Socio Economic Empowerment of Traditiona

INTERCONTINENTAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE RESEARCH REVIEW
ISSN: 2320-9704 - ONLINE ISSN:2347-1662 - PRINT IMPACT FACTOR:1.615

VOLUME 4, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2016
SOCIO ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF TRADITIONAL MARINE

FISHERMEN PRACTICING MECHANISED MODE OF FISHING IN
KANNIYAKUMARI DISTRICT OF TAMIL NADU
DR. LOURDES POOBALA RAYEN 1 MIRUSE AMALADAS 2
1
Head and Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, St. Xavier‟s College (Autonomous)
Palayamkottai -627 002
2
Research Scholar in Commerce, St. Xavier‟s College (Autonomous) Palayamkottai -627 002
ABSTRACT
People and their talents are two vital drivers of sustainable long-term economic growth.
People and talents are underdeveloped or underutilized, the economy will never grow as it expected.
To utilize the people and their talent of the fishing folks in Kanniyakumari district to enhance their
socio-economic empowerment by switching over from the traditional fishing to mechanized fishing
because fishery sector occupies an important place in the socio-economic development of the
fishermen. This switch over process to mechanized fishing has improved fishermen‟s status within
their community, status in the society, their educational status, health, nutritional food, income,
employment and ability to use modern fishing technologies. The improvements in fishing methods
have considerably reduced the stress and strain of traditional marine fishing and improve the living
conditions of the fishermen.
Key words: Sustainable long term economic growth, Socio-economic Empowerment, mechanized
fishing.
Introduction
India is the second largest producer of fish in theworld, contributing to 5.68% of global fish
production. India accounts for 2.5% of the global fish market andthe fisheries sector is a source of
livelihood for over 1.44 crore people (Gopalakrishnan 2016). The Central and the State Government
initiating developments of fisheries, was to copy the Western technology, the Indo-Norwegian Project
(INP) and similar others received a warm welcome. Espousal and utilization of the technology by
fishers, impact on fishery resources, emergence of store facilities, economic and social empowerment
on the traditional marine fisherman community. The Kanniyakumari marine fisheries sector has been
pride of place in the national economy of India.Fishery sector occupies an important place in the
socio-economic development of the fishermen in Kanniyakumari district. The continued changes and
up-gradation of existing fishing technologies and modernization helped to increase the efficiency of
crafts and gears, improvement in fishermen status within their community, status in the society,
housing, food, clothing and income (Das Kennady 2015). However it has not impacted much on their
status in political power, education, health, employment, inter- communities sharing, their leisure time
and involvement in social activities. In this juncture, this article makes a humble attempt to study the
socio economic empowerment of traditional marine fishermen practicing mechanized mode of fishing
in Kanniyakumari district of Tamil Nadu.
Review of literature
Sivanesan. R (2014) The socio-economic conditions of the fisherman southern coastal areas
of Kanyakumari District are very poor. Almost 66 per cent of the fishermen are engaged in fishing at
www.icmrr.org 14 [email protected]
the age group of above 35. The survey reveals almost 30 per cent of them have completed their upper
primary education. From the survey we concluded that 70 percent of the fishermen go for fishing at
the sea and 25 percent are engaged in fish related activities. The study gives the data of the citizenship
of the fishermen as 52 percent of them are natives and others are migrated.
Das Kennady J (2015) The introduction of mechanized fishing had perceptibly improved the
levels of living of boat owner households in the Kanniyakumari district. The boat owner households
have a low dependency ratio and comparatively a higher percentage of aged population. This shows a
as rise in average life expectancy. The boat owner households enjoy a high literacy level (80 per cent)
and most of the households resides in their own houses are made of concrete, own well is the primary
source of drinking water and most of the houses are selected are attached with necessary sanitation
facilities.
David Appadurai (2015) The switch over of fishermen from traditional fishing to
mechanized fishing has impacted on the knowledge and skills of fishermen. It has improved their
knowledge about sea and fish, fishing skills, ability to use modern technologies, mechanical skill,
managerial skill, knowledge about fisheries regulations and employability in related jobs. It has
changed the attitude of the fishermen towards entrepreneurship in case of mechanized boat operators.
It has impacted on many of the dimensions of social status of the mechanized fishermen in the
Kanniyakumari district.
Statement of the Problem
The increase in number of mechanized and modern crafts and gears leads to increase in fish
production, increase in the fisheries population the prosperity, welfare and development of the fisher
folk in Kanyakumari District. But still the fishermen in this district are not having modern technology,
pathetic socio-economic conditions, lack of safety measures and social security. However, there are
few studies have been conducted to analyse the above. There is no detailed study has been conducted
for the impact of mechanization in marine fishing industry on the socio-economic empowerment of
traditional marine fishermen in this district. Fishing at sea has been recognized as the most dangerous
occupation in the world. These developments throw an insight to the researcher to conduct an
empirical study on the impact of mechanization in marine fishing on the socio-economic
empowerment of traditional marine fishermen in Kanniyakumari district.
Objectives of the study
The present study had developed based on the following objectives:-
1. To study the socio-economic background of traditional marine fishermen in Kanyakumari

