growth
o Problems of expanding in the suburbs
 We have gradually started to hear about the downside of living in outer suburbs because
outer suburbs have less farmland so now we have relied on imported food from outside
ex: Florida
 Public transit in outer suburbs is not as good in the city so people have cars which means
more pollution in the air concerns

Greater Toronto Area

What Can We Expect?
 What will happen in the next future for what concerns city development?
 Is suburban expansion meant to continue?
 What does the future hold for the inner city and inner suburban areas?
 What role is public transit going to play?

Cleveland-Peck
(The Acknowledged Story)
 Aboriginal hunting and fishing ground before Europeans arrived
 The European Arrival:
o The French Period: Fort Rouille’ (1720 and The Fur-Trade)
 First Europeans that put soil in Toronto
 1720- established Fort Rouille
 For what purpose? For trade purposes of fur
 Reason was economic
 They never prioritized it
 Took control till 1759
 1759 – Britian took over
 Most of the time, Britain and France were dominants in Europe and were fighting
with each other
 For the first 20 years, British and France were dominants in Europe and were
fighting with each other
 The fort was left by itself over 2 decades
o The British Period (1759 forwards): settlement of the Toronto Site

Lieutenant Governor Simcoe

  Why did Simcoe choose to build a town on the Toronto (renamed
York) site?
 York becomes the seat of the Legislature in Upper Canada
 York as a typical Tory, Protestant, British-like city
 1790 – John Graves Simcoe
o A British administrator sent here to administer colony of
upper Canada – Ontario
o Lower Canada – Quebec
o Arrived with his wife, Elizabeth
o Was a racist man
o His wife was more open, and she fell in love with Canada
and was illuminated and liked the adventurous life in Canada
and had a good impression of aboriginal people
o Elizabeth kept a diary of writing about upper Canada
 He established capital of Upper Canada to Toronto which was
Niagara on the lake which was New York before
o He noticed that Fort Ruillie was close to water and was going to support the economy
o Being on the lake, this site represented excellent army/harbour because it would be great for
defending
 Today, most of our interest is in aviation
o He changed the name from Toronto to York because it sounded British in 1793
o York got renamed to Toronto in 1834
 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TKg4-IySAU
o Simcoe and other British lieutenants arrived in summer of 1793 at Fort Rouille
o 1750s – French arrived
 Abandoned the place in 1759 or 1760 and wasn’t reoccupied by Europeans until 1790
o Black creek – prof says to visit their northwest part of Toronto near York university
o Simcoe gave out 1 or 200 acres of land to govt. officials, people on British land and gave John
Scadding 253 acres of land on east side of don river where the queen street bridge crosses the
don river
o Scadding was a friend of Simcoe and his cabin survives behind CNE’s bank shell opposite Fort
Rouille
 Moved by York pioneer historical society in 1879 to be part of first exhibition – first
example of architecture preservation and museum
o 1834 – Toronto’s first mayor got elected – William lyon Mackenzie who is the grandfather of
William lyon Mackenzie king who was president of Canada
 He was a politician, journalist, editor etc.
 He started fire dept, police force, sidewalks and bylaws
 He was the leader of 1837 rebellion
o 1837 rebellion
 Canadians could not vote for people that could represent them and all these decisions
were made by British govt. because they would not believe Canadians
 William lyons Mackenzie’s thoughts were that we should not be governed by people that
are not here in Canada so he wanted people to vote for their own government
 Led the rebel across Yonge street – important
 Mentions the significance of Yonge street
 People always used Yonge street to protest to gain awareness
 If you want to rally or protest, do it on Yonge street
  Yonge street is spinal cord of city
 This rebellion did not succeed, and it was crushed by British govt., so William left
Canada and took refuge in New York, otherwise he was going to be murdered
 Was fired from parliament 5 times
 Died in 1861
o End of 1800s
 Most immigrants were white immigrants
 In early 1800s, black slaves arrived in Canada
 They were accepted because Britain owed them gratitude as they fought for
them, so they showed loyalty
 No Canadians wanted to risk their life to build the CN railway, so they decided to
bring a number of Chinese to the country
 Chinese were not considered citizens, so they were considered labour and
expected to go back after finishing their job
 White people – Southern Europeans, northwestern, Irish, Italian Greek etc.
Toronto Grows

 The 1837 Rebellion and William Lyon Mackenzie

 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dd2Squg-Wns
o From Print to Politics. Elected to the Legislature in his later years and expelled from Parliament
five times, Toronto's First Mayor, William Lyon Mackenzie, was a prolific journalist, editor, and a
rebel who rose up against the British government and was forced to flee Upper Canada. His
legacy to the new City was immense.

