MARCH 2018

EVIDENCE REVIEW 212

E V I D E N C E R E V I E W

The clinical effectiveness and

current practice of art therapy for
trauma
Evidence review

A review of the current evidence on the clinical effectiveness of art therapy

and analysis of the status of art therapy within the psychology profession in
Australia

Dr Janine McMillan / Amanda Moo / Rajneet Arora / Dr Beth Costa

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements 3

Executive summary 4
Background and Scope 4
Method 4
Key findings 4

Introduction 6
Review Questions and Scope 6

Question 1. What is the current evidence of the clinical effectiveness of art therapy? 7
Key findings 7
Method 7
Search Process 7
Findings 9

Question 2: What is the status of art therapy within the psychology profession in Australia? 15
Key Findings 15
Method 15
Findings 15

Implications 21

References 22

Appendix 23
Literature search process and study classification 23

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Systematic review study characteristics 10

Table 2. Primary study characteristics 11
Table 3. Summary of systematic review key findings 12
Table 4. Summary of the published results of art therapy primary studies 13
Table 5. ANZATA approved art therapy courses available in Victoria# 17
Table 6. Victorian health institutions offering art therapy in 2018# 19

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1. PRISMA diagram showing search process for identifying studies of the clinical effectiveness of
art therapy 8

Evidence Review 212 / 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report has been prepared for the Transport Accident Commission (TAC). The Institute for Safety,
Compensation and Recovery Research (ISCRR) would like to acknowledge TAC for their assistance
and collaboration throughout the development of this evidence review. The authors also wish to
thank staff at ISCRR who supported the evidence review and production of the report.

Disclaimer
Please note: This Evidence Review has been produced by the Institute for Safety Compensation and
Recovery Research (ISCRR) Worldwide Evidence Scanning Team in response to a specific question
from the Transport Accident Commission. The content of this report may not involve an exhaustive
analysis of all existing evidence in the relevant field, nor does it provide definitive answers to the
issues it addresses. The review findings were current at the time of publication, February 2018.
Significant new research evidence may become available at any time.
ISCRR is a joint initiative of WorkSafe Victoria, the Transport Accident Commission and Monash
University. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the
authors and not necessarily those of the Transport Accident Commission or ISCRR.

Evidence Review 212 / 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background and Scope

Art therapy is a psychological treatment involving creative visual art making as a form of non-verbal
expression. This therapeutic approach has been used to assist clients to explore, externalise, process
and resolve negative thoughts and feelings associated with trauma. Art therapy can also be
appropriate for individuals with difficulty verbally expressing themselves, including children or
individuals with acquired brain injury.
An evidence review on the clinical effectiveness of art therapy following trauma was conducted in
2012.1 The review included three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and one systematic review
study that evaluated art therapy for children and adolescents delivered within inpatient settings. The
evidence review concluded there was insufficient evidence to determine whether art therapy was a
useful treatment for individuals who had experienced trauma.
The Transport Accident Commission commissioned this evidence review to provide an updated
review of the clinical effectiveness of art therapy.
The key review questions, developed in consultation with the TAC, were:
1. What is the evidence of effectiveness of art therapy?
2. What is the status of art therapy within the psychology profession in Australia? This included:
• The qualifications needed to become a registered art therapist in Victoria and the institutions
where those qualifications can be obtained; and
• The nature of art therapy currently being delivered within Victoria.

Method

This evidence review was conducted in two parts:

• A systematic review of the scientific evidence of the clinical effectiveness of art therapy
• An environmental scan on practice of art therapy within the psychology profession in Australia

Key findings

Question 1: What is the current evidence of the clinical effectiveness of art therapy?
• Nine primary studies and six systematic reviews that have evaluated the clinical effectives of
art therapy have been published since 2012.
• Art therapy has been used to treat physical and psychological trauma, thus these studies are
relevant for TAC clients.
• There is moderate evidence that art therapy can significantly reduce depression and anxiety
symptoms associated with psychological trauma based on four primary and one systematic
review study.
• There is very limited evidence that art therapy can significantly reduce depression symptoms
for individuals with physical trauma based on one study.
• The long-term efficacy of art therapy is unclear.
Question 2: What is the status of art therapy within the psychology profession in
Australia?
• Psychologists, counsellors and social workers can work with qualified art therapists to provide
interdisciplinary therapy.

Evidence Review 212 / 4

• The peak art therapy professional organisations in Australia are the Professional Association
for Arts Therapy in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore (ANZATA) and the Australian
Creative Arts Therapies Association (ACATA).
• To be eligible for membership of ANZATA, art therapists must have completed an approved
Masters level course in art therapy.
• Two accredited training institutions in Victoria offered Master of Art Therapy courses.
• In February 2018 there were 56 art therapists in the Melbourne area who were members of a
professional organisation.
• Public and private health institutions in Victoria offer art therapy for mental health and
medical conditions.

