Statistics Module 6
Statistics Module 6
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Illustrating Mean and Variance
of a Discrete Random Variable
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Illustrating Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
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Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Illustrating the Mean and Variance of a
Discrete Random Variable!
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.
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For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn,
create, and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies
that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.
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What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentences/paragraphs to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.
This section provides an activity that will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real-life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate
Assessment your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends to the retention of learned
concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in
the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.
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What I Need to Know
This module was created and written with you in mind on how to
illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable. This will also
help you analyze real-life situated problems statistically in terms of relevant
questions for you to better understand them. Your adept at analysis will
help you appreciate the richness, and beauty of Statistics which will
motivate you to apply to similar events and create statistical measures of
your own. From this module, you will also learn how to use the given
illustration to determine the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the
discrete random variables.
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What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
2
5. Use the illustration below. What is the mean of the distribution?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
3
For items 10 -11, refer to the diagram below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4
13. How dispersed are the scores from the mean?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
5
Lesson Illustrating Mean and Variance
1 of Discrete Random Variable
As claimed by some research, every individual spent an average time
of ten hours on their mobile phone. What does it mean? What is the average
value that he or she spent in using a mobile phone? Does it imply that
everyday every person spends ten hours of his day dealing with a gadget? Or
does it imply that an individual goes through ten hours every day on a cell
phone? How is the time spent by different persons vary from one another?
These questions lead to another idea in probability and statistics. This is the
mean and the variance of the discrete random variable.
What’s In
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Notes to the Teacher
To be able to arrive in an accurate and similar answer upon
constructing correct table and identifying the correct probability
of each value of x, the teacher must advise the learners about:
1. possible outcomes of the experiment; and
2. probabilities of each outcome.
Solution:
a. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, and 2. Each of these
numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S = {HH, HT, TH,
TT} of equally likely outcomes for this experiment:
For X = 0 the corresponding sample space will be {TT};
For X = 1 the corresponding sample space will be {HT, TH} and
For X = 2 to {HH}.
The probability of each of these events, hence of the corresponding
value of X, can be found simply by counting, as it shows in the table of
probability distribution below:
X 0 1 2
b. At least one head is the event X ≥ 1, which is the union of the mutually
exclusive events X = 1 and X = 2. Thus
P(X≥1) = P(1) + P(2) = 0.50 + 0.25 = 0.75
Therefore, the probability that at least one head is 0.75
What’s New
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Let’s Roll a Die!
Read and analyze the situation given below:
During Town Fiesta, people used to go to Carnival that most folks call
it “Perya”. Mang Ben used to play “Beto–beto” hoping that he would win.
While he is thinking about what possible outcomes in every roll would
be, he is always hoping that his bet is right.
Let us help Mang Ben to know the probabilities of each outcome by
filling the table below.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
Based on the data above, observe, analyze, and answer the following
questions:
1. Is the probability of x lies between 0 and 1?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. How will you illustrate the average or mean of the probabilities of discrete
random variable?
________________________________________________________________________
5. Can you show a process where you can illustrate the variance and the
standard deviation of the probability?
________________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Yes, the probability of X lies between 0 and 1.
2. The sum of all probabilities of X is exactly 1.
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3. No negative probabilities because it is impossible to have it based on the
characteristic of the probability of discrete random variables.
4. The mean is 3.5
5.
If you are wondering how we came up with the answer for questions 4
and 5, you will understand everything as we go on in our discussion.
What is It
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If you roll a fair die several times, what will be the average outcome?
Imagine rolling it 6000 times. You would expect to roll about 1000 ones,
1000 twos, and so on: about 1000 occurrences of each possible outcome.
What would be the average value of the outcomes obtained? Approximately,
the mean or expected value would be;
It only implies that the weighted average of the six possible outcomes
1, 2,…, 6 with weights provided by the relative frequencies. Remember that
3.5 isn’t a value that we can observe if we will do the experiment.
Since the possible values are 1, 2,…, n when rolling a die a fair of die
6+1 7
the mean is = =3.5. This 3.5 is the expectation only. That’s the reason
2 2
why in question 4, we come up to 3.5 as its mean value.
