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Gr.7 8 Agri Crop Prod
Gr.7 8 Agri Crop Prod
Technological
and Livelihood
Education
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Agricultural Crop Production
Technological and Livelihood Education – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Agricultural Crop Production
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Technological
and Livelihood
Education
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Agricultural Crop Production
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
2
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
3
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
4
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Agricultural Crop Production. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
5
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
4. Farm tools are very important in agricultural crop production because they
___________.
a. Make work easier.
b. Make work faster.
c. Save time and effort.
d. All of the above.
5. A tool with one end of its blade flattened and the other pointed at right
angles to its handle is a ___________.
a. mattock
b. crowbar
c. bolo
d. spade
6. Which tool resembles the appearance of spoon and use for transferring soil?
a. Spade
b. Shovel
c. Spading fork
d. Grub hoe
6
7. What implement is being pulled by a working animal to till the land?
a. Harrow
b. Native plow
c. Disc plow
d. Disc harrow
9. An open container with a single wheel at the front and two handles at the
back used to transport things
a. Hand tractor
b. Tractor
c. Basket
d. Wheel barrow
7
Lesson
Farm Tools in Agricultural
1 Crop Production
Farm tools, implements, and equipment play very important role in
agricultural crop production. Their availability makes the work much easier and
faster. However, even if one may have the most sophisticated tools and implements,
but does not know how to use them, they are useless. In order to do crop production
operations successfully, one must have a good working knowledge of the tools,
implements and equipment before using them.
What’s In
Farm Equipment - These are machineries used in crop production. They are used
in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. These equipment
need a highly skilled operator to use.
Farm tools - objects that are usually light and are used without the help of animals
and machines.
8
What’s New
Examples:
9
Spade is used for removing trash
or soil, digging canals or ditches
and mixing soil media.
10
Hand cultivator is used for
cultivating the garden plot by
loosening the soil and removing
weeds around the plant.
11
Water pails – for hauling water,
manure and fertilizers.
What is It
Farm Implements
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or mounted
to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the preparation of
land. These are usually made of a special kind of metal.
Examples are:
1. Plows. These are farm implements either pulled by a working animal or a tractor.
The plow is specifically used for tilling large areas, making furrows and inter row
cultivation. Plows pulled by working animals are made of both a combination of metal
12
and wood or pure metal. They are used to till areas with a shallower depth than that
of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.
Disc Plow
Native Plow
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal teeth and pulled
by a carabao while the disc harrow is made of metal mounted to a tractor. Harrows
are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil.
Disc Harrow
Native Harrow
13
COMMON FARM EQUIPMENT
These are machineries used in crop production. They are used in land
preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. These equipment need a
highly skilled operator to use.
1. Hand tractor is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a large area of
land.
2. Four wheel tractor is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in preparing much
bigger area of land.
14
Thresher Corn Dehusker
Grass cutter
Rice harvester
Miller
Rice seeder
15
What’s More
I.
Instruction: Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.
II.
In your notebook, answer the following:
16
III.
SCRAPBOOK ON FARM EQUIPMENT
After learning what the different farm equipment, you will be compiling
pictures of farm equipment and its uses.
1. Collect pictures of various farm equipment. You may clip pictures from the
magazines, newspapers, old books, or from the internet.
2. For the pictures taken from online sites, copy the URL and paste below the
pictures.
3. Cut the pictures and paste it on a short bond paper
4. Search the uses or functions of this equipment and write it below or beside the
pictures.
5. Compile the sheets into 1 folder.
6. Submit it to your teacher.
17
What I Can Do
Footwear
Long pants
Gloves
Rag
Shovel
Procedure:
Make sure that before you perform this activity, you are wearing appropriate personal
protective equipment. Follow these instructions
18
Assessment 1
Instruction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
4. Farm tools are very important in agricultural crop production because they
___________.
a. Make work easier.
b. Make work faster.
c. Save time and effort.
d. All of the above.
5. A tool with one end of its blade flattened and the other pointed at right
angles to its handle is a ___________.
a. mattock
b. crowbar
c. bolo
d. spade
6. Which tool resembles the appearance of spoon and use for transferring soil?
a. Spade
b. Shovel
c. Spading fork
d. Grub hoe
7. What implement is being pulled by a working animal to till the land?
a. Harrow
19
b. Native plow
c. Disc plow
d. Disc harrow
9. An open container with a single wheel at the front and two handles at the
back used to transport things
a. Hand tractor
b. Tractor
c. Basket
d. Wheel barrow
Additional Activities
After learning what the different farm equipment are, you will be compiling
pictures of farm equipment and its instructional manual.
1. Draw pictures on a short bond paper of different farm equipment that you can
see in your community.
2. Color your drawing using crayons, colored pencils, etc.
3. Search the uses or functions of this equipment and write it below or beside the
drawing.
4. Draw as many as you can and compile the sheets into 1 folder.
5. Once done, submit it to your teacher.
20
What is It
Imagine that the long, hot summer vacation has finally come to an end and
it‘s the beginning of the school year and you are ready to start working your vegetable
gardens. But before that let us check first our tools, implements and equipment you
are going to use.