Evidence Review 212 / 5

INTRODUCTION

Art therapy is a psychological treatment that involves creative visual art making as a form of non-
verbal expression. An art therapy session consists of the client using various art materials to express
their thoughts and emotions in the presence of an art therapist who helps to explore, build insight
and make meaning of the art work. This may take place individually or in a group.
Creative arts therapies can include various art modalities including visual art, music, dance, drama
and photography. For the purpose of this report, we focused on art therapies that use visual art-
making such as drawing, painting, and creating mosaic with clay, ceramics or any other material.
Traumatic events are often difficult to express in words alone and they can be stored in the brain
visually. Art therapy has been used to assist clients to explore these stored images, and to
externalise, process and resolve the negative thoughts and feelings associated with trauma.2 Art
therapy is also particularly helpful for people for whom expressing themselves verbally is
problematic, such as children or patients with acquired brain injury.

Exposure to trauma can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a chronic condition with
symptoms including intrusive recollection (re-experiencing), avoidance/numbing and increased
arousal (hyper-vigilance). These symptoms can affect an individual’s life and serve as a barrier to
basic tasks. Art therapy has been used to treat PTSD and other psychological consequences related
to physical or psychological trauma.

An evidence review on the effectiveness of art therapy following trauma was conducted in 2012.1
The review included three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and one systematic review study that
evaluated art therapy for children and adolescents delivered within inpatient settings. The evidence
review concluded there was insufficient evidence to determine whether art therapy was a useful
treatment for individuals who had experienced trauma.

Review Questions and Scope

This evidence review was conducted to identify the clinical effectiveness and current practice of art
therapy for trauma.
The key review questions, developed in consultation with the TAC, were:
1. What is the evidence of effectiveness of art therapy?
2. What is the status of art therapy within the psychology profession in Australia? This included:
• The qualifications needed to become a registered art therapist in Victoria and the institutions
where those qualifications can be obtained; and
• The nature of art therapy currently being delivered within Victoria.

This evidence review was undertaken in two parts to address each of the review questions:
1. An update of the previous evidence review by performing a systematic review of research studies
published since 2012 that examined the clinical effectiveness of art therapy; and
2. An environmental scan on the status of art therapy within the psychology profession in Australia.
This report was prepared by the ISCRR Worldwide Evidence Scanning Team and presents a review of
scientific and practice evidence.

Evidence Review 212 / 6

QUESTION 1. WHAT IS THE CURRENT EVIDENCE OF THE
CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF ART THERAPY?

Key findings

• Nine primary studies and six systematic reviews that have evaluated the clinical effectives
of art therapy have been published since 2012.
• Art therapy has been used to treat physical and psychological trauma, thus these studies
are relevant for TAC clients.
• There is moderate evidence that art therapy can significantly reduce depression and
anxiety symptoms associated with psychological trauma based on four primary and one
systematic review study.
• There is very limited evidence that art therapy can significantly reduce depression
symptoms for individuals with physical trauma based on one study.

Method

An updated systematic search of the scientific literature for evaluation studies of the clinical
effectiveness of art therapy published since 2012 was conducted in January 2018.
Literature search
The specific inclusion and exclusion criteria based on the original review are described below.
Population
The types of participants included individuals with an injury or condition due to motor vehicle
accident, or any other trauma, injury or condition. Trauma due to domestic violence, sexual or child
abuse was excluded.
Intervention
The search included evaluations of the effectiveness of art therapy delivered as a standalone
treatment or as part of a multidisciplinary treatment program. Interventions that included music
therapy, writing or dance therapy were excluded, as were creative art classes that were not
facilitated by an art therapist.
Outcomes
To be included primary evaluation and systematic review studies were required to report at least
one mental health measure as a primary outcome. Mental health outcomes could include
depression, anxiety, stress, or post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology. Eligible studies could
report physical health outcomes including quality of life, physical function or pain.

Search Process

The search process is summarised in Figure 1 below, and further described in the Appendix.
The quality of the included primary studies were assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice
Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment tool for quantitative studies. The quality of the included
systematic reviews were assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews
(AMSTAR).

