UHV Quantum
UHV Quantum
1 Introduction
CONTENTS
Part-1 : Understanding Value Education .............. 1–2Y to 1–7Y
PART-1
Understanding Value Education.
Questions-Answers
Answer
Human Values :
1. Human values are the goodness that guides us to take into account the
human element when we interact with other human beings.
2. Human values are, for example, respect, acceptance, consideration,
appreciation, listening, openness, affection, empathy and love towards
other human beings.
3. It is with those human values that one becomes truly able to put into
practice his/her ethical values, such as justice, integrity, refusal of
violence.
4. They are the values that permit us to live together in harmony, and
personally contribute to peace.
5. Human values are a tool to manage human relations and a tool for
peace when the tension is high.
Answer
The five core (fundamental) human values are : (1) Right conduct, (2)
Peace, (3) Truth, (4) Love, and (5) Non-violence.
1. Values related to right conduct are :
i. Self-help skills : Care of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty,
posture, self reliance, and tidy appearance.
ii. Social skills : Good behaviour, good manners, good relationships,
helpfulness, No wastage, and good environment.
iii. Ethical skills : Code of conduct, courage, dependability, duty,
efficiency, ingenuity, initiative, perseverance, punctuality,
resourcefulness, respect for all, and responsibility.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 1–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 1.3. Define the term values. Write the two factors of human
Answer
Values : Refer Q. 1.1, Page 1–2Y, Unit-1.
Factors of human values :
1. Assertiveness : It is the ability to honestly express your opinions,
feelings, attitudes, and rights, without undue anxiety. This behaviour
earns the individual respect from others, while the others treat him
with love as he is a man of self-respect.
2. Self-Monitoring : Individuals high in self-monitoring show adaptability
in adjusting their behaviour to external, situational factors. They are
highly sensitive to external cues and behave differently in different
situations.
Que 1.4. What do you mean by values? How do they differ from
skills ? How are values and skills complementary ?
AKTU 2017-18(III), Marks 07
Introduction 1–4 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
OR
“For success in any human endeavour both values and skill are
required”. Explain. AKTU 2015-16(III), Marks 7.5
Answer
Values : Refer Q. 1.1, Page 1–2Y, Unit-1.
1. Values mean importance or participation and skills means qualities,
training, and capabilities. To fulfill our aspirations both values and skills
are necessary.
2. When we identify and set the right goals and produced in right direction.
This is known as value domain, the domain of wisdom.
3. Basically we must know what really is useful to achieve human happiness,
the happiness to all and for all the time. And when we learn and practices
to actualize this goal to develop the techniques to make this happen in
real life, in various dimensions of human endeavour (struggle). This is
known as domain of skills.
4. Hence, there is an essential complementarity between values and skills
for the success of any human endeavour.
5. For example, I want to lead a healthy life.
i. Only wishing for good health will not help me keep my body fit and
healthy and without having understood the meaning of health, I
will not be able to choose things correctly to keep my body fit and
healthy.
ii. So I have to learn the skills to achieve the goal of good health i.e.
food to be consumed, the physical workout to be designed.
Answer
Value Education :
1. The subject that enables us to understand ‘what is valuable’ for human
happiness is called value education.
2. Value education is important to help everyone in improving the value
system that he/she holds and puts it to use.
3. Once, one has understood his/ her values in life he/she can examine and
control the various choices he/she makes in his/ her life.
Importance of value education :
1. Value education helps us to explore our inner happiness.
2. It helps us to remove the ignorance, which covers our inner knowledge.
3. It helps us to build up strong relation.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 1–5 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Value Education : Refer Q. 1.5, Page 1–4Y, Unit-1.
Needs for the Value Education :
1. The subject that enables us to understand ‘what is valuable’ for human
happiness is called value education.
2. The present education system has become largely skill-based.
3. The prime emphasis is on science and technology. However, science and
technology can only help to provide the means to achieve what is
considered valuable.
4. It is not within the scope of science and technology to provide the
competence of deciding what really is valuable.
5. Value Education is a crucial missing link in the present education system.
6. Because of this deficiency, most of our efforts may prove to be
counterproductive and serious crises at the individual, societal and
environmental level are manifesting.
Que 1.7. What are the basic guidelines for value education ?
OR
Explain need, basic guidelines of value education.
AKTU 2017-18(IV), Marks 07
Answer
Need of Value Education : Refer Q. 1.6, Page 1–5Y, Unit-1.