Garbed with your working clothes and personal protective equipment (PPE).
Proceed to the shop to retrieve your tools so that you can start clearing away the last
remnants of summer and begin breaking the soil for a new year. Imagine your
frustration as you start pulling out all of your tools to see that they are covered with
rust and dirt that has hardened and crusty globs of oil that have collected dust last
vacation. It seems that you are going to spend more time cleaning and repairing tools
on this nice day than you will actually use them.
21
In instances where the moving parts of
your garden tools (such as with of any new
pruners, shears, and loppers) have frozen in
place, like springs and pivot joints, you should
disassemble them first carefully break free any
rust or dirt that may keep the tool from
functioning properly. Clean accumulated rust
and dirt off all metal surfaces with a wire
brush. Remove stubborn rust from small tools
with fine steel wool. Using an old toothbrush
with some lightweight lubricating oil is a great
way to work fresh oil into the joints of most
garden tools. Not only will this fresh oil helps
your tool to work as it was intended, but it will also prevent the formation of rust.
Use medium-grit sandpaper to remove rust on larger tools such as shovels, spades,
and hoes.
Once your tools are cleaned, they're ready to be sharpened. When sharpening,
try to maintain the original factory bevel or angle. For pruners, use a whetstone
because it produces a very sharp cutting edge. Depending on the type of whetstone,
apply a few drops of oil or water to the stone. With the beveled side of the blade
against the stone, rub the sharp edge of the blade toward the stone in a curved
motion, as if you were trying to shave off a thin slice from the stone.
When working with a file, stabilize the blades in a vise or against a solid
surface such as a work bench to avoid injury and ensure an even stroke. Always
push the file across the blade in a motion away from your body. Move the file
diagonally, so that its cutting teeth are biting into the metal on the tool. When
sharpening with a file, do not use oil; metal filings will accumulate and clog the file's
serrations.
Farm implements like ordinary plow and wooden harrow should be checked
thoroughly before use. Loosened bolts and nuts should be tightened firmly. Disc plow
and harrow should also be lubricated on their moving parts like bearings. Tractors
should be tuned-up very well by skilled operator. Check on their oil, lubricant, fuel
and cooling system. Tools that are worn out should be separated and be fixed
immediately to avoid accident
22
Assessment 2
TRUE OR FALSE:
Read and analyze each statement below. Write True if the statement is
correct. False if the statement is incorrect on the space provided for.
_____1.The best way to use the stone is to find a way to stabilize the tool that you
want to work on.
_____2.Tools that are worn out should be separated and be fixed immediately to
avoid accident.
_____3. When sharpening, try to maintain the original factory bevel or angle.
_____4. Always push the file across the blade in a motion away from your body.
_____5. Clean accumulated rust and dirt off all metal surfaces with a wire brush.
_____6. Move the file diagonally, so that its cutting teeth are biting into the metal on
the tool.
_____7. Use medium-grit sandpaper to remove rust on larger tools such as shovels,
spades, and hoes.
_____8. When sharpening with a file, do not use oil; metal filings will accumulate
and clog the file's serrations.
_____9.Oil will help tools to work as intended and will prevent the formation of rust.
____10.For pruners, use a whetstone because it produces a very sharp cutting
edge.
23
24
What's More
I.
1. C
2. D
3. I
4. J
5. E
6. F Assessment 2
7. H
8. A 1. TRUE
2. TRUE
9. B
3. TRUE
10.G
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
II. 6. TRUE
7. TRUE
1. These are machineries 8. TRUE
used in horticultural
10 .TRUE
operations especially in
vegetable production.
They are used in land
preparation and in
transporting farm inputs
and products. These
equipment need a highly
skilled operator to use.
Assessment 2. Answer: What I Know
A. Hand tractor is used to
1. B pull a plow and harrow in 1. B
2. B preparing a large area of 2. B
3. D land. 3. D
4. D B. Four wheel tractor is 4. D
5. A used to pull disc plow and 5. A
6. B disc harrow in preparing 6. B
much
7. B 7. B
bigger area of land.
