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Modelling and Simulation of Dynamic Wireless Power Transmission System
Modelling and Simulation of Dynamic Wireless Power Transmission System
CERTIFICATE
We hereby declare that the work described in this project work, entitled
“MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC WIRELESS
CHARGING SYSTEM” which is submitted by us in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) in the Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering to the University College of Engineering Narasaraopet,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, is the
result of work done by us under the guidance of Dr. Y S KISHORE BABU
The work is original and has not been submitted for any Degree/Diploma
of this or any other university.
Project Associates
U Manikanta (16031A0254)
N Avinash (16031A0236)
Sk Vaseem (16031A0248)
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Project Associates
U Manikanta (16031A0254)
N Avinash (16031A0236)
Sk Vaseem (16031A0248)
iii
INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO
ABSTRACT vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES x
NOMENCLATURE x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1Introduction 2
1.2 Literature survey 4
1.3 Organization of thesis 6
Chapter 2. LOOSELY COUPLED INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER 7
SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Inductive wireless power transfer for EVs 9
2.3 Conclusion 14
Chapter 3. PRIMARY STAGE - PFC CUK CONVERTER FED FULL 15
BRIDGE INVERTER
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 PFC Cuk converter 17
3.3 Full bridge inverter 23
3.4 Conclusion 26
Chapter 4. PRIMARY STAGE - PFC BOOST CONVERTER FED 27
HALF BRIDGE INVERTER
4.1 PFC boost converter 28
4.2 Half bridge inverter 32
4.3 Conclusion 33
Chapter 5. WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER STAGE 34
5.1 Introduction to LSPS compensation topology 35
5.2 Design of LSPS compensation topology for dynamic charging 36
5.3 Conclusion 41
iv
Chapter 6. SECONDARY STAGE 42
6.1 Introduction 43
6.2 Working of synchronous rectifier 43
6.3 Advantages of synchronous rectifier 44
6.4 Conclusion 45
Chapter 7. SIMULINK MODELS 46
7.1 Cuk converter Simulink model 47
7.2 Full bridge inverter Simulink model 48
7.3 Boost converter Simulink model 49
7.4 Half bridge inverter Simulink model 50
7.5 Wireless power transfer stage Simulink model 51
7.6 Rectifier Simulink model 51
7.7 Complete Simulink model 52
Chapter 8. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 53
8.1 PFC Cuk Converter 54
8.2 PFC Boost Converter 57
8.3 Full Bridge Inverter 61
8.4 Half Bridge Inverter 62
8.5 Wireless Power Transfer Stage 64
8.6 Synchronous Rectifier 65
8.7 Comparison of Input Stages 67
Chapter 9. CONCLUSIONS 68
APPENDIX 71
REFERENCES 74
v
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A DYNAMIC
vi
ABSTRACT
This project presents the modeling and simulation of a highly efficient and
high immune misalignment tolerant loosely coupled inductive power transfer
(LCIPT) system using dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) concept to charge
a 48 V battery bank at 500 W through 16cm air-gap. The purpose of this work is
to investigate the influence of a third coil functioning as a transmitter coil. The
project also presents the design and comparison of two front end converters that
meet the international power quality (PQ) standard IEC 61000-3-2. The resonant
circuit and the power electronic converter circuits are simulated by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
The main drawbacks in a plug-in electric vehicle is requirement of heavy
storage bank and charging time of the battery. As the size of the battery increase
the weight and cost of the vehicle increases. Not only cost, the efficiency of
vehicle also reduces due to heavier weight. This draw back limits the extensive
use of electric vehicles.
The objective of this project is to charge the electric vehicle in-motion.
Which is termed as Dynamic charging. The dynamic charging of electric vehicles
limits the problems regarding heavy storage requirement of electric vehicles and
cost. Due to dynamic charging the electric vehicles become cheap and the use of
electric vehicles will increase extensively.
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO NO
1.1 Example of an in-motion charging for EV application 3
1.2 implemented design architecture for EV charging 3
2.1 Inductive coupling power transfer 8
2.2 Resonant inductive coupling power transfer 8
2.3 Architecture of an inductive wireless power transfer 9
systems for EVs
2.4 Non planar couplers 10
2.5 Common non-polarized planar couplers 11
2.6 (a) DD pad. (b) DDQ pad. (c) Bipolar pad 11
2.7 Short segmented couplers with individual power 12
supply
2.8 Long track loop power rail with centralized power 13
supply rail.
