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KIT111
Data Networks and Security
Lecture 1
Introduction
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Agenda
 Unit Introduction
 Staff
 Unit Content
 Assessment

 Networks Introduction
 TCP and OSI Models
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Unit Coordinator
 Dr Mira Park
 Main contact point for problems
 Sets content and assessments

 Contact
 Room: Hobart, Centenary 464
 E-Mail: [email protected]
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Lecturers
 Mira Park
 Hobart

 Tony Gray
 Launceston
 E-Mail: [email protected]
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Tutors
 In addition to the lecturers we also have tutors
 Launceston

 Hobart
 David Herbert: [email protected]
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Consultation Times - Mira

 I will be available for consultation in my office at

these times
 Wednesday 4 pm ~ 6 pm (Room: Hobart, Centenary 464)

 Please feel free to email me any time outside those

times
─ include your name, student number, course, and
campus
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Course Resources

 Course resources are available online using the

“MyLO” system
 https://mylo.utas.edu.au/
 Lecture slides, practical notes, assignment specifications

 Course materials will only be available on-line: no

printed handouts will be supplied!
 Slides usually available the night before the lecture
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Other Administrative Matters

 Late submission
 See http://www.utas.edu.au/technology-environments-design/ict/current-student-
resources

 Only with good reason (significant and unexpected!)

 Having too many assignments due that week definitely does not count
 If you feel you may have cause to apply, then complete and submit the forms
 Apply through the online adverse circumstances system
 Supply documentation to a hub within 3 days
 Doctor’s certificate
 Letter from employer confirming necessity for work
 Other documentation, subject to approval

 Otherwise late submissions’ penalty applies

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Unit Content
 This unit will obviously focus on networks. But in doing this it will
have two main focal points in that broad area
 Networks and how they work
 Theory in Lectures (Week 1 through Week 8)
 Practical in the Lab (Week 2-13) –
 Programming routers and switches
 Observing traffic
 Security (Week 9 through 12)
 Network Security Infrastructure
 Cryptography and Protocols
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KIT111 Unit Structure

Lectures

2 hours per week

Power point slides are available on the unit MyLO web site

Practicals

2 hours per week

Starting week 2 in the Networks Lab
Hobart: centen 372, 376 and math 254
Launceston: V193
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Practical Enrollment
 You need to enrol into a practical class

 You can do this through the school tutorial allocation

system

 Please bring pen or pencil to each practical. You will write

answers on practical handouts to help you remember key
points about them.
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KIT111 Unit Structure

Assessment

Written Assignment (Week 8) – 15%

Practical Test (Week 7) – 10%
Practical Test (Week 13) – 15%

Formal University Exam – 60%

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Academic Integrity

 Copying someone else’s work (with or without their

consent) and presenting it as if it were your own is
PLAGIARISM

 This is VERY, VERY BAD

 and not just because it can get you into trouble
 http://www.utas.edu.au/curriculum-and-quality/academic-integrity-
and-misconduct
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Unit Resources
Texts

Over the semester some weeks there will be readings posted to

MyLo that are mentioned in lectures. These will add depth to the
content covered in the lectures.
There are many textbooks that cover the course material
One such book is: Data Communications and Networking, by
Forouzan, 4th Ed
This is available in the library, but there are multiple books in the
library, and even a few good ones available online through the
library
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Checklist
 Attend lectures - They aren’t optional!

 Prepare for, and attend, the lab classes

 Labs are available for use at other times
 Check timetable for availability

 Read any prescribed extra material that is released

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Lecture Recordings
 Lectures are recorded each week and available through MyLO
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Questions?
Introduction to Networking
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Starting Point
 Communications networks are built for a purpose: there should
always be a business reason driving development

 The business reason defines the requirements of the users (people,

employees…) which, in turn, defines requirements for application
programs, the hardware they run on (host computers, e.g. PCs) and
the networks that connect them
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Network Architecture
 Desirable attributes of a network
 Fault tolerance
 Scalability
 Quality of Service
 Security
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Networks
 A Network is …
 A group of computers connected together to permit the (rapid) transfer
of information between them

 LAN = Local Area Network WAN = Wide Area Network

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Networks vs Internet
 The Internet is
 A global network connecting millions of computers.
 A network of networks.
 Constantly growing.
 Constantly changing.
 The largest source of information in the world.
 The biggest marketing machine since the telephone.
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Networks vs Internet
 The Internet is a network of otherwise incompatible networks.
 It joins together many LANs and WANs into a single network.
“The Internet allows computers to communicate and be
connected together based on a set of agreed upon
standards that a computer must use to be understood.”

