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  • Conformal Mapping

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    1. Conformal mapping preserves angles between curves intersecting at a point. 2. The mapping w=f(z) is conformal where f'(z)≠0, and critical points occur where f'(z)=0 or ∞. 3. Under conformal mappings, circles map to circles or lines, and the cross ratio of 4 points is preserved.

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    Conformal Mapp

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    1. Conformal mapping preserves angles between curves intersecting at a point. 2. The mapping w=f(z) is conformal where f'(z)≠0, and critical points occur where f'(z)=0 or ∞. 3. Under conformal mappings, circles map to circles or lines, and the cross ratio of 4 points is preserved.

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    35 views20 pages

    Conformal Mapping

    Uploaded by

    silver home rubbles
    1. Conformal mapping preserves angles between curves intersecting at a point. 2. The mapping w=f(z) is conformal where f'(z)≠0, and critical points occur where f'(z)=0 or ∞. 3. Under conformal mappings, circles map to circles or lines, and the cross ratio of 4 points is preserved.

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    Conformal mapping

    Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
    we have two complex planes, the Z-plane and W-plane.
    Consider the map 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧), from Z-plane to the W-plane.
    The mapping 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is called ‘conformal’ if the angle between any
    two smooth curves 𝐶1and𝐶2 in the Z-plane intersecting at point P is
    equal to the angle between their images 𝐶1′𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2′ intersecting at 𝑃′,
    both in magnitude and sense.
    Angle preserving map.
    Condition for conformality
    The map 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) is conformal at each point where it is analytic and
    𝑓′(𝑧) ≠ 0.
    The points where 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 0 or ∞ are known as critical points.
    Examples:
    1. The translation map 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑐, where 𝑐 is a complex constant.
    Conformal everywhere.
    Find the image of the rectangle having vertices at 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1, 𝑧 = 1 +
    𝑖, 𝑧 = 𝑖 under the map 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 1 + 𝑖.
    2. Rotation and magnification. The map 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑧, where 𝑐 is a non-zero
    complex constant.
    Let 𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜑 , 𝑐 = 𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝛼 , 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
    Then 𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜑 = (𝜌𝑟)𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝜃) .
    Find the image of the rectangle having vertices at 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1, 𝑧 = 1 +
    𝑖, 𝑧 = 𝑖 under the map 𝑤 = (1 + 𝑖)𝑧.
    1
    3. Inversion map 𝑤 = ,𝑧 ≠ 0.
    𝑧
    1
    Find the image of 𝑧 < 1 under the mapping 𝑤 = .
    𝑧
    Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 and 𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜑 .
    1 1
    𝑤= 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜑 = , Hence 𝑅 = , 𝜑 = −𝜃
    𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑟
    𝑧 < 1 → 𝑤 > 1.
    Show that circles are mapped to circles or straight lines under the
    inversion map.
    Proof: Consider the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ….(1)
    1 1
    𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, 𝑤 = gives z =
    𝑧 𝑤
    1 1 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
    𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = . 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
    𝑢+𝑖𝑣 𝑢+𝑖𝑣 𝑢−𝑖𝑣
    𝑢 −𝑣
    𝑥= ,𝑦 = .