2.9 Segmented couplers with distributed switch box. 13
2.10 segmented couplers with centralized power supply and 14
distributed converters
3.1 PFC Cuk converter using a current multiplier approach 18
3.2 Schematic of the H-bridge inverter 24
3.3 Pulses to full bridge inverter 25
4.1 Schematic of power factor corrected boost converter 28
4.2 Schematics of the half bridge inverter 32
4.3 Pulses to half bridge inverter 33
5.1 Basic compensation topologies 35
5.2 Schematics of LSPS topology for dynamic charging 36
5.3 Total impedance equivalent circuit 38
5.4 Input absolute apparent power versus misalignment 39
5.5 Output active power versus misalignment 40
5.6 variation of mutual inductance with the misalignment 41
6.1 Schematic diagram of a synchronous rectifier 44
viii
6.2 simplified circuit of synchronous rectifier 45
7.1 PFC Cuk converter simulink model 47
7.2 current multiplier control of PFC cuk converter 47
7.3 Full bridge inverter Simulink model 48
7.4 switching logic of full bridge inverter Simulink model 48
7.5 PFC Boost converter Simulink model 49
7.6 PFC Boost converter current multiplier control 49
Simulink model
7.7 Half bridge inverter Simulink model 50
7.8 Switching logic for half bridge converter 50
7.9 Simulink model of wireless power transfer stage 51
7.10 Simulink model of synchronous rectifier 51
7.11 Simulink model of project with PFC cuk converter fed 52
full bridge converter as primary stage
7.12 Simulink model of project with PFC Boost converter 52
fed half bridge converter as primary stage
8.1 source current wave form for 230V 50Hz 54
8.2 steady state source voltage and current for 230V 50Hz 54
8.3 THD of source current for 230V 50Hz 55
8.4 DC output voltage of PFC cuk converter 55
8.5 output of cuk converter for 230V 50Hz 56
8.6 output of cuk converter for 270V 50Hz 56
8.7 output of cuk converter for 190V 50Hz 56
8.8 showing the transient current for normal starting 57
8.9 showing the transient current for soft starting 58
8.10 steady state source voltage and current for 230V 50Hz 58
8.11 THD of source current for 230V 50Hz 59
8.12 DC output voltage of PFC boost converter 59
8.13 output of Boost converter for 230V 50Hz 60
8.14 output of Boost converter for 190V 50Hz 60
8.15 output of Boost converter for 270V 50Hz 60
ix
8.16 output voltage of the full bridge inverter 61
8.17 THD of output voltage of full bridge inverter 62
8.18 half bridge inverte ouput voltage 63
8.19 THD of theoutput voltage of half bridge inverter 63
8.20 variation of mutual inductance between the coils with 64
misalignment
8.21 wireless power transfer efficiency curve 64
8.22 output voltage of synchronous rectifier 66
8.23 output current of synchronous rectifier 66
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO NO
5.1 Parameters of WPT stage 41
8.1 Misalignment versus efficiency 65
8.2 Comparison of two front end converters 67
NOMENCLATURE
SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION UNIT
Vs Source voltage Volts
Is Source current Amps
Li Input inductor of the PFC Cuk converter Henry
Lo Output inductor of the PFC Cuk converter Henry
C1 Intermediate capacitor of PFC Cuk converter Farad
Cd DC link capacitor of PFC Cuk converter Farad
fs Switching frequency of the PFC Cuk converter Hertz
Lf Filter inductor for the primary stage Henry
Cf Filter capacitor for the primary stage Farad
Lb Input Inductor of the PFC Boost converter Henry
Cb DC link capacitor of the PFC Boost converter Farad
fb Switching frequency of the PFC Boost converter Hertz
x
Vdc Output DC voltage of PFC Cuk converter and Boost Volts
converter
Vin Output voltage of primary stage (or) input voltage of Volts
the WPT stage
L1a Primary self-inductance of coil “a”. Henry
L1b Primary self-inductance of coil “b”. Henry
R1 Primary coil resistance. Ohms
L2 Secondary coil inductance. Henry
R2 Secondary coil resistance. Ohms
L3 Primary side inductor compensator. Henry
R3 Primary side inductor compensator resistance. Ohms
C1s Primary side series capacitor compensator. Farad
C1p Primary side parallel capacitor compensator. Farad
C2 Secondary side series capacitor compensator. Farad
Ma Mutual inductance between coil “a” and L2 Henry
Mb Mutual inductance between coil “b” and L2 Henry
Mf Mutual inductance between coil “a” and “b”. Henry
Zr Reflected impedance. Ohms
Z2t Total secondary impedance. Ohms
Z1 Primary coil impedance. Ohms
fr Reduction factor. No units
I1 Power supply RMS current. Amps
I2 Load RMS current. Amps
Ip Primary coil RMS current. Amps
Is Secondary coil RMS current. Amps
RL Load Resistance Ohms
f Operating frequency of the WPT stage Hertz
Vo Output voltage of WPT stage (or) input to secondary Volts
stage
Vb Output voltage of secondary stage Volts
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
S.NO ABBREVIATION EXPANSION
1 CCM Continuous conduction mode
2 DCM Discontinuous conduction mode
3 DBR Diode Bridge Rectifier
4 EMI Electromagnetic interference
5 EMF Electromotive force
6 EV Electric vehicle
7 IPT Inductive Power Transfer
8 LCIPT Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer
9 PWM Pulse width modulation
10 PF Power Factor
11 PI Proportional Intergral
12 PP Parallel-parallel
13 PS Parallel-Series
14 PFC Power Factor corrected
15 PQ Power Quality
16 SS Series-Series
17 SP Series-Parallel
18 THD Total harmonic distortion
19 VSI Voltage source inverter
20 WPT Wireless Power Transfer
21 ZVS Zero Voltage Switching
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
2
Fig 1.1. Example of an in-motion charging for EV application
1. Primary stage
2. Wireless power transfer stage
3. secondary stage
3
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:
4
system suitable for VSI, enabling ZVS technique, presenting a methodology to
find an optimum design regarding voltage gain levels, self-inductances,
frequency, coil design along with power converter’s implementation.
Deepa Vincent, Phouc Sang Huyunh, Najath Abdul Azeez, L Patnaik, S.
Williamson [10] presented Evolution of Hybrid Inductive and Capacitive AC
Links for Wireless EV Charging – A Comparative Overview. They have
presented the overview of both inductive power transfer system and capacitive
power transfer system.
5
1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS:
Chapter 1 deals with a brief introduction to the project, literature survey and
overview of organization of book.
Chapter 2 gives brief introduction to the inductively coupled power transfer
systems.
Chapter 3 deals with the design and operation of a PFC Cuk converter fed full
bridge inverter.
Chapter 4 deals with the design and operation of a PFC boost converter fed half
bridge inverter.
Chapter 5 contains the design and modeling of LSPS compensation topology for
dynamic wireless charging.
Chapter 6 contains the brief description of an AC/DC synchronous rectifier
converter.
Chapter 7 this chapter consists of Models of all the power electronic converters
used In Simulink, and each subsystem model is presented.
Chapter 8 consists of Simulation results and analysis presented in this
documentation.
Chapter 9 The Project is concluded in this chapter with future scope.
6
CHAPTER 2
TRANSFER
7
2.1 INTRODUCTION
8
2.2 INDUCTIVE WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER FOR EVs
In EV wireless power transfer technology, the power transferred from grid
to vehicle side is generally by means of magnetic coupling, resulting in inductive
wireless power transfer (IPT).