Protocol
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Networks vs Internet
 The Internet is a network of otherwise incompatible networks.
 It joins together many LANs and WANs into a single network.
“The Internet allows computers to communicate and be
connected together based on a set of agreed upon
standards that a computer must use to be understood.”

Data Communications and Networking, Behrouz Forouzan

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Protocols and Standards

 Protocols
 Sets of rules that govern communications
 What, how, and when
 Three key elements
 Syntax: structure or format of data
 Semantics: the meaning and interpretation
 Timing: when and how fast

 Standards
 Essential for interoperability
 De facto: in widespread use but not officially approved
 De jure: legislated by an officially recognised body
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Standards Organizations
 Major International Organizations
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 International Telecommunications Union (ITU-T)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
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Standards Organizations
 Forums
 Test, evaluate, standardize
 Present results to standards bodies

 Regulatory Agencies
 Government regulation
 Fair trading…

 Internet standards
 Internet draft (working document)
 The Request For Comment (RFC)
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Basic Model of Communications

Each layer communicates

Computer A with its counterpart. Computer B

They exchange control

Applications information via headers Applications
added to the user data
Interface Interface

Network Network

Communications Link
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The Internet Model TCP/IP

The TCP/IP model is the de facto Internet standard – it is a reference model
and a protocol stack
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TCP/IP Model
 Layer 4: Application

 Layer 3: Transport

 Layer 2: Internet

 Layer 1: Network Access

Some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same

name as layers in the OSI model.
Do not confuse the layers of the two models
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The Application Layer

 The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into one layer
 Application services
 FTP, HTTP, SNMP, DNS ...
 Presentation services
 Format of data, data structure, encoding …
 Session services
 Dialog control, session management …
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The Transport Layer

 The transport layer deals with process-to-process delivery (end-to-
end)
 Deals with units of data called segments
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 connection-oriented protocol
 It provides a sequenced, reliable end-to-end service to applications
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 Connectionless protocol
 No guarantees
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The Internet Layer

 Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for Host-to-Host delivery
 Unreliable, connectionless, best effort
 Deals with units of data called packets or datagrams
 Logical addressing (IP address)
 Route, routing table, routing protocol

 Four other protocols are used

 ARP, RARP, ICMP, IGMP
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The Network Access Layer

 Also called host-to-network layer

 Concerned with all the details in the OSI physical and data link
layers

 There is no defined protocol and most Layer 2 protocols can be

used
 Common protocols are Ethernet, Point-to-Point Protocol…
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TCP/IP protocol stack

 TCP and UDP identify running
processes by assigning them
an address (called a port
number)
 There is only one network
protocol – Internet Protocol,
or IP

 IP serves as a universal
protocol that allows any
computer, anywhere, to
communicate at any time
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Encapsulation
e.g. http
Application A Data

Transport The application layer will add a header

containing information relevant to the
destination application layer

Internet The result is an Application Layer Protocol

Data Unit (APDU) which is passed down to
the Transport Layer
Network Access
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Encapsulation
From Application Layer
Application

Transport TCP Data

TCP Data TCP Data

The Transport Layer divides the APDU up into

Internet transmittable segments.

TCP includes a sequence number for each piece

Network Access in its header.