    𝑢2 +𝑣 2 𝑢2 +𝑣 2
    𝑢 2 −𝑣 2 𝑢 −𝑣
    Eq. (1) becomes, ( 2 2) +( 2 2 ) +2𝑔 2 2 + 2𝑓( 2 2) + 𝑐 = 0.
    𝑢 +𝑣 𝑢 +𝑣 𝑢 +𝑣 𝑢 +𝑣
    𝑐 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 2𝑔𝑢 − 2𝑓𝑣 + 1 = 0. This is a circle in the W-plane.
    Bilinear map ( Linear fractional transformation, Mobius transformation)
    Defn:
    𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏
    𝑤= , 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are complex constants such that 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0
    𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑
    Translation, Rotation and magnification and inversion are special cases.
    𝑑
    The map is conformal. ( except at 𝑧 = − , where the map is not
    𝑐
    defined.)
    𝑑𝑤 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
    = .
    𝑑𝑧 (𝑐𝑧+𝑑)2
    Result: Under a bilinear map, circles are mapped to either circles or
    straight lines.
    𝑎𝑧+𝑏
    Proof: Let 𝑤 = .
    𝑐𝑧+𝑑
    𝑎 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑 1
    Then 𝑤 = + ( ) . ( Assume 𝑐 ≠ 0).
    𝑐 𝑐 𝑐𝑧+𝑑
    i.e., a bilinear map is a combination of translation, inversion and
    rotation and magnification. Since under all these maps circles are taken
    to circles, the result follows.
    Cross ratio: The cross ratio of four points 𝑧1, 𝑧2 , 𝑧3, 𝑧4 is defined as
    (𝑧1−𝑧2)(𝑧3−𝑧4)
    (𝑧1, 𝑧2, 𝑧3 , 𝑧4) = .
    (𝑧4−𝑧1)(𝑧2−𝑧3)
    Prove that the cross ratio is invariant under a bilinear map.
    𝑎𝑧+𝑏
    Proof: Let 𝑤 = be a bilinear map.
    𝑐𝑧+𝑑
    Let 𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3, 𝑤4 be the images of 𝑧1 , 𝑧2, 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 respectively.
    To prove that ( 𝑧1 , 𝑧2, 𝑧3, 𝑧4 ) = (𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3, 𝑤4).
    𝑎𝑧1 +𝑏 𝑎𝑧2+𝑏 (𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐)(𝑧1−𝑧2 )
    We have , 𝑤1 − 𝑤2 = − =
    𝑐𝑧1 +𝑑 𝑐𝑧2+𝑑 (𝑐𝑧1+𝑑)(𝑐𝑧2 +𝑑)
    (𝑤1 −𝑤2 )(𝑤3−𝑤4)
    (𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3, 𝑤4) = =… = ( 𝑧1, 𝑧2, 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 ).
    (𝑤4 −𝑤1 )(𝑤2−𝑤3)
    Fixed points of a map: Let 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 . A fixed point of the map is a point
    such that 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧. i.e., the image under the map is itself.
    To find fixed points of a bilinear map.
    𝑎𝑧+𝑏 𝑎𝑧+𝑏
    Let 𝑤 = be a bilinear map. For fixed points solve, =𝑧.
    𝑐𝑧+𝑑 𝑐𝑧+𝑑
    Solve the quadratic equation, 𝑐𝑧 2 − 𝑎 − 𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑏 = 0.
    𝑧+𝑖
    Ex: Find fixed points of the map 𝑤 = .
    𝑧−𝑖
    𝑎𝑧+𝑏
    A bilinear map is 𝑤 = . ….(1)
    𝑐𝑧+𝑑
    This map can be uniquely determined by three conditions. ( Only three
    different constants are involved in the map).
    Given images of three points, we can determine the map.
    Let 𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3 be the images of 𝑧1, 𝑧2, 𝑧3 respectively.
    Method 1: We can substitute in (1) and get three equations to solve for
    the constants.
    Method 2: By the cross ratio property, we can write the equation,
    (z, 𝑧1, 𝑧2, 𝑧3 ) =(𝑤, 𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3). Solve this equation for 𝑤 in terms of 𝑧.
    Find the bilinear map that maps z = 0, 1, ∞ to w =
    − 1, −𝑖, 1 respectively.
    By the cross ratio property, (z, 0,1, ∞) =(𝑤, −1, −𝑖, 1).
    (𝑧−0)(1−∞) (𝑤+1)(−𝑖−1)
    i.e., =
    (∞−𝑧)(0−1) (1−𝑤)(−1+𝑖)
    (𝑤+1) (1+𝑖) 𝑤+1
    i.e., 𝑧= , 𝑧=𝑖
    (1−𝑤) (1−𝑖) 1−𝑤
    𝑧 − 𝑧𝑤 = 𝑖𝑤 + 𝑖.
    𝑧 − 𝑖 = 𝑧𝑤 + 𝑖𝑤.
    𝑧−𝑖
    𝑤= .
    𝑧+𝑖
    𝑧−𝑖
    Find the image of 𝑧 < 1 under the bilinear map, 𝑤 = .
    𝑧+𝑖
    𝑧−𝑖 𝑤+1
    𝑤= implies, 𝑧 = 𝑖
    𝑧+𝑖 1−𝑤
    𝑤+1 𝑤+1
    𝑧 < 1 maps to 𝑖 < 1, i.e., <1
    1−𝑤 1−𝑤
    𝑤+1 < 𝑤−1 .
    𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 + 1 < 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 − 1 .
    (𝑢 + 1)2+𝑣 2 < (𝑢 − 1)2+𝑣 2 .
    2𝑢 < −2𝑢.
    Hence, 𝑢 < 0. ( Figure ?)
    Some special mappings.