district.
2. To assess the socio-economic empowerment of traditional marine fishermen in Kanyakumari
district.
Methodology of the study
The researcher selected 484 mechanized fishermen crafts owners from the total population of
4839 from the 42 fishing villages of the Kanniyakumari district with help of stratified proportionate
random sampling technique. The required data were collected from respondents through interview
schedule. This study covers a period of one year from November 2014 to October 2015. Statistical
tools such as ANOVA, t- test and correlation were used for the data analysis.
Socio-economic back ground of the traditional fishermen
The researcher has analysed the socio economic back ground of the traditional fishermen of
Kanniyakumari district such as population, caste, language, habitation pattern, employment,
education, religion and community.
Population:-The district itself has on the highest population densities in India-726 per square
kilometer. In coastal villages the density is as high as 1000 per square kilometer. The 71.5 km long
coast has a heavy concentration of fisher-folk, almost one village per 1.7 km. According to census of
2010, children 0-17 years old are 44,046 (0-5years old are 14009, 6-10 old years are 12046, 11-17
years old are 17991) adults 18 years and above are 99,342 (18-40 years old are 62939, 41-65 years
old are 31775, above 65 years old are 4628) , total male population is 73,471, total female population
is 69,917 and total 1, 43,388 fisher-folks ( total families are 34779 and average family size is 4
persons per house) are distributed in the 42 villages of Kanyakumari coast and constitute about 18.21
percent of the total fishermen of Tamil Nadu.(Tamil Nadu Fisher Folks Census12)
Caste:-The fisher folk of coastal belt belong to two main castes: the Paravar and the
Mukkuvar (98.95 per cent) and very minor castes are Nozhyar Hindu (0.09 per cent) and Thuluker
Muslim (0.96 per cent). Most live in communities that are scattered along coastlines and most of their
fishing activities take place near their home communities. They generally live very close to the
seashore. This nearness to the sea has the advantage of convenient beach landing for their catch.
Habitation Pattern:-The fishermen‟s habitation is almost at the fringe of the sea. It helps
only occupational problems. The closely packed dwellings of the community and the poverty of
much of the housing give the coastal strip an appearance more like a slum than a series of rural
villages. One settlement begins almost where the other leaves off. However, there are 2,066 thatched
houses, 2,546 lite roofed houses, 8,530 tiled houses, 18,901 concrete houses, and 359 other type of
houses out of the total of 32,402 houses. (Tamil Nadu Fisher Folks Census13)
Employment:-The fishing community- as people whose traditional occupation of fishing

identify themselves with the sea. However, there are 37133 fishermen are directly involving in
fishing, 4912 and 655 are involving in fish trade and net making respectively, 1830 are in allied
activities, 4618 are employed in government and private sectors and 2113 are in self-employed in this
district.(Tamil Nadu Fisher Folks Census14)
Education:-Education is one of the most indicators of socio-economic status of the coastal

communities. Over the last half century, educational level of the coastal communities has risen
gradually. In 1960 only 10 percent coastal population had have elementary education. In 1970s, 80s
and 90s it has just swelled up to 55 per cent with higher education. According to Tamil Nadu Fisher
Folk Census 2010, there 44690 are primary school educated , 29983 are middle school educated,
20302 are high school educated, 12172 are higher secondary educated, 11567 are under graduates,
3738 are other education and 6927 illiterates are in Kanyakumari district.(Tamil Nadu Fisher Folks
Census15)
Religion and Community:-Kanyakumari district has a heterogeneous fishing community