9
2.2.2 INDUCTIVE COUPLER STRUCTURES:
The inductive AC link design is mainly categorized into non planar couplers
and planar coupler structures. In non-planar couplers, the link structure is
developed around different shapes of cores. In planar couplers, the link is
constructed and named based on the geometry of the coil structure. This is further
classified into polarized and non-polarized designs based on the shape of the
magnetic path.
1. Non planar couplers:
The conventional magnetic design of ferrite core-based couplers enhances
the coupling coefficient between primary and secondary windings. It reduces
unwanted stray magnetic radiation in addition to improving coupling efficiency
with low eddy current and hysteresis losses in high frequency application.
10
shaped couplers increases the flux area and their cost-effective design has better
power transfer capability.
11
2.2.3. INDUCTIVE COUPLER STRUCTURES FOR DYNAMIC
WIRELESS CHARGERS:
Wireless power transfer in electric vehicles can happen through static or
dynamic modes. Static wireless charging the vehicle is stationery and aligned
above the charging link. The coupler designs for static wireless chargers are
suitable to be installed in public charging stations, house garages, office and mall
parking lots etc. when the vehicle charges in the go, it is termed as dynamic
wireless charging which is a very effective method of wireless power transfer. It
can eliminate the range of anxiety problem in an electric vehicle and reduces the
size of batteries utilized. The long track power rails, short segmented power rails
are different types of dynamic mode coupler structures.
1. short segmented couplers with individual power supply:
The magnetic couplers discussed in static wireless charging section can be
employed here as well due to the availability of individual power supply for each
short segment. The power pads will be only energized only when a wireless EV
passes over it. The advantages of short segmented couplers are efficiencies up to
93% for power levels of 22KW, compact structures, reduced leakage EMF and
high reliability. Due short segmented implementation the challenge is in designing
the automatic detection system to energize the required segment and it also
involves high cost and high maintenance cost.
12
initiated this model in online EV generations for on the go EV charging. The
misalignment performance of the power rail is improved by adding magnetic
material with different core shapes to direct the flux towards the secondary.
Fig.2.8. Long track loop power rail with centralized power supply rail.
3. Segmented power rails with centralized power supply:
To improve the energy utilization and to reduce the leakage EMF, instead of
long power rails with centralized power supply, segmented power rails are
proposed. This has many sub rails that can be activated through a distributed
switch box as required, which is fed from a centralized power supply. The switch
box controls the activation of each segment as the vehicle approaches and
deactivates the segment once the vehicle passes over it. The energy consumption
and losses are reduced over the entire length by modifying this structure with
distributed converters as given in fig. which are fed from centralized at expense of
construction cost and complexity.
13
Fig.2.10. segmented couplers with centralized power supply and distributed
converters.
2.3 CONCLUSION:
This chapter presents the overview of the Loosely Coupled Inductive
Power Transfer (LCIPT) and its application in wireless charging of Electric
Vehicle (EV). This chapter also includes the block diagram and presents a brief
overview on types of couplers used in static and dynamic wireless charging of
Electric vehicle (EV).
14
CHAPTER 3
15
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The primary stage of a dynamic wireless power transfer is basically a low
frequency to high frequency power conversion stage. This stage again consists of
two sub stages:
1. Low frequency AC to DC (rectifier stage)
2. DC to high frequency AC (inverter stage)
Low frequency AC to DC, this is nothing but an AC/DC converter. The
conventional scheme of an AC/DC converter is diode bridge rectifier or thyristor-
controlled converters followed by a high value of dc link capacitor. The
conventional AC/DC converter draws a non-sinusoidal current, from AC mains
which is rich in harmonics such that the THD of supply current is as high as 65%,
which results in power factor as low as 0.6 to 0.8. Since this project aims to
design a 500W battery charger, there is a requirement of an improved power
quality as per the international power quality (PQ) standard IEC 61000-3-2 which
recommends a high-power factor and low total harmonic distortion (THD) of AC
mains current for Class-A applications (<600W,16A). The conventional AC/DC
converter power quality indices can’t comply with the international PQ standards
such as IEC 61000-3-2. Hence, single phase power factor correction (PFC)
converters are used at the front-end of primary stage to attain a unity power factor
at AC mains. These converters have gained attention due to single stage
requirement for DC link voltage control with unity power factor at AC mains. It
also has low component count as compared to multistage converter and therefore
offers reduced losses.
Selection of operating mode of front-end converter is a trade-off between
the allowed stresses on PFC switch and cost of the overall system. Continuous
conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are the two
different modes of operation in which a front-end converter is designed to operate.
A voltage follower approach is one of the control techniques which is used for a
PFC converter operating in DCM. This voltage follower technique requires a
single voltage sensor for controlling the DC link voltage with a unity power
factor. Therefore, voltage follower control has an advantage over a current
multiplier control of requiring a single voltage sensor. This makes the control of
16
voltage follower a simple way to achieve PFC and DC link voltage control, but at
the cost of high stress on PFC converter switch. In the other hand, the current
multiplier approach offers low stresses on the PFC switch, but requires three
sensors for PFC and DC link voltage control. Depending on design parameters,
either approach may force the converter to operate in DCM or CCM. In this work,
the front-end converter is a PFC cuk converter and a PFC boost converter
operating in CCM with current multiplier control with unity power factor at AC
mains.
DC to high frequency AC, this is nothing but a DC/AC high frequency
converter (HF inverter). The conventional DC to AC converters are half-bridge
inverter and full-bridge inverter.
In this work we have designed two different primary stages. They are
17
Fig 3.1.PFC Cuk converter using a current multiplier approach
The input voltage Vs applied to the diode bridge rectifier DBR is given as,
Where Vm is the peak input voltage (i.e. √2Vs, Vs is the rms value of supply
voltage), fL is the line frequency i.e. 50Hz.
The instantaneous voltage appearing after the DBR is as,
18
The instantaneous value of duty ratio, D(t) depends on the input voltage appearing
after DBR, Vin(t) and the required DC link voltage, Vdc.