The 1837 March on Yonge Street

 When William Lyon Mackenzie tried overthrowing the Upper
Canada government in December of 1837, a tavern north of
modern-day Yonge and Eglinton became his command post —
and last stand.
Montgomery’s Tavern housed Mackenzie and roughly 1,000
armed rebels. Frustrated with the British colony’s stuffy,
oligarchic political elite (many of whom resided in Toronto), the
rebels demanded American-style democracy at gunpoint.
In short, they didn’t. A militia company turned back Mackenzie’s
assault at Yonge and College streets with just a few shots. And
on December 7, about 1,000 militiamen marched north to
return the favour with artillery. The rebels stood their ground —
briefly — as cannon fire mauled Montgomery’s Tavern. What
remained was looted and left to burn. The site later hosted
Postal Station K, a beloved Canada Post office.
What is Left Out?

 Toronto has been a site for human habitation for over 10,000 years: several pre-contact Aboriginal
settlements and burial grounds have been identified
 Different Iroquoian cultural groups lived in the area we can the GTA
 These groups interrelated in a variety of ways throughout the centuries
Tkaronto
 From Tkaronto to Toronto
 From the Seneca to the Anishinabek (the Mississaugas were part of the Anishinabek)
 1750-60: Relations between the French and the Mississaugas
 1760: British relations with the Mississaugas

Colonization 101
 1787: The Toronto Purchase
 Dispossession of Indigenous Peoples and colonization of the land
 Owning the land vs Taking care of the land and why the difference does still matter

Lecture 2: Toronto: The Form of The City

Caulfield
 The City: Inner and Outer Zones
 Toronto’s Inner Zone:
o The Distillery
o Holy Trinity Church
o Regent Park
o St. Jamestown

The Distillery District

 Few KM East of Downtown Toronto, just past parliament and today it’s entertainment district – live
music, restaurants to eat
 3 major phases in economic development
o First phase – Toronto was mainly a service and trade centre (1830’s – 1861)
 City was a place for services so hospital, first bank, first post office
 People living around the city were coming to use these services
 Market was starting to develop
 Gooderham & Worts Limited – two brothers in laws that created it
 Initially it was a mill to process flour
 Later, brothers decided to add a small distillery
o Industrial Phase (1870’s -1950’s)
 Toronto is changing throughout these years and becoming manufacturing centre
  1867 – Country was united
 1880- John McDonald issued national policy
o Essential to kick start manufacturing in Canada
o Canada did not have many factories around and was not industrialized
and needed to compete with US and UK which were already
industrialized
o US was beating Canadian competition every time
o McDonald thought that
o National Policy – Every item that was coming outside Canada had to pay a
tariff – additional money to enter Canada
 For example, cup has to pay $10 for tariff
 Now Canadians will buy the Canadian good that is cheaper than
one made in US
 Canadian manufacturers could now offer cheaper products than
US
o Post-Industrial Phase (1950’s – Present)
 Manufacturing moved out of the city to suburbs and overseas
 1950 – major operation of distillery was relocated to Windsor because of cheap labour
and it was closer to US
 Very little left of distillery was relocated to Windsor because of cheap labour and it was
closer to US
 Starting in 2000s, area got renovated and now become a place of entertainment,
amenities, art galleries, studios etc.
 Shape of the buildings have not changed – built in 1830s
 Only thing changed is the use of the buildings – restaurants, bars, coffee shops.
Holy Trinity Church
  1 of the 6 Toronto Churches built in 1840s
 In the 1840s, it was edge of the city – Northern part of Toronto
o At that time, it was the suburban area of Toronto
o Working people were concentrating there
 Holy Trinity Church reading will be discussed once we visit it
 Has not changed since 1840s – the structure
 Starting with early 1900s – Toronto entered industrialized phase, so factories were developing
everywhere in Toronto
 Eaton centre used to be a factory to build clothing
 Early 1900s
o All residential areas around the church got demolished and replaced by factories
o Situation remained until 1960s. then moved to post-industrial phase
o Manufacturing factories were replaced by service industry – shopping mall
 Eaton centre, Marriott hotel were built
 The area used to be residential in 1840s, then industrial area to factories in 1900s until 1960s and
starting with 1960s, changed to retailers

Urban Change

 Urban Form
o Refers to when the shape of the city changes so let’s say I have a bunch of detached houses in
an area of the city and then you decide that you demolish them and build condos
o Knock down a place and build something different
o The form is different because houses are horizontal, and condos are vertical
 Urban Function
o Shape of the building remains but the function/Use of the building has changed
o Ex: Distillery District
 Urban Meaning
o Refers to people understanding urban spaces
 o In 1900’s distillery district was producing alcohol so from Torontonians will tell you it’s a place of
employment/work
o Today, distillery district is an entertainment place
o Ex: Eaton entre was producing garments and today people go to Eaton centre for shopping
 1800s-1910 – Distillery District was producing alcohol