Basic Guidelines of Value Education : Value education must be
imparted in an efficient manner and should follow widely valuable
guidelines so that it is effective and useful for individuals with different
sets of beliefs and world-views.
1. Universal : Value education should be universal in nature; in other
words it must be universally applicable to all human beings and should
be true at all times and all places. It can’t work if it is limited to a
particular religion, sect, nationality or any such group.
2. Rational : It must be rational then only it will appeal to an individual’s
intellect. If it is based on blind beliefs or dogmas, it will be rejected by the
educated person.
3. Natural and Verifiable : Value education must be natural and
verifiable. It should be natural in the sense that it should be acceptable
in a natural manner to all human beings, so that it brings the natural
order of happiness and contentment to the individual. These values
should also be verifiable, as only if they are valid they will hold any
meaning for the individual.
4. All Encompassing : Value education must be all encompassing because
it must take into account all dimensions of our living. It can only transform
our consciousness and living if it pervades our thoughts, our behavior
and our work at all levels such as the individual, family, society and
nature.
5. Leading to Harmony : Lastly, the main aim of value education is to
enable us to be in harmony within ourselves and in harmony with other
humans and the rest of nature.
Answer
Content of Value Education :
1. The content of value education must include :
i. All dimensions : Thought, behaviour, work, and realization and
ii. All levels : Individual, family, society, nature and existence of human
living.
2. It must have a clear understanding of each of these and their inter-
relationship i.e., harmony underlying all of them.
Answer
Process of Value Education :
1. The process of value education has to be that of self exploration, and not
of giving sermons or telling dos and don’ts.
2. Whatever is found as truth or reality may be stated as proposal and has
to be verified at the own right.
3. It is process of dialogue between ‘What you are’ and ‘What you really
want to be’.
4. It is a process of knowing oneself and through that knowing entire
existence.
5. It is a process of recognizing one’s relation with every unit in existence
and fulfilling it.
6. This process of self exploration helps you be in harmony within yourself
and in harmony with everything around.
PART-2
Self-Exploration as the Process for Value Education.
Questions-Answers
Que 1.10. What do you mean by self exploration ? What are the
basic contents of self-exploration ?
AKTU 2016-17(IV), Marks 10
OR
Define self exploration. What is the content of self-exploration ?
AKTU 2016-17(III), Marks 05
Answer
Self Exploration :
1. Self exploration is the process to find out what is valuable to me by
investigating within myself, what is right for me, true for me, has to be
judged within myself.
2. Through self exploration we get the value of our self. We live with
different entirety (family, friends, air, soil, water, trees, etc.) and we
want to understand our relationship with all these.
Introduction 1–8 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
3. For this we need to start observing inside. The main focus of self-
exploration is myself - the human being.
Basic Contents of Self Exploration : Content of self exploration is
just finding answers to the following fundamental questions of all human
beings :
1. The Desire/Goal : What are my (human) Desire/ Goal ? What do I
really want in life, or what is the goal of human life ?
2. Program : What is my (human) program for fulfilling the desire ? How
to fulfill it ? What is the program to actualize the above ?
In short, the above two questions cover the whole domain of human
aspirations and human endeavour. Thus, they form the content of self-
exploration.
Answer
Self Exploration : Refer Q. 1.10, Page 1–7Y, Unit-1.
Process of Self Exploration : The process of self exploration is as
follows :
1. First of all we have to keep in mind that, whatever is being presented in
a proposal.
i. Don’t assume it to be true immediately, nor reject it without proper
exploration.
ii. Verify it in your own right, on the basis of it being naturally
acceptable to you,
iii. Not just on the basis of scriptures.
iv. Not on the basis of equipment/instrument data.
v. Not on the basis of the assertion by other human beings.
2. Therefore, it is essential to carefully ponder over these on your own
right. Neither accept these as true immediately nor reject them
prematurely without proper exploration.
3. Then what to do :
i. Verify on the basis of your natural acceptance.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 1–9 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Process of
self-exploration Live according to it
Proposal
Behaviour Work with
with human rest of the
Verify on the basis leads to nature leads
of your natural mutual to mutual
acceptance happiness prosperity
Results in
Realization & Assurance
understanding Test Satisfaction
Universally
al s
to plie
l
my nature
Time Space Individual
Fig. 1.11.1.