Hence the instantaneous duty ratio, D(t) is obtained by substituting (3.2) in (3.3)
and rearranging it as,
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐷(𝑡) = 𝑉 = |𝑉 (3.4)
𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)+𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)|+𝑉𝑑𝑐
1 𝑉2 𝑉𝑑𝑐
= 𝜂𝑓 ( 𝑃𝑠 ) (𝑉 (𝑡)+𝑉
) (3.5)
𝑠 𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑐
The maximum inductor ripple current is obtained at the rated condition i.e.
Vdc=300V for a minimum supply voltage (Vsmin=210V). Hence the input side
inductor is designed at the peak value of minimum supply voltage (i.e.
Vs=√2Vsmin) as,
2
1 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑚 = ( )( )
𝜂𝑓𝑠 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 √2𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑉𝑑𝑐
1 852 300
= 0.25×30000 (1000) (85√2+300) = 687.75𝜇𝐻 (3.6)
Where the permitted amount of ripple current is selected as 25% of the input
current. Hence the input side of inductor of 685μH is selected for its operation in
continuous conduction.
19
B. Design of Lo for continuous current conduction:
The output inductor in CCM is decided by the amount of permitted ripple current
(λ) and is as,
𝑉2 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
= ( 𝑃𝑠 ) 𝜆𝑉 (𝑡)𝑓
(𝑉 (𝑡)+𝑉 ) (3.7)
𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐
= ( )
𝑉2 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝜅{𝑉𝑑𝑐 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)}𝑓𝑠 ( 𝑑𝑐⁄ 𝑃𝑖 )
𝑃𝑖
=
𝜅𝑓𝑠 (𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡) + 𝑉𝑑𝑐 )2
20
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶1𝑐𝑐𝑚 = 2 (3.10)
𝜅𝑓𝑠 (√2𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
1000
= 2 = 0.77𝜇𝐹
0.1 × 30000(270√2 + 300)
𝑑𝑐 𝐼 (𝑃𝑖 /𝑉𝑑𝑐 ) 𝑃
𝐶𝑑 = 2𝜔△𝑉 = = 2𝜔𝛿𝑉𝑖 (3.11)
𝑑𝑐 2𝜔𝛿𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑑𝑐
𝑃 1000
𝐶𝑑300 = 2𝜔𝛿𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 = 2×314×0.03×3002 = 589.76𝜇𝐹 (3.12)
𝑑𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃 1000
𝐶𝑑200 = 2𝜔𝛿𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 = 2×314×0.03×2002 = 1.327𝑚𝐹 (3.13)
𝑑𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛
Hence the value of DC link capacitor is taken higher than the Cd200 to ensure a
ripple of DC link voltage less than 3% even at lower values of DC link voltages.
Hence the DC link capacitor of 1540µF is selected for the application.
A low pass LC filter is used to avoid the reflection of higher order harmonics in
supply system.
21
𝑃
𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑥 √2⁄𝑉 )
𝑠
𝐶𝑓 = tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
𝜔𝐿 𝑉𝑚 𝜔𝐿 𝑉𝑚
1000√2/230
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 1𝑜 ) = 1.051𝜇𝐹 (3.14)
314×230√2
Where Im and Vm are the peak values of supply current and supply voltage
respectively and θ is the displacement angle between supply voltage and supply
current respectively. Hence a value of filter capacitor is taken as 990nF.
1
𝐿𝑓 =
4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 𝐶
𝐶 𝑓
1
= 4𝜋2×20002 ×990×10−9 = 6.4𝑚𝐻 (3.15)
Where fc is the cut-off frequency which is selected such that fL<fc<fs; hence it is
taken as fs/10.
22
Where kpv is the proportional gain and kiv is the integral gain of the voltage PI
controller.
The reference current (Iin*) is generated by multiplying the controller output with
the unit template of supply voltage as,
∗ 𝑣𝑠 (𝑘)
𝑖𝑖𝑛 (𝑘) = | | 𝑉𝑐 (𝑘) (3.18)
𝑉𝑚
Where vs(k)/Vm is the unit template of supply voltage, vs and Vm represents the
amplitude of the supply voltage.
This reference current is compared with the sensed input current to generate a
current error is given as,
∗
𝑖𝑒 (𝑘) = 𝑖𝑖𝑛 (𝑘) − 𝑖𝑖𝑛 (𝑘) (3.19)
This current error is given to the current controller to generate a controlled output
(Vcc) given as,
𝑉𝑐𝑐 (𝑘) = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 (𝑘 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑖 {𝑖𝑒 (𝑘) − 𝑖𝑒 (𝑘 − 1)} + 𝑘𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑒 (𝑘) (3.20)
Where kpi and kii are the proportional and integral gain of the current PI controller.
Finally, the controller output (Vcc) is compared with the high frequency
saw-tooth wave form to generate the PWM signal to be given to PFC converter
switch as,
𝑚𝑑 (𝑡) < 𝑉𝑐𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑤 = 1, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑤 = 0 (3.21)
where Sw denotes the switching signals as 1 and 0 for MOSFET to switch ON and
OFF respectively.
The full bridge inverter shown in the Fig.3.2 is used to converter the DC
output of the PFC cuk converter to a high frequency AC which is the input of the
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) stage.
23
Wireless power transfer stage operates at high frequency because as the
operating frequency increases the size of the elements used in the WPT decreases.
But as the frequency increases the switching losses also increases and the devices
that are capable of switching at higher frequencies couldn’t able to withstand the
desire power rating of the wireless power transfer (WPT) stage. So, the choice of
operating frequencies is the tradeoff between the issues mentioned earlier.
Generally, the operating frequency for an inductive power transfer (IPT) is
of the order of 25kHz. Here it is not preferable to use a sinusoidal pwm technique.
Since, the carrier frequency is of the order of 15kHz for implementing a
sinusoidal pwm technique for an operating frequency of 50Hz. So, for operating
frequencies of order 25kHz the carrier frequency will in the order of Mega Hertz
(MHz). So, a simple pwm technique is presented that could able to generate a
quasi-square wave or a modified square wave as output voltage of the inverter.