Evidence Review 212 / 7

 4 studies from original 2012
Identification

755 records identified from

review and 3 studies identified
database search
through other sources

184 duplicate records removed

Screening

571 titles and abstracts screened 531 records excluded

21 articles excluded
Eligibility

40 full text articles assessed for

eligibility 16 did not meet inclusion
criteria
4 conference presentations
1 overlapping data set

7 systematic reviews and 12

Included

primary studies included in

qualitative synthesis

Fig 1. PRISMA diagram showing search process for identifying studies of the clinical effectiveness of art
therapy

Evidence Review 212 / 8

Findings

Detailed findings
We identified for review 19 papers that included seven systematic review and 12 primary evaluation
studies. One systematic review2 and three primary studies3-5 from the 2012 ISCRR review6 (#0312-
002-R9) were included in this review. A summary of systematic review papers included for review is
shown in Table 1, and primary study characteristics in Table 2.
Of the 19 papers included for review, one systematic review7 and one primary study1 were
conducted in Australia. The remaining six systematic reviews were conducted in countries
comparable to the Australian context. The primary studies were conducted in a range of countries.
Of the twelve primary studies, eight were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and three used a
cohort and one a controlled cohort study design.
Art therapy was delivered to target those with: injury from motor vehicle accident, trauma, spinal
cord injury, PTSD or other mental health disorders, stroke, breast cancer, dementia, schizophrenia
and personality disorders. One primary study evaluated the effectiveness of art therapy delivered to
healthy ageing adults.

Evidence Review 212 / 9

Table 1. Systematic review study characteristics

Reference (year) Country Targeting those with Years searched N studies; N Outcomes Quality
participants rating1

Physical trauma Schouten et al (2015)8 The Netherlands Adult trauma - 2013 6; 223 Psychological trauma Medium
symptoms

Wethington et al United States Childhood trauma - 2007 1 of 72; nr Mental health symptoms High
(2008)22

Psychological Ramirez (2016) 9 United States Military-related nr 12; nr PTSD symptoms Low
trauma and mental PTSD
health disorders

Uttley et al (2015)10 United Kingdom Mental health - 2013 27; 965 Mental health symptoms High
disorders

Other conditions Reynolds (2012)11 United Kingdom Stroke nr nr Cognitive function, physical Low
function

Chancellor et al (2014)12 United States Dementia 1980-2013 16; 169 Cognitive function, wellbeing Low

Maujean et al (2014)7 Australia Range 2008-2013 8; 988 Mental health symptoms Low

Notes. 1Based on AMSTAR rating of systematic review quality, where high quality reviews achieved an AMSTAR rating of 9-11, medium quality reviews a rating of 5-8, and low quality reviews
a rating of 1-4; 2one primary study included for review evaluated art therapy; 2systematic review included in original review; nr = not reported; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.

Evidence Review 212 / 10

Table 2. Primary study characteristics

Reference (year) Country Study design Targeting those with Intensity Outcomes of interest Quality
N, % male rating1
(follow up)

Wang et al, 201513 China RCT (12m) Motor vehicle accident, 40m/w x 8 PTSD severity; post-traumatic growth; Strong
52, NR depression; anxiety
Physical trauma

Macri and Limoni (2017)14 Italy Cohort (post Spinal cord injury, 19, mean 15.5h Anxiety; depression; well-being; general Moderate
intervention) 74% health

Chapman et al (2001)32 United States Controlled cohort (nr) Childhood trauma, 85, 1 x 1h PTSD symptom severity Moderate
70%

Schreier et al (2005)52 United States RCT (18m) Childhood trauma 1 x 1h PTSD symptom severity Weak

Campbell et al (2016)15 United States RCT (post- Military related PTSD, 8 x 1.25h Depression; PTSD symptoms Weak
Psychological trauma and mental health disorders

intervention) 17, 100%

Lyshak-Stelzer et al United States RCT (7d) Adolescent PTSD, 29, 1h/w x 16 PTSD symptom severity Moderate
(2007)42 55% male

Kopytin and Lebedev Russia RCT (post- Military related mood 1/w x 3 Mood disorder symptoms; quality of life Weak
(2013)16 intervention) disorder, 112, 91%

Caddy et al (2012)1 Australia Cohort (post- Mood disorders, 403, 6x 1.5h Mental health outcomes (depression, Weak
intervention) 18% anxiety, stress), quality of life, functioning

Crawford et al (2012)17 United Kingdom RCT (12m) Schizophrenia, 417, NR 1.5 h/w x 12m Global functioning; mental health Strong
symptoms; social functioning; satisfaction
with care

Haeyen et al (in press)18 The Cohort Personality disorders, 74, 1.5h/w x 10 Mental health symptoms Weak
Netherlands (post-intervention) 30%

Monti et al (2012)19 United States RCT (2w) Breast cancer, 18, 0% 2.5h/w x 8 Anxiety Moderate
conditions
Other

Kim (2013)20 Korea RCT (post- Healthy ageing, 50, 22% 3 x 1.25h/w x 4 Affect; anxiety; self-esteem Moderate
intervention)

Notes. 1Based on the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies;2 study from original review; nr = not reported; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; RCT =
randomised controlled trial.

