ANA205 Introduction To Embryology (Lecture 1) Enaibe 2019

ALWAYS
REMEMBER
THAT GOD
KNOWS YOU
AND YOUR
THOUGHTS.
GENERAL
EMBRYOLOGY
LECTURE ONE
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• Biology – study of living things (animals,
fungi, plants), usually of adult structure
and function;
• Development – a process of progressive
change;
• Embryology – study of development of
animals, from fertilization to birth;

• Developmental Biology (DB) – encompasses
the study of the initiation and formation of
organisms, of embryonic and other
developmental processes; it is the study of
the process by which organisms grow and
develop.
• Modern DB studies the genetic control of
cell; growth, differentiation and
morphogenesis which is the process that
gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.

SPERMATOGENESIS
• Spermatogenesis is the process involve

in the transformation of spermatogonia
into fully matured spermatozoa.
• At birth, germ cells in the male can be
identified in the sex cords of the testis
as large, pale cells surrounded by
supporting cells (Sertoli cells).
4
SPERMATOGENESIS
•Shortly before puberty, the sex

cords acquire a lumen and become
the seminiferous tubules.
• Primordial germ cells give rise to
spermatogonial stem cells.
4
PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESIS
• Spermatogenesis begins at puberty

• Population of Spermatogonia stem cells
form type A Spermatogonia (Genesis of
Spermatogenesis).
• Type A cells undergo mitotic division to form
a clone of cells called type B
Spermatogonia (diploid {2n}).
• Type B Spermatogonia further
5
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• 10 Spermatocytes rest for 22days at
prophase phase of meiosis I and at the
end of the 22days it form 20
Spermatocytes.
• During meiosis II, 20 Spermatocytes
form {n} haploid Spermatids
• NB; Successive cell generations are
joined by cytoplasmic bridges bcos
5

• Spermiogenesis is the series of changes
resulting in the transformation of spermatids
into spermatozoa.
• These changes include
vformation of the acrosome, contains
enzymes that assist in penetration of
the egg and its surrounding layers
during fertilization;
vcondensation of the nucleus;
vformation of neck, middle piece, and
tail; 8
• In human, Spermatogonium develop
into a fully mature spermatozoon in
approximately 61 days.
• When fully formed, spermatozoa enter
the lumen of seminiferous tubules from
where they are pushed toward the
epididymis by contractile elements.
8
HOW SPERMATOGENESIS BEING
REGULATED
• Spermatogenesis is regulated by luteinizing hormone
(LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) produce
from pituitary gland.
• LH binds to receptors on Leydig cells and stimulates

testosterone production, which in turn binds to Sertoli
cells to promote spermatogenesis.
• FSH also binds to Sertoli cells and stimulates testicular

fluid production and synthesis of intracellular androgen
receptor proteins.
9
ASSIGNMENT
• Functions of Sertoli and Leydig cells?
• Briefly explain some of the defects that

occur during Spermatogenesis?
10
OOGENESIS
• Oogenesis is the process involve in the
transformation of Oogonia into fully
matured Oocytes.
• Maturation of Oocytes begins before
birth
• Once primordial germ cells arrived in
the female gonad, they differentiate
into Oogonia.
11
OOGENESIS
• Oogonia undergo series of mitotic
division and by the end of 3 rd months,
they are arranged in clusters surrounded
by flat epithelial cells (Follicular cells
which originated from the ovary surface
epithelium).
• The majority of oogonia continue to
divide by mitosis, but some of them
arrest their cell division in prophase of
primary
meiosis I and form Download
11 oocytes
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PROCESS OF OOGENESIS Cont…
• Oogonia increase rapidly in number,

and by the 5th month of prenatal
development, the total number of
germ cells in the ovary reaches its
maximum, estimated at 7 million.
• At this time, cell death begins, and
many oogonia as well as primary
oocytes become atretic.
13
• By the seventh month, the majority of

oogonia have degenerated except for a
few near the surface.
• All surviving 1 0 oocytes will entered
prophase of meiosis I, and most of them
are individually surrounded by follicular
cells.
• Thus; a primary oocyte, together with
its surrounding flat epithelial cells, is
known as a primordial 13 follicle.
• Near the time of birth, all primary

oocytes remain in prophase. Instead
of proceeding into metaphase, they
enter the diplotene stage.
• Oocyte maturation inhibitor
(OMI) (a substance secreted by
follicular cells) inhibit 10 oocytes not
to finish their 1st meiotic division
before puberty is reached.
14
• The total number of 10 oocytes at