8. B C. Water pumps are used
8. B
9. D to draw irrigation water 9. D
10.A from a source. 10.A
Lesson 1 - Farm Tools in Agricultural Crop Production
Answer Key
References
https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/keithlaumer/images/8/83/E_nep_thai_knife_n
am26b.jpg/revision/latest/top-crop/width/300/height/300?cb=20131107041956
https://tools-pmc.com/348-thickbox_default/pick-mattock.jpg
https://cdn.xl.thumbs.canstockphoto.com/a-garden-hoe-illustration-of-a-garden-
hoe-on-a-white-background-image_csp13568679.jpg
https://europeantoolsaustralia.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/12/3093.jpg
https://m.mediaamazon.com/images/I/41jej2NrC9L._AC_SS350_.jpg
https://images-na.ssl-
imagesamazon.com/images/I/71OuySO9OCL._AC_SL1500_.jpg
https://s3-ap-southeast
2.amazonaws.com/hometimber/StoreProducts/MA06160.jpg
https://images-na.ssl-images-
amazon.com/images/I/71hf5O0rzAL._AC_SL1500_.jpg
https://www.allsun.com.au/HoMiShortL.jpg
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61-u59oh9aL._AC_SX450_.jpg
https://www.faithfulltools.com/images/xxlarge/FAIESSHCUL.jpg?1521740099
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61AkoxcjdtL._AC_SL1500_.jpg
https://www.zavaland.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/09/ZavalandPruningShears.jpg
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/images/thumb/axe_noun_002_02119.jpg?version
=5.0.102
https://www.antoniniknives.com/files/yizlxg/traditional.jpg
https://cdn-tp3.mozu.com/24645-37138/cms/37138/files/26fa2c97-d6d8-4b6a-
b541-3735f8f15ff9
https://cf.shopee.ph/file/81df5b6d19295e8000d5e9492fd7b77e
https://cf.shopee.ph/file/fd76ba0caf86cd89291a0b24c629da8a
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.kikshardware.ph%2
Fproduct%2Fwheel-
barrow%2F&psig=AOvVaw2c7XGhfbAg08Rj5LyvVk8J&ust=1594182578490000&so
urce=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCIjwpMvwu-oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
https://media.manufactum.de/is/image/Manufactum/750s_shop/hand-sickle--
19613_01.jpg
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0kd87CcsWIE/hqdefault.jpg
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/_ncxsoWROglNqLLMy-I_hl-IR-0_iC-
OwKa2jSHX3lGds8qj8KoNqA6J0lM9G28sHfFrWiGiJDUYgV95kM9ykwJ-
v2QjMkQ3mngHyGyFJOpbuUgG3MRkYCfcKzBlzE-cemM
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ChnqrZMb_l4/hqdefault.jpg
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/aO0YkR8AeL8/maxresdefault.jpg
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https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1UqU7PpXXXXbrXFXXq6xXFXXXW.jpg_350x350.j
pg
https://bsg-
i.nbxc.com/product/27/3d/5f/90c4b2a655e5bc9bb61d30db1f.jpg@4e_360w_360h.
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g%3D%3D&size=20&p=9%7C95Q.we
25
Lesson
Perform Basic Workplace
2 Calculations
It is important to be able to measure and calculate surface areas. It might be
necessary to calculate, for example, the surface area of the cross-section of a canal
or the surface area of a farm. This section will discuss the calculation of some of
the most common surface areas: triangle, square, rectangle, rhombus,
parallelogram, trapezium and circle.
The height (h), base (b), width (w), length (1) and diameter (d) of the most
common surface areas
26
TRIANGLES
Triangles can have many shapes but the same formula is used for all of them.
EXAMPLE
Calculate the surface area of the triangles no. 1, no. 1a and no. 2
Given Answer
Triangles no. 1 and no. 1a: base = 3 cm Formula: A = 0.5 x base x height
height = 2 cm = 0.5 x 3 cm x 2 cm = 3 cm2
It can be seen that triangles no. 1, no. 1a and no. 2 have the same surface;
the shapes of the triangles are different, but the base and the height are in all three
cases the same, so the surface is the same.
27
PROBLEM:
Given: Answer
In a square the lengths of all four sides are equal and all four angles are
right angles.
In a rectangle, the lengths of the opposite sides are equal and all four angles
are right angles.
Note that in a square the length and width are equal and that in a rectangle the
length and width are not equal.
28
PROBLEM
In a rhombus the lengths of all four sides are equal; none of the angles are
right angles; opposite sides run parallel.
In a parallelogram the lengths of the opposite sides are equal; none of the
angles are right angles; opposite sides run parallel.
29
QUESTION:
Given Answer
Rhombus: base = 3 cm Formula: A = base x height
height = 2 cm = 3 cm x 2 cm = 6 cm2
TRAPEZIUMS
The top (a) is the side opposite and parallel to the base (b). In a trapezium
only the base and the top run parallel.
30
EXAMPLE
Given Answer
Trapezium no. 1: base = 4 cm Formula: A = 0.5 x (base x top) x height
top = 2 cm = 0.5 x (4 cm + 2 cm) x 2 cm
height = 2 cm = 0.5 x 6 cm x 2 cm = 6 cm2
QUESTION:
Given Answer
Note that the surface areas of the trapeziums 1 and 4 are equal.
Number 4 is the same as number 1 but upside down.
PERCENTAGE
The word "percentage" means literally "per hundred"; in other words one
percent is the one hundredth part of the total. You can either write percent, or %, or
1/100, or 0.01.
31
QUESTION
ANSWER
32
What’s More
26m
1. 2. 3.
12cm 18m
18m
33m
12cm 25m
4. 5.
