1. How did Spain establish itself in the Philippines?

The Spanish colonization in the Philippines took 300 years. During those 300
years, the Spaniards were able to establish a foundation in the Filipinos in terms of
culture in which it is was accepted and still practiced up until now. They even created
different systems that can surely help certain crimes and punishments. There were also
establish currency, barter and also language.

2. Explain the context in Europe which made Spain fit or out of equip an
expedition to the Philippines.

The Spaniards had aims in colonizing the Philippine island, first is the
expansion of trade like the profitable oriental trade of luxury goods such as silk and
spices, second is the scientific and technological progress like navigational instruments
that contributes to the success of exploratory expeditions and lastly is the quest to
explore unknown and distant lands and aims to convert the natives to Catholicism.

3. Explain the situation of the Philippines at the point of contact with Spain.

The Philippines was developed when the Spaniards came. Manila, was the
capital of the Philippines and became the center of the Spanish colonial power and the
regions of Luzon had been economically productive and populated by the Tagalog and
Kapampangan and also the city grew to become the paramount city of archipelago.
Trade of products grew, even the spread of Christianity, but the natives experienced
hardships and injustices all throughout when the Spain colonize the Philippines.

Chapter 5 Assessment

1. Economic change
During the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines, different economic
institutions were implemented just like the polo y servicios and tributes to the
natives for them to defray all of the expenses and colonial projects that the
Spanish government build in the archipelago.

2. Social and Religious change

 The natives were made as their slaves or they also make them follow their
rules or systems like the ecomienda system. In terms of their religious change, the
Spaniards want to unify the Philippines under one faith. They want to make the
natives turn to Christians. They also perform baptism through a sword or water.

3. Political Changes
The barangays were ruled independently from each other and had to be
unified under the Spanish Colonial Government with the Governor y Capitan-
General as the head and the sole representative of the King. Also as we read
the excepts we can say that the Philippines under the colonization of the
Spanish, the country is ruled under mayor alcaldes or provincials governors, the
places were divided as barrios, there is the presence of the Royal Audencia or
the highest court who exercised judicial power and audited the finances of the
government.

Chapter 6 Assessment

The Sumuroy Revolt (1649-1650)

In the town of Palapag today in Northern Samar, Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and
some of his followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649 over the polo y servicio system
being undertaken in Samar. This is known as the Sumuroy Revolt, named after Agustin
Sumuroy.

The government in Manila directed that all natives subject to the polo are not to
be sent to places distant from their hometowns to do their polo. However, under orders
of the various town alcaldes, or mayors, Samarnons were being sent to the shipyards of
Cavite to do their polo, which sparked the revolt. The local parish priest of Palapag was
murdered and the revolt eventually spread to Mindanao, Bicol and the rest of the
Visayas, especially in places such as Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay,
Camarines and parts of northern Mindanao, such as Surigao. A free government was
also established in the mountains of Samar.
 The defeat, capture and execution of Sumuroy in June 1650 delivered a big
setback to the revolt. His trusted co-conspirator David Dula sustained the quest for
freedom with greater vigor but in one of a fierce battles several years later, he was
wounded, captured and later executed in Palapag, Northern Samar by the Spaniards
together with his seven key lieutenants.

Bancao Revolt (1621-1622)

The Bancao revolt was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by
Bankaw or Bancao, datu of Limasawa, Carigara, Abuyog, Sogod (now part of southern
Leyte). He warmly accepted Miguel Lopez de Legazpi when he arrived in the
Philippines in 1565, and was converted as a Christian. Being hospitable toward de
Legazpi and his men, he received a letter of gratitude from the Spanish King, Philip II.
He also received a gift from the king in recognition of his grandfather's hospitality to
Ferdinand Magellan. Though he was one of the first converts of Catholicism under de
Legazpi, he left his faith and allegiance to the Spanish after around fifty years. Together
with a babaylan named Pagali and his children, he built a temple for a diwata, and he
incited people from six towns to participate in the revolt.It is believed that Pagali used
some magic to attract followers, and thought that they could turn the Spaniards into clay
by hurling bits of earth at them.

Parish priest Father Melchor de Vera went to Cebu to report the insurrection. The
rebellion was suppressed by Juan de Alcarazo, the alcalde mayor of Cebu, and the
Spanish and Filipino colonial troops in forty ships sent by Governor-General Alonso
Fajardo de Entenza. Encamping within the temple for a diwata, the Spaniards burned it
down after ten days. Bancao's head was pierced in a bamboo stake and was displayed
for the public to serve as a warning. His son was beheaded, and one babaylan was
burned at the stake. Three other followers were executed by a firing squad. In order to
dispel the blindness caused by the influence of diwata, eighty one rebel priests were
burned. Some rebels were captured, including the daughter and son of Bancao

Chapter 7 Assessment
 1. Compare and contrast the ideas and perspectives of Lopez Jaena, Del
Pilar, and Rizal regarding the problems in the Philippines. In which points
do they agree or differ? What solutions, if any, did they propose?
Graciano Lopez Jaena 's " The Philippines in Distress" simply depicts
about the suffering of the Filipinos made by the Spaniards a long time ago. He
said that the reason why the Philippines is not developing or advancing because
of the Spaniards' negligence since they do not care about it. He also stated that
the General Office of the Civil Administration does not promote education and
that the Governor General is not focusing in leading the country to create
progress rather they are focused on the military aspects. He also talk about the
lack of education because they are only meant “taught how to pray but never to
work”. Spaniards before gave education but not that sufficient for the Filipinos
before, because the things that they teach are not helpful to the daily lives of the
Filipinos. In terms of the solution, he said that the abolition of association and
the press, differential duties, and freedom of commerce in which the Philippines
can study improvements in industry, agriculture, how to turn China and Japan
into markets is the solution or way of the problem in order to awaken the life of
the Philippine commerce.

