MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A DYNAMIC

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM USING

LSPS COMPENSATION TOPOLOGY

A Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Award of the degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by
U. MANIKANTA (16031A0254)
N. AVINASH (16031A0236)
V. ANJULA CHAKRAVARTHY (16031A0256)
SK. VASEEM (16031A0248)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. Y. SRINIVASA KISHORE BABU

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NARASARAOPET
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA
NARASARAOPET – 522601, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
APRIL, 2020
 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING NARASARAOPET
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA
NARASARAOPET – 522 601, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “MODELING AND SIMULATION OF

A DYNAMIC WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM USING LSPS
COMPENSATION TOPOLOGY”, being submitted by U. MANIKANTA
(16031A02654), N. AVINASH (16031A0236), V. ANJULA (16031A0256),
SK.VASEEM(16031A0248) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING to the University College of Engineering Narasaraopet,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada is a record of bonafide
work carried by them under my guidance and supervision.

(DR. Y S KISHORE BABU)

Project Guide& Head of the Department
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work described in this project work, entitled
“MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC WIRELESS
CHARGING SYSTEM” which is submitted by us in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) in the Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering to the University College of Engineering Narasaraopet,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, is the
result of work done by us under the guidance of Dr. Y S KISHORE BABU
The work is original and has not been submitted for any Degree/Diploma
of this or any other university.

Project Associates

U Manikanta (16031A0254)

N Avinash (16031A0236)

V Anjula chakravarthy (16031A0256)

Sk Vaseem (16031A0248)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great privilege for us to convey our sincere gratitude to

DR. V V SUBBA RAO, Principal for providing us excellent lab facilities.
We are deeply indebted to Dr. Y SRINIVASA KISHORE BABU, Head
of the department of electrical and electronics engineering, our project guide, for
his constant encouragement for the completion of our project successfully.
We, the members of the project, heart fully thank our guide for his
suggestions and co-operation in completion of the project work precisely. We
shall always cherish over association with his encouragement, approachability,
explanation and the freedom of thought and action.
We are thankful to our staff members who co-operated us in gathering the
report. We extend our special thanks to all the esteemed faculty in Electrical and
Electronics Department, who were so easily approachable, helpful and source of
encouragement during this span of work.

Project Associates

U Manikanta (16031A0254)

N Avinash (16031A0236)

V Anjula chakravarthy (16031A0256)

Sk Vaseem (16031A0248)

iii
INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO
ABSTRACT vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES x
NOMENCLATURE x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1Introduction 2
1.2 Literature survey 4
1.3 Organization of thesis 6
Chapter 2. LOOSELY COUPLED INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER 7
SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Inductive wireless power transfer for EVs 9
2.3 Conclusion 14
Chapter 3. PRIMARY STAGE - PFC CUK CONVERTER FED FULL 15
BRIDGE INVERTER
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 PFC Cuk converter 17
3.3 Full bridge inverter 23
3.4 Conclusion 26
Chapter 4. PRIMARY STAGE - PFC BOOST CONVERTER FED 27
HALF BRIDGE INVERTER
4.1 PFC boost converter 28
4.2 Half bridge inverter 32
4.3 Conclusion 33
Chapter 5. WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER STAGE 34
5.1 Introduction to LSPS compensation topology 35
5.2 Design of LSPS compensation topology for dynamic charging 36
5.3 Conclusion 41

iv
Chapter 6. SECONDARY STAGE 42
6.1 Introduction 43
6.2 Working of synchronous rectifier 43
6.3 Advantages of synchronous rectifier 44
6.4 Conclusion 45
Chapter 7. SIMULINK MODELS 46
7.1 Cuk converter Simulink model 47
7.2 Full bridge inverter Simulink model 48
7.3 Boost converter Simulink model 49
7.4 Half bridge inverter Simulink model 50
7.5 Wireless power transfer stage Simulink model 51
7.6 Rectifier Simulink model 51
7.7 Complete Simulink model 52
Chapter 8. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 53
8.1 PFC Cuk Converter 54
8.2 PFC Boost Converter 57
8.3 Full Bridge Inverter 61
8.4 Half Bridge Inverter 62
8.5 Wireless Power Transfer Stage 64
8.6 Synchronous Rectifier 65
8.7 Comparison of Input Stages 67
Chapter 9. CONCLUSIONS 68

APPENDIX 71

REFERENCES 74

v
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A DYNAMIC

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM USING

LSPS COMPENSATION TOPOLOGY

vi
 ABSTRACT

This project presents the modeling and simulation of a highly efficient and
high immune misalignment tolerant loosely coupled inductive power transfer
(LCIPT) system using dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) concept to charge
a 48 V battery bank at 500 W through 16cm air-gap. The purpose of this work is
to investigate the influence of a third coil functioning as a transmitter coil. The
project also presents the design and comparison of two front end converters that
meet the international power quality (PQ) standard IEC 61000-3-2. The resonant
circuit and the power electronic converter circuits are simulated by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
The main drawbacks in a plug-in electric vehicle is requirement of heavy
storage bank and charging time of the battery. As the size of the battery increase
the weight and cost of the vehicle increases. Not only cost, the efficiency of
vehicle also reduces due to heavier weight. This draw back limits the extensive
use of electric vehicles.
The objective of this project is to charge the electric vehicle in-motion.
Which is termed as Dynamic charging. The dynamic charging of electric vehicles
limits the problems regarding heavy storage requirement of electric vehicles and
cost. Due to dynamic charging the electric vehicles become cheap and the use of
electric vehicles will increase extensively.

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO NO
1.1 Example of an in-motion charging for EV application 3
1.2 implemented design architecture for EV charging 3
2.1 Inductive coupling power transfer 8
2.2 Resonant inductive coupling power transfer 8
2.3 Architecture of an inductive wireless power transfer 9
systems for EVs
2.4 Non planar couplers 10
2.5 Common non-polarized planar couplers 11
2.6 (a) DD pad. (b) DDQ pad. (c) Bipolar pad 11
2.7 Short segmented couplers with individual power 12
supply
2.8 Long track loop power rail with centralized power 13
supply rail.
2.9 Segmented couplers with distributed switch box. 13
2.10 segmented couplers with centralized power supply and 14
distributed converters
3.1 PFC Cuk converter using a current multiplier approach 18
3.2 Schematic of the H-bridge inverter 24
3.3 Pulses to full bridge inverter 25
4.1 Schematic of power factor corrected boost converter 28
4.2 Schematics of the half bridge inverter 32
4.3 Pulses to half bridge inverter 33
5.1 Basic compensation topologies 35
5.2 Schematics of LSPS topology for dynamic charging 36
5.3 Total impedance equivalent circuit 38
5.4 Input absolute apparent power versus misalignment 39
5.5 Output active power versus misalignment 40
5.6 variation of mutual inductance with the misalignment 41
6.1 Schematic diagram of a synchronous rectifier 44

viii
6.2 simplified circuit of synchronous rectifier 45
7.1 PFC Cuk converter simulink model 47
7.2 current multiplier control of PFC cuk converter 47
7.3 Full bridge inverter Simulink model 48
7.4 switching logic of full bridge inverter Simulink model 48
7.5 PFC Boost converter Simulink model 49
7.6 PFC Boost converter current multiplier control 49
Simulink model
7.7 Half bridge inverter Simulink model 50
7.8 Switching logic for half bridge converter 50
7.9 Simulink model of wireless power transfer stage 51
7.10 Simulink model of synchronous rectifier 51
7.11 Simulink model of project with PFC cuk converter fed 52
full bridge converter as primary stage
7.12 Simulink model of project with PFC Boost converter 52
fed half bridge converter as primary stage
8.1 source current wave form for 230V 50Hz 54
8.2 steady state source voltage and current for 230V 50Hz 54
8.3 THD of source current for 230V 50Hz 55
8.4 DC output voltage of PFC cuk converter 55
8.5 output of cuk converter for 230V 50Hz 56
8.6 output of cuk converter for 270V 50Hz 56
8.7 output of cuk converter for 190V 50Hz 56
8.8 showing the transient current for normal starting 57
8.9 showing the transient current for soft starting 58
8.10 steady state source voltage and current for 230V 50Hz 58
8.11 THD of source current for 230V 50Hz 59
8.12 DC output voltage of PFC boost converter 59
8.13 output of Boost converter for 230V 50Hz 60
8.14 output of Boost converter for 190V 50Hz 60
8.15 output of Boost converter for 270V 50Hz 60

ix
 8.16 output voltage of the full bridge inverter 61
8.17 THD of output voltage of full bridge inverter 62
8.18 half bridge inverte ouput voltage 63
8.19 THD of theoutput voltage of half bridge inverter 63
8.20 variation of mutual inductance between the coils with 64
misalignment
8.21 wireless power transfer efficiency curve 64
8.22 output voltage of synchronous rectifier 66
8.23 output current of synchronous rectifier 66

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO NO
5.1 Parameters of WPT stage 41
8.1 Misalignment versus efficiency 65
8.2 Comparison of two front end converters 67