100cm
30in
42in 168cm
What’s is It
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME
A volume (V) is the content of a body or object. Take for example a block. A
block has a certain length (l), width (w) and height (h). With these three data, the
volume of the block can be calculated using the formula:
33
A block
EXAMPLE:
Given Answer
QUESTION 1:
Given Answer
All data must be converted in meters (m)
length = 4 m Formula: V = length x width x height
width = 50 cm = 0.50 m = 4 m x 0.50 m x 0.20 m
height = 200 mm = 0.20 m = 0.40 m3
QUESTION 2:
Calculate the volume of the same block, this time in cubic centimeters (cm3)
Given
Answer
All data must be converted in centimeters (cm)
length = 4 m = 400 cm Formula: V = length x width x height
width = 50 cm = 400 cm x 50 cm x 20 cm
height = 200 mm = 20 cm = 400 000 cm3
34
UNITS OF VOLUME
The basic unit of volume in the metric system is the cubic meter (m3) which
is obtained by multiplying a length of 1 meter, by a width of 1 meter and a height of
1 meter.
NOTE
and
What I Can Do
Length = 7 cm
Width = 2 cm
Height = 3 cm
2cm
35
Assessment
1. Given 4. Given
Length = 12 cm Length = 24 cm
Width = 8 cm Width = 12 cm
Height = 5 cm Height = 8 cm
2. Given 5. Given
Length = 8 cm Length = 30 cm
Width = 5cm Width = 18 cm
Height = 4 cm Height = 10 cm
3. Given
Length = 45 cm
Width = 32 cm
Height = 25 cm
36
37
Assessment What’s More
1. 480 cm3 2.1.
2. 160 cm3
1. 144 cm2
3. 236, 000 cm3
2. 531 m2
4. 2, 304 cm3
3. 225 m2
5. 5, 400 cm3
4. 1, 260 in2
5. 16, 800 cm2
2.2.
1. 6 plants
2. 4.2 hectares (ha)
3. 72 farmers
4. 100 pesos
5. 5 seeds
Answer Key
References
https://www.ducksters.com/kidsmath/finding_the_volume_of_a_cube_or_bo
x.php
Jef Van Haunte-Lyds Quileste Van Haunte, Growing Rich,Tasty Veggies
http://www.antiquefarmtools.info
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/01-111b
http://www.ebc.com.au
http://www.fao.org/docrep/R4082E/r4082e02.htm#1.1%20introduction%2
0to%
20surface%20area
38
Lesson
Interpreting Plans and
3 Drawings
The Farming for the Future (FFTF) program can help you to plan the best farm
layout. It is an initiative of NSW Government agencies focusing on whole farm
planning. A whole farm plan considers the farm‘s physical, financial and
human/personal resources for both now and the future.
Crops are planted in rows or straight lines, either singly or in multiple rows,
mainly to enhance maximum yields as well as for convenience. An east-west row
orientation is preferred to maximize light absorption, but this is not always possible.
In many cases the topography that includes the shape, terrain and slope of the land,
as well as the location of existing vegetation, roads, irrigation lines, buildings and
physical barriers, dictate the row orientation.
39
What is It
In row-planted fruit trees and other perennial crops like coconut, oil palm and
rubber, the common types of planting or spatial arrangement are the square,
rectangular, quincunx, and triangular or hexagonal.
Coconut and other perennial crops are often intercropped with multiple rows
of annual crops like corn and pineapple. This is a common practice of maximizing
the use of vacant inter-row spaces when the main crop has not fully developed thus
allowing sufficient light exposure.
Planting of the intercrop between two adjacent hills within the same row of
the main crop allows inter-row cultivation but the intercrop has limited exposure to
sunlight. This is exemplified by the planting of peanut or mungbean between corn
plants within the same row or two coffee plants that are 3 m apart between coconut
plants.
40
Direct seeding or direct sowing
is a method of planting in which
seeds are directly planted on the
ground in the farm or any growing
surface while transplanting makes
use of pre-grown plants, seedlings or
vegetatively propagated clones. It
generally applies to large-seeded
vegetables as well as in cereals and
grain legumes. Transplanting is most
common with small-seeded vegetables, vegetatively propagated crops, ornamental
crops, fruit trees and many perennial crops. The term direct seeding is also
commonly used to refer to the planting of seed pieces or underground vegetative
planting materials directly into the soil.
In both the hill and drill methods of planting crops by direct seeding, there is
a desired row-to-row spacing. Hills with a single or multiple number of plants are
spaced uniformly within each row so that in the hill method there is always a
reference to hill distance and number of plants per hill. A hill is that specific spot on
the ground on which a plant or a group of plants is grown. In contrast, there is no
uniform spacing between plants in the row in the drill method, but uniformity in
number of plants per linear meter is intended.
The hill method of direct seeding is done by dropping seeds in holes made by
a dibbler or in furrows that are more or less equidistant. But with mechanized
farming, a combine furrower-planter is commonly used.
The seeds are drilled with or without furrows. In rice, drilling in puddled soil
in linear direction is a modification of seed broadcasting in which plants are
dispersed without plant-to-plant spacing. But in rainfed sorghum, mungbean, and
41
other grain legumes, the seeds are always drilled at the bottom of the furrow, covered
with soil by raking or by foot, and stepped on to press the soil.