The switching logic for the gate signal generation is shown in the figure 3.3 where
the frequency of the carrier is the frequency of the wireless power transfer stage
and the magnitude of the carrier is 3 units, the ref1 is the constant dc signal with a
24
magnitude of 2 units and ref2 is also a constant dc signal with a magnitude of 1
unit.
For Q1, the switch Q1 turns ON only when the magnitude of carrier is greater
than the ref1 signal.
For Q2, the switches Q2 and Q1 are complementary i.e Q2 turns ON in the period
where the switch Q1 is turned off.
For Q3, the switch Q3 turns ON only when the magnitude of carrier is less than
the ref2 signal.
For Q4, the switch Q3 and Q4 are complementary. So, it turns ON in the period
where the switch Q3 is turned off.
By using the following switching logic, we could able to obtain a 120o conduction
of square wave as the output of the inverter which is a quasi-square wave
25
3.4 CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the detailed design and operation of PFC Cuk
converter fed full bridge converter. This chapter also presents the control of the
PFC converter along with switching logic of the inverter.
26
CHAPTER 4
INVERTER
27
4.1 BOOST CONVERTER
4.1.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Amongst several active PFC configurations, boost PFC circuit operating in
continuous conduction mode (CCM) has become exceedingly popular for medium
and high-power applications because of its added advantages such as simplicity in
design, requirement of minimum number of components and perfect input current
shaping. A Boost type front-end AC to DC converter is capable of shaping the
input current to be in phase with the input voltage. The continuous input current in
a boost converter leads to less EMI as compared to other active PFC topologies
such as Buck-boost and Buck converters.
The schematic diagram of PFC boost converter is shown in Fig.4.1. The
first stage consists of a Boost converter which performs the PFC function and
converters the input AC mains voltage into an intermediate regulated DC voltage.
The PFC boost converter acts as an ideal resistor emulator converting the rectified
AC voltage into a stabilized DC link voltage. The boost converter operates in
CCM which reduces the switch stress to a great extent even at high power levels.
The inductor at input side facilitates easy implementation of the current mode
control and thereby ensuring an excellent input power quality.
28
4.1.2 DESIGN OF BOOST CONVERTER:
𝐿𝑏 𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏
𝑡𝑜𝑛 = |𝑣𝑠 |
(4.1)
𝐿 𝛥𝐼
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉 𝑏−|𝑣𝐿𝑏| (4.2)
𝑏 𝑠
Now,
Since the boost converter operates at a fixed switching frequency, fb, therefore, the
peak-to-peak ripple inductor current, ΔILb is expressed as,
From the above relation (4.4), the maximum ripple inductor current appears at vs=
Vb/2. Therefore, the maximum ripple inductor current is expressed as,
𝑉
𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏𝑚 = 4𝑓 𝑏𝐿 (4.5)
𝑏 𝑏
29
𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏𝑚 = 0.25√2𝐼𝑠𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.25√2 𝑉 (4.6)
𝑠𝑟𝑚𝑠
1000
= 0.25 × √2 × = 1.861𝐴
190
Using equations (7) and (8), the value of input inductor is expressed as,
𝑉𝑏 600
𝐿𝑏 = 4𝑓 = 4×30000×1.861 = 2.7𝑚𝐻 (4.7)
𝑏 𝛥𝐼𝐿𝑏𝑚
In order to ensure CCM operation, the selected value of input inductor is 3mH.
B. Design of DC-link capacitor (Cb):
The value of capacitor Cb mainly depends upon the voltage ripple ΔVb in
the DC-link voltage that can be tolerated.
𝐼𝑏 1 𝑃𝑜
𝐶𝑏 ≥ ≥( )( )
2𝜔𝐿 𝛥𝑉𝑏 4𝛱𝑓𝐿 𝛥𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑏
1000
≥ 2×314×0.03×400×400 ≥ 331.74𝜇𝐹 (4.8)
Where fL is the line frequency, i.e. 50 Hz and ΔVb is the output voltage ripple
which is considered to be 3% of the output voltage. To minimize the output
voltage ripple, the output capacitor is chosen as 440μF.
The filter inductance Lf and filter capacitance Cf for the PFC boost
converter remains same as that of the PFC cuk converter.
4.1.3 CONTROL OF BOOST CONVERTER:
The boost converter employs average current mode control technique to
incorporate CCM of operation. The controller is designed to regulate the DC-link
voltage at 600 V throughout the wide line/load range while maintaining unity PF
at the input AC mains. For this purpose, the DC-link voltage Vb is sensed and then
compared with the reference voltage Vb*. The voltage error, Vbe at nth instant is
expressed as,
𝑉𝑏𝑒 (𝑛) = 𝑉𝑏 ∗ (𝑛) − 𝑉𝑏 (𝑛) (4.9)
𝑉𝑐𝑣 (𝑛) = 𝑉𝑐𝑣 (𝑛 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑣 {𝑉𝑏𝑒 (𝑛) − 𝑉𝑏𝑒 (𝑛 − 1)} + 𝐾𝑖𝑣 𝑉𝑒 (𝑛) (4.10)
30
Where kpv and kiv denote the proportional and integral gains of the PI voltage
controller respectively.
The supply voltage waveform is sensed and its unit template is generated
which acts as a sinusoidal reference for the supply current. The reference input
current is* is generated as the product of the voltage controller output and the unit
template of the supply voltage. In this way, the supply current is enforced to
follow the sinusoidal shape of supply voltage to attain unity PF.
𝑣 (𝑛)
𝑖 ∗ 𝑠 (𝑛) = | 𝑉𝑠 | 𝑉𝑐𝑣 (𝑛) (4.11)
𝑠𝑚
𝑣 (𝑛)
Where Vsm is the amplitude of the supply voltage and | 𝑉𝑠 | is the unit template of
𝑠𝑚
On comparing the reference input current and sensed input current, the error is
obtained.