constituting all the three religions. In Kanyakumari district, among the fishers, the Christian
community is dominated in the district. The census reveals that of the total 34779 families, 98.95 per
cent are Christians. The Muslims and Hindus constitute .09 per cent and .96 per cent respectively. In
Kanyakumari district the fisher folk are belongs to the most backward community which constitutes
99.59 per cent, backward community is .25 per cent., forward community is .15 per cent and SC/SC
community is .01 per cent.(Tamil Nadu Fisher Folks Census16)
Socio-economic empowerment of the mechanized fishermen
The primary data collected through the sampling survey are analysed with the help of the
statistical tools such as ANOVA, t-test and correlation. The analysis of socio economic empowerment
of traditional marine fishermen before and after mechanization of traditional marine fishermen is
discussed in this paper.
Socio Economic Empowerment Index- Methodology

The socio economic empowerment scores collected through scaling technique are
consolidated in a systematic way through empowerment index. Socio Economic Empowerment index
measures the socio economic empowerment of fishermen. 23 questions were asked to find out the
socio economic empowerment of fishermen. The respondents were asked to rate their opinion on the
five point scale. They are strongly agree, agree, moderate, disagree and strongly disagree. The scoring
pattern of the socio economic empowerment of five scales is given in the Table 1.
Table 1
Socio Economic Empowerment Scores
Sl. No Socio Economic Empowerment Scores
1 Strongly agree 5
2 Agree 4
3 Moderate 3
4 Disagree 2
5. Strongly disagree 1
Table 1assigns ‟5‟ scores for strongly agree, „4‟ score for agree, „3‟ score for moderate, „2‟
score for disagree and „1‟ score for those fishermen who have strongly disagree. Keeping this scoring
pattern as the base for all the 23 variables the Socio Economic Empowerment Index is constituted.
Socio-economic empowerment index is an unstandardized one developed by the researcher
used to measure the level of socio economic empowerment. Since the index is first of its kind and an
unstandardized one the reliability of the index is tested through reliability analysis. Cronbach Aalpha
validated the reliability of the unstandardized tools. Cronbach Alpha is calculated as,
α=
Where,
K = number of variables considered
r = Inter-items correlation
The proposed index comprises of 23 variables (Socio Economic empowerment) falling under
five categories in relation to them, the scores of socio economic empowerment are assigned. In order
to include the 23 variables in the index and to measure the internal consistency among them Cronbach
Alpha is used. The calculated Cronbach Alpha in this case is 0.8856. The item wise statistics related
to 23 variables is presented in Table1.2.
Table 1.2 - Item wise Statistics–Cronbach Alpha
Socio Economic Empowerment Scale mean Scale Corrected Alpha if
if item variance if item-Total item
deleted item deleted correlation deleted
Your family asks your advice to take 88.5434 67.2507 .4081 .8828
decision when there is important matter in
your family
In your village committee who gave you 88.6963 66.7544 .4024 .8828
important position
Village people asks your advice when they 89.0000 63.1429 .6362 .8764
takes important decision
In your fisherman sangam, they gave you 88.8037 65.9717 .5589 .8799
office bearer post
They honoured you as special quest in 88.7975 65.3378 .6398 .8783
your religious and village function
Being an experienced fisherman, the 89.5455 58.4928 .7404 .8716
fisheries department invited you to deliver
a speech during the fisherman training
You are the member of any one of the 89.6116 59.0828 .7625 .8709
political parties or office bearer of the
parties
You shared your social opinions before the 89.5620 58.4247 .7681 .8705
other caste people
You constructed your house with all basic 88.7955 66.4653 .3829 .8832
facilities
Myself and my family members able to get 89.5744 59.0110 .7657 .8708
better medical treatment which helps to
maintain the health