Evidence Review 212 / 11

Evidence of the effectiveness of art therapy interventions
This section provides a synthesis of the effectiveness of art therapy interventions. Table 3 provides a
summary of the systematic review finding and Table 4 provides a summary of the findings reported
in primary evaluation studies.

Table 3. Summary of systematic review key findings

Reference Targeting those with Key findings

Schouten et al Trauma Psychological trauma symptoms: 3/6 studies reported

(2015) significant decrease
Physical trauma

Depression: 1/6 studies reported significant decrease

Wethington et al Paediatric trauma PTSD symptom severity: 0/1 studies reported significant
(2008) decrease
Conclusion: insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness

Ramirez (2016) PTSD PTSD symptom severity: 4/6 studies reported significant
Psychological trauma
and mental health

decrease
Additional reported impacts: increased ability to verbalise
di d

thoughts, improved social relationships

Uttley et al (2015) Non-psychotic mental Mental health symptoms: 10/15 studies reported significant
health disorders improvement

Reynolds (2012) Stroke Cognitive functioning: qualitative case study evidence

suggests improvement
Other conditions

Chancellor et al Dementia Qualitative and quantitative evidence of improved cognitive

(2014) functioning but unclear if benefits extend outside therapy

Maujean et al Range Mental health symptoms: 7/8 studies reported significant

(2014) improvement

Evidence Review 212 / 12

Table 4. Summary of the published results of art therapy primary studies

Reference Targeting those with Intervention effects

Wang et al Motor vehicle PTSD severity: ns

(2015) accident Post-traumatic growth: ns
Depression: ns
Anxiety: ns
Physical trauma

Macri and Spinal cord injury Anxiety: ns

Limoni Depression: ↓ baseline to post intervention mean dif 10.0, p < 0.01
(2017)
Well-being: ns
General health: ↑ baseline to post intervention mean dif 24.0, p < 0.01
Chapman et Childhood trauma PTSD symptom severity: ns
al (2001)
Schreier et Childhood trauma PTSD symptom severity: ns
al (2005)
Campbell et Military related Depression: ns
al (2016) PTSD PTSD symptoms: ns
Lyshak- Adolescent PTSD PTSD symptom severity: ↓ post-intervention intervention vs control mean
Psychological trauma and mental health disorders

Stelzer et al dif 18.3, p < 0.01

(2007)
Kopytin and Military-related Depression: ↓ post-intervention intervention vs control mean dif 0.2,
Lebedev mood disorder p<0.05
(2013) Quality of life: ↑ post-intervention intervention vs control mean dif 2.4,
p<0.05

Caddy et al Mood disorders Depression: ↓ baseline to post intervention mean dif 17.3, p < 0.001
(2012) Anxiety: ↓ baseline to post intervention mean dif 13.0, p < 0.001
Stress: ↓ baseline to post-intervention mean dif 16.4, p<0.001
Crawford et Schizophrenia Global functioning: ns
al (2012) Mental health symptoms: ns
Social functioning: ns

Haeyen et Personality Mental health: ↑ baseline to post-intervention mean dif 9.6, p<0.01
al (2017) disorders

Monti et al Breast cancer Anxiety: ↓ baseline to post-intervention, p=0.03#

(2012)
Other conditions

Kim (2013) Healthy ageing Mood: ↑post-intervention intervention vs control mean dif 14.2, p <
0.001
Anxiety: ↓ post-intervention intervention vs control mean dif -16.2, p <
0.001
Self-esteem: ↑ post-intervention intervention vs control mean dif 3.8, p <
0.001
Note. #Mean difference not reported. M=Mean; ns= not significant, PTSD= post-traumatic stress disorder