NOMENCLATURE
SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION UNIT
Vs Source voltage Volts
Is Source current Amps
Li Input inductor of the PFC Cuk converter Henry
Lo Output inductor of the PFC Cuk converter Henry
C1 Intermediate capacitor of PFC Cuk converter Farad
Cd DC link capacitor of PFC Cuk converter Farad
fs Switching frequency of the PFC Cuk converter Hertz
Lf Filter inductor for the primary stage Henry
Cf Filter capacitor for the primary stage Farad
Lb Input Inductor of the PFC Boost converter Henry
Cb DC link capacitor of the PFC Boost converter Farad
fb Switching frequency of the PFC Boost converter Hertz

x
Vdc Output DC voltage of PFC Cuk converter and Boost Volts
converter
Vin Output voltage of primary stage (or) input voltage of Volts
the WPT stage
L1a Primary self-inductance of coil “a”. Henry
L1b Primary self-inductance of coil “b”. Henry
R1 Primary coil resistance. Ohms
L2 Secondary coil inductance. Henry
R2 Secondary coil resistance. Ohms
L3 Primary side inductor compensator. Henry
R3 Primary side inductor compensator resistance. Ohms
C1s Primary side series capacitor compensator. Farad
C1p Primary side parallel capacitor compensator. Farad
C2 Secondary side series capacitor compensator. Farad
Ma Mutual inductance between coil “a” and L2 Henry
Mb Mutual inductance between coil “b” and L2 Henry
Mf Mutual inductance between coil “a” and “b”. Henry
Zr Reflected impedance. Ohms
Z2t Total secondary impedance. Ohms
Z1 Primary coil impedance. Ohms
fr Reduction factor. No units
I1 Power supply RMS current. Amps
I2 Load RMS current. Amps
Ip Primary coil RMS current. Amps
Is Secondary coil RMS current. Amps
RL Load Resistance Ohms
f Operating frequency of the WPT stage Hertz
Vo Output voltage of WPT stage (or) input to secondary Volts
stage
Vb Output voltage of secondary stage Volts

xi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
S.NO ABBREVIATION EXPANSION
1 CCM Continuous conduction mode
2 DCM Discontinuous conduction mode
3 DBR Diode Bridge Rectifier
4 EMI Electromagnetic interference
5 EMF Electromotive force
6 EV Electric vehicle
7 IPT Inductive Power Transfer
8 LCIPT Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer
9 PWM Pulse width modulation
10 PF Power Factor
11 PI Proportional Intergral
12 PP Parallel-parallel
13 PS Parallel-Series
14 PFC Power Factor corrected
15 PQ Power Quality
16 SS Series-Series
17 SP Series-Parallel
18 THD Total harmonic distortion
19 VSI Voltage source inverter
20 WPT Wireless Power Transfer
21 ZVS Zero Voltage Switching

xii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

From the energy point of view, conventional vehicles are extremely

inefficient, converting through the Otto cycle only 30% of fuel energy into kinetic
energy, against 90% efficiency found in electric motor. These features confirm
that an electric vehicle (EV) is from 30% to 40% more efficient than conventional
vehicles in the current technology.
Hence, given a growing privileged renewable electrical grid, the large
adoption of EVs would play a fundamental role regarding mitigating greenhouse
gases emission. Such advantages are one of the reasons for strengthening the
interest on EV adoption, either from the costumer or automotive industry side.
Moreover, since 1902, EVs are capable of regenerative breaking, which increases
even more its overall efficiency.
However, EVs still do not have the same practicality and autonomy as
compared to traditional fleet since battery technology evolution and its charging
time have not followed the required demand. Its low energy density, thus, caused
to turn EV cost and autonomy much less attractive than traditional fleets.
If one can achieve continuous charge while in motion, then, the problems
regarding low battery energy density can be bypassed as it is not required heavy
and expensive storage bank. It brings out the advantage of lowering EV costs and
weight and increasing its autonomy. Therefore, EV in motion charging is an
excellent way to motivate EV adoption.
Dynamic charging implementation can be performed either by one large
single transmitter track or by an array of adjacent transmitter coils. The segmented
coil can be powered either by the same source or by a series of other sources.
However, connecting dedicatedly different power sources for each coil increases
complexity and cost. This project proposes an array composed of a pair of
adjacent transmitter coil powered by a single power supply as shown in Fig. 1.1.

2
 Fig 1.1. Example of an in-motion charging for EV application

This work complies of a non-conventional topology (LSPS) together with 2

transmitter coils connected in parallel that guarantees stability, efficiency, and
power transfer capability even for large misalignment of the receiver coil. This
project aims to verify if the LSPS topology properly compensated presents good
results for dynamic purposes using transmitter coils connected in parallel. The
implemented project consists of three stages. they are

1. Primary stage
2. Wireless power transfer stage
3. secondary stage

Fig.1.2. implemented design architecture for EV charging

3
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:

Swati Narula, Bhim Singh, G. Bhuvaneswari [2] proposed a boost converter

operating in continuous conduction mode to minimize the input current ripple and
to lead the lowest RMS current thereby improving the input power quality.
Vashist Bist, Bhim Singh [3] presented PFC cuk converter Fed BLDC Motor
Drive. They presented a front-end PFC cuk converter operating in continuous
conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode.
J.M. Miller, P.T.Jones, J.Li and O.C.Onar[4] suggested the implementation of
array of adjacent coils for the wireless power transfer stage other than single large
coil to reduce the effect of irradiation and EMI. However, this type requires a
position sensing circuit to control which primary stage has to turn on as the
secondary passes through. Besides, the feedback control must be much faster than
the EV’s speed for proper implementation.
K.Lee, Z. Pantic and S. M. Lukic [5] proposed a system able to automatically
control the current in the transmitter coil as a function of the reactance reflected a
receiver properly designed to bring these primary stage into resonance at the
operating frequency. However, such implementation intensified the problems with
power null phenomenon.
S. Zhou and C. Chris [6] proposed a DDQ coil structure in which the power
distribution is automatically realized in a similar way, and the issues with power
null phenomenon are fairly solved.
M.Budhia, J.T.Boys[7] proposed a paper to avoid such complex coil structure by
the use of simple circular coils with Litz wire. The use of simple coils structures
also presented satisfactory results.
J.L.Villa, J.Sallan, A. Llombart and J.F.Sanz[8] presented a comparison between
classical topologies and the SPS compensation, highlighting its high immune
misalignment feature if well designed. It is shown that this configuration mixes
the high SS power transfer capability with the PS stability, which results in a high
misalignment tolerant behavior.
R. B. Godoy, E. T. Maddalena, G. d. F. Lima, L. F. Ferrari, V. L. V. Torres, and J.
O. P. Pinto [9] proposed a paper by including an inductor in series with the SPS
topology on the design and equations, thus LSPS compensation, to make the

4
system suitable for VSI, enabling ZVS technique, presenting a methodology to
find an optimum design regarding voltage gain levels, self-inductances,
frequency, coil design along with power converter’s implementation.
Deepa Vincent, Phouc Sang Huyunh, Najath Abdul Azeez, L Patnaik, S.
Williamson [10] presented Evolution of Hybrid Inductive and Capacitive AC
Links for Wireless EV Charging – A Comparative Overview. They have
presented the overview of both inductive power transfer system and capacitive
power transfer system.

5
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS:

Chapter 1 deals with a brief introduction to the project, literature survey and
overview of organization of book.
Chapter 2 gives brief introduction to the inductively coupled power transfer
systems.
Chapter 3 deals with the design and operation of a PFC Cuk converter fed full
bridge inverter.
Chapter 4 deals with the design and operation of a PFC boost converter fed half
bridge inverter.
Chapter 5 contains the design and modeling of LSPS compensation topology for
dynamic wireless charging.
Chapter 6 contains the brief description of an AC/DC synchronous rectifier
converter.
Chapter 7 this chapter consists of Models of all the power electronic converters
used In Simulink, and each subsystem model is presented.
Chapter 8 consists of Simulation results and analysis presented in this
documentation.
Chapter 9 The Project is concluded in this chapter with future scope.

6
 CHAPTER 2

LOOSELY COUPLED INDUCTIVE POWER

TRANSFER

7
2.1 INTRODUCTION

Loosely coupled inductive power transfer is the phenomena of resonant

inductive coupling or magnetic phase synchronous coupling which is different
from conventional inductive coupling or magnetic coupling phenomena observed
in a transformer.
Resonant inductive coupling or magnetic phase synchronous coupling is a
phenomenon with inductive coupling where the coupling becomes stronger when
the “secondary” side of the loosely coupled coil resonates.
The fig.2.1 and fig.2.2 illustrates the inductive coupling and resonant
inductive coupling phenomena.

Fig.2.1. Inductive coupling power transfer

Fig.2.2. Resonant inductive coupling power transfer

So, here in this entire project resonant inductive coupling is referred as

inductive wireless power transfer (IPT) which nothing but loosely coupled
inductive power transfer (LCIPT).

8
2.2 INDUCTIVE WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER FOR EVs
In EV wireless power transfer technology, the power transferred from grid
to vehicle side is generally by means of magnetic coupling, resulting in inductive
wireless power transfer (IPT).