Your children studied through English 88.8388 66.0858 .3953 .8830
medium school and got higher education
By increasing of fishing provides more 89.7665 60.2787 .7440 .8720
employment opportunities
Increase in income due to increased fish 88.8533 67.3180 .2904 .8855
catch
Because of more income, savings 88.8781 67.8381 .3074 .8847
increased and able to buy own vehicle
Increased savings helped to buy land near 88.3306 68.6772 .2369 .8859
my village and in town
Increased savings helped to deposit money 88.3512 69.1931 .1981 .8864
in the bank
Increased savings helped to buy gold 88.8946 67.2249 .4211 .8826
ornaments and things for my family
Increased income helped to avoid 89.2500 66.9746 .3096 .8851
borrowings from the local money lenders
Increased income helped to provide better 90.9607 65.8763 .2993 .8870
nutritious food for my family members
Increased income helped to spent more on 91.0289 66.2973 .2537 .8889
dress material to my family members
Better fish landing facilities improved the 88.5992 67.4001 .3072 .8849
market conditions to sell fish at fair price
Increased income helps to repair the craft 88.8058 66.5626 .3927 .8830
and nets immediately, this makes to do
fishing and get more fish
Increased savings helped to buy craft, net 88.9215 64.9503 .4810 .8807
and fishing instruments
Source: Derived Data
It is clear from table that all the 23 variables identified are to include in the index. No variable
included in the empowerment index can be deleted. Because elimination of any particular variable
reduces the Cronbach Alpha. Hence, the empowerment index comprises of all the 23 variables.
Mathematically Socio economic empowerment index is presented as
SEEI = ∑n SEEVi
i=1
Where,
SEEVi=Socio Economic Empowerment in Variablei
SEEI=Socio Economic Empowerment Index
i=1…n or Number of socio economic empowerment variable included in theindex.
n= 23
Fishermen with strongly agree in terms of all 23 socio economic empowerment variables in
terms of any of the 23 variables can get a maximum score of 115 scores and fishermen with strongly
disagree of 23 score. Thus by employing the Socio Economic Empowerment Index the level of socio
economic empowerment of fishermen can be assessed. Analysis of socio economic empowerment
through Socio Economic Empowerment Index among fishermen in Kanyakumari district highlights
the socio economic empowerment of fishermen in the study area.
5.3 Socio Economic Empowerment of Fishermen in Kanyakumari District
Socio economic empowerment of every fisherman as measured through Socio Economic
Empowerment Index among fishermen in Kanyakumari district is presented in Table 3.
Table 3
Empowerment of Fishermen
Socio Economic Empowerment Index Number of Respondents Percentage
Below 65 4 0.8
66-75 124 25.6
76-85 312 64.5
Above 85 44 9.1
Total 484 100
Source: Primary data
The Table 3 exhibits the level of socio economic empowerment of fishermen in Kanyakumari
district. Out of 484 respondents in Kanyakumari district, only 4 respondents (0.8 per cent) have SEEI
scores of below 65 points, 124 respondents (25.6 per cent) have SEEI scores 66 to 75, 312
respondents (64.5 per cent) have SEEI score of 76 to 85 and the remaining 44 respondents (9.1 per
cent) have SEEI score of above 85.
For an in depth analysis on the basis of the level of socio economic empowerment, the
fishermen are categorized into three categories as,
(i) Fishermen with high level socio economic empowerment
(ii) Fishermen with moderate level socio economic empowerment
(iii) Fishermen with low level socio economic empowerment
In order to categorise the different categories of fishermen into three categories the mean ( )
and standard deviation (σ) have been used. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of socio
economic empowerment are calculated. The boundary levels for categorisation are worked out
accordingly by using the mean and standard deviation. The boundaries for three groups are fixed as
below ±σ. Thus, the upper boundary for lower level of socio economic empowerment is worked out
as -σ and the lower boundary for higher socio economic empowerment is worked out as +σ. Those