Just like in the hill method of planting crops, an even distribution of drilled
seeds is intended but varies with the seeding rate per hectare and row distance. With
a seeding rate of 100 kg per hectare in rows 20 cm apart, the calculated average
seeding rate per linear meter in the row is 2 grams. With 1000 grain weight of 29
grams for rice, this is equivalent to a seeding rate of about 70 seeds per linear meter.
But if the row distance is widened to 25 cm, the average seeding rate will increase to
2.5 grams or 86-87 seeds per linear meter.
What’s More
3. Single row planting of the intercrop can also be done between the rows of
the________.
4. Slashing and burning are done during _____________when the grasses are dry, and
corn is planted at the start of the rainy season.
42
What is It
Other functions of farm irrigation system include crop and soil cooling, protecting
crops from frost damage, delaying fruit and bud development, and controlling wind
erosion, providing water for seed germination, application of chemicals, and land
application of wastes.
• A project plan enables the designer to lay out the irrigation system in the most cost
effective way. The plan is used to generate a material list and to evaluate the
anticipated project costs.
• The plan provides step by step information on system installation. Information on
crop spacing, sprinklers, pumping requirements, pipeline sizes and lengths should
be included on the plan. Pertinent obstructions such as roads, trees, gas, oil, water,
telephone or transmission lines must also be indicated.
• Specification, design standards and work schedules as set out on a plan form the
basis of any contractual agreements between the installation contractor and the
farmer.
• The plan provides a record for future reference. It can be used for overall farm
planning and identifies limits of expansion potential.
• Topographic Data - the field shape must be accurately drawn showing pertinent
obstructions, features and elevation details.
• Water Source Capacity - the water supply must be clearly indicated showing
location and available capacity.
43
• Depending on the water source, a well log or water license must accompany
the irrigation plan. Irrigation reservoirs also require Water Management Branch
licensing.
• Soil and Crop Characteristics - soil and crop limitations must be accounted for
to reduce runoff and deep percolation by mismanagement of the irrigation system.
• Design Parameters - soil water holding capacity, maximum application rate and
climatic data must be used to select the correct irrigation system design.
• Design Data - the nozzle selected, operating pressure, discharge rate and sprinkler
spacing must all be shown on the plan. The irrigation interval, set time, application
rate and net amount applied must also be calculated.
What I Can Do
Instruction: On a short bond paper, list down the items being asked below. Once
done, place it on short folder and pass it to your teacher.
44
DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
45
1.2 Border Irrigation System
46
2. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
The sprinkler system is ideal in areas where water is scarce.
A Sprinkler system conveys water through pipes and applies it with a
minimum amount of losses.
47
3. DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION
Advantages:
a. Water is applied directly to the crop so the entire field is not filled with water.
b. Water is conserved.
c. Weeds are controlled because only the places getting water can grow weeds.
d. There is a low pressure system.
e. There is a slow rate of water application somewhat matching the consumptive use.
Application rate can be as low as 1 – 12 l/hr.
f. There is reduced evaporation, only potential transpiration is considered.
g. There is no need for a drainage system.
48
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
MATERIALS NEEDED:
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. After knowing different irrigation designs, select 1 design applicable in your area.
2. Using the materials above sketch the irrigation design applicable in your locality.
3. Explain why you considered this design on a separate sheet of bond paper.
4. Once done, submit to your work to your teacher.
49
50
Assessment
(4) FUNCTIONS OF FARM IRRIGATION
SYSTEMS
1. Diverting water from the water source.
2. Conveying it to individual fields within
the farm.
3. Distributing it within each field.
4. Providing a means for measuring and
regulating flows.
(6)ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A PLAN
1. Topographic Data
2. Water Source Capacity
3. Depending on the water source, a well log
or water license must accompany the
irrigation plan.
4 Soil and Crop Characteristics
5. Design Parameters
6. Design Data
(3) Types of Conventional Sprinkler What's More
Systems
1. Fully portable system 1. maximize light
2. Semi-portable system
3. Fully permanent system
absorption
2. Spatial arrangement
(7) Advantages of drip or trickle irrigation 3. maincrop
4. summer
1. Water is applied directly to the crop ie. 5. broadcast
Entire field is not wetted.
2. Water is conserved 6. within the rows of
3. Weeds are controlled because only the the maincrop
places getting water can grow weeds. 7.between the rows of
4. There is a low pressure system. the maincrop
5. There is a slow rate of water application
somewhat matching the consumptive use.
8. in replacement series
Application rate can be as low as 1 - 12 9. Direct planting
l/hr. 10. Transplanting
6. There is reduced evaporation, only
potential transpiration is considered.