    The map 𝑤 = 𝑧 2.
    Conformal except at 𝑧 = 0.
    Put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
    𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2, 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦.
    1. Image of the line 𝑥 = 𝑎. Assume a is not zero.
    𝑢 = 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2, 𝑣 = 2𝑎𝑦.
    𝑣 2
    Eliminating 𝑦 , we have 𝑢 = 𝑎2 − ( ) .
    2𝑎
    𝑣 2 = −4𝑎 2(𝑢 − 𝑎 2). Which is a parabola in W-plane.
    2. Image of the line 𝑦 = 𝑏. Assume b not zero.
    𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2, 𝑣 = 2𝑏𝑥.
    𝑣 2
    Eliminating 𝑥 , we have 𝑢 = ( ) −𝑏 2.
    2𝑏
    𝑣 2 = 4𝑏 2 (𝑢 + 𝑏 2). Which is also a parabola in W-plane.

    Ex 1. What is the image of a rectangle under this map?


    1
    Ex 2. Find the image of the strip ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 under the map 𝑤 = 𝑧 2.
    2
    The map 𝑤 = 𝑧 2.
    Put 𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜑 , 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
    Then, 𝑅 = 𝑟 2, 𝜑 = 2𝜃
    Problem. Find the image of the first quadrant under the map 𝑤 = 𝑧 2.
    𝜋
    First quadrant is 0 < 𝑟 < ∞, 0 < 𝜃 < .
    2
    Then 0 < 𝑅 < ∞, 0 < 𝜑 < 𝜋. This is the upper half plane.
    The map 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 .
    Conformal everywhere.
    Put 𝑤 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑖𝜑 , 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
    𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 gives, 𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝜑 = 𝑦.
    When 𝑥 = 𝑎, we get 𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑎 . A circle with radius 𝑒 𝑎 .
    When 𝑦 = 𝑏, we get 𝜑 = 𝑏. A radial semi-line (ray).
    Find the image of the rectangle 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏, 𝑐 < 𝑦 < 𝑑 under this map.
    Trigonometric functions.
    The map 𝑤 = sin 𝑧 .
    Conformal at all points where the derivative cos 𝑧 ≠ 0.
    Put 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
    𝑤 = sin 𝑧 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦.
    𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦.
    1. Image of the line 𝑥 = 𝑎:
    𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦.
    𝑢2 𝑣2
    Eliminating 𝑦, 2 − 2 = 1. ( Assume 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ≠ 0 )
    𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎
    A hyperbola.
    Image of 𝑥 = 0 (y-axis )
    𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 = 0, 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦.
    It is the V-axis.
    2. Image of the line 𝑦 = 𝑏.
    𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑏, 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑏.
    𝑢2 𝑣2
    Eliminating 𝑥, + = 1. ( Assume b ≠ 0 )
    𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2𝑏
    This is an ellipse.
    Ex 1. Find the image of 𝑦 = 0.
    Ex 2. Find the image of the rectangle 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏, 𝑐 < 𝑦 < 𝑑.
    1. The map 𝑤 = cos 𝑧 ?
    2. The map 𝑤 = sinh 𝑧 ? , etc.

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