fishermenwith scores in between these two boundaries are regarded as fishermenwith moderate level
of empowerment. Table 4 presents the boundary for categorization of fishermen into three categories.
Table 4
Boundary for Categorisation of Fishermen
Particulars Standard Level of Scores for Socio Economic
deviation Empowerment
Mean Σ Low Moderate High
<( -σ) ( -σ) to ( +σ) >( +σ)
Fishermen 78.91 5.73 <73 73-85 >85
Table 4 fixes the boundary levels for three categories of fishermen. The fishermen are
categorized into three categories on the basis of their socio economic empowerment scores and the
details are furnished in Table 5.
Table 5
Level of Socio Economic Empowerment of Fishermen
Level of Socio Economic Number of Respondents Percentage
Empowerment
Low 68 14.0
Moderate 372 76.9
High 44 9.1
Total 484 100
From Table 5 it could be understand that 372 (76.9 per cent) fishermen have moderate level
of socio economic empowerment. At a second level, 68 respondents (14 per cent) have low level of
socio economic empowerment and 44 respondents (9.1 per cent) have high level of socio economic
empowerment.
Socio-economic Empowerment of Pre and Post mechanization
Social Empowerment of Pre and Post mechanization
In order to find out the significant difference in social empowerment in pre and post
mechanisation, the null hypothesis is framed as, “there is no significant difference in social
empowerment before and after mechanization”. The result is presented in the Table 6.
Table 6 - Social Empowerment of Pre and Post mechanization
Social Empowerment Mean Paired Samples Test
Pre- Post- t Value Df p Value
Mechanisation Mechanisation
Your family asks your advice 1.8636 4.1715 66.082 483 0.000
to take decision when there is
important matter in your family
In your village committee who 1.8967 2.9153 20.984 483 0.000
gave you important position
Village people asks your advice 1.8264 1.9793 5.167 483 0.000
when they takes important
decision
In your fisherman sangam, they 1.8574 2.8140 17.308 483 0.000
gave you office bearer post
They honoured you as special 1.8079 1.8450 2.375 483 0.000
quest in your religious and
village function
Being an experienced 1.8058 1.9050 4.813 483 0.000
fisherman, the fisheries
department invited you to
deliver a speech during the
fisherman training
You are the member of any one 1.8202 3.0785 21.690 483 0.000
of the political parties or office
bearer of the parties
You shared your social 1.7955 2.0599 5.585 483 0.000
opinions before the other caste
people
You constructed your house 1.2975 4.5950 62.480 483 0.000
with all basic facilities
Myself and my family 1.2872 4.7603 82.867 483 0.000
members able to get better
medical treatment which helps
to maintain the health
Your children studied through 1.3223 4.6488 67.459 483 0.000
English medium school and got
higher education
By increasing of fishing 1.3657 4.5434 58.375 483 0.000
provides more employment
opportunities
Source: Computed data
Since the p value for all the social empowerment variables is less than 0.05, the null
hypothesis is rejected. It shows that there are significant differences in social empowerment in the
family asks advice to take decision when there is important matter in the family, village committee
who gave important position, village people asks advice when they takes important decision,
fisherman sangam, they gave office bearer post, they honoured as special quest in the religious and
village function, being an experienced fisherman, the fisheries department invited to deliver a speech
during the fisherman training, the member of any one of the political parties or office bearer of the
parties, shared social opinions before the other caste people, constructed the house with all basic
facilities, family members able to get better medical treatment which helps to maintain the health,
children studied through English medium school and got higher education and by increasing of
fishing provides more employment opportunities in pre and post mechanisation. Hence it is concluded
that mechanisation has impacted on the social empowerment.
Economic Empowerment – Pre and Post mechanization