2.2.1 IPT SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM:

The architecture of an inductive wireless power transfer systems for EVs is

as shown in fig.2.3. It consists of low frequency to high frequency power
conversion stage followed by primary compensation network and coupler
interface at the primary side/ground assembly. Thus, creating a resonant tank at
primary side. At high power and frequency levels, as the leakage inductance is
high, to attain the desired power level, current needs to be increased. This will
create conduction losses in the system in addition to the existing reactive power.
Thus, the Volt-Amp (VA) rating of the inverter needs to be increased if there is no
adequate compensation. In order to achieve stable soft switching, the inverter
switching frequency is kept slightly different from the resonant frequency.
Therefore, compensating the primary reactive power reduces the VA rating of the
inverter switches, enables soft-switching operation of the switches to reduce
switching losses and prevents the harmonic propagation in the circuit due to its
filtering function. At the vehicle side, a secondary compensation network and
rectifier follow coupler interface to the load. Here, the secondary circuit operates
at resonant frequency to improve the power transfer capability of the system.

Fig.2.3. Architecture of an inductive wireless power transfer systems for EVs

9
2.2.2 INDUCTIVE COUPLER STRUCTURES:

The inductive AC link design is mainly categorized into non planar couplers
and planar coupler structures. In non-planar couplers, the link structure is
developed around different shapes of cores. In planar couplers, the link is
constructed and named based on the geometry of the coil structure. This is further
classified into polarized and non-polarized designs based on the shape of the
magnetic path.
1. Non planar couplers:
The conventional magnetic design of ferrite core-based couplers enhances
the coupling coefficient between primary and secondary windings. It reduces
unwanted stray magnetic radiation in addition to improving coupling efficiency
with low eddy current and hysteresis losses in high frequency application.

Fig.2.4. Non planar couplers

2. Planar couplers:
2aNon- polarized charging pads:
The common coupler structures in the non-polarized charging pads are
circular, square and rectangular shaped pads. The couplers can be designed
without ferrite cores for power ratings in the range of hundreds of watts. For
higher power applications, the flux lines are guided from the primary to secondary
by adding ferrite bars. The optimum arrangement of the ferrite bars channels the
flux lines and increases the coupling. The circular coupler has the same tolerance
to misalignment in all directions or it is non directional. The square and rectangle

10
shaped couplers increases the flux area and their cost-effective design has better
power transfer capability.

Fig.2.5. Common non-polarized planar couplers.

2bPolarized charging pads:
The parallel or horizontal component of flux is utilized in these types of
charging pads are derived from flux pipe or solenoidal field design. A flux pipe
channels flux along a minimum length ferrite to increase the flux path height by
connecting two coils in parallel on the charging pad, to lower the inductance seen
by the power supply. The mutual flux path exceeds from one end of the pole to
another end. The main advantage is that the height of the flux path is half of the
pad length and therefore it has a higher horizontal X direction misalignment
tolerance.

Fig.2.6. (a) DD pad. (b) DDQ pad. (c) Bipolar pad.

11
2.2.3. INDUCTIVE COUPLER STRUCTURES FOR DYNAMIC
WIRELESS CHARGERS:
Wireless power transfer in electric vehicles can happen through static or
dynamic modes. Static wireless charging the vehicle is stationery and aligned
above the charging link. The coupler designs for static wireless chargers are
suitable to be installed in public charging stations, house garages, office and mall
parking lots etc. when the vehicle charges in the go, it is termed as dynamic
wireless charging which is a very effective method of wireless power transfer. It
can eliminate the range of anxiety problem in an electric vehicle and reduces the
size of batteries utilized. The long track power rails, short segmented power rails
are different types of dynamic mode coupler structures.
1. short segmented couplers with individual power supply:
The magnetic couplers discussed in static wireless charging section can be
employed here as well due to the availability of individual power supply for each
short segment. The power pads will be only energized only when a wireless EV
passes over it. The advantages of short segmented couplers are efficiencies up to
93% for power levels of 22KW, compact structures, reduced leakage EMF and
high reliability. Due short segmented implementation the challenge is in designing
the automatic detection system to energize the required segment and it also
involves high cost and high maintenance cost.

Fig.2.7. Short segmented couplers with individual power supply.

2. Long track loop power rail with centralized power supply:

A basic long track loop power rail with two wires forming a loop without
any magnetic material adopted for road powered EVs is depicted in Fig. KAIST

12
initiated this model in online EV generations for on the go EV charging. The
misalignment performance of the power rail is improved by adding magnetic
material with different core shapes to direct the flux towards the secondary.

Fig.2.8. Long track loop power rail with centralized power supply rail.
3. Segmented power rails with centralized power supply:
To improve the energy utilization and to reduce the leakage EMF, instead of
long power rails with centralized power supply, segmented power rails are
proposed. This has many sub rails that can be activated through a distributed
switch box as required, which is fed from a centralized power supply. The switch
box controls the activation of each segment as the vehicle approaches and
deactivates the segment once the vehicle passes over it. The energy consumption
and losses are reduced over the entire length by modifying this structure with
distributed converters as given in fig. which are fed from centralized at expense of
construction cost and complexity.

Fig.2.9. Segmented couplers with distributed switch box.

13
 Fig.2.10. segmented couplers with centralized power supply and distributed
converters.

2.3 CONCLUSION:
This chapter presents the overview of the Loosely Coupled Inductive
Power Transfer (LCIPT) and its application in wireless charging of Electric
Vehicle (EV). This chapter also includes the block diagram and presents a brief
overview on types of couplers used in static and dynamic wireless charging of
Electric vehicle (EV).

14
 CHAPTER 3

PRIMARY STAGE – PFC CUK CONVERTER FED

FULL BRIDGE INVERTER

15
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The primary stage of a dynamic wireless power transfer is basically a low
frequency to high frequency power conversion stage. This stage again consists of
two sub stages:
1. Low frequency AC to DC (rectifier stage)
2. DC to high frequency AC (inverter stage)
Low frequency AC to DC, this is nothing but an AC/DC converter. The
conventional scheme of an AC/DC converter is diode bridge rectifier or thyristor-
controlled converters followed by a high value of dc link capacitor. The
conventional AC/DC converter draws a non-sinusoidal current, from AC mains
which is rich in harmonics such that the THD of supply current is as high as 65%,
which results in power factor as low as 0.6 to 0.8. Since this project aims to
design a 500W battery charger, there is a requirement of an improved power
quality as per the international power quality (PQ) standard IEC 61000-3-2 which
recommends a high-power factor and low total harmonic distortion (THD) of AC
mains current for Class-A applications (<600W,16A). The conventional AC/DC
converter power quality indices can’t comply with the international PQ standards
such as IEC 61000-3-2. Hence, single phase power factor correction (PFC)
converters are used at the front-end of primary stage to attain a unity power factor
at AC mains. These converters have gained attention due to single stage
requirement for DC link voltage control with unity power factor at AC mains. It
also has low component count as compared to multistage converter and therefore
offers reduced losses.
Selection of operating mode of front-end converter is a trade-off between
the allowed stresses on PFC switch and cost of the overall system. Continuous
conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are the two
different modes of operation in which a front-end converter is designed to operate.
A voltage follower approach is one of the control techniques which is used for a
PFC converter operating in DCM. This voltage follower technique requires a
single voltage sensor for controlling the DC link voltage with a unity power
factor. Therefore, voltage follower control has an advantage over a current
multiplier control of requiring a single voltage sensor. This makes the control of

16
voltage follower a simple way to achieve PFC and DC link voltage control, but at
the cost of high stress on PFC converter switch. In the other hand, the current
multiplier approach offers low stresses on the PFC switch, but requires three
sensors for PFC and DC link voltage control. Depending on design parameters,
either approach may force the converter to operate in DCM or CCM. In this work,
the front-end converter is a PFC cuk converter and a PFC boost converter
operating in CCM with current multiplier control with unity power factor at AC
mains.
DC to high frequency AC, this is nothing but a DC/AC high frequency
converter (HF inverter). The conventional DC to AC converters are half-bridge
inverter and full-bridge inverter.
In this work we have designed two different primary stages. They are

1. Cuk converter fed full bridge inverter

2. Boost converter fed Half bridge inverter

3.2 PFC CUK CONVERTER:

3.2.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
The PFC Cuk converter operating in CCM using a current multiplier
approach is shown in Fig.3.1; i.e. the current flowing in the input and output
inductors (Li and Lo), and the voltage across the intermediate capacitor (C1)
remain continuous throughout the switching period. A cuk converter is designed
to operate in a continuous conduction mode of operation and its performance is
evaluated for wide voltage control with unity power factor at AC mains.

17
 Fig 3.1.PFC Cuk converter using a current multiplier approach

3.2.2 DESIGN OF A PFC CUK CONVERTER:

A PFC based Cuk converter is designed for a constant DC link voltage

with power factor correction at the AC mains. The Cuk converter is designed for a
CCM. In CCM all the energy storing elements Li, Lo and C1 are allowed to
operate in continuous conduction. The design and selection criterion of these three
parameters is discussed in the following section.