7. There is no need for a drainage system.
Answer Key
References
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/2fxytPNLjdzTBY5btzZOfySXUftfAf
4-uVNiKfffxz-D_TUzN7zdmb718x0_5_1g3kbwcQLuLJhv47YVZ7Axy2daQysf-
12jwcNrGa2hP614RofI88O08oLMp_HNovDYbMyrBx2Djv37nA
https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/medium/images/cover/medium_
abafb0d391e87adc057df2d95333298c.JPG
Horticulture CBLM
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Elementary Agriculture: Saint Mary‘s Publishing.
1983Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G.; Introduction to Tropical Crop Production: First
Edition: Saint Mary‘s Publishing. 1976
Asuncion, Jr. Ramon G. et.al.; Technology and Home Economics 2:
Agricultural Arts: First Edition: Abiva Publishing House, Inc: Quezon City.
1992
Mendiola, N. B.; Principles of Crop Production: United Circulation, Inc.:
Malabon, Rizal: 1959
Technology and Home Economics 2 (SEDP Series)
(Abellanosa AL, HM Pava. 1987. An Introduction to Crop Science. Central
Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Phils.: Publications Office. p. 135
136). http://www.cropsreview.com/row-planting.html
http://www.cropsreview.com/planting-crops.html
http://www.google.com.ph/search?q=IRRIGATION&hl=tl&rlz=1C1AVSX_en
PH406PH406&prmd=imvnsb&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=Nxx
HT-fsFeOSiAeR35CXDg&ved=0CGUQsAQ
51
Lesson
Applying Safety Measures in
4 Farm Operations
Many hazards are present in the farm. If the farmers are not aware of these
hazards these may cause injury to their body or may cause diseases and even death.
Farmer should always apply appropriate safety measures while working in the farm.
In this lesson the students with the guidance and supervision of their teacher should
identify farm works that involve the use of chemicals and hazardous tools and
equipment; determine the uses of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and
determine farm emergency procedures regarding safety working environment.
What’s In
Cleaning- the act or process of removing dirt from tools, containers and farm
facilities.
Disinfection chemicals- refers to the chemical used in cleaning which has the
ability to kill microorganisms especially pathogens.
Health-a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enable him or her to
perform the job normally.
Sharpening- the process of thinning the edge of the tools like knife, pruning shears,
hedge shears, etc.
52
What I Know
a. Chemicals
b. Exposure
c. Risk
d. Hazard
2. It is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near
a workplace.
a. Risk
b. Exposure
c. Hazard
d. .Chemicals
a. Risk
b. Exposure
c.. Hazard
d. Chemicals
4. This includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling objects,
slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively loud and
prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold, radiation, poor lighting, ventilation, air
quality.
a. Chemicals
b. Mechanical and/or electrical
c. Psychosocial environment
d. Physical
53
6. It includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that could
lead to fire or explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes
from various processes such as welding.
a. Chemicals
b. Psychosocial environment
c. Mechanical and/or electrical
d. Biological
a. Biological
b. Chemicals
c. Mechanical and/or electrical
d. Psychosocial environment
a. Psychosocial environment
b. Biological
c. .Chemicals
d. Mechanical and/or electrical
a. Safety
b. Biological
c. Psychosocial environment
d. Chemicals
a. Occupational safety
b. Safety
c. Psychosocial environment
d. Biological
54
What’s New
Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to
anyone at or near a workplace. The level of risk increases with the
severity of the hazard and the duration and frequency of exposure.
Types of Hazard
1. Physical - includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling
objects, slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), excessively
loud and prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold, radiation, poor lighting,
ventilation, air quality.
2. Mechanical and/or electrical - includes electricity, machinery, equipment,
pressure vessels, dangerous goods, fork lifts, cranes, hoists.
3. Chemical - includes chemical substances such as acids or poisons and those that
could lead to fire or explosion, like pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents, dusts and
fumes from various processes such as welding.
4. Biological - includes bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew, insects, vermin, animals.
5. Psychosocial environment - includes workplace stressors arising from a variety
of sources.
55
Farm emergency procedures regarding safety working environment
a. Fire
b. Flood
c. Typhoon
d. machinery entrapment
e. electrical shock
f. snake or spider bite
g. chemical exposure
h. injuries
i. illness and
j. accidents
2. Provide emergency facilities appropriate for the sorts of emergencies that might
occur on the farm (e.g. deluge showers, eye washes, firefighting equipment, first aid
kits).
3. Make sure that the correct equipment is available to contain and handle any
chemical or other dangerous materials spills that might happen.
4. To help minimize the risk of personal injury or property damage in the event of an
emergency, people working on and visiting the farm need to know and understand
the emergency procedures and their responsibilities.
6. Everyone should know the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers and first aid
kits; how and
7. Where to contact emergency services; and where to safely assemble in the event
of an emergency.
The following factors may increase risk of injury or illness for farm workers:
1. Age – injury rates are highest among children who are 15 years old and below, as
well as adults over 65 years old.
56
Assessment
IDENTIFICATION:
2. ___________________ is the likelihood that a hazard will cause injury or ill health to
anyone at or near a workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the
hazard and the duration and frequency of exposure.