In order to find out the significant difference in economic empowerment in pre and post-
mechanisation, the null hypothesis is framed as, “there is no significant difference in economic
empowerment before and after mechanization”. The result is presented in the Table 7.
Table 7 - Economic Empowerment Pre-mechanisation and Post-mechanization-Paired Samples

Test
Economic Empowerment Mean Paired Samples Test
Pre- Post- t Value df p Value
Mechanisation Mechanisation
Increase in income due to increased 1.8120 4.2149 20.229 483 0.000
fish catch
Because of more income, savings 1.7578 3.1946 20.261 483 0.000
increased and able to buy own
vehicle
Increased savings helped to buy land 1.7184 3.2754 21.951 483 0.000
near my village and in town
Increased savings helped to deposit 1.7149 2.3099 10.732 483 0.000
money in the bank
Increased savings helped to buy gold 1.3099 4.4607 53.071 483 0.000
ornaments and things for my family
Increased income helped to avoid 1.5227 3.1054 20.616 483 0.000
borrowings from the local money
lenders
Increased income helped to provide 1.4669 4.6632 23.660 483 0.000
better nutritious food for my family
members
Increased income helped to spent 1.2975 4.6983 73.963 483 0.000
more on dress material to my family
members
Better fish landing facilities 1.7397 3.4029 9.761 483 0.000
improved the market conditions to
sell fish at fair price
Increased income helps to repair the 1.4669 4.2438 37.976 483 0.000
craft and nets immediately, this
makes to do fishing and get more
fish
Increased savings helped to buy 1.8651 2.0228 2.920 483 0.000
craft, net and fishing instruments
Source: Computed data
Since the p value for all the economic empowerment for all the variables is less than 0.05, the
null hypothesis is rejected. It shows that there are significant differences in economic empowerment
in increase in income due to increased fish catch, because of more income, savings increased and able
to buy own vehicle, increased savings helped to buy land near my village and in town, increased
savings helped to deposit money in the bank, increased savings helped to buy gold ornaments and
things for my family, increased income helped to avoid borrowings from the local money lenders,
increased income helped to provide better nutritious food for my family members, increased income
helped to spent more on dress material to my family members, better fish landing facilities improved
the market conditions to sell fish at fair price, increased income helps to repair the craft and nets
immediately, this makes to do fishing and get more fish and increased savings helped to buy craft, net
and fishing instruments in pre and post-mechanisation. Hence it is concluded that mechanisation has
impacted on the economic empowerment.
Relationship between Socio-Economic Empowerment and Problems faced by the traditional

marine fishermen
Traditional marine fishermen have high socio-economic empowerment, but they face
problems in the mechanized mode of fishing. Traditional marine fishermen have low socio-economic
empowerment, but they do not face problems in the mechanized mode of fishing. Hence there is a
direct relationship between socio-economic empowerment and problems faced by the traditional
marine fishermen. The relationship between socio-economic empowerment and problems faced by the
traditional marine fishermen in the study area is analysed through correlation co-efficient. The null
hypothesis as “There is no relationship between socio-economic empowerment and problems faced by
the traditional marine fishermen in Kanyakumari district”. The computed correlation co-efficient
between socio-economic empowerment and problems faced by the traditional marine fishermen in the
study area is presented in Table 8.
Table 8
Relationship between socio-economic empowerment and problems faced by the traditional
marine fishermen
Particulars Socio-economic empowerment Problems
Pearson Correlation 1.000 0.056
Sig. (2-tailed) . 0.215
N 484 484
Table 8 shows the relationship between socio economic empowerment and problems faced by
the traditional marine fishermen in Kanyakumari district. The Table 8 reveals that socio economic
empowerment is positively related to the problems faced by the traditional marine fishermen with a
co-efficient correlation of 0.056.
Findings of the study
Social Empowerment of Pre and Post-mechanization:- It shows that there are significant
differences in social empowerment in the family asks advice to take decision when there is important
matter in the family (mean value for pre-mech is 1.8636 vs post-mech is 4.1715), village committee
who gave important position ( mean value for pre-mech is 1.8967vs post-mech is 2.9153),village
people asks advice when they takes important decision ( mean value for pre-mech is 1.8264 vs post-
mech is 1.9793), in fisherman sangam, they gave office bearer post( mean value for pre-mech is
1.8574 vs post-mech is 2.8140), they honoured as special quest in the religious and village function(
mean value for pre-mech is 1.8079 vs post-mech is 1.8450), being an experienced fisherman, the
fisheries department invited to deliver a speech during the fisherman training( mean value for pre-
mech is 1.8058 vs post-mech is 1.9050), the member of any one of the political parties or office bearer
of the parties( mean value for pre-mech is 1.8202 vs post-mech is 3.0785), shared social opinions
before the other caste people( mean value for pre-mech is 1.7955 vs post-mech is 2.0599),
constructed the house with all basic facilities( mean value for pre-mech is 1.2975 vs post-mech is
4.5950), family members able to get better medical treatment which helps to maintain the health(
mean value for pre-mech is 1.2872 vs post-mech is 4.7603), children studied through English
medium school and got higher education( mean value for pre-mech is 1.3223 vs post-mech is 4.6488)
and by increasing of fishing provides more employment opportunities( mean value for pre-mech is
1.3657 vs post-mech is 4.5434) in pre-mechanisation and post-mechanisation. Hence it is concluded
that mechanisation has impacted on the social empowerment.
Economic Empowerment – Pre-mechanisation and Post-mechanization:- It shows that there are