The input voltage Vs applied to the diode bridge rectifier DBR is given as,

𝑣𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑡) = 230√2 sin(314𝑡)𝑉 (3.1)

Where Vm is the peak input voltage (i.e. √2Vs, Vs is the rms value of supply
voltage), fL is the line frequency i.e. 50Hz.
The instantaneous voltage appearing after the DBR is as,

𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡) = |𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)| = |230√2 sin(314𝑡)|𝑉 (3.2)

Where || represents the modulus function.

The output voltage, Vdc of Cuk converter is given as,

𝐷
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = (1−𝐷) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡) (3.3)

Where D represents the duty ratio.

18
The instantaneous value of duty ratio, D(t) depends on the input voltage appearing
after DBR, Vin(t) and the required DC link voltage, Vdc.

Hence the instantaneous duty ratio, D(t) is obtained by substituting (3.2) in (3.3)
and rearranging it as,

𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐷(𝑡) = 𝑉 = |𝑉 (3.4)
𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)+𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)|+𝑉𝑑𝑐

The cuk converter is designed to operate from a minimum DC voltage of

200V (Vdcmin) to a maximum DC link voltage of 300V (Vdcmax). The PFC
converter of maximum power rating of 1000W (Pmax) is design for an input stage
of Dynamic wireless power transfer system and switching frequency is taken as
30KHz.

A. Design of Li for continuous current conduction:

The value of input inductor to operate in CCM is decided by the amount of

permitted ripple current (η) and is as

𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)𝐷(𝑡) 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝐷(𝑡) 𝑉𝑆 2 𝐷(𝑡)

𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑚 = = =( )
𝜂𝐼𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)𝑓𝑆 𝜂𝑓𝑆 𝑃𝑖 𝜂𝑓𝑆

1 𝑉2 𝑉𝑑𝑐
= 𝜂𝑓 ( 𝑃𝑠 ) (𝑉 (𝑡)+𝑉
) (3.5)
𝑠 𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑐

The maximum inductor ripple current is obtained at the rated condition i.e.
Vdc=300V for a minimum supply voltage (Vsmin=210V). Hence the input side
inductor is designed at the peak value of minimum supply voltage (i.e.
Vs=√2Vsmin) as,
2
1 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑚 = ( )( )
𝜂𝑓𝑠 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 √2𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑉𝑑𝑐

1 852 300
= 0.25×30000 (1000) (85√2+300) = 687.75𝜇𝐻 (3.6)

Where the permitted amount of ripple current is selected as 25% of the input
current. Hence the input side of inductor of 685μH is selected for its operation in
continuous conduction.

19
B. Design of Lo for continuous current conduction:
The output inductor in CCM is decided by the amount of permitted ripple current
(λ) and is as,

𝑉𝑑𝑐 (1 − 𝐷(𝑡)) 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐷(𝑡) 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐷(𝑡)

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑚 = = =
𝜆𝐼𝐿𝑜 (𝑡)𝑓𝑠 𝜆𝐼𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)𝑓𝑠 𝜆𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)𝑓𝑠

𝑉2 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
= ( 𝑃𝑠 ) 𝜆𝑉 (𝑡)𝑓
(𝑉 (𝑡)+𝑉 ) (3.7)
𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑐

Hence the maximum current occurs at maximum DC link voltage (i.e.

Pmax) and the minimum supply voltage of 210V (i.e. Vsmin). Hence the value of
output inductor (Lo) for a permitted maximum ripple current of 25% is calculated
as,
𝑉2 𝑉
𝑑𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑚 = ( 𝑃𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) 𝜆√2𝑉 ( ) (3.8)
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠 √2𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 +𝑉𝑑𝑐

852 300 300

=( )×( )×( ) = 1.72𝑚𝐻
1000 0.25 × √2 × 85 × 30000 85√2 + 300

Hence Lo of 1.72mH is selected for operation of output inductor Lo in continuous

conduction.

C. Design of C1 for continuous voltage:

The value of intermediate capacitance to operate in CCM with a permitted ripple
voltage of κ% is given as,
𝑉 𝐷(𝑡)
𝐶1𝑐𝑐𝑚 = 𝜅𝑉 𝑑𝑐(𝑡)𝑓 𝑅 (3.9)
𝐶1 𝑠 𝐿

𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
= ( )
𝑉2 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝜅{𝑉𝑑𝑐 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)}𝑓𝑠 ( 𝑑𝑐⁄ 𝑃𝑖 )

𝑃𝑖
=
𝜅𝑓𝑠 (𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝑉𝑑𝑐 )2

Hence the value of intermediate capacitor is calculated at maximum ripple voltage

in C1 which occurs at maximum value of supply voltage (i.e. Vsmax=270V) and
maximum DC link voltage and is given as,

20
 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶1𝑐𝑐𝑚 = 2 (3.10)
𝜅𝑓𝑠 (√2𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

1000
= 2 = 0.77𝜇𝐹
0.1 × 30000(270√2 + 300)

Where κ is selected as 10% of the maximum voltage appearing across the

intermediate capacitor. Hence the intermediate capacitor of 770 nF is selected for
this application for intermediate capacitor operating in continuous conduction.

D. Design of DC link capacitor (Cd):

The value of DC link capacitor is calculated by,

𝑑𝑐 𝐼 (𝑃𝑖 /𝑉𝑑𝑐 ) 𝑃
𝐶𝑑 = 2𝜔△𝑉 = = 2𝜔𝛿𝑉𝑖 (3.11)
𝑑𝑐 2𝜔𝛿𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑑𝑐

Now the value of DC link capacitor is calculated at maximum value of DC link

voltage is given as,

𝑃 1000
𝐶𝑑300 = 2𝜔𝛿𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 = 2×314×0.03×3002 = 589.76𝜇𝐹 (3.12)
𝑑𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where δ represents the permitted ripple in DC link voltage which is taken as 3%

of Vdc. And the DC link capacitance at minimum value of DC link voltage (Vdcmin)
is expressed as,

𝑃 1000
𝐶𝑑200 = 2𝜔𝛿𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 = 2×314×0.03×2002 = 1.327𝑚𝐹 (3.13)
𝑑𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛

Hence the value of DC link capacitor is taken higher than the Cd200 to ensure a
ripple of DC link voltage less than 3% even at lower values of DC link voltages.
Hence the DC link capacitor of 1540µF is selected for the application.

E. Design of filter parameters (Lf and Cf);

A low pass LC filter is used to avoid the reflection of higher order harmonics in
supply system.

The maximum value of filter capacitance is given as,

21
 𝑃
𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑥 √2⁄𝑉 )
𝑠
𝐶𝑓 = tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
𝜔𝐿 𝑉𝑚 𝜔𝐿 𝑉𝑚

1000√2/230
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 1𝑜 ) = 1.051𝜇𝐹 (3.14)
314×230√2

Where Im and Vm are the peak values of supply current and supply voltage
respectively and θ is the displacement angle between supply voltage and supply
current respectively. Hence a value of filter capacitor is taken as 990nF.

Now, the value of filter inductor is designed by considering the source

impedance (Ls) of ,4-5% of the base impedance. Hence the additional value of
inductance required is given as,

1
𝐿𝑓 =
4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 𝐶
𝐶 𝑓

1
= 4𝜋2×20002 ×990×10−9 = 6.4𝑚𝐻 (3.15)

Where fc is the cut-off frequency which is selected such that fL<fc<fs; hence it is
taken as fs/10.

Hence a LC filter is selected with inductance Lf and capacitance Cf as … and …

respectively.
3.2.3 CONTROL OF PFC CUK CONVERTER:
There are different control schemes for the control of PFC cuk converter.
Here a current multiplier approach for its operation in CCM is presented.
An equivalent reference voltage (Vdc*) is given as the input for current
multiplier approach. This reference voltage is compared with the sensed DC link
voltage (Vdc) to generate a voltage error (Ve). The voltage error Ve at any instant
‘k’ is given as,
∗ (𝑘)
𝑉𝑒 (𝑘) = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 (𝑘) (3.16)
This voltage error is given to voltage proportional-integral (PI) controller for
generation of a controlled output (Vc) as,

𝑉𝑐 (𝑘) = 𝑉𝑐 (𝑘 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑣 {𝑉𝑒 (𝑘) − 𝑉𝑒 (𝑘 − 1)} + 𝑘𝑖𝑣 𝑉𝑒 (𝑘) (3.17)

22
Where kpv is the proportional gain and kiv is the integral gain of the voltage PI
controller.

The reference current (Iin*) is generated by multiplying the controller output with
the unit template of supply voltage as,

∗ 𝑣𝑠 (𝑘)
𝑖𝑖𝑛 (𝑘) = | | 𝑉𝑐 (𝑘) (3.18)
𝑉𝑚

Where vs(k)/Vm is the unit template of supply voltage, vs and Vm represents the
amplitude of the supply voltage.

This reference current is compared with the sensed input current to generate a
current error is given as,

∗
𝑖𝑒 (𝑘) = 𝑖𝑖𝑛 (𝑘) − 𝑖𝑖𝑛 (𝑘) (3.19)

This current error is given to the current controller to generate a controlled output
(Vcc) given as,

𝑉𝑐𝑐 (𝑘) = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 (𝑘 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑖 {𝑖𝑒 (𝑘) − 𝑖𝑒 (𝑘 − 1)} + 𝑘𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑒 (𝑘) (3.20)

Where kpi and kii are the proportional and integral gain of the current PI controller.
Finally, the controller output (Vcc) is compared with the high frequency
saw-tooth wave form to generate the PWM signal to be given to PFC converter
switch as,
𝑚𝑑 (𝑡) < 𝑉𝑐𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑤 = 1, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑤 = 0 (3.21)
where Sw denotes the switching signals as 1 and 0 for MOSFET to switch ON and
OFF respectively.