57
What is It
1. Spraying Chemicals
Many different chemicals are used on a farm including pesticides. These chemicals
are used to fertilize and control pests such as insects, weeds, mollusk, etc. Most of
these chemicals are applied by spraying.
Spraying in a strong wind and the spray drifting over a dam or the farm
house.
Washing spray equipment and the water running into open drains,
collecting in puddles, or running into stockyards or dams.
Containers or chemicals left lying around. Empty containers lying in a heap.
Some ways you can reduce the risk of hazards from chemicals are:
58
Safety Reminders
Sudden stops
Driving over holes, stumps and debris, or a sharp turn
Personal protective equipment (PPE) can reduce the number and severity of
farm work related injuries and illnesses. Personal protective equipment not only
helps protect people but also improves productivity and profits. Farmers and
ranchers can share in these benefits by using the appropriate protective equipment
for themselves, family members and employees when the job and its potential
hazards call for it.
59
Protect your hearing with acoustic earmuffs
or plugs when operating noisy equipment
such as grain dryers, feed grinders, older
tractors, chain saws, etc.
What’s More
1. _______________ can reduce the number and severity of farm work related injuries
and illnesses.
2-4 Protect your head with a hard hat when performing 2.________, 3._________,
4._________, with head injury risks.
Use a sun safety hat (one with a wide brim and neck protection) to assist in the
prevention of 5.__________.
6-8 Protect your vision with appropriate safety eyewear (6._________, 7___________,
8.___________) when applying pesticides, fertilizers, working in the shop, or in heavy
dust conditions.
9-10 Protect your hearing with acoustic earmuffs or plugs when operating noisy
equipment such as 9.__________, 10.________, older tractors, chain saws, etc.
60
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
Quantity Description
2 sheets short bond paper
1 piece pencil/ballpen
INSTRUCTIONS:
EVALUATION:
Your work will be evaluated by your teacher using the following criteria:
61
62
What’s More Assessment What I Know
1. Personal protective 1. Hazard 1. D
equipment (PPE) 2. Risk 2. A
2. construction work 3. Exposure 3. B
3. trimming trees 4. Physical Hazard 4. D
4. repairing machinery 5. Mechanical and/or 5. A
5. Skin cancer Electrical Hazard 6. A
6. Safety glasses 6. Chemical Hazard 7. A
7. Goggles 7. Biological Hazard 8. A
8. Face-shields 8. Psychosocial 9. A
9. Grain dryers Environment Hazard 10. A
10. Feed grinders 9. Safety
10. Occupational Safety
Answer Key
What I Know
(2) Tips in cleaning areas for handling and storing fresh produce:
_________________________________
_________________________________
63
References
https://c8.alamy.com/comp/MB38XK/fruit-farmer-harvest-the-ripened-
durian-in-the-fruit-farm-garden-underbrush-with-backpack-basket-ripened-
durian-falled-from-the-durian-tree-MB38XK.jpg
https://www.bigstarfireworks.co.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2018/10/safety-
goggles.jpg
https://i.pinimg.com/236x/8d/8e/e5/8d8ee5856619350edcaca3528d3af70
1---years-go-to-sleep.jpg
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yI3gzQIeZ66uOvoqFoMNjgVGhWo
zhdY8wsB3xoXS9T00rHr84_ejculXESoQ96FmE3G5W_bAOJlFswNLVsSy-
waQ6mwfFJ6UzjFvKDm_chEoL3mkPZaBU4dZuUDeffSrMQ
https://media.tractorsupply.com/is/image/TractorSupplyCompany/142125
5?$456$
64
Lesson
Processing Farm Wastes
5 (PFW)
Blades such as electric hedge trimmer blades, hoe, shovel, and other metal
surfaces can be sprayed with lubricant oil. Spray the blades then turn them on to
make sure oil works into all areas. All electrical and petrol gardening equipment need
to be covered over with a blanket or sheet if kept in the shed. This will prevent dust
and dirt getting to them.
The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning must adhere as
much as possible to the following procedures:
The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning re-usable containers
must adhere as much as possible to the following procedures:
Remove as much as possible plant debris, soil and residues of any kind,
use a brush or appropriate tool when necessary.
Inspect containers for physical damage which might injure, spoil and
contaminate fresh vegetables, if found, repair them.
Inspect containers for any missed plant debris, soil and residues, if found, re-
clean.
If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions
for mixing.
65
Rinse containers with clean water.
When possible, containers should be placed under the full sun for rapid
drying.
Store re-usable containers properly to avoid contamination.
The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning the equipment (e.g.
tables, racks, plastic sheet, etc.), tools (e.g. secateurs, knifes, brushes, etc.) and
garbage cans must adhere as much as possible to the following procedures:
Remove as much as possible plant debris, soil and residues of any kind, use
a brush or another appropriate tool when necessary.
Inspect equipment for physical damage which might injure, spoil and
contaminate fresh vegetables, if found, repair them.
Inspect equipment, tools and garbage cans for any missed plant debris, soil
and residues, if found, clean again.