7. For example : A proposal ‘respect’ is a value in human relation. When I
verify at the level of natural acceptance, I find that it is naturally acceptable
to me. Similarly, when I behave with respect, it is mutually fulfilling to
me and to the other. Thus the proposal is ‘True’. If it fails on any of the
two tests, it is untrue. This verification leads to realization of the
truthfulness of the proposal and it becomes part and parcel of my
understanding. It is reflected in my thoughts and in my behaviour.
Answer
Process of Self Exploration : Refer Q. 1.11, Page 1–8Y, Unit-1.
Introduction 1–10 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Natural Acceptance :
1. Natural acceptance is a mechanism of self exploration.
2. Self exploration is a method to explore our self.
3. Natural acceptance implies unconditional and total acceptance of the
self, people and environment.
4. It also refers to the absence of any exception from others.
5. In other words, Natural acceptance is a way to accept the good things
naturally.
Experiential Validation :
1. Experiential validation is a process that infuses direct experience with
the learning environment and content.
2. Most of what we know about our self is not only through our own
opinion of our self but also because of how others view us.
3. When what we already believe to be true of us is validated by some
situations, phenomena or outcomes. We may term it as experiential
validation.
PART-3
The Basic Human Aspirations : Continuous
Happiness and Prosperity.
Questions-Answers
Que 1.14. What are the basic aspirations of a human being ? Define
Answer
Basic Aspirations :
Following are the basic aspirations of a human being :
1. Every Human Being aspires to be happy. All his efforts are toward this
end. The outcome from his efforts depends on the focus of the effort,
specifically on his notions about happiness.
2. When these notions are right, the outcome is mutual happiness. When
the notions are wrong, the outcome is unhappiness.
3. On closer observation, we can see that every human being aspires for a
way of life which ensures happiness for all human beings living in
harmony with nature.
4. At an individual level, happiness is harmony and integration among all
four dimensions within the self - Thought, Behaviour, Work and
Realization.
5. At the level of society, individuals aspire to ensure harmony and
integration among four levels - Individual, Family, Society and Nature.
6. This is the aspiration; this is the desire, this is the innate need of every
human being, regardless of age, gender, caste, creed, nation and beliefs.
Que 1.15. How you look at your basic aspirations. Is it ‘To Be’, ‘To
Get’, ‘To Become’ ? Justify your right priority with examples.
AKTU 2017-18(IV), Marks 07
Answer
A. Basic Aspirations :
1. The basic root of all our aspirations and the resulting actions are
continuous happiness and prosperity.
2. All our wants result from the basis of our desire to be happy.
3. Whether we want the highest marks or the best job, the underlying
desire is to attain continuous happiness.
4. Every time we achieve a particular ‘want’, we want more as we want
this feeling to continue.
5. Similarly, when we have more than enough of physical facilities, we feel
a sense of prosperity, which is also vital to our sense of happiness.
6. So both continuous happiness and prosperity are the main reasons for
all our endeavours.
B. It is ‘To Be’, ‘To Get’, ‘To Become’ :
1. Let us say, you want to be the first ranker in the class. Now, behind this
desire to get the first rank, is there a more basic desire ? Why do you
want to get the first rank ? If you keep asking this question, you will find
Introduction 1–12 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-4
Basic Requirements for Fulifillment of Aspirations of Every
Human Being and Understanding Prosperity and Happiness.
Questions-Answers
Answer
1. Three things are needed in order to fulfill basic human aspirations-right
understanding, right relationship and physical facilities.
2. Human aspirations are the things which all human beings aspire for.
Aspirations stand for our longings and deep desires. Hence, the basic
aspirations or deep desires of all human beings are only happiness and
prosperity. In respect to fulfill these aspirations we need such things to
satisfy our basic needs like, food, clothing and shelter etc. Moreover,
these aspirations of human being may be fulfilled, if he/she is following
the right order. The basic requirements for fulfillment of human
aspirations are :
i. Right Understanding : Right understanding helps us to decide how
we work for physical facilities and maintain feelings of different
relationship with others. It is one of the major tools for fulfillment of our
aspirations, which basically need the transformation from animal
consciousness to human consciousness. The theory of coexistence (to
live together) is basically needed to comprehend the surroundings.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 1–13 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
1. Right understanding
Que 1.17. What are the abbreviations given as SVDD, SSDD and
SSSS signify and explain each of them ?
Introduction 1–14 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. To achieve our basic aspirations we need