3.3 FULL BRIDGE INVERTER

3.3.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:

The full bridge inverter shown in the Fig.3.2 is used to converter the DC
output of the PFC cuk converter to a high frequency AC which is the input of the
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) stage.

23
 Wireless power transfer stage operates at high frequency because as the
operating frequency increases the size of the elements used in the WPT decreases.
But as the frequency increases the switching losses also increases and the devices
that are capable of switching at higher frequencies couldn’t able to withstand the
desire power rating of the wireless power transfer (WPT) stage. So, the choice of
operating frequencies is the tradeoff between the issues mentioned earlier.
Generally, the operating frequency for an inductive power transfer (IPT) is
of the order of 25kHz. Here it is not preferable to use a sinusoidal pwm technique.
Since, the carrier frequency is of the order of 15kHz for implementing a
sinusoidal pwm technique for an operating frequency of 50Hz. So, for operating
frequencies of order 25kHz the carrier frequency will in the order of Mega Hertz
(MHz). So, a simple pwm technique is presented that could able to generate a
quasi-square wave or a modified square wave as output voltage of the inverter.

Fig.3.2. Schematic of the full bridge inverter

3.3.2. GENERATION OF GATE PULSES:

The switching logic for the gate signal generation is shown in the figure 3.3 where
the frequency of the carrier is the frequency of the wireless power transfer stage
and the magnitude of the carrier is 3 units, the ref1 is the constant dc signal with a

24
magnitude of 2 units and ref2 is also a constant dc signal with a magnitude of 1
unit.

For Q1, the switch Q1 turns ON only when the magnitude of carrier is greater
than the ref1 signal.

For Q2, the switches Q2 and Q1 are complementary i.e Q2 turns ON in the period
where the switch Q1 is turned off.

For Q3, the switch Q3 turns ON only when the magnitude of carrier is less than
the ref2 signal.

For Q4, the switch Q3 and Q4 are complementary. So, it turns ON in the period
where the switch Q3 is turned off.

By using the following switching logic, we could able to obtain a 120o conduction
of square wave as the output of the inverter which is a quasi-square wave

Fig.3.3. Pulses to full bridge inverter

25
3.4 CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the detailed design and operation of PFC Cuk
converter fed full bridge converter. This chapter also presents the control of the
PFC converter along with switching logic of the inverter.

26
 CHAPTER 4

BOOST CONVERTER FED HALF BRIDGE

INVERTER

27
4.1 BOOST CONVERTER
4.1.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Amongst several active PFC configurations, boost PFC circuit operating in
continuous conduction mode (CCM) has become exceedingly popular for medium
and high-power applications because of its added advantages such as simplicity in
design, requirement of minimum number of components and perfect input current
shaping. A Boost type front-end AC to DC converter is capable of shaping the
input current to be in phase with the input voltage. The continuous input current in
a boost converter leads to less EMI as compared to other active PFC topologies
such as Buck-boost and Buck converters.
The schematic diagram of PFC boost converter is shown in Fig.4.1. The
first stage consists of a Boost converter which performs the PFC function and
converters the input AC mains voltage into an intermediate regulated DC voltage.
The PFC boost converter acts as an ideal resistor emulator converting the rectified
AC voltage into a stabilized DC link voltage. The boost converter operates in
CCM which reduces the switch stress to a great extent even at high power levels.
The inductor at input side facilitates easy implementation of the current mode
control and thereby ensuring an excellent input power quality.

Fig 4.1. Schematic of power factor corrected boost converter

28
4.1.2 DESIGN OF BOOST CONVERTER:

The boost converter is operating in CCM at a fixed constant switching

frequency of 30 kHz. At first, the supply voltage is rectified by the DBR. The
design equations for the input inductor, Lb and the DC-link capacitor, Cb are given
in the following subsections.
A. Design of input inductor (Lb):
The input inductor of the boost converter operates in CCM making it
continuous during the switching period.
The time interval ton, during which the switch Sb conducts, is expressed as,

𝐿𝑏 𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏
𝑡𝑜𝑛 = |𝑣𝑠 |
(4.1)

where ΔILB is the peak-to-peak ripple inductor current.

Similarly, off-time interval, toff can be given as,

𝐿 𝛥𝐼
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉 𝑏−|𝑣𝐿𝑏| (4.2)
𝑏 𝑠

The boost converter is operating at a constant switching frequency, fb = 30 kHz.

Now,

1 (𝑉𝑏 −|𝑣𝑠 |)|𝑣𝑠 |

𝑓𝑏 = 𝑡 = (4.3)
𝑜𝑛 +𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝑏 𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏 𝑉𝑏

Since the boost converter operates at a fixed switching frequency, fb, therefore, the
peak-to-peak ripple inductor current, ΔILb is expressed as,

(𝑉𝑏 −|𝑣𝑠 |)|𝑣𝑠 |

Δ𝐼𝐿𝑏 = (4.4)
𝑓𝑏 𝐿𝑏 𝑉𝑏

From the above relation (4.4), the maximum ripple inductor current appears at vs=
Vb/2. Therefore, the maximum ripple inductor current is expressed as,

𝑉
𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏𝑚 = 4𝑓 𝑏𝐿 (4.5)
𝑏 𝑏

Moreover, to ensure CCM operation of boost converter, the maximum value of

ripple current is calculated as,

29
 𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏𝑚 = 0.25√2𝐼𝑠𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.25√2 𝑉 (4.6)
𝑠𝑟𝑚𝑠

1000
= 0.25 × √2 × = 1.861𝐴
190

Using equations (7) and (8), the value of input inductor is expressed as,
𝑉𝑏 600
𝐿𝑏 = 4𝑓 = 4×30000×1.861 = 2.7𝑚𝐻 (4.7)
𝑏 𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏𝑚

In order to ensure CCM operation, the selected value of input inductor is 3mH.
B. Design of DC-link capacitor (Cb):
The value of capacitor Cb mainly depends upon the voltage ripple ΔVb in
the DC-link voltage that can be tolerated.

𝐼𝑏 1 𝑃𝑜
𝐶𝑏 ≥ ≥( )( )
2𝜔𝐿 𝛥𝑉𝑏 4𝛱𝑓𝐿 𝛥𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑏

1000
≥ 2×314×0.03×400×400 ≥ 331.74𝜇𝐹 (4.8)

Where fL is the line frequency, i.e. 50 Hz and ΔVb is the output voltage ripple
which is considered to be 3% of the output voltage. To minimize the output
voltage ripple, the output capacitor is chosen as 440μF.
The filter inductance Lf and filter capacitance Cf for the PFC boost
converter remains same as that of the PFC cuk converter.
4.1.3 CONTROL OF BOOST CONVERTER:
The boost converter employs average current mode control technique to
incorporate CCM of operation. The controller is designed to regulate the DC-link
voltage at 600 V throughout the wide line/load range while maintaining unity PF
at the input AC mains. For this purpose, the DC-link voltage Vb is sensed and then
compared with the reference voltage Vb*. The voltage error, Vbe at nth instant is
expressed as,
𝑉𝑏𝑒 (𝑛) = 𝑉𝑏 ∗ (𝑛) − 𝑉𝑏 (𝑛) (4.9)

Now, Vbe is processed by a Proportional and Integral (PI) controller to generate a

controlled output Vcv ,

𝑉𝑐𝑣 (𝑛) = 𝑉𝑐𝑣 (𝑛 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑣 {𝑉𝑏𝑒 (𝑛) − 𝑉𝑏𝑒 (𝑛 − 1)} + 𝐾𝑖𝑣 𝑉𝑒 (𝑛) (4.10)

30
Where kpv and kiv denote the proportional and integral gains of the PI voltage
controller respectively.

The supply voltage waveform is sensed and its unit template is generated
which acts as a sinusoidal reference for the supply current. The reference input
current is* is generated as the product of the voltage controller output and the unit
template of the supply voltage. In this way, the supply current is enforced to
follow the sinusoidal shape of supply voltage to attain unity PF.

𝑣 (𝑛)
𝑖 ∗ 𝑠 (𝑛) = | 𝑉𝑠 | 𝑉𝑐𝑣 (𝑛) (4.11)
𝑠𝑚

𝑣 (𝑛)
Where Vsm is the amplitude of the supply voltage and | 𝑉𝑠 | is the unit template of
𝑠𝑚

the supply voltage.

On comparing the reference input current and sensed input current, the error is
obtained.

𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝑛) = 𝑖 ∗ 𝑠 (𝑛) − 𝑖𝑠 (𝑛) (4.12)

This error signal ise is then fed to the PI current controller and the output of the
current controller is expressed as,

𝑉𝑐𝑖 (𝑛) = 𝑉𝑐𝑖 (𝑛 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑖 {𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝑛) − 𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝑛 − 1)} + 𝑘𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝑛) (4.13)

Where kpi and kii represent the proportional and integral gains of the PI current
controller respectively. Finally, the current controller output is compared with
high-frequency saw-tooth waveform, ma1 to generate the gating pulses for the
boost converter.