This error signal ise is then fed to the PI current controller and the output of the
current controller is expressed as,
𝑉𝑐𝑖 (𝑛) = 𝑉𝑐𝑖 (𝑛 − 1) + 𝑘𝑝𝑖 {𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝑛) − 𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝑛 − 1)} + 𝑘𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝑛) (4.13)
Where kpi and kii represent the proportional and integral gains of the PI current
controller respectively. Finally, the current controller output is compared with
high-frequency saw-tooth waveform, ma1 to generate the gating pulses for the
boost converter.
where 1 and 0 represent the on and off switching state of power switches Sb
respectively.
31
4.2 HALF BRIDGE INVERTER
The second way of converting the constant dc voltage into pulses of high
switching frequency is by using half bridge inverter configuration. The schematic
diagram of half bridge inverter is shown in below figure.
32
Fig 4.3. Pulses to half bridge inverter.
By using the following switching logic, we could able to obtain a 180o conduction
of square wave as the output of the inverter.
4.3 CONCLUSION:
This chapter presents the detailed design and operation of PFC boost
converter fed half bridge converter. This chapter also presents the control of the
PFC converter along with switching logic of the inverter.
33
CHAPTER 5
34
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO LSPS COMPENSATION
TOPOLOGY:
The Wireless power transfer stage of a Dynamic wireless charging system
is basically a resonant circuit which works on the principle of Loosely coupled
inductive power transfer this resonant circuit consists of a pair of adjacent
transmitter coils powered by the primary stage inverter and a receiver coil which
is the input of the secondary stage i.e. synchronous rectifier.
35
Among these classical topologies the SS topology has the high-power
capability and the PS topology has the high stability.
In this work the LSPS topology is used as a compensation topology for the
wireless power transfer stage.
𝑍×𝐼 =𝑉 (5.1)
36
𝑍1 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑎 𝐼𝑎 𝑉𝐴𝐵
[𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝑍1 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 ] [ 𝐼𝑏 ] = [𝑉𝐴𝐵 ] (5.2)
𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑎 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 𝑍2𝑡 −𝐼𝑠 0
Where,
𝑍1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿1𝑎 (5.3)
1
𝑍2𝑡 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 (5.4)
2
To ease the analysis, all the currents of the system Ia, Ib, I1, Is are referred to I1p.
The goal is to find an equivalent circuit seen by VAB. The equations are proved in
the Appendix.
𝐼𝑎 = 𝛿𝑎 𝐼1𝑝 (5.5)
𝐼𝑏 = 𝛿𝑏 𝐼1𝑝 (5.6)
𝜔2𝑀𝑏 (𝑀𝑏−𝑀𝑎 )
𝑍1 −𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 +
𝑍2𝑡
𝛿𝑎 = 2 (5.7)
𝜔2(𝑀𝑏 −𝑀𝑎 )
2(𝑍1 −𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 )+
𝑍2𝑡
𝛿𝑏 = 1 − 𝛿𝑎 (5.8)
These values 𝛿𝑎 and 𝛿𝑏 are useful tools that summarize and help in the
analysis of the system. Notice that they are dimensionless and complex.
Therefore, they indicate a possible phase shift and an absolute difference between
𝐼𝑎 and 𝐼𝑏 that will be further analyzed. An important fact that is possible to
conclude right away is that 𝛿𝑎 = 𝛿𝑏 = 0.5 if and only if 𝑀𝑎 = 𝑀𝑏, which indicates
a mirrored behavior for both transmitter coils.
Solving third line of (5.2), using (5.5) and (5.6) results in:
𝐼𝑠 = 𝜎𝐼1𝑝 (5.9)
𝑗𝜔(𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 +𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 )
𝜎= (5.10)
𝑍2𝑡
37
The equivalent circuit seen by VAB shown in Fig.5.3 is divided into an
equivalent primary impedance (Z1p) and a reflected impedance (Zr). It can be
found by solving first and second line of (5.2) using (5.5), (5.6) and (5.9)
𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 +𝑍1
𝑍1𝑝 = (5.11)
2
Note that, unlike LCIPT systems with only a pair of coils, it might occur
reflected imaginary impedance for different values of Ma and Mb even though the
secondary is series compensated. This is the result of the values 𝛿𝑎 and 𝛿𝑏 that,
by multiplying the mutual inductances Ma and Mb, cause them to have phasorial
behaviour. Note that the effect of Mf in the system is either increasing or
decreasing the value of the equivalent primary self-inductance, depending on the
interaction of the magnetic fluxes between primary coils. The possible unwanted
effect of 𝑀f could be removed through compensation.
38
Calculation of the value of the compensators:
1
𝐶2 = 𝜔2𝐿 (5.14)
2
The first step to calculate the value of the primary capacitors that will
make the entire system to resonate at a given frequency is to consider the topology
as a pure PS compensation applying a reduction factor fr on C1p. this reduction
factor has the purpose of balancing the behavior of the system and will be further
analyzed. To ease the calculation, Zr is approximated as purely real. Thus, C1p can
be expressed as:
𝐿1 +𝑀𝑓
2
𝐶1𝑝 = 𝑓𝑟 2 2
(5.15)
𝑅1 𝜔2(𝑀𝑎 +𝑀𝑏 ) 𝐿1 +𝑀𝑓 2
( + ) +𝜔2 ( )
2 4(𝑅2 +𝑅𝐿 ) 2
Once C1p is calculated as a function of fr, an input impedance Zin, in series with
C1s, can be expressed as:
1
𝐶1𝑠 = 𝜔.𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔(𝑍 (5.17)
𝑖𝑛 )
39
Fig.5.4 Input absolute apparent power versus misalignment
The choice of fr is the tradeoff between the power transfer capability and the
stability of the resonant circuit. Here the choice of fr is done by considering the
two cases: one is the apparent power consumed variation with the misalignment
and the other is the output active power delivered with the change in the
misalignment. So, from the figure 5.4 and 5.5 it is clear that by choosing fr as 0.95
is having a smooth variation in the input apparent power and as well as in the
output active power versus the misalignment. Therefore, fr is taken as 0.95.
