1) Atonomic Number: Each Chemical Element Is Characterized by The Number of Protons in The

1) Atonomic Number : Each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the
nucleus, or the atomic number (Z). For an electrically neutral or complete atom, the atomic number
also equals the number of electrons. This atomic number ranges in integral units from 1 for
hydrogen to 92 for uranium, the highest of the naturally occurring elements.
Atonomic Weight : The atomic weight of an element corresponds to the weighted average of the
atomic masses of the atom’s naturally occurring isotopes. The atomic weight of an element or the
molecular weight of a compound may be specified on the basis of amu per atom (molecule) or mass
per mole of material.
Electron Configuration : The electron configuration or structure of an atom represents the

manner in which these states are occupied. In the conventional notation, the number of electrons in
each subshell is indicated by a superscript after the shell– subshell designation. For example, the
electron configurations for hydrogen, helium, and sodium are, respectively, 1s 1 , 1s 2 , and 1s 2 2s 2
2p 6 3s 1.
Hydrogen Bond : Hydrogen bonding, is found to exist between some molecules that have
hydrogen as one of the constituents.
Ionic Bond : Ionic bonding is perhaps the easiest to describe and visualize. It is always found in
compounds composed of both metallic and nonmetallic elements, elements situated at the
horizontal extremities of the periodic table. Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their valence
electrons to the nonmetallic atoms. In the process, all the atoms acquire stable or inert gas
configurations (i.e., completely filled orbital shells) and, in addition, an electrical charge—that is,
they become ions
Isotope : Thus atoms of some elements have two or more different atomic masses
Metallic Bond : Metallic bonding, is found in metals and their alloys. A relatively simple model
has been proposed that very nearly approximates the bonding scheme. With this model, these
valence electrons are not bound to any particular atom in the solid and are more or less free to
drift throughout the entire metal.
Covalen Bond : covalent bonding, is found in materials whose atoms have small differences in
electronegativity—that is, that lie near one another in the periodic table. For these materials, stable
electron configurations are assumed by the sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms. Two
covalently bonded atoms will each contribute at least one electron to the bond, and the shared
electrons may be considered to belong to both atoms.
Atomic Packing Factor (APF) : Two other important characteristics of a crystal structure are the
coordination number and the atomic packing factor (APF). For metals, each atom has the same
number of nearest-neighbor or touching atoms, which is the coordination number. For face-
centered cubics, the coordination number is 12. The front face atom has four corner nearest-
neighbor atoms surrounding it, four face atoms that are in contact from behind, and four other
equivalent face atoms residing in the next unit cell to the front (not shown).
Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) : Another common metallic crystal structure also has a cubic unit
cell with atoms located at all eight corners and a single atom at the cube center.
Bragg’s Law : Bragg’s law; is the order of reflection, which may be any integer (1, 2, 3, . . .)
consistent with sin u not exceeding unity. Thus, we have a simple expression relating the x-ray
wavelength and interatomic spacing to the angle of the diffracted beam. If Bragg’s law is not
satisfied, then the interference will be nonconstructive so as to yield a very low-intensity
diffracted beam.
Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) : The crystal structure found for many metals has a unit cell of
cubic geometry, with atoms located at each of the corners and the centers of all the cube faces.
Grain : Most crystalline solids are composed of a collection of many small crystals or grains
Grain Boundary : the crystallographic orientation varies from grain to grain. Also, there exists
some atomic mismatch within the region where two grains meet; this area, called a grain boundary.
Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) : The top and bottom faces of the unit cell consist of six atoms
that form regular hexagons and surround a single atom in the center. Another plane that provides
three additional atoms to the unit cell is situated between the top and bottom planes. The atoms
in this midplane have as nearest neighbors atoms in both of the adjacent two planes.
2) Press and Blow : Pressing is used in the fabrication of relatively thick-walled pieces such as plates
and dishes. The glass piece is formed by pressure application in a graphite-coated cast iron mold
having the desired shape; the mold is typically heated to ensure an even surface. Although some
glass blowing is done by hand, especially for art objects, the process has been completely automated
for the production of glass jars, bottles, and light bulbs. The several steps involved in one such
technique are illustrated in Figure 13.13. From a raw gob of glass, a parison, or temporary shape, is
formed by mechanical pressing in a mold. This piece is inserted into a finishing or blow mold and
forced to conform to the mold contours by the pressure created from a blast of air. Drawing is used
to form long glass pieces that have a constant cross section, such as sheet, rod, tubing, and fibers.
(Page 556)
Float Bath Furnace :
Figure 13.16 : One such set of heat treatments for a Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 glass–ceramic is detailed in
the time-versus-temperature plot of Figure 13.16. After melting and forming operations, nucleation
and growth of the crystalline phase particles are carried out isothermally at two different
temperatures.
Powder Pressing : is used to fabricate both clay and nonclay compositions, including electronic and
magnetic ceramics, as well as some refractory brick products.

1) Atonomic Number: Each Chemical Element Is Characterized by The Number of Protons in The

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1) Atonomic Number: Each Chemical Element Is Characterized by The Number of Protons in The

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1) Atonomic Number : Each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the

Electron Configuration : The electron configuration or structure of an atom represents the

You might also like