If 𝑚𝑎1 (𝑡) < 𝑉𝑐𝑖 (𝑡), then Sb= 1 (4.14)

If 𝑚𝑎1 (𝑡) > 𝑉𝑐𝑖 (𝑡), then Sb=0

where 1 and 0 represent the on and off switching state of power switches Sb
respectively.

31
4.2 HALF BRIDGE INVERTER

4.2.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:

The second way of converting the constant dc voltage into pulses of high
switching frequency is by using half bridge inverter configuration. The schematic
diagram of half bridge inverter is shown in below figure.

Fig.4.2 Schematics of the half bridge inverter for high frequency

pulse conversion

4.2.2 GENERATION OF GATE PULSES:

The switching logic for the gate signal generation is shown in the figure 4.3 where
the frequency of the carrier is the frequency of the wireless power transfer stage
and the peak magnitude of the carrier is 2 units, the DC reference is the constant
dc signal with a magnitude of 1 unit.
For Q1, the switch Q1 turns ON only when the magnitude of carrier is greater
than the DC reference signal.
For Q2, the switch Q2 turns ON only when the magnitude of carrier is less than
the DC reference signal.

32
 Fig 4.3. Pulses to half bridge inverter.

By using the following switching logic, we could able to obtain a 180o conduction
of square wave as the output of the inverter.

4.3 CONCLUSION:
This chapter presents the detailed design and operation of PFC boost
converter fed half bridge converter. This chapter also presents the control of the
PFC converter along with switching logic of the inverter.

33
 CHAPTER 5

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER STAGE

34
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO LSPS COMPENSATION
TOPOLOGY:
The Wireless power transfer stage of a Dynamic wireless charging system
is basically a resonant circuit which works on the principle of Loosely coupled
inductive power transfer this resonant circuit consists of a pair of adjacent
transmitter coils powered by the primary stage inverter and a receiver coil which
is the input of the secondary stage i.e. synchronous rectifier.

In order to make the system efficient, capacitors are included to

compensate the reactive part of the resonant circuit. In the literature, it is found
classical topologies composed on primary and secondary coil that can be
connected either in series or parallel on each part:

(a) Series-Series (SS)

(b) Series-Parallel (SP)

(c) Parallel-Series (PS)

(d) Parallel-Parallel (PP)

Fig.5.1 Basic compensation topologies

35
 Among these classical topologies the SS topology has the high-power
capability and the PS topology has the high stability.

From these classical topologies, it can be derived a large number of

topologies by including and combining more reactive elements. Here LSPS stands
for an inductor (L) connected in series (S) with a capacitor, followed by a
capacitor in connected in parallel (P) on the primary side and series connection (S)
of capacitor on the secondary side. The name itself says that it is the mix up of the
two conventional topologies Series-Series (SS) and Parallel-Series (PS). So, this
configuration mixes the high SS power transfer capability with the PS stability,
which results in a high misalignment tolerant behaviour. Here inductor in series
makes the system suitable for VSI, enabling ZVS technique.

In this work the LSPS topology is used as a compensation topology for the
wireless power transfer stage.

Fig.5.2 Schematics of LSPS topology for dynamic charging

5.2 DESIGN OF LSPS COMPENSATION TOPOLOGY FOR

DYNAMIC CHARGING:

By using the kirchhoff’s voltage law,

𝑍×𝐼 =𝑉 (5.1)

36
 𝑍1 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝑉𝐴𝐵
[𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝑍1 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 ] [ 𝐼𝑏 ] = [𝑉𝐴𝐵 ] (5.2)
𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑎 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 𝑍2𝑡 −𝐼𝑠 0

Where,

𝑍1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿1𝑎 (5.3)

1
𝑍2𝑡 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 (5.4)
2

To ease the analysis, all the currents of the system Ia, Ib, I1, Is are referred to I1p.
The goal is to find an equivalent circuit seen by VAB. The equations are proved in
the Appendix.

𝐼𝑎 = 𝛿𝑎 𝐼1𝑝 (5.5)

𝐼𝑏 = 𝛿𝑏 𝐼1𝑝 (5.6)

In which, δa and δb are respectively:

𝜔2𝑀𝑏 (𝑀𝑏−𝑀𝑎 )
𝑍1 −𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 +
𝑍2𝑡
𝛿𝑎 = 2 (5.7)
𝜔2(𝑀𝑏 −𝑀𝑎 )
2(𝑍1 −𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 )+
𝑍2𝑡

𝛿𝑏 = 1 − 𝛿𝑎 (5.8)

These values 𝛿𝑎 and 𝛿𝑏 are useful tools that summarize and help in the
analysis of the system. Notice that they are dimensionless and complex.
Therefore, they indicate a possible phase shift and an absolute difference between
𝐼𝑎 and 𝐼𝑏 that will be further analyzed. An important fact that is possible to
conclude right away is that 𝛿𝑎 = 𝛿𝑏 = 0.5 if and only if 𝑀𝑎 = 𝑀𝑏, which indicates
a mirrored behavior for both transmitter coils.

Solving third line of (5.2), using (5.5) and (5.6) results in:

𝐼𝑠 = 𝜎𝐼1𝑝 (5.9)

𝑗𝜔(𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 +𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 )
𝜎= (5.10)
𝑍2𝑡

37
 The equivalent circuit seen by VAB shown in Fig.5.3 is divided into an
equivalent primary impedance (Z1p) and a reflected impedance (Zr). It can be
found by solving first and second line of (5.2) using (5.5), (5.6) and (5.9)

𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 +𝑍1
𝑍1𝑝 = (5.11)
2

𝜔 2 (𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 +𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 )(𝑀𝑏 +𝑀𝑎 )

𝑍𝑟 = (5.12)
2𝑍2𝑡

𝑉𝐴𝐵 = (𝑍1𝑝 + 𝑍𝑟 )𝐼1𝑝 (5.13)

Fig.5.3 Total impedance equivalent circuit

Note that, unlike LCIPT systems with only a pair of coils, it might occur
reflected imaginary impedance for different values of Ma and Mb even though the
secondary is series compensated. This is the result of the values 𝛿𝑎 and 𝛿𝑏 that,
by multiplying the mutual inductances Ma and Mb, cause them to have phasorial
behaviour. Note that the effect of Mf in the system is either increasing or
decreasing the value of the equivalent primary self-inductance, depending on the
interaction of the magnetic fluxes between primary coils. The possible unwanted
effect of 𝑀f could be removed through compensation.

Therefore, the analysis of what happens to the system depends on the

combination of the mutual inductances values: 𝑀a, 𝑀b and 𝑀f. However, this
combination must follow possible values, e.g., one cannot obtain, simultaneously,
maximum values for 𝑀a and 𝑀b.

38
Calculation of the value of the compensators:

The secondary capacitor value is simply calculated as in

1
𝐶2 = 𝜔2𝐿 (5.14)
2

The first step to calculate the value of the primary capacitors that will
make the entire system to resonate at a given frequency is to consider the topology
as a pure PS compensation applying a reduction factor fr on C1p. this reduction
factor has the purpose of balancing the behavior of the system and will be further
analyzed. To ease the calculation, Zr is approximated as purely real. Thus, C1p can
be expressed as:

𝐿1 +𝑀𝑓
2
𝐶1𝑝 = 𝑓𝑟 2 2
(5.15)
𝑅1 𝜔2(𝑀𝑎 +𝑀𝑏 ) 𝐿1 +𝑀𝑓 2
( + ) +𝜔2 ( )
2 4(𝑅2 +𝑅𝐿 ) 2

Once C1p is calculated as a function of fr, an input impedance Zin, in series with
C1s, can be expressed as:

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿3 + 𝑅3 (5.16)

Finally, the value of the capacitor C1s is given by expression (5.17)

1
𝐶1𝑠 = 𝜔.𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔(𝑍 (5.17)
𝑖𝑛 )

Choice of reduction factor,

39
 Fig.5.4 Input absolute apparent power versus misalignment

The choice of fr is the tradeoff between the power transfer capability and the
stability of the resonant circuit. Here the choice of fr is done by considering the
two cases: one is the apparent power consumed variation with the misalignment
and the other is the output active power delivered with the change in the
misalignment. So, from the figure 5.4 and 5.5 it is clear that by choosing fr as 0.95
is having a smooth variation in the input apparent power and as well as in the
output active power versus the misalignment. Therefore, fr is taken as 0.95.

Fig.5.5 Output active power versus misalignment

40
 Fig.5.6 variation of mutual inductance with the misalignment

So, by using the above value of fr and by calculating the average mutual
inductance the parameters for the implementation are given by.

Parameter value
L1 280μH
L2 140μH
L3 160μH
C1s 46nF
C1p 153nF
C2 201nF
Mf 6.4μH
f 31.1kHz

Table 5.1 parameters of wpt stage

5.3 CONCLUSION:

This chapter presents the overview of some conventional topologies and a

LSPS topology. It presents a detailed view and design of LSPS topology for
Dynamic wireless charging system.