So, doing the experiment which is rolling a single die several times
and getting average or mean of the total possible outcomes, we, therefore,
conclude that the average tends to be close to 3.5. This also implies that the
more rolls we do, the closer the average will be to 3.5.
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Example 2.
0.16...
0.16...
0.16...
0.16...
0.16...
0.16...
0.16...
0.16... P(X)
X
1 2 3 4 5 6
From the figure above, it shows the probability distribution for the
possible outcome in rolling a fair die. Notice that they have equal
probabilities or chances to occur. This distribution is symmetric and the
mean is 3.5 which found in the middle of the distribution, it is in the axis of
symmetry.
We have noticed that the mean of a random variable X is a measure of
the central location of the distribution of X. If we are summarizing highlights
of the distribution of X, it is evident that location is not the only significant
aspect
If the example above complicated you, a simpler one is provided for
you.
Example 3. Suppose you want to find the average number of apples sold in
any five grocery stores as indicated by the figure below.
1. Separate 8 elements on the left side of the mean then get the average of
those a (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) which is equal to 6.5
2. Do the same on the right side of mean (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and
19) which is equal to 15.5.
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3. Get the average value of the numbers 6.5, 11, and 15.5. It will be equal
to 11 also.
As a whole, we can generate a physical representation and
interpretation of the discrete random variable X with its probability P(X).
Assume that the x-axis is an unbounded see-saw in both directions, and we
put weights corresponds to probability P(X) at each associated value(x) of
random variable X. Therefore, the mean ( μ x ¿ is the point where the see-saw
balance. In other words, it is the center of weights of the observation.
In the off chance, that value of X close to its mean μ x are likely and
values further away from μ x have small probability, at that point, the
distribution of X will be firmly concentrated around μ x. For this situation,
the spread of the distribution of X is little. On the contrary, if the expected
value of X some distance from its mean μ x are likely, the spread of the
distribution of X will be sizeable.
These concepts lead the way to the most important measure of spread,
the variance, and a closely related measure of variability, the standard
deviation.
You probably have met the concepts of variance and standard
deviation when summarizing data in your Junior High School Mathematics.
These were the sample variance and the sample standard deviation. The
difference here is that we are referring to properties of the distribution of a
discrete random variable.
The variance of a random variable displays the variability or the
dispersions of the random variables. It shows the distance of a random
variable from its mean.
The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X, denoted by σ 2x is
computed by first subtracting the mean from each possible x value to obtain
the deviations, then squaring each deviation and multiplying the result by
the probability of the corresponding x value, and then finally adding these
quantities.
Remember that if the value of the variance is small, then the values of the
random variable are close to the mean.
The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by σ x , is the square root of the
Variance. In symbol,
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σ x =√ Var ( X ) or σ x =√ σ x 2
0.1669500 3 3
0.1669000
0.1668500 7
4 10
0.1668000
0.1667500
0.1667000
0.1666500
0.1666000
X
1 2 3 4 5 6
Since we are comparing two elements this time (1 and 3 on the left
side of the mean and 4 and 6 in the right., the μ x 3.5 will be doubled which
became 7. Adding 1 and 3 elements gives us 4, similarly on the right side
adding 4 and 6 gives us 10. Get the average value of 4 and 10 which
resulted in 7 which is our new μ x. Subtract 7 by 4 which is 3, likewise
subtract 10 by 7 which resulted in 3. This implies that the distance of the
element from the mean in either direction is 3 which describes the spread of
the elements in the observation.
And this is how we come up with the answer in question under What’s
More.
Example 5.
Consider this
2 figure.
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0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a. Illustrate the mean.
b. Compare the variance and standard deviation.
Solution:
a. Since the data is symmetric along the x-axis, so the mean μ x is
equal to 6. (You may verify the μ x value using the 3 steps provided
in the previous example)
b. To illustrate the variance and standard deviation without having
computation, study the diagram below.