Regent Park

 Canada’s largest public housing project

o Public housing – Government subsided housing
 Built 1950s
 14 city blocks east of downtown
 Between Gerrard and Dundas
 Politicians thought that
 Entire area was knocked down except for schools and churches
 It was recruit as a monouse area – only residential and apartments
 Design was utilitarian – no decoration at all so it was just a simple place built on functionality and
efficiency
 It failed because it was disconnected from its surrounding context – no street was connection to the
rest of the neighbourhood
 Modernism- this neighbourhood had to be connected to the surrounding areas
 Modernism
o Planning movement in Europe in 1920s
o In 1920s, a lot of industries were being built in the cities
 To provide better housing for low income people in the cities
 Anti-Modernism
o Core beliefs were that modernists used to like segregated uses of space
o Regent park was built as residential areas
o Anti-Modernists thought that
 o In a city, area that is vibrant
o Residential areas- from 8-6, the area is dead
o Commercial areas – when shops close, no one is there
o If you have areas that are empty certain hours of the day, it becomes unsafe
o Mixed areas have circulating activities 24 hours a day
o What makes a city special is historic buildings – you have to preserve the city
o That’s why people celebrate the Quebec cities because of the older buildings built from 1600s –
1800s
o Promotor of anti-modernism – Jane Jacobs
 Became famous when in 1950s, she published the death and life of great American cities
 In 1960s, she lived in Spadina so she became famous in the cities
 Toronto has spilt personality –
 Montreal has an expressway that comes right into downtown
 Montreal is one that few cities that resisted putting expressways near waterfronts
 She talks about against Spadina expressway
 Another important point for anti-modernists
o During 1950s, most of the highways in Canada were built
o Anti-Modernists oppose putting highway near vibrant neighbourhoods
o Gardiner expressway destroyed neighbourhoods of Parkdale
o People living in Spadina neighbourhoods opposed construction Spadina highway because of
which spadina project was cancelled
 Post-Modernism and Regent Park Revitalization
o Plan was based on both public and private sector – govt. and private companies
o Social Mix
 Goal to transform regent park to low-income, middle-class and wealthy class families
o Mix of uses
 Residential, commercial and offices
o New streets to tie the neighbourhood

St. Jamestown, Toronto

 St. Jamestown – not particularly relevant to our discussion

o Project built under the modernists
 o In regent park, all housing was public housing
o Public housing and private housing mix
o An example of dialogue in urban forms:
 Modernism (good housing for the working class)
 Corporate property capital (earning profits from urban space)
Conclusion
o City fabrics is reflective of urban economy
 Distillery is a place of entertainment
 Eaton is a shopping mall
 City tends to catch up the economy
o Most of urban space is shaped by corporations
 They all invest money because they know that it’s a popular place they will get a return
o City fabrics tend to be transitory
 Not everything is durable
o Two different planning philosophy’s
 Modernists – 1950s
 Anti-Modernists – 1960s -70s
White
 Jane Jacobs lived in Toronto from 1968 until her death in 2006
o She left New York in 1968
 How substantive was her impact on the city?
o The effect she had in Toronto development
o Most of the changes Toronto went through, still would’ve happen without Jane
 Was she a lone voice in critiquing the orthodoxies of urban planning (modernism) in the 1950s?
Yonge Street
 Toronto’s main street
o Not every part of Yonge street is important
o South of Bloor  More important than the north part
o Important because of: length, business, image we project to the world
 Remaking of Yonge-Dundas: tensions between economic growth and preservation
 Pro-development mood of the 1960s
o During this time, there was a pro-development mood
o Certain sector of society invested to gain the most return
 Example: building places for offices
o Effort to build Spadina Express Way
o Residents of the area opposed the Express way  didn’t want to be uncomfortable
o Would destroy buildings with historical value
Eaton Centre
 Down-zoning of Yonge an the scaling back of Eaton Centre (opened in 1977)
o He wanted to build a mall, hotel, convention centre, and residential areas
o This plan clashed with councillors
o High-rise towers were never built due to height limitations at the time
 How Eaton Centre has affected the other businesses and retailers in the surrounding area
o Drew all the retail stores outside had to move in the mall
o Why did they move?
 Higher traffic volume in terms of customers
 Protects customer from weather conditions
 Mall has more accommodations
  Customers feel safe (no hostile)

Revitalizing the Yonge Street Strip

 The 1994 City Council and its subsequent developments
 1997 adoption of an Official Plane for the area and how it got challenged by expropriated owners
 The OMB (Ontario Municipal Board) hearings and following decision
o City of Toronto wanted to take away Ryerson, Salvation Army, etc. so that Toronto can revitalize
o They all came together and went to the OMB
o Salvation Army left because they found a new space
o Ryerson Dropped out in agreement that with the new theatre built, during the school year, 12
movies theatre halls were to be used for Ryerson lectures
o Both sides (private and city) both agree that Yonge has a problem

The Moral Geography of Yonge-Dundas

 Yonge-Dundas in relation to its past, present and future
 In relation to other space in Toronto (ex: Bloor Yorkville and Queen West)
o These other spaces were even better than Yonge and Dundas  we should follow their example
 In relation to similar places in other cities: Time Square in New York and Piccadilly Circus in
London
o These two areas are central to their place

Conclusion
 Why was city hall worrying so much to revamp Yonge and didn’t care about other areas?
o Not all spaces are the same
o Some spaces are more important than others
 This problem of certain spaces resulted in the moralization of conduct
o Some people are considered more prone to commit sin than others