41
 CHAPTER 6

SECONDARY STAGE

42
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The secondary stage is AC to DC converter. In which the output of the
wireless power transfer stage is converted to DC to charge the battery present in
the electric vehicle.
As the secondary stage converter is placed in electric vehicle itself, the
losses in the secondary stage converter must be reduced. As the on-state voltage
drop of a power diode is high as 1.5V, here synchronous rectifier is used as an AC
to DC converter in this stage.
A synchronous rectifier is a circuit that emulates a diode, allowing current
to pass in one direction but not the other without the losses associated with
junction or Schottky devices. The circuit comprises a pass-element (most often a
power MOSFET), a sense element, a sense-signal conditioner, and a driver.

6.2 WORKING OF SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER

The working of synchronous rectifier is similar to a diode bridge rectifier.

During the positive half cycle of the supply voltage the switches Q1 and Q4 will
get gate pulses from the pulse transformer and the battery will energize from the
source.

During the negative half cycle, the switches Q2 and Q3 will get gate
pulses from the pulse transformer and the battery is powered.

Since here the load is a battery there is a chance for reverse power flow
from the load side to the source side. Here the switch Q5 and the sense element
will block the reverse power flow.

The sense element will always sense the direction of input current of the
battery. The pass element will close the circuit when the battery input current is
positive. When the rms value of input voltage is less than the battery voltage the
sense element will gives a signal to gate driver of pass element and the gate driver
removes the gate signal of the pass element.

43
 Fig.6.1. Schematic diagram of a synchronous rectifier

6.3 ADVANTAGES OF SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER

1.The main advantage of using synchronous rectifier is high performance speed

than that of diode bridge.

2. the high-power converters need better efficiency, lower power dissipation,

better thermal performance and synchronous rectifier will give all these
requirements.

3. lower profile, increased quality, improved manufacturing yields though

automated assembly processes (higher reliability), and inherently optimal current
sharing when synchronous FETs are paralleled.

44
 Fig.6.2 simplified circuit of synchronous rectifier

6.4 CONCLUSION:

This chapter presents the overview of the secondary stage i.e. synchronous
rectifier and also presents the working and advantages of synchronous rectifier.

45
 CHAPTER 7

SIMULINK MODELS

46
7.1 CUK CONVERTER SIMULINK MODEL:
The Simulink model of the PFC cuk converter is shown in the fig.7.1. the current
multiplier control of PFC Cuk converter is shown in fig.7.2.

Fig.7.1 PFC Cuk converter Simulink model

Fig7.2 current multiplier control of PFC cuk converter

47
7.2 FULL BRIDGE INVERTER SIMULINK MODEL:

The Simulink model of full bridge inverter is shown in fig.7.3 and the switching
logic is shown in fig.7.4

Fig.7.3 Full bridge inverter Simulink model

Fig.7.4 switching logic of full bridge inverter Simulink model

48
7.3 PFC BOOST CONVERTER SIMULINK MODEL:

The Simulink model of PFC Boost converter is shown in Fig.7.5 and current
multiplier control of boost converter is shown in Fig.7.6

Fig.7.5 PFC Boost converter Simulink model

Fig.7.6 PFC Boost converter current multiplier control Simulink model

49
7.4 HALF BRIDGE CONVERTER SIMULINK MODEL

The Simulink model of Half bridge inverter is shown in Fig.7.7 and the switching
logic for half bridge inverter is shown in fig.7.8

Fig.7.7. Half bridge inverter Simulink model

Fig.7.8 Switching logic for half bridge converter

50
7.5 WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER STAGE SIMULINK
MODEL:

The Simulink model of wireless power transfer stage is shown in fig 7.9

Fig.7.9 Simulink model of wireless power transfer stage

7.6 SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER SIMULINK MODEL:

The Simulink model of synchronous rectifier is shown in fig 7.10

Fig.7.10 Simulink model of synchronous rectifier

51
7.7 COMPLETE SIMULINK MODEL:

The complete Simulink model of the project using PFC Cuk converter fed full
bridge converter as front-end is shown in fig.7.11 and the Simulink of the project
using PFC Boost converter fed Half bridge converter is shown in fig.7.12

Fig.7.11 Simulink model of project with PFC cuk converter fed full bridge
converter as primary stage

Fig.7.12 Simulink model of project with PFC Boost converter fed half bridge
converter as primary stage.

52
 CHAPTER 8

SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:

53
8.1 PFC CUK CONVERTER:
8.1.1 Input source current:
Fig.8.1 shows the source current from 0 sec to observe the transients in the source
current.

Fig.8.1 source current wave form for 230V 50Hz

8.1.2 Source voltage and source current:

Fig.8.2 shows the Source Voltage and source current waveforms that ensuring the
very small phase difference which results in unity power factor.

Fig.8.2 steady state source voltage and current for 230V 50Hz

54
8.1.3 THD of the source current:

Fig.8.3 shows the Total harmonic distortion (THD) for the source current for
230V 50HZ.

Fig.8.3 THD of source current for 230V 50Hz

8.1.4 PFC Cuk converter output voltage:

The output voltage of the PFC cuk converter for 230V 50Hz is shown in Fig.8.4

Fig.8.4 DC output voltage of PFC cuk converter

55
Fig.8.5, Fig.8.6 and Fig.8.7 shows the transient response of the output voltage for
different variations in input voltage

Fig.8.5 output of cuk converter for 230V 50Hz

Fig.8.6 output of cuk converter for 270V 50Hz

Fig.8.7 output of cuk converter for 190V 50Hz

56
To summarize

• The PFC Cuk converter source current is having transient peak of 23A for
those whose steady state peak is 7A.

• The THD of source current for the PFC cuk converter is 2.58%.

• The Power factor of the PFC Cuk converter at the input is very close to
unity

• For all the variations in the input voltages the output voltage is settling for
a time less than 0.1sec.

• Source voltage variation has an effect on settling time. If the cuk converter
is operated in low voltage it has high settling time and vice versa.

8.2 PFC BOOST CONVERTER:

8.2.1 Input source current:

a. For 230V 50Hz without soft starting:
the source current of the PFC boost converter without soft starting is shown in
Fig.8.8

Fig.8.8 showing the transient current for normal starting

57
b. For 230V 50Hz with soft starting:
the source current of the PFC boost converter with soft starting is shown in
Fig.8.9

Fig.8.9 showing the transient current for soft starting

8.2.2 Source voltage and source current:

Fig.8.10 shows the Source Voltage and source current waveforms that ensuring
the very small phase difference which results in unity power factor.

Fig.8.10 steady state source voltage and current for 230V 50Hz

8.2.3 THD of the source current:

Fig.9.11 shows the Total harmonic distortion (THD) for the source current for
230V 50HZ

58
 Fig.8.11 THD of source current for 230V 50Hz

8.2.4 PFC BOOST CONVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE:

The output voltage of the PFC Boost converter for 230V 50Hz is shown in
Fig.8.12

Fig.8.12 DC output voltage of PFC boost converter

Fig.8.13, Fig.8.14 and Fig.8.15 shows the transient response of the output voltage
for different variations in input voltage

59
 Fig.8.13 output of Boost converter for 230V 50Hz

Fig.8.14 output of Boost converter for 190V 50Hz

Fig.8.15 output of Boost converter for 270V 50Hz

To summarize
• The PFC Boost converter source current is having transient peak of
68A for those whose steady state peak is 8A without soft starting.

60
 • For the soft started PFC Boost converter, the transient peak current is
of 22A and steady state peak of 8A
• The THD of source current for the PFC Boost converter is 3.93%.
• The Power factor of the PFC Boost converter at the input is very close
to unity
• For all the variations in the input voltages the output voltage is settling
for a time less than 0.2sec.
• Source voltage variation has an effect on settling time. If the Boost
converter is operated in low voltage it has high settling time and vice
versa
8.3 FULL BRIDGE INVERTER:
Output voltage of full bridge inverter is shown in fig.8.16 which is the input to the
wireless power transfer stage.

Fig.8.16 output voltage of the full bridge inverter

THD of the ouput voltage is shown in the Fig.8.17

61
 Fig.8.17 THD of output voltage of full bridge inverter

To summarize,

• The output voltage of the full bridge inverter is a quasi-square wave with
120o conduction mode.

• This 120o conduction mode eliminates the third harmonics and its
multiplies as it can be seen from the THD window.

• The THD for the output voltage is 31.09%

8.4 HALF BRIDGE INVERTER:

Output voltage of half bridge inverter is shown in fig.8.18 which is the input to
the wireless power transfer stage.

62
 Fig.8.18 half bridge inverte ouput voltage

THD of the ouput voltage is shown in the Fig.9.19

Fig.8.19 THD of theoutput voltage of half bridge inverter

To summarize,

• The output voltage of the Half bridge inverter is a pure square wave i.e. it
is a 180o conduction.

• The total harmonic distortion of the output voltage is 48.35%

• The main disadvantage due to this is that the presence of third harmonics
and its multiplies increases the reactive power circulation for the VA
rating of the inverter must be high.