If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions
for mixing.
As required, apply cleaning materials such as detergent and/or disinfection
chemicals, and ensure that no spots are missed.
Rinse with safe water, if there are parts of the equipment that cannot be rinsed
with water, use a clean wet towel and follow the same procedures for cleaning.
Ensure that small equipment and tools do not touch the ground floor after the
cleaning procedures.
When possible place in the full sun for rapid drying.
Store equipment and tools properly to avoid contamination.
The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning these areas must adhere
as much as possible to the following procedures:
Unplug any electrical equipment and if possible, cover with plastic electrical
motors, electrical boxes, connections, light fixtures, etc. do not use packaging
materials for this task.
Remove trash and any accumulated plant debris from the floors.
Using low pressure water to:
o Rinse the entire ceiling infrastructure and light fixtures to remove any
dust and soil build up.
o Rinse walls, windows and doors from the top downward.
o Rinse the entire floor surface to remove any soil build up. Be careful
not to splash water onto the equipment.
If necessary, scrub areas with brush and cleaning materials such as
detergent, and ensure that no spots are missed.
After scrubbing areas with cleaning materials, rinse surface areas as
described previously wash out drains; be careful of not splashing water onto
equipment.
If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions
for mixing.
66
Cleaning hygienic facilities:
The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning hygienic facilities must
adhere as much as possible to the following procedures:
3. Risk phrases describing the type of health effects e.g. “irritating the skin”, and
safety phrases stating precautions for safe handling, storage, spills, disposal and fire
e.g. “keep away from combustible material”.
There are good reasons for ensuring that proper containers and appropriate
labels are used, including:
67
Material Safety Data Sheets
What is It
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
68
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
69
Answer Key
What I Know
Tips in cleaning equipments, tools and garbage cans:
Remove as much as possible plant debris, soil and residues of any kind, use a
brush or another appropriate tool when necessary.
Inspect equipments for physical damage which might injure, spoil and
contaminate fresh vegetables, if found, repair them.
Inspect equipments, tools and garbage cans for any missed plant debris, soil and
residues, if found, clean again.
If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions for
mixing.
As required, apply cleaning materials such as detergent and/or disinfection
chemicals, and ensure that no spots are missed.
Rinse with safe water, if there are parts of the equipment that cannot be rinsed
with water, use a clean wet towel and follow the same procedures for cleaning.
Ensure that small equipment and tools do not touch the ground floor after the
cleaning procedures.
When possible place in the full sun for rapid drying.
Store equipment‘s and tools properly to avoid contamination.
Tips in cleaning areas for handling and storing fresh produce:
Unplug any electrical equipment‘s and if possible, cover with plastic electrical
motors, electrical boxes, connections, light fixtures, etc. do not use packaging
materials for this task.
Remove trash and any accumulated plant debris from the floors.
Using low pressure water for
o Rinse the entire ceiling infrastructure and light fixtures to remove any dust
and soil build up.
o Rinse walls, windows and doors from the top downward
o Rinse the entire floor surface to remove any soil build up, be careful of not
splashing water onto equipment‘s.
If necessary, scrub areas with brush and cleaning materials such as detergent,
and ensure that no spots are missed.
After scrubbing areas with cleaning materials, rinse surface areas as described
previously wash out drains; be careful of not splashing water onto equipment‘s.
If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions for
mixing.
70
References
Bolo -
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nife_nam26b.jpg/revision/latest/top-
crop/width/300/height/300?cb=20131107041956
grab-hoe - https://cdn.xl.thumbs.canstockphoto.com/a-garden-hoe-
illustration-of-a-garden-hoe-on-a-white-background-image_csp13568679.jpg
spade - https://europeantoolsaustralia.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/12/3093.jpg
shovel - https://m.media-
amazon.com/images/I/41jej2NrC9L._AC_SS350_.jpg
rake - https://images-na.ssl-images-
amazon.com/images/I/71OuySO9OCL._AC_SL1500_.jpg
rake2 - https://s3-ap-southeast-
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71
hand trowel - https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61-
u59oh9aL._AC_SX450_.jpg
hand cultivator -
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9
pruning - https://www.zavaland.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/09/ZavalandPruningShears.jpg
axe -
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ersion=5.0.102
knife - https://www.antoniniknives.com/files/yizlxg/traditional.jpg
sprinklers - https://cdn-tp3.mozu.com/24645-
37138/cms/37138/files/26fa2c97-d6d8-4b6a-b541-3735f8f15ff9
sprayers-https://cf.shopee.ph/file/fd76ba0caf86cd89291a0b24c629da8a
wheel barrow -
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h%2Fproduct%2Fwheel-
barrow%2F&psig=AOvVaw2c7XGhfbAg08Rj5LyvVk8J&ust=159418257849000
0&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCIjwpMvwu-
oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
sickle -
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72
Volume
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php
furrow -
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e/fig1/AS:684214508855301@1540140859949/Furrow-irrigation-system.png
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Drip/Trickle -
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c.jpg
73
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