Also, the port number of the source and

destination applications is included.
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Encapsulation
The internet or network layer protocol is IP.
Application IP adds its header to the TCP-PDU.
The IP addresses of the source and destination
computers are in this header
Transport
TCP Data TCP Data

Internet
IP TCP Data IP TCP Data

Network Access The IP PDU is referred to as a datagram or

packet
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Encapsulation
The network access layer adds a header and
Application a trailer. The header contains the physical
addresses of source and destination computers.
The trailer contains an error check sequence.
Transport
The Network Access PDU is referred to as a
frame and is finally transmitted
Internet
IP TCP Data

Network Access H IP TCP Data CRC

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TCP/IP is one of the most widely used in all

Internet operations. But TCP/IP is not
intended to function as a general description for all
network communications.

OSI is a generic, acting as a communication

gateway between the network and end user.
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The OSI Model

The OSI model is a reference model
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OSI Model
 Developed by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
 To address the problem of network incompatibility
 Research based on existing networks
 E.g. DECNet, SNA, TCP/IP

 Released in 1984
 Lost the market battle to TCP/IP

 Now used as a reference model and teaching tool

 Theoretical layered framework
 Essential knowledge in the industry
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Application

Presentation
• Reduce Complexity
Session • Standardised interface
• Facilitates modular engineering
Transport • Ensures interoperable technology
• Accelerates evolution
Network • implifies teaching and learnig

Data Link

Physical

All People Seem To Need Data Processing

All People Seem To Need Domino’s Pizza
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Key terms and concepts to know

 Layer
 Logical grouping of services and functions.
 Each layer requests “services” from lower layer

 Protocol
 convention/ agreement/ standards / set of rules
 what is communicated
 how it is communicated (e.g. message formats)
 when it is communicated (e.g. message sequencing

 Interface
 interface = vertical standards/ same system

 Architecture
 overall standard
 protocols + layers + interfaces
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The Application layer

 Provides network services to the user’s applications
 File transfer, Electronic mail, Terminal Emulation, Web browsing
(HTTP), etc

 Note: This layer is not the Application itself

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
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The Presentation layer

 Ensures that information the application layer of the sender sends
out is readable by the application layer of the receiver
 Data conversion - eg, provides conversion between ASCII and EBCDIC
 Data compression (on source)/decompression (on destination)
 Data encryption (on source)/decryption (on destination)
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
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The Session layer

 Establishes, manages, and terminates communication sessions
between two communicating hosts
 Provides coordination of the communications in an orderly manner, for
example, making sure that the previous request has been fulfilled
before the next one is sent
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
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The Transport layer

 Segmentation and Reassembly

 Responsible for source-to-destination (end-to-end) delivery of the

entire message, ensures that the whole message arrives intact and
in order

 Identifies the sending and receiving processes (running applications)

by means of an address
 TCP/IP (later) calls this a port number
Application

 Oversees both error control and flow control between source and
Presentation

Session

destination Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
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The Network layer

 Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of a packet possibly
across multiple networks
 not needed if two computer systems are connected to the same
network

 Utilizes the concept of a logical address

 Routing - selection of best path for sending the packet. Routers

route the packets to their final destination Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
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The Data Link layer

 Node-to-node delivery of a packet on the same network

 Utilizes the concept of physical addressing

 Node-to-node flow control and error control

 (The transport layer provides flow control and error control between source and
destination)

Application

 Access control Presentation

 Determines which device can transit when multiple devices are connected to Session

the same link, (more on this later) Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
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The Physical layer

 Defines the interface between the device and the transmission
medium

 Transmission and reception of a bit stream over a physical medium

Application

 Represents bits as signals Presentation

 Bits must be encoded into signals that are compatible with the Session

transmission medium Transport

 Electrical, optical, radio etc.

Network

Data Link

Physical
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OSI Transport Services

"OSI transport services" include

layers 1 through 4, collectively
responsible for delivering a
complete message from sending 4
to receiving stations without
3
error
2 Application

1
Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
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Summary of OSI Model

Application  Network Processes to Applications

Presentation  Data Representation

Session  Interhost Communication

Transport  End-to-end Connections

Network  Address and Best Path

Data Link  Access to Media

Physical  Binary Transmission

Peer-to-peer communications within the 55

source and destination protocol stacks

Each layer
is having a
logical
conversation
with its
counterpart.

This ensures
coordinated
operation.
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Summary TCP/IP vs. OSI