63
8.5 WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER STAGE:

The efficiencies at the various points of the misalignment is calculated by using

the mutual inductance values presented in the reference paper [1] which is shown
in fig.9.28. some discrete points are taken at 0, 13.5cm, 26.75cm, 40cm, 53.5cm,
67cm and at these points efficiencies are calculated and plotted in fig.8.29 and
detailed given in the table below i.e misalignment vs efficiency

Fig.8.20 variation of mutual inductance between the coils with misalignment.

Fig.8.21 wireless power transfer efficiency curve.

64
Misalignment Vs Efficiency

Misalignment (cm) Efficiency (%) Power input (W) Power output (W)
-67cm 17% 104.31 17.73
-53.5cm 59% 426.5 251.64
-40cm 88.8% 533.4 473.37
-26.75cm 92.3% 539.6 498.05
-13.5cm 91.1% 543.2 494.85
0cm 86.5% 553.2 478.64
13.5cm 91.1% 543.2 494.85
26.75cm 92.3% 539.6 498.05
40cm 88.8% 533.4 473.37
53.5cm 59% 426.5 251.64
67cm 17% 104.31 17.73
Table.8.1 the misalignment vs efficiency

To summarize,

• The efficiencies are calculated for different discrete points of

misalignment.

• Therefore, designed DWPT LSPS topology guarantees stability and power

transfer for the misalignments of -40cm to +40cm i.e. a whole of 80cm
region on the 103.5cm where the coils are spread.

8.6 SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER:

The output voltage and current of the synchronous rectifier are shown in the
Fig.8.22 and Fig.8.23.

65
 Fig.8.22 output voltage of synchronous rectifier

Fig.8.23 output current of synchronous rectifier

To summarize,

• The output voltage and output current of the synchronous rectifier are just
similar to diode bridge rectifier

• The main advantage is that synchronous rectifier has higher efficiency

than diode bridge rectifier for low power ratings where the diode voltage
drop is considerable.

• The synchronous rectifier made is faster than that of diode bridge rectifier
due its low reverse recovery time.

66
8.7 COMPARISON OF INPUT STAGES:

PFC Cuk converter fed full bridge PFC boost converter fed half bridge
inverter converter
It does not require any soft starter It requires a soft starter

It has a good transient response i.e. The dynamic response is poor due to
less settling time soft starter

Cost is high due to a greater number Cost is less due to a smaller number of
of components components

Does not have same reference as that The output voltage is of the same
of source reference

Source utilization factor is high Source utilization factor is low

Able to eliminate third harmonics Could not able to eliminate third

and its multiple harmonics which in turn increases the
rating of the components for higher
demand of apparent power

Table 8.2 comparison of two front end converters

67
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

68
CONCLUSIONS:

• A dynamic WPT system with a pair of transmitter coils

connected in parallel and a single receiver coil along with LSPS
compensation was modeled, simulated.
• It is concluded that the parameter’s optimization of the LSPS
topology was satisfactorily accomplished mainly regarding
misalignment versus delivered power and stability.
• It is also concluded that the two different input stages are
developed and compared that meets the international power
quality (PQ) standard IEC 61000-3-2.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
• For the practical implementation it is recommended to use ZVS
for improved efficiency.
• More investigation is required to develop a compensation
topology and tuning method not only stable, but also one that
primary apparent power would automatically circulate only in
the presence of a secondary.
FUTURE SCOPE:
• It was also concluded that more inspection is required on the
frequency variation, which turned out to be highly sensitive.
Such sensitivity indicates that the quality factors should be
inserted in the optimization methodology.
• Future works include verifying the efficiency of each power
converter for maximum and minimum misalignment in order to
optimize prototype architecture and the generalization of the
modeling for a set of transmitter and receiver coils to
investigate in-motion charging of more than one EV.

69
• Moreover, this concept can be extended to design and
investigate a single coil structure comprised of smaller coils.

70
 APPENDIX

The inverted matrix of (5.2) can be found by using minors, cofactors and adjugate:

𝐴 −𝐵 𝑋 𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝐼𝑎
1
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑍)
[ −𝐵 𝐷 𝑋] [𝑉𝐴𝐵 ] = [ 𝐼𝑏 ] (A1)
𝐸 −𝐹 𝑋 0 −𝐼𝑠

where

𝐴 = 𝑍1 𝑍2𝑡 + 𝜔2 𝑀𝑏2 (A2)

𝐵 = 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝑍2𝑡 + 𝜔2 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑏 (A3)

𝐷 = 𝑍1 𝑍2𝑡 + 𝜔2 𝑀𝑎2 (A4)

𝐸 = −𝜔2 𝑀𝑓 𝑀𝑏 − 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑎 𝑍1 (A5)

𝐹 = 𝜔2 𝑀𝑓 𝑀𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 𝑍1 (A6)

Solving first and second lines of (A1) results in:

𝐴𝐵𝑉
𝐼𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑍) (𝐴 − 𝐵) (A7)

𝐴𝐵𝑉
𝐼𝑏 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑍) (−𝐵 + 𝐷) (A8)

The current I1p can be found by summing (A7) and (A8):

𝐴𝐵 𝑉
𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼1𝑝 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑍) (𝐴 + 𝐷 − 2𝐵) (A9)

Therefore, the relation δa and δb is found by dividing (A7) and (A8) by (A9):

𝐼𝑎 𝐴−𝐵
= 𝛿𝑎 = 𝐴+𝐷−2𝐵 (A10)
𝐼1𝑝

𝐼𝑏 𝐷−𝐵
= 𝛿𝑏 = 𝐴+𝐷−2𝐵 (A11)
𝐼1𝑝

The mesh of the secondary is expressed by (A12) and the relation σ is found by
solving (A12).

𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 𝐼1𝑝 + 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 𝐼1𝑝 − 𝐼𝑠 𝑍2𝑡 = 0 (A12)

71
 𝐼𝑠 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 +𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏
=𝜎= (A13)
𝐼1𝑝 𝑍2𝑡

Solving first and second line of (5.2), using the relations (5.5), (5.6) and (5.9)
results in (A14) and (A15), respectively, and their sum results in (A16).

𝜔 2 𝑀𝑎 (𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 +𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 )
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝛿𝑏 𝐼1𝑝 + 𝑍1 𝛿𝑎 𝐼1𝑝+ 𝐼1𝑝 (A14)
𝑍2𝑡

𝜔 2 𝑀𝑏 (𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 +𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 )
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝛿𝑎 𝐼1𝑝 + 𝑍1 𝛿𝑏 𝐼1𝑝+ 𝐼1𝑝 (A15)
𝑍2𝑡

𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 +𝑍1 𝜔 2 (𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 +𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 )(𝑀𝑎 +𝑀𝑏 )

𝑉𝐴𝐵 = ( + ) 𝐼1𝑝 (A16)
2 2𝑍2𝑡

Considering the capacitor C1p before applying the reduction factor, the impedance
ZAB is expressed by (A17) and their imaginary part is shown in (A18)

𝑍 +𝑍𝑟
𝑍𝐴𝐵 = 1+𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑃 (A17)
1𝑝 (𝑍𝑝 +𝑍𝑟 )

𝐿1 +𝑀𝑓 𝐿1 𝑀𝑓 𝑅 2
𝜔(1− 𝜔 2 𝐶1𝑝 )−𝜔𝐶1𝑝 ( 1 +𝑍𝑟 )
2 2 2
𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔(𝑍𝐴𝐵 ) = 2 (A18)
1+𝜔 2 𝐶1𝑝2 (𝑅1 +𝑍 )
2 𝑟

The resonant condition is reached when (A19) is satisfied.

𝐿1+ 𝑀𝑓 𝐿1 +𝑀𝑓 𝑅 2
𝜔 (1 − 𝜔2 𝐶1𝑝 ) − 𝜔𝐶1𝑝 ( 21 + 𝑍𝑟 ) = 0 (A19)
2 2

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE

Li Input inductor of the PFC Cuk converter Henry 685μH
Lo Output inductor of the PFC Cuk converter Henry 1.72mH
C1 Intermediate capacitor of PFC Cuk converter Farad 770nF
Cd DC link capacitor of PFC Cuk converter Farad 1540μF
fs Switching frequency of the PFC Cuk Hertz 30kHz
converter
Lf Filter inductor for the primary stage Henry 6.4mH

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Cf Filter capacitor for the primary stage Farad 990nF
Lb Input Inductor of the PFC Boost converter Henry 3mH
Cb DC link capacitor of the PFC Boost Farad 440μF
converter
fb Switching frequency of the PFC Boost Hertz 30kHz
converter
L1a Primary self-inductance of coil “a”. Henry 280μH
L1b Primary self-inductance of coil “b”. Henry 280μH
L2 Secondary coil inductance. Henry 140μH
L3 Primary side inductor compensator. Henry 160μH
C1s Primary side series capacitor compensator. Farad 46nF
C1p Primary side parallel capacitor compensator. Farad 153nF
C2 Secondary side series capacitor compensator. Farad 201nF
Mf Mutual inductance between coil “a” and “b”. Henry 6.4μH
fr Reduction factor. No units 0.95
RL Load Resistance Ohms 4.8
f Operating frequency of the WPT stage Hertz 31.1kHz

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