Evidence Review 212 / 13

Physical trauma
One art therapy intervention for individuals with spinal cord injury significantly decreased
depression symptoms and improved general health post-intervention. The effective intervention
was delivered to 19 individuals across a mean 15 hours.
One medium quality systematic review of six primary studies reported that art therapy for general
physical trauma significantly reduced mental health symptoms in three studies. The specific mental
health outcomes assessed in primary studies was not described by the review authors.8
Psychological trauma and mental health conditions
There was a moderate level of evidence in support of art therapy for psychological trauma and
mental health conditions, based on four primary studies of effective interventions. Specifically, art
therapy was found to significantly reduce depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in three weak
quality primary studies and one moderate quality primary study. There was additional supporting
evidence from two systematic reviews.
For example, art therapy delivered weekly for three weeks to Russian veterans diagnosed with mood
disorders significantly decreased depression symptoms and improved quality of life post-
intervention compared to treatment as usual16. Likewise, Caddy et al1 reported that art therapy
decreased depression, anxiety and stress in patients with mood disorders. A similar study of art
therapy delivered weekly across 16 weeks to adolescents diagnosed with PTSD reported that the
intervention significantly decreased PTSD symptom severity at treatment end compared to a control
treatment.4 Similar findings were reported in a cohort study of Dutch individuals with a personality
disorder who participated in art therapy weekly for 16 weeks.18
One low quality systematic review considered six primary studies that evaluated the effectiveness of
art therapy for PTSD.9 Four of the included primary studies found that art therapy significantly
reduced PTSD symptom severity. The review authors concluded that in addition to having a
significant impact on PTSD symptoms, art therapy was associated with an increased ability to
verbalise thoughts and improved social relationships. Similarly, one high quality systematic review
examining the effect of art therapy on patients with non-psychotic mental health disorders10 found
that mental health symptoms were significantly improved in 10 of 15 studies.
One high quality RCT evaluated the effectiveness of art therapy for schizophrenia and failed to find
any significant effects on mental health symptoms post-intervention and 12 months later.17 However
qualitative findings reported in a separate study indicated that among participants who engaged
with the program, art therapy was associated with benefits including improved self-esteem,
confidence and sense of control.
Other conditions
Art therapy was found to reduce anxiety symptoms shown to reduce anxiety in two further
populations, women with breast cancer19 and healthy, older adults20. Both studies were of moderate
quality. Art therapy delivered for healthy ageing was additionally associated with increased mood
and self-esteem.
Three low quality systematic reviews provided additional moderate evidence for the effectiveness of
art therapy on mental health symptoms and cognitive function for stroke11, dementia12 and a range
of other conditions7. For example, the systematic review by Reynolds found that available evidence
in stroke patients was very limited but case studies demonstrated that art therapy may address
many of the diverse cognitive, emotional and functional needs of people disabled by stroke,
including attention, spatial processing, sequencing and planning.
In dementia patients art therapy was found to engage attention, provide pleasure, and improve
neuropsychiatric symptoms, social behaviour and self-esteem.

Evidence Review 212 / 14

QUESTION 2: WHAT IS THE STATUS OF ART THERAPY
WITHIN THE PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSION IN AUSTRALIA?

Key Findings

• Psychologists, counsellors and social workers can work with qualified art therapists to
provide interdisciplinary therapy.
• The peak art therapy professional organisations in Australia are the Professional
Association for Arts Therapy in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore (ANZATA) and the
Australian Creative Arts Therapies Association (ACATA).
• To be eligible for membership of ANZATA, art therapists must have completed an
approved Masters level course in art therapy.
• Two accredited training institutions in Victoria offered Master of Art Therapy courses.
• In February 2018 there were 56 art therapists in the Melbourne area who were members
of a professional organisation.
• Public and private health institutions in Victoria offer art therapy for mental health and
medical conditions.

Method

A desktop scan of publicly available grey literature was conducted in January and February 2018 to
examine the current practice of art therapy in Australia.
We searched the electronic search engine Google using combinations of the following terms: art
therapy, art therapists, Victoria, accident, injury and trauma. Additionally we conducted targeted
searches of the webpages of: the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), the Australian
Psychological Society (APS), the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), the
Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA), and the International Institute for
Complementary Therapists (IICT).

Findings

Art therapists work within mental health, allied health and human services. Art therapy is a tool used
by mental health professionals to help clients, especially those who have suffered some kind of
trauma in their lives, to open up and unlock their inner feelings, which may be known, unknown or
unable to speak about.
Psychologists, counsellors and social workers can work with qualified art therapists to provide
interdisciplinary therapy. Additionally allied health professionals are trained in art therapy and offer
art therapy as a component of their core therapy services.
A website search to identify relevant evidence-based guidelines in Australia yielded very limited
results (see Appendix). The Australian Counselling Association (ACA) offers art therapy workshops
and events for practising health professionals. ∗

∗
https://www.theaca.net.au/

Evidence Review 212 / 15

Art therapy regulatory bodies
We identified two peak organisations governing the practice of art therapy in Australia. These were:
• The Professional Association for Arts Therapy in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore
(ANZATA) is a member-run self-regulating organisation that advocates for the profession and
ensures the practice of art therapy meets international standards. ANZATA publishes the
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Arts Therapy (ANZJAT), a peer-reviewed annual
publication, as part of their commitment to supporting new research and knowledge in the arts
therapies field.
• The Australian Creative Arts Therapies Association (ACATA) is a national, independent non-profit
organisation that maintains the professional standards for the practice of creative arts therapies
in Australia. ACATA does not approve or recommend art therapy training courses in Australia.
Both organisations recognise a range of disciplines within the arts therapies that includes the visual
arts, drama, dance and movement, and music. ANZATA and ACATA members have access to
networking, standards, advocacy and professional development in art therapy.
Two additional peak bodies are involved in maintaining the professional standards of art therapy
within Australia:
• Australian Counselling Association (ACA) is Australia's largest registration body for counsellors
and psychotherapists. The ACA Professional Colleges establishes standards of practice for
counsellors working within specialist fields, including creative arts therapies.
• Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA) is the national peak body for
counsellors and psychotherapists and professional associations in the counselling and
psychotherapy field in Australia. ANZATA is affiliated with PACFA.