40
Fig.5.6 variation of mutual inductance with the misalignment
So, by using the above value of fr and by calculating the average mutual
inductance the parameters for the implementation are given by.
Parameter value
L1 280μH
L2 140μH
L3 160μH
C1s 46nF
C1p 153nF
C2 201nF
Mf 6.4μH
f 31.1kHz
5.3 CONCLUSION:
41
CHAPTER 6
SECONDARY STAGE
42
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The secondary stage is AC to DC converter. In which the output of the
wireless power transfer stage is converted to DC to charge the battery present in
the electric vehicle.
As the secondary stage converter is placed in electric vehicle itself, the
losses in the secondary stage converter must be reduced. As the on-state voltage
drop of a power diode is high as 1.5V, here synchronous rectifier is used as an AC
to DC converter in this stage.
A synchronous rectifier is a circuit that emulates a diode, allowing current
to pass in one direction but not the other without the losses associated with
junction or Schottky devices. The circuit comprises a pass-element (most often a
power MOSFET), a sense element, a sense-signal conditioner, and a driver.
During the negative half cycle, the switches Q2 and Q3 will get gate
pulses from the pulse transformer and the battery is powered.
Since here the load is a battery there is a chance for reverse power flow
from the load side to the source side. Here the switch Q5 and the sense element
will block the reverse power flow.
The sense element will always sense the direction of input current of the
battery. The pass element will close the circuit when the battery input current is
positive. When the rms value of input voltage is less than the battery voltage the
sense element will gives a signal to gate driver of pass element and the gate driver
removes the gate signal of the pass element.
43
Fig.6.1. Schematic diagram of a synchronous rectifier
44
Fig.6.2 simplified circuit of synchronous rectifier
6.4 CONCLUSION:
This chapter presents the overview of the secondary stage i.e. synchronous
rectifier and also presents the working and advantages of synchronous rectifier.
45
CHAPTER 7
SIMULINK MODELS
46
7.1 CUK CONVERTER SIMULINK MODEL:
The Simulink model of the PFC cuk converter is shown in the fig.7.1. the current
multiplier control of PFC Cuk converter is shown in fig.7.2.
47
7.2 FULL BRIDGE INVERTER SIMULINK MODEL:
The Simulink model of full bridge inverter is shown in fig.7.3 and the switching
logic is shown in fig.7.4
48
7.3 PFC BOOST CONVERTER SIMULINK MODEL:
The Simulink model of PFC Boost converter is shown in Fig.7.5 and current
multiplier control of boost converter is shown in Fig.7.6
49
7.4 HALF BRIDGE CONVERTER SIMULINK MODEL
The Simulink model of Half bridge inverter is shown in Fig.7.7 and the switching
logic for half bridge inverter is shown in fig.7.8
50
7.5 WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER STAGE SIMULINK
MODEL:
The Simulink model of wireless power transfer stage is shown in fig 7.9
51
7.7 COMPLETE SIMULINK MODEL:
The complete Simulink model of the project using PFC Cuk converter fed full
bridge converter as front-end is shown in fig.7.11 and the Simulink of the project
using PFC Boost converter fed Half bridge converter is shown in fig.7.12
Fig.7.11 Simulink model of project with PFC cuk converter fed full bridge
converter as primary stage
Fig.7.12 Simulink model of project with PFC Boost converter fed half bridge
converter as primary stage.
52
CHAPTER 8
53
8.1 PFC CUK CONVERTER:
8.1.1 Input source current:
Fig.8.1 shows the source current from 0 sec to observe the transients in the source
current.
Fig.8.2 shows the Source Voltage and source current waveforms that ensuring the
very small phase difference which results in unity power factor.
Fig.8.2 steady state source voltage and current for 230V 50Hz
54
8.1.3 THD of the source current:
Fig.8.3 shows the Total harmonic distortion (THD) for the source current for
230V 50HZ.
The output voltage of the PFC cuk converter for 230V 50Hz is shown in Fig.8.4
55
Fig.8.5, Fig.8.6 and Fig.8.7 shows the transient response of the output voltage for
different variations in input voltage
56
To summarize
• The PFC Cuk converter source current is having transient peak of 23A for
those whose steady state peak is 7A.
• The THD of source current for the PFC cuk converter is 2.58%.
• The Power factor of the PFC Cuk converter at the input is very close to
unity
• For all the variations in the input voltages the output voltage is settling for
a time less than 0.1sec.
• Source voltage variation has an effect on settling time. If the cuk converter
is operated in low voltage it has high settling time and vice versa.
57
b. For 230V 50Hz with soft starting:
the source current of the PFC boost converter with soft starting is shown in
Fig.8.9
Fig.8.10 steady state source voltage and current for 230V 50Hz
58
Fig.8.11 THD of source current for 230V 50Hz
The output voltage of the PFC Boost converter for 230V 50Hz is shown in
Fig.8.12
Fig.8.13, Fig.8.14 and Fig.8.15 shows the transient response of the output voltage
for different variations in input voltage
59
Fig.8.13 output of Boost converter for 230V 50Hz
60
• For the soft started PFC Boost converter, the transient peak current is
of 22A and steady state peak of 8A
• The THD of source current for the PFC Boost converter is 3.93%.
• The Power factor of the PFC Boost converter at the input is very close
to unity
• For all the variations in the input voltages the output voltage is settling
for a time less than 0.2sec.
• Source voltage variation has an effect on settling time. If the Boost
converter is operated in low voltage it has high settling time and vice
versa
8.3 FULL BRIDGE INVERTER:
Output voltage of full bridge inverter is shown in fig.8.16 which is the input to the
wireless power transfer stage.
61
Fig.8.17 THD of output voltage of full bridge inverter
To summarize,
• The output voltage of the full bridge inverter is a quasi-square wave with
120o conduction mode.
• This 120o conduction mode eliminates the third harmonics and its
multiplies as it can be seen from the THD window.
62
Fig.8.18 half bridge inverte ouput voltage
• The output voltage of the Half bridge inverter is a pure square wave i.e. it
is a 180o conduction.