significant differences in economic empowerment in increase in income due to increased fish catch(
mean value for pre-mech is 1.8120 vs post-mech is 4.2149), because of more income, savings
increased and able to buy own vehicle( mean value for pre-mech is 1.7578 vs post-mech is 3.1946),
increased savings helped to buy land near my village and in town( mean value for pre-mech is 1.7184
vs post-mech is 3.2754), increased savings helped to deposit money in the bank( mean value for pre-
mech is 1.7149 vs post-mech is 3.2754), increased savings helped to buy gold ornaments and things
for my family( mean value for pre-mech is 1.3099 vs post-mech is 4.4607), increased income helped
to avoid borrowings from the local money lenders( mean value for pre-mech is 1.5227 vs post-mech
is 3.1054), increased income helped to provide better nutritious food for my family members( mean
value for pre-mech is 1.4669 vs post-mech is 4.46632), increased income helped to spent more on
dress material to my family members( mean value for pre-mech is 1.2975 vs post-mech is 4.6983),
better fish landing facilities improved the market conditions to sell fish at fair price( mean value for
pre-mech is 1.7397 vs post-mech is 3.4029), increased income helps to repair the craft and nets
immediately, this makes to do fishing and get more fish ( mean value for pre-mech is 1.4669 vs post-
mech is 4.2438), and increased savings helped to buy craft, net and fishing instruments( mean value
for pre-mech is 1.8651 vs post-mech is 2.0228) in pre-mechanisation and post-mechanisation. Hence
it is concluded that mechanisation has impacted on the economic empowerment.
Recommendations
1. The fishermen lack participation in the active politics. Politics gives power and authority to
get their rights from the government. Since, the fishermen is the marine tribe, the government
should take initiative to constitute reserved constituency in the assembly and the parliament
for fishermen like forest tribe.
2. The church should play vital role to make sure that all the children of fishermen should go to
the school and pursue their higher education with the coordination from government and
NGOs.
3. Majority of the mechanized fishermen belongs to the Roman Catholic, therefore the church
should have the responsibility to start skill development, entrepreneurial skills, fisheries
science, engineering and medical sciences institution for the fishermen of their own
community.
4. Education is spinal cord of the human being‟s development, therefore to make sure that all the
fishermen children should complete schooling and pursue for higher education with available
support from the government, church and NGOs.
Conclusion:-Empowerment is the expansion of assets and capabilities of poor people to participate,
negotiate, influence, control, and hold accountable institutions that affect their lives. To support this,
the mechanization in fishing has positively impacted on the different dimensions of fishing industry
and the socio-economic conditions of the mechanized fishermen in the Kanniyakumari district. In
spite of growth, the education level, health, employment of the fisher folk all over of this district still
needs to be improved. In this scenario it is highly essential to take steps to improve their income by
way of providing sophisticated technology to encourage deep sea fishing, reduces their expenditure by
supporting them to provide subsided loan for the mechanized fishermen avoid exploitation from the
local money lenders and make aware of their rights to participate active politics to obtain a socio-
economic balanced society.
References
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Socio Economic Empowerment of Traditiona

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INTERCONTINENTAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE RESEARCH REVIEW

ISSN: 2320-9704 - ONLINE ISSN:2347-1662 - PRINT IMPACT FACTOR:1.615

SOCIO ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF TRADITIONAL MARINE

Statement of the Problem

Objectives of the study

The present study had developed based on the following objectives:-

1. To study the socio-economic background of traditional marine fishermen in Kanyakumari

Methodology of the study

Employment:-The fishing community- as people whose traditional occupation of fishing

Education:-Education is one of the most indicators of socio-economic status of the coastal

Religion and Community:-Kanyakumari district has a heterogeneous fishing community

Socio-economic empowerment of the mechanized fishermen

Socio Economic Empowerment Index- Methodology

Fishermen 78.91 5.73 <73 73-85 >85

Socio-economic Empowerment of Pre and Post mechanization

Social Empowerment of Pre and Post mechanization

Economic Empowerment – Pre and Post mechanization

Table 7 - Economic Empowerment Pre-mechanisation and Post-mechanization-Paired Samples

Relationship between Socio-Economic Empowerment and Problems faced by the traditional

Findings of the study

Economic Empowerment – Pre-mechanisation and Post-mechanization:- It shows that there are

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