Art therapy qualifications in Victoria

Two criteria are required to be met to practice as a registered art therapist within Australia. The first
criterion is the completion of an ANZATA approved course at a registered training institution. Table 5
summarises the key art therapy courses on offer at Victorian institutions at the time of preparing
this report. We identified four training institutions in Victoria that offered ANZATA approved art
therapy courses. Two of these, La Trobe University and The Miecat Institute offered Masters level
qualifications.
The Australian Psychological Society does not expressly endorse art therapy as a psychological
therapy. However APS members are eligible for continuous professional development (CPD) points
following attendance at art therapy courses offered by approved training institutions, such as the
CECAT. ∗

∗
https://arttherapycourses.com.au/art-therapy-course-details/accreditation-and-recognition/

Evidence Review 212 / 16

Table 5. ANZATA approved art therapy courses available in Victoria #

Institution Course name Prerequisite Intensity; mode Practical training Professional recognition

Master of Art Therapy Undergraduate degree in a relevant field 2y FT; F2F 750h placement ANZATA
University
La Trobe

At least one year of relevant work experience

Art Therapy Short Course Program None 1-2d; F2F None None

Masters in Therapeutic Arts Practice No information available 3y PT; nr 1.5d/w x 12m ANZATA
The Miecat
Institute

Professional Doctorate in Therapeutic Arts MIECAT Masters or equivalent 5y PT; nr Group and individual ANZATA
Practice supervision

Introductory Course None 2d; F2F None None

Clinical Art Therapy (CECAT)
College for Educational and

Certificate in Educational and Clinical Art Therapy CECAT introductory course 6-12m PT; F2F, online None ANZATA

Diploma in Educational and Clinical Art Therapy CECAT Certificate Course 3-6m PT; F2F, online None No information available

Master Class for Certified and Graduate Art Aged 21 years; training or experience in No information No information No information available
Therapists psychological theory or practice available available

Advanced Diploma of Art Therapy None 12 or 24m; F2F, online 100h supervised Eligibility for membership
placement with ACATA

12m; F2F 100h placement Accredited with the ACA;

IKON Institute of Australia

Graduate Diploma of Arts Psychotherapy Undergraduate or VET qualification, minimum

3 years previous experience Eligibility for membership
with ACATA and Australian
Association of Holistic and
Transpersonal Counsellors
(AHHTC)

Bachelor of Arts Psychotherapy At least 18 years, Certificate IV, Diploma, 3y FT; F2F 480h placement Eligibility for membership
Advanced Diploma or Associate Degree with PACFA, ACATA,
ANZATA and the ACA.

Notes. #Does not represent an exhaustive list of all available courses; ACA = Australian Counselling Association; ACATA = The Australian Creative Arts Therapies Association; ANZATA = Professional Association for
Arts Therapy in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore; FT = full time; F2F = face to face; nr = not reported; PACFA = Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia; PT = part time

Evidence Review 212 / 17

The second criterion to practice as a registered art therapist in Australia is professional membership
with ANZATA. The requirements to gain ANZATA professional membership are:
• Completion of an approved Master’s level course in art therapy
• Completion of a minimum 750 hours of supervised art therapy clinical placement
• Ongoing supervision and professional development
• Practice under a code of ethics

Art therapy programs currently delivered within Victoria

In February 2018 there were 56 practicing art therapists across the Melbourne region registered on
the ANZATA directory of registered art therapists. Individual art therapists provided treatment for a
range of conditions. According to the ANZATA directory, people were most commonly treated for:
mental health issues, grief and loss, and anxiety.
Table 6 shows the art therapy programs and therapies offered within Victorian health institutions.
One art therapy program offered to individuals following road trauma is described as a case study in
Box 1.
A range of public and private health institutions, largely based in Melbourne, were found to offer art
therapy for a range of medical and mental health conditions. For example, three large hospitals
offered art therapy to patients in an inpatient setting, including both individual and group basis. Of
note, the Austin Health’s Royal Talbot Centre offered art therapy to individuals with an ABI as part of
multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Not-for-profit and private providers offered art therapy within the
community setting to treat a range of conditions. Two additional programs offered in the community
setting within the Geelong region were identified.