• The main disadvantage due to this is that the presence of third harmonics
and its multiplies increases the reactive power circulation for the VA
rating of the inverter must be high.
63
8.5 WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER STAGE:
64
Misalignment Vs Efficiency
Misalignment (cm) Efficiency (%) Power input (W) Power output (W)
-67cm 17% 104.31 17.73
-53.5cm 59% 426.5 251.64
-40cm 88.8% 533.4 473.37
-26.75cm 92.3% 539.6 498.05
-13.5cm 91.1% 543.2 494.85
0cm 86.5% 553.2 478.64
13.5cm 91.1% 543.2 494.85
26.75cm 92.3% 539.6 498.05
40cm 88.8% 533.4 473.37
53.5cm 59% 426.5 251.64
67cm 17% 104.31 17.73
Table.8.1 the misalignment vs efficiency
To summarize,
The output voltage and current of the synchronous rectifier are shown in the
Fig.8.22 and Fig.8.23.
65
Fig.8.22 output voltage of synchronous rectifier
• The output voltage and output current of the synchronous rectifier are just
similar to diode bridge rectifier
• The synchronous rectifier made is faster than that of diode bridge rectifier
due its low reverse recovery time.
66
8.7 COMPARISON OF INPUT STAGES:
PFC Cuk converter fed full bridge PFC boost converter fed half bridge
inverter converter
It does not require any soft starter It requires a soft starter
It has a good transient response i.e. The dynamic response is poor due to
less settling time soft starter
Cost is high due to a greater number Cost is less due to a smaller number of
of components components
Does not have same reference as that The output voltage is of the same
of source reference
67
CHAPTER 9
68
CONCLUSIONS:
69
• Moreover, this concept can be extended to design and
investigate a single coil structure comprised of smaller coils.
70
APPENDIX
The inverted matrix of (5.2) can be found by using minors, cofactors and adjugate:
𝐴 −𝐵 𝑋 𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝐼𝑎
1
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑍)
[ −𝐵 𝐷 𝑋] [𝑉𝐴𝐵 ] = [ 𝐼𝑏 ] (A1)
𝐸 −𝐹 𝑋 0 −𝐼𝑠
where
𝐹 = 𝜔2 𝑀𝑓 𝑀𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 𝑍1 (A6)
𝐴𝐵𝑉
𝐼𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑍) (𝐴 − 𝐵) (A7)
𝐴𝐵𝑉
𝐼𝑏 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑍) (−𝐵 + 𝐷) (A8)
𝐴𝐵 𝑉
𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼1𝑝 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑍) (𝐴 + 𝐷 − 2𝐵) (A9)
Therefore, the relation δa and δb is found by dividing (A7) and (A8) by (A9):
𝐼𝑎 𝐴−𝐵
= 𝛿𝑎 = 𝐴+𝐷−2𝐵 (A10)
𝐼1𝑝
𝐼𝑏 𝐷−𝐵
= 𝛿𝑏 = 𝐴+𝐷−2𝐵 (A11)
𝐼1𝑝
The mesh of the secondary is expressed by (A12) and the relation σ is found by
solving (A12).
71
𝐼𝑠 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 +𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏
=𝜎= (A13)
𝐼1𝑝 𝑍2𝑡
Solving first and second line of (5.2), using the relations (5.5), (5.6) and (5.9)
results in (A14) and (A15), respectively, and their sum results in (A16).
𝜔 2 𝑀𝑎 (𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 +𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 )
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝛿𝑏 𝐼1𝑝 + 𝑍1 𝛿𝑎 𝐼1𝑝+ 𝐼1𝑝 (A14)
𝑍2𝑡
𝜔 2 𝑀𝑏 (𝑀𝑏 𝛿𝑏 +𝑀𝑎 𝛿𝑎 )
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝑓 𝛿𝑎 𝐼1𝑝 + 𝑍1 𝛿𝑏 𝐼1𝑝+ 𝐼1𝑝 (A15)
𝑍2𝑡
Considering the capacitor C1p before applying the reduction factor, the impedance
ZAB is expressed by (A17) and their imaginary part is shown in (A18)
𝑍 +𝑍𝑟
𝑍𝐴𝐵 = 1+𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑃 (A17)
1𝑝 (𝑍𝑝 +𝑍𝑟 )
𝐿1 +𝑀𝑓 𝐿1 𝑀𝑓 𝑅 2
𝜔(1− 𝜔 2 𝐶1𝑝 )−𝜔𝐶1𝑝 ( 1 +𝑍𝑟 )
2 2 2
𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔(𝑍𝐴𝐵 ) = 2 (A18)
1+𝜔 2 𝐶1𝑝2 (𝑅1 +𝑍 )
2 𝑟
𝐿1+ 𝑀𝑓 𝐿1 +𝑀𝑓 𝑅 2
𝜔 (1 − 𝜔2 𝐶1𝑝 ) − 𝜔𝐶1𝑝 ( 21 + 𝑍𝑟 ) = 0 (A19)
2 2
72
Cf Filter capacitor for the primary stage Farad 990nF
Lb Input Inductor of the PFC Boost converter Henry 3mH
Cb DC link capacitor of the PFC Boost Farad 440μF
converter
fb Switching frequency of the PFC Boost Hertz 30kHz
converter
L1a Primary self-inductance of coil “a”. Henry 280μH
L1b Primary self-inductance of coil “b”. Henry 280μH
L2 Secondary coil inductance. Henry 140μH
L3 Primary side inductor compensator. Henry 160μH
C1s Primary side series capacitor compensator. Farad 46nF
C1p Primary side parallel capacitor compensator. Farad 153nF
C2 Secondary side series capacitor compensator. Farad 201nF
Mf Mutual inductance between coil “a” and “b”. Henry 6.4μH
fr Reduction factor. No units 0.95
RL Load Resistance Ohms 4.8
f Operating frequency of the WPT stage Hertz 31.1kHz
73
REFERENCES
[2] Vashist Bist and Bhim Singh, “PFC Cuk Converter-Fed BLDC
Motor Drive,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
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