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Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
In a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed which is completely different in properties from the
original substance, so in a chemical reaction, a chemical change takes place.
Only a rearrangement of atoms takes place in a chemical reaction.
The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
The new substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction are called products.
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5/25/2021 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
(ii) Change in Colour: The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple coloured potassium
permanganate solution is characterised by a change in colour from purple to colourless.
The chemical reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and acidified potassium dichromate solution is
characterized by a change in colour from orange to green.
(iii) Change in s tate of s ubs tance: The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterised by a
change in state from solid to liquid and gas (because the wax is a solid, water formed by the
combustion of wax is a liquid at room temperature whereas, carbon dioxide produced by the
combustion of wax is a gas). There are some chemical reactions which can show more than one
characteristics.
(iv) Change in temperature: The chemical reaction between quick lime water to form slaked lime is
characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
The chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric acid is also characterised by a
change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
(v) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium chloride
solution is characterised by the formation of a white precipitate of barium sulphate.
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq)
When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it gives water. This reaction can be represented by the following
chemical equation:
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
H2 + O2 → H2O
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5/25/2021 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
In the first equation, words are used and in second, symbols of substances are used to write the
chemical equation. For convenience, the symbol of substance is used to represent chemical
equations.
A chemical equation is a way to represent the chemical reaction in a concise and informative way.
A chemical equation can be divided into two types: Balanced Chemical Equation and Unbalanced
Chemical Equation.
(a) Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has the number of atoms of
each element equal on both sides.
Example: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
In this equation, numbers of zinc, hydrogen and sulphate are equal on both sides, so it is a Balanced
Chemical Equation.
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements present in reactants must be equal
to the total mass of elements present in products.
(b) Unbalanced Chemical Equation: If the number of atoms of each element in reactants is not
equal to the number of atoms of each element present in the product, then the chemical equation is
called Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
Example: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
In this example, a number of atoms of elements are not equal on two sides of the reaction. For
example; on the left-hand side only one iron atom is present, while three iron atoms are present on
the right-hand side. Therefore, it is an unbalanced chemical equation.
Balancing a Chemical Equation: To balance the given or any chemical equation, follow these steps:
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Write the number of atoms of elements present in reactants and in products in a table as shown
here.
Iron 1 3
Hydrogen 2 2
Oxygen 1 4
Balance the atom which is maximum in number on either side of a chemical equation.
In this equation, the number of oxygen atom is the maximum on the RHS.
To balance the oxygen, one needs to multiply the oxygen on the LHS by 4, so that, the number of
oxygen atoms becomes equal on both sides.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Now, the number of hydrogen atoms becomes 8 on the LHS, which is more than that on the RHS. To
balance it, one needs to multiply the hydrogen on the RHS by 4.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
After that, the number of oxygen and hydrogen atoms becomes equal on both sides. The number of
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5/25/2021 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
iron is one on the LHS, while it is three on the RHS. To balance it, multiply the iron on the LHS by 3.
3 × Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
Now the number of atoms of each element becomes equal on both sides. Thus, this equation
becomes a balanced equation.
Iron 3 3
Hydrogen 8 8
Oxygen 4 4
Thus, by writing the symbols of the physical state of substances and condition under which reaction
takes place, a chemical equation can be made more informative.
When carbon is burnt in oxygen (air), carbon dioxide is formed. In this reaction, carbon is combined
with oxygen.
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide
(ii) Decompos ition Reaction: Reactions in which one compound decomposes in two or more
compounds or elements are known as Decomposition Reaction. A decomposition reaction is just the
opposite of combination reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as follows :
AB → A + B
Examples:
When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)
−−→
Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
When ferric hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide and water
2Fe(OH)3(s) △ Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)
→
Photographic paper has a coat of silver chloride, which turns into grey when exposed to sunlight. It
happens because silver chloride is colourless while silver is a grey metal.
(iii) Dis placement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which a more reactive element displaces a
less reactive element from a compound is known as Displacement Reactions. Displacement reactions
are also known as Substitution Reaction or Single Displacement/ replacement reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented by using a chemical equation as follows :
A + BC → AC + B
Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more reactive than B. If ‘B’ is more reactive than
‘A’, then ‘A’ will not displace ‘C’ from ‘BC’ and reaction will not be taking place.
Examples:
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5/25/2021 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it gives hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
When zinc reacts with copper sulphate, it forms zinc sulphate and copper metal.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(iv) Double Dis placement Reaction: Reactions in which ions are exchanged between two
reactants forming new compounds are called Double Displacement Reactions.
AB + CD → AC + BD
Examples:
When the solution of barium chloride reacts with the solution of sodium sulphate, white precipitate of
barium sulphate is formed along with sodium chloride.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (Precipitate) + 2NaCl(aq)
When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and water are
formed.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Note: Double Displacement Reaction, in which precipitate is formed, is also known as precipitation
reaction. Neutralisation reactions are also examples of double displacement reaction.
Precipitation Reaction: The reaction in which precipitate is formed by the mixing of the aqueous
solution of two salts is called Precipitation Reaction.
Example:
Neutraliz ation Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water
by an exchange of ions is called Neutralization Reaction.
Example:
The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an Oxidizing agent.
The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an Oxidizing agent.
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5/25/2021 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
Reducing agent:
The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a Reducing agent.
The substance which removes oxygen is also called a Reducing agent.
The reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously is called Redox
reaction.
When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and hydrogen are formed.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(i) In this reaction, CuO is changing into Cu. Oxygen is being removed from copper oxide. Removal of
oxygen from a substance is called Reduction, so copper oxide is being reduced to copper.
(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to hydrogen. Addition of oxygen to
a substance is called Oxidation, so hydrogen is being oxidised to water.
Rus ting: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance which is called Rust.
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5/25/2021 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE
By painting.
By greasing and oiling.
By galvanisation.
Corros ion of Copper: Copper objects lose their lustre and shine after some time because the
surface of these objects acquires a green coating of basic copper carbonate, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 when
exposed to air.
Corros ion of Silver Metal: The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (becomes dull) on exposure
to air, due to the formation of a coating of black silver sulphide(Ag2S) on its surface by the action of
H2S gas present in the air.
Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes when they are left
exposed to air for a long time. This is called Rancidity. It is caused due to the oxidation of fat and oil
present in food materials.
By adding anti-oxidant.
Vacuum packing.
Replacing air by nitrogen.
Refrigeration of foodstuff.
2. Chemical Equation: Chemical reactions can be written in chemical equation form which should
always be balanced.
Decompos ition reaction: A single reactant breaks down to yield two or more products.
Redox reaction: Chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction take place
simultaneously.
Corros ion: It is an undesirable change that occurs in metals when they are attacked by
moisture, air, acids and bases.
Example, Corrosion (rusting) of Iron: Fe2O3. nH2O (Hydrated iron oxide)
Rancidity: Undesirable change that takes place in oil containing food items due to the
oxidation of fatty acids.
Preventive methods of rancidity: Adding antioxidants to the food materials, storing food in the
airtight container, flushing out air with nitrogen gas and refrigeration.
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