5 5
7 12 17
3
2 2 5
10
7
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure A. μx
Since we are comparing two elements this time (2 and 5 on the left side of
the mean and 7 and 10 in the right, the μ x is doubled which became 12. Adding
2 and 5 elements gives us 7, similarly on the right side adding 7 and 10 gives
us 17. Get the average value of 7 and 17 which resulted in 12 which is our new
μ x. Subtract 12 by 7 which is 5, likewise subtract 17 by 12 which also resulted
in 5. This implies that the distance of the element from the mean in either
direction is 5 which describes the spread of the elements in the observation.
Example 6. Compare the variance and standard deviation of this distribution.
4 4
14
16
8 12
4
3 9
3
5 7
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure B μ x
Following the same procedure just like in example 4, for figure A, the
μ x is 6. Now let’s compare 3 and 5 on the left side of the mean and 7 and 9
in the right. Adding 3 and 5 which is 8 and on the right side add 7 and 9
which results in 16. The average of 8 and 16 is 12 which happens to be our
new mean. Subtract 8 from 12 which is 4, similarly subtract 12 from 1
wherein the result is also 4. This shows that the distance of the element
from the mean in either direction is 4 which expresses the spread of the
elements in the observation.
Example 7. Analyze and observe the figure below
6 6
6 12 18
2 4 8 10
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
Figure C μ x
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Again, since we are comparing two elements this time (2 and 4 on the
left side of the mean and 8 and 10 in the right, the μ x is doubled which
became 12. Adding 2 and 4 elements give us 6, similarly, on the right side
adding 8 and 10 gives us 17. Get the average of 6 and 18 which also results
in 12 which is our new μ x. Subtract 12 by 6 which is 6, likewise subtract 18
by 12 which also results in 6. This suggests that the distance of the element
from the mean in either direction is 6 which describes the spread of the
elements in the observation.
This time let us compare the variance and standard deviation of the
three given illustrations. Because Figure A has a spread value of 5, Figure B
has 4 and Figure C has spread value of 6 in either direction then we can
have this comparison;
σ B <σ A <σ C
Which illustrations show less spread out? Then we can easily answer
it by simply observing the figure we generated. Figure B is less dispersion
since it spread by 4 in either direction. Moreover, which illustrations shows
the farthest spread out? Looking back to the three illustrations we have,
then the farthest spread out is Figure C since the element dispersed 6 away
from the mean.
In general, unlike the mean, there is no simple direct interpretation of
the variance or standard deviation. The variance is undifferentiated to the
moment of inertia in physics, but that is not necessarily widely understood
by students. What is important to understand is that, in relative terms:
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What’s More
1. Figure above shows the number of polo shirt sold by 5 different RTW
boutiques.
a. Illustrate the mean. (2 points)
b. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation. (5 points)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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2. Compare the variance and standard deviation of the two figures provided.
Figure A
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Figure B
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What I Have Learned
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What I Can Do
Family Budget
Things to do:
5. Share your output to the Class Group Chat through Image or Video
Presentation.
TASK CRITERIA
Accuracy of the Data Gathered 50%
Clarity and content of the visual 25%
representation
Originality and creativity of the 25%
Presentation
TOTAL 100%
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
A. 20
B. 30
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C. 40
D. 50
A. Probability Distribution
B. Variance of Discrete Probability Distribution
C. Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability Distribution
D. Mean or Expected Value of Discrete Probability Distribution
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For items 10 -11, refer to the diagram below.
4
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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C. 15
D. 18
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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Additional Activities
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure A Figure B
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure C
A. Compare the means of the three figures.
B. Show the relationship between the variance and standard deviation
among three given figures.
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Answer Key
What I Know
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. B
10.C
11.B
12.C
13.D
14.B
15. C
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Additional Activities
2. σ a< σ B ∧σ a< σ C
Because σ B = σC
Figure A
Figure B
Figure C
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References
Textbooks:
Websites:
https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/random-variables-mean-variance.html
https://www.cabarrus.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01910456/Centricity/Domain
/4633/Random%20Variables%20Worksheet%202.pdf
https://www.coconino.edu/resources/files/pdfs/academics/sabbatical-
reports/kate-kozak/chapter_5.pdf
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