birth is estimated to vary from
700,000 to 2 million.
• During childhood most oocytes
become atretic; only approximately
400,000 are present by the beginning
of puberty, and fewer than 500 will
be ovulated.
14
• Flat epithelial follicular cells surrounding the

primordial follicles proliferate to form cuboidal
follicular cells thus Growing follicles formed.
• At puberty, 15 to 20 follicles selected from the pool of
growing follicles, passing through three stages every
month:
v1) primary (preantral);
v2) secondary (antral or vesicular or Graafian);
v3) preovulatory.
• The antral stage is the longest while preovulatory
stage is the shortest (37 hours before ovulation).
14
vPRIMARY FOLLICLE
•As the primary oocyte begins to
grow, surrounding follicular cells
change from flat to cuboidal and
proliferate to produce a stratified
epithelium of granulosa cells, and
the unit is called a primary follicle.
•Granulosa cells of 10 follicle rest on
a basement membrane called Theca
folliculi.
15
vPRIMARY FOLLICLE
•Granulosa cells and the oocyte
secrete a layer of glycoproteins on
the surface of the oocyte, forming
the zona pellucida
•As follicles continue to grow, cells of
the theca folliculi organize into an
inner layer of secretory cells called
theca interna, and an outer fibrous
capsule called theca externa.
15
• SECONDARY FOLLICLE
• As development continues, fluid-filled
spaces appear between granulosa cells.
Coalescence of these spaces forms the
antrum, and the follicle is termed
secondary (vesicular, Graafian) follicle.
• Initially, the antrum is crescent shaped, but
with time, it enlarges Granulosa cells
surrounding the oocyte remain intact and
form the cumulus oophorus.
16
• SECONDARY FOLLICLE
• At maturity, the secondary follicle may
be 25 mm or more in diameter.
• It is surrounded by the theca interna,
which is composed of cells having
characteristics of steroid secretion, rich
in blood vessels, and the theca externa,
which gradually merges with the
ovarian stroma. 16
• PREOVULATORY PHASE
• When the secondary follicle is mature, a
surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) induces
the preovulatory growth phase.
• Meiosis I is completed, resulting in
formation of two daughter cells of unequal
size, each with 23 double structured
chromosomes.
• One cell, the secondary oocyte, receives
most of the cytoplasm; the other, the first
polar body, receives Download
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17
• PREOVULATORY PHASE
• The first polar body lies between the zona
pellucida and the cell membrane of the secondary
oocyte in the perivitelline space.
• The cell then enters meiosis II but arrests in
metaphase approximately 3 hours before
ovulation.
• Meiosis II is completed only if the oocyte is
fertilized; otherwise, the cell degenerates
approximately 24 hours after ovulation. The first
polar body also undergoes a second division.
17
19
20
21
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OOGENESIS AND
SPERMATOGENESIS
vDuring spermatogenesis, meiosis begins at
puberty to produce sperm in the sexually
mature male, whereas meiosis occurs before
birth in females.
vOogenesis is not a continuous process
throughout the life of a female, unlike
spermatogenesis in the male.
vUnlike in Males; Females are born with all
the eggs they will ever produce. This is why
all women go through the menopause
eventually. 22
SPERMATOGENESIS
vMeiotic divisions in the female are

not symmetrical, cell division leads to
the production of two polar bodies.
vOogenesis will produce one mature
egg cell from one germ cell while
Spermatogenesis can generate four
sperm cells from every germ cell.
22
SPERMATOGENESIS
• During spermatogenesis, meiosis

begins at puberty to produce sperm in
the sexually mature male, whereas
meiosis occurs before birth in females.
• Oogenesis is not a continuous process
throughout the life of a female, unlike
spermatogenesis in the male.
22
SPERMATOGENESIS
• Unlike in Males; Females are born with all
the eggs they will ever produce. This is
why all women go through the menopause
eventually.
• Meiotic divisions in the female are not
symmetrical, cell division leads to the
production of two polar bodies.
• Oogenesis will produce one mature egg
cell from one germ cell while
Spermatogenesis can generate four sperm
cells from every germ cell.
22
ASSIGNMENT
Briefly explain some of

the defects that occur
during Oogenesis?
23

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ALWAYS

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• Spermatogenesis is the process involve

•Shortly before puberty, the sex

• Spermatogenesis begins at puberty

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• LH binds to receptors on Leydig cells and stimulates

• FSH also binds to Sertoli cells and stimulates testicular

• Briefly explain some of the defects that

• Oogonia increase rapidly in number,

• By the seventh month, the majority of

• Near the time of birth, all primary

• The total number of 10 oocytes at

• Flat epithelial follicular cells surrounding the

vMeiotic divisions in the female are

• During spermatogenesis, meiosis

Briefly explain some of

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