For Marcelo H. del Pilar’s “Monastic Supremacy”, it talks more about the
friars in the country and as to how they govern it. With high power, they were able to
separate the church and the government in fear of monastic colony. Del Pilar’s solution
is to have a thorough examination regarding to the colleagues of Fr. Gaspar de San
Agustin for their exclusive comment. There should also be an explanation with the right
procedures since this is contingent to the improvement of the colony policy. He also
said that our freedom from the Spaniards will help the improvement of the Philippines

Lastly, Jose Rizal’s “On the Indolence of the Filipinos” which talks about the
reason of the Filipinos’ idleness or laziness. He said that “man is not a brute, he is not a
machine” which, in my opinion this phrase tells us that the Filipinos were treated brutally
and that made them became tired or lost hope which made them lazy. Even the friars
are telling them that a rich man will not go to heaven and in this case this made the
Filipinos stayed poor and still suffering. They even started gambling to have easy
money, since they are working for how many hours and their salary is not even enough
for their needs. Even their education is not enough and according to Rizal, it is
“brutalizing, dressing and anti-human”. Lack of national sentiment made them stop
fighting for their country and that a man in the Philippines is not a man of nation but a
man only to himself. Jose Rizal propose a solution that he wants no problem to be
placed on his way and not to create more problems that there is. He wants that the
Filipinos’ educational opportunities would be more and that the Spaniards will not be
greedy that they will become intelligent as it is a gift. He also said that the policy will be
sincere and consistent without distrust and misgivings and that there will be a good
civilization. Lastly, he said that if the Philippines will lose all the colonizers, she will be
still having gold amassed and grateful children.

These 3 known personalities all agree that the country deserves more than what
it is actually acquiring from its colonizers and that they should have been treated
better for a better production of labor as well. Their colonizers abused these
native people and that there should really be a change in the government or
society that they were currently living at that time.

2. Based on what you’ve read, how did the propagandist envision an ideal
Filipino nation? What are the principles in which it should be built?
Different visions were idealistically thought and above all of it, these
propagandists just wished and envisioned that the Philippines would be given
more than they deserve. Proper education should be given in order to have
better jobs and income. The love for the homeland should be instill in each mind
and hearts of every Filipinos, and the hope of a better tomorrow. We cannot deny
the fact that the Spaniards took some of those early hopes and dreams of the
filipinos and they they were thinking and had this mindset that who they are
yesterday will still be who they are tomorrow and that should not be the case.
Despite of the years of their reign, Filipinos should stand up for what they believe
is right and that they should continue fighting for their own freedom if they deem
it right.
3. Taking inspiration from the Filipino propagandists, write about the present
predicaments of our society and think of general solutions that may
remedy these problems.
For me, the problem that our country is facing is the war or
misunderstanding of the government officials that later on would result to a issue.
We can see that they are trying to bring each other down, because we have this
mentality- crab mentality, instead of lifting each other up they fought head to
head with each other, wanting their co-workers be to impeached or go to jail.
Yes, I do understand that they have a purpose but to be honest, it has become
too much that they are forgetting what the other issues that are probably more
important than them fighting each other. As a citizen and a student as well, who
is confused all about what is happening, I want them to realize that there are
Filipinos waiting for them, waiting for them to make move and make change and
make progress. I want them to realize that the things they are doing for them and
others, may it be good or bad, should not be a problem to our country because
they are more issues bigger and still unsolved instead they should promote love
for our nation and our country.

1. What ideas were used by the United States to justify their imperialist
design over the Philippines?
One of the imperialist designs used by the United States was the release
of a four- order Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation; one is not to give the
Philippines back to Spain, because that would be a cowardly thing to do and not
honorable; two is that they will turn the country over to France or Germany, three
is to not leave the country alone, because they are unable to have their own
government, and four must help the Filipinos to be educated, civilized and
Christianize them.

2. What argument were used by the Imperialist league to oppose US

annexation of the Philippines?
 They said that colonizing the Philippines is equal to the Americans
surrendering their very own goals, for example, self-government and self-
assurance, and also neutrality. Prominent members of the group were even
included like the former president Stephen Grover Cleveland. There were also
senators, writers and philanthropists

3. What was the situation of the Philippines and in the United States prior to the
start of the Philippine-American War?

The Philippine-American War which started from 1899 and lasted up to

1902. After its defeat in the Spanish-American War on the year 1898, Spain ceded its
longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. As
many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease. Following
this event, in December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed which ceded the
Philippines from the Spain to America. On the other hand, the Treaty of Manila has
been signed on July 4, 1946. The treaty granted the Philippines "full independence"
from the United States of America.