Evidence Review 212 / 18

Table 6. Victorian health institutions offering art therapy in 2018 #

Institution Description Target health Delivery mode

condition/s
St Vincent's Hospital Art therapists work at both St Palliative care Not stated
Vincent’s Palliative Care sites
Melbourne
The Olivia Newton-John Public hospital Cancer Individual or small
Cancer Wellness & Research group sessions
Centre, Austin Health
Melbourne

The Royal Children's Public hospital; art therapist Variety Individual or

Hospital Melbourne employed on part time basis group session
Melbourne
The Royal Talbot Public hospital; specialist Mental health Individual or
Rehabilitation Centre, provider of intensive conditions, ABI group session
Austin Health rehabilitation programs
Melbourne
The Victoria Clinic Private psychiatric facility Variety 12-week program
offering inpatient and
Melbourne
outpatient mental health
services.
Referral to the art therapy
program is required

Road Trauma Support Not-for-profit organisation Road trauma Monthly group

Services No referrals needed sessions

The Art Cabriolet Not-for-profit organisation Childhood trauma Program-based

Collaborates with hospitals,
Melbourne
hospices, youth centres and
schools
The Melbourne Therapy Not-for-profit organisation Medical or mental Individual or
Centre health group session
Melbourne
Wesley Mission Victoria Not-for-profit organisation Huntington’s Not stated
disease and other
Melbourne
neurological
conditions
Creative Healing Private practice Mental health Not stated
Medicare rates may apply with
Melbourne
a Mental Health referral letter

Folk n Fable Private practice Mental health, Individual and

Currently partnering with intellectual group
Melbourne
Eastern Access Community disability, physical
Health (EACH) and Headspace disability, ABI, Small groups for
Works with community and substance use NDIS participants
government services disorder

Evidence Review 212 / 19

 Institution Description Target health Delivery mode
condition/s
Indigo Art Therapy Private practice Mental health Individual or
group
Melbourne

Melbourne Art Therapy Private practice Mental health Individual and

Studio group
Melbourne
Storm Insight Private practice Mental health No information
available
Geelong

The Geelong Clinic Private hospital Mental health No information

available
Geelong

Note. # Not an exhaustive list of all institutions and organisations that offered art therapy programs and treatments.

Box 1. Art therapy case study

Road Trauma Support Services Victoria (RTSSV)

The RTSSV is a not-for-profit organisation that offers free face-to-face and telephone counselling
services across Victoria to individuals affected by road trauma. The RTSSV established the Art
Therapy Group in 2012 as part of their peer support program.
Initially targeting mothers bereaved through road trauma, the Art Therapy Group has since
expanded to include any individual directly or indirectly affected by road trauma.
Monthly facilitated sessions are offered at the Surrey Hills Community Centre in Melbourne.
Clients are encouraged to express their thoughts and feelings related to grief and loss through
the art medium. The group occasionally produce shared pieces of art. For example, in 2016 the
group created a mural made from felt for the annual Time for Remembering ceremony. The
work of pulling apart the soft fibres and bringing them together again in the felting process was
seen to be symbolic of the internal healing process after trauma.

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IMPLICATIONS

This evidence review identified the best available current evidence of the clinical effectiveness of art
therapy, as well as the current practice of art therapy in Victoria. A summary of key findings
according to the two guiding review questions is presented below.
Question 1: What is the current evidence of the clinical effectiveness of art therapy?
• Nine primary studies and six systematic reviews that have evaluated the clinical effectives of
art therapy have been published since 2012.
• At therapy has been used to treat physical and psychological trauma, thus these studies are
relevant for TAC clients.
• There is moderate evidence that art therapy can significantly reduce depression and anxiety
symptoms associated with psychological trauma based on four primary and one systematic
review study.
• There is very limited evidence that art therapy can significantly reduce depression symptoms
for individuals with physical trauma based on one study.
• The long-term efficacy of art therapy is unclear.
Question 2: What is the status of art therapy within the psychology profession in
Australia?
• Psychologists, counsellors and social workers can work with qualified art therapists to provide
interdisciplinary therapy.
• The peak art therapy professional organisations in Australia are the Professional Association
for Arts Therapy in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore (ANZATA) and the Australian
Creative Arts Therapies Association (ACATA).
• To be eligible for membership of ANZATA, art therapists must have completed an approved
Masters level course in art therapy.
• Two accredited training institutions in Victoria offered Master of Art Therapy courses.
• In February 2018 there were 56 art therapists in the Melbourne area who were members of a
professional organisation.
• Public and private health institutions in Victoria offer art therapy for mental health and
medical conditions.

