Arbitration and Conciliation at The Permanent Court of Arbitration
Arbitration and Conciliation at The Permanent Court of Arbitration
Dirk Pulkowski
Senior Legal Counsel
[email protected]
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Historic Trends: Inter-State Arbitrations
(1801-1900)
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Purpose of the PCA
• Permanent forum to
assist the resolution of
international disputes
• Originally focused on
disputes between States
• Has come to include
international disputes
between States and
private parties
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• Andrew Carnegie
created:
“with the sum of one and one
half million dollars … a
foundation for the purpose of
building, establishing and
maintaining in perpetuity at
the Hague a Court-House
and Library (Temple of
Peace) for the Permanent
Court of Arbitration
established by the Treaty of
July 29th 1899.”
• Completed in 1913
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Current PCA Caseload
(as of May 2017)
Investment Treaty
Arbitrations
(73)
Arbitrations under
Contracts involving
States, State Entities,
or International Inter-State
Organizations Arbitrations and
(40) Conciliations
(6)
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STATE-STATE ARBITRATION
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Recent PCA Inter-State Cases
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PCA Inter-State Cases by Type
Economic Disputes
4
Detention of Vessel
3
Natural Resources
2
Armed Conflict
1
Maritime Boundaries
8
Land Boundaries
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Oceania, 6 Africa, 9
Americas, 7
Europe, 20
Asia, 12
(Number of States from a particular region that appeared as parties in PCA State-State arbitrations)
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13 Cases under UNCLOS Annex VII
STATE-STATE CONCILIATION
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Timor Sea Conciliation (UNCLOS Annex V)
(Timor-Leste v. Australia)
• Flexible procedure:
– Commission can meet with parties ex parte;
– May involve political and legal considerations (“interests” in addition to “rights”);
– Profile of commissioners may involve diplomatic expertise, as well as legal.
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ASPECTS OF ARBITRAL PROCEDURE
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Dispute Settlement Options: UNCLOS Art. 287
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Unity of Jurisdiction under UNCLOS Art. 288
Composition of Tribunals
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Design and Conduct of the Procedure
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Expert Support
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Expert Support
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Site Visits
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Site Visits
In the Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration, the full
tribunal conducted a site visit to the coasts of Bangladesh
and India
Site Visits
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Third States and Amici Curiae
Costs
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