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REFERENCES

1. Caddy L, Crawford F, Page AC. 'Painting a path to wellness': correlations between participating in a
creative activity group and improved measured mental health outcome. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health
Nursing. 2012;19(4):327-33.
2. Wethington HR, Hahn RA, Fuqua-Whitley DS, Sipe TA, Crosby AE, Johnson RL, et al. The effectiveness of
interventions to reduce psychological harm from traumatic events among children and adolescents: a systematic
review. American journal of preventive medicine. 2008;35(3):287-313.
3. Chapman L, Morabito D, Ladakakos C, Schreier H, Knudson MM. The Effectiveness of Art Therapy
Interventions in Reducing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms in Pediatric Trauma Patients. Art
Therapy. 2001;18(2):100-4.
4. Lyshak-Stelzer F, Singer P, St. John P, Chemtob C. Art Therapy for Adolescents with Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder Symptoms: A Pilot Study. Art Therapy. 2007;24(4):163-9.
5. Schreier H, Ladakakos C, Morabito D, Chapman L, Knudson MM. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in
children after mild to moderate pediatric trauma: a longitudinal examination of symptom prevalence, correlates,
and parent-child symptom reporting. The Journal of trauma. 2005;58(2):353-63.
6. Donoghue E, Piccenna L. Art Therapy. Institute for Safety, Compensation and Recovery Research,;
February 2012.
7. Maujean A, Pepping CA, Kendall E. A systematic review of randomized controlled studies of art therapy.
Art Therapy. 2014;31(1):37-44.
8. Schouten KA, de Niet GJ, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ, Hutschemaekers GJ. The effectiveness of art therapy
in the treatment of traumatized adults: a systematic review on art therapy and trauma. Trauma Violence &
Abuse. 2015;16(2):220-8.
9. Ramirez J, Erlyana E, Guilliaum M. A Review of Art Therapy Among Military Service Members and
Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Military and Veterans Health. 2016;24(2):40-51.
10. Uttley L, Scope A, Stevenson M, Rawdin A, Buck ET, Sutton A, et al. Systematic review and economic
modelling of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of art therapy among people with non-psychotic
mental health disorders. Health Technology Assessment. 2015;19(18):1-+.
11. Reynolds F. Art therapy after stroke: Evidence and a need for further research. Arts in Psychotherapy.
2012;39(4):239-44.
12. Chancellor B, Duncan A, Chatterjee A. Art Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias.
Journal of Alzheimers Disease. 2014;39(1):1-11.
13. Wang XL, Lan C, Chen JW, Wang WY, Zhang H, Li L. Creative arts program as an intervention for PTSD:
a randomized clinical trial with motor vehicle accident survivors. International Journal of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine. 2015;8(8):13585-91.
14. Macri E, Limoni C. Artistic activities and psychological well-being perceived by patients with spinal cord
injury. Arts in Psychotherapy. 2017;54:1-6.
15. Campbell M, Decker KP, Kruk K, Deaver SP. Art Therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy for Combat-
Related PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association.
2016;33(4):169-77.
16. Kopytin A, Lebedev A. Humor, self-attitude, emotions, and cognitions in group art therapy with war
veterans. Art Therapy. 2013;30(1):20-9.
17. Crawford MJ, Killaspy H, Barnes TR, Barrett B, Byford S, Clayton K, et al. Group art therapy as an
adjunctive treatment for people with schizophrenia: a randomised controlled trial (MATISSE). Health Technology
Assessment. 2012;16(50):iii-76.
18. Haeyen S, van Hooren S, Van der Veld WM, Hutschemaekers GJ. Promoting mental health versus
reducing mental illness in art therapy with patients with personality disorders: a quantitative study. The Arts in
Psychotherapy.In press.
19. Monti DA, Kash KM, Kunkel EJ, Brainard G, Wintering N, Moss AS, et al. Changes in cerebral blood flow
and anxiety associated with an 8-week mindfulness programme in women with breast cancer. Stress and health
: journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. 2012;28(5):397-407.
20. Kim MK, Kang SD. Effects of art therapy using color on purpose in life in patients with stroke and their
caregivers. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2013;54(1):15-20.

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APPENDIX

Literature search process and study classification

Search process
Search words
“art therapy” AND (rehabilitation OR trauma OR accident OR condition)
English language only, humans, and year 2012 to current
The databases searched were Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and
Cochrane database of systematic reviews.
Identified titles were retained if they evaluated an art therapy intervention delivered as a stand-
alone treatment or as part of a multidisciplinary approach. Following the initial screening process,
full text articles were obtained and assessed for eligibility based on specific criteria developed a
priori by the ISCRR project team in collaboration with the TAC project sponsor.

Study classification
The electronic database searches yielded 755 potentially relevant references. A further three were
identified through other sources and the four studies in the 2012 ISCRR Art Therapy Evidence Review
were included. After removal of duplicates 571 records remained. Screening of the titles and
abstracts resulted in 531 records excluded and 40 full text articles were assessed for eligibility. Seven
systematic reviews and 12 primary studies that fit the inclusion criteria were retained for data
extraction and synthesis. Information on study design, population, art therapy intervention
characteristics and study results were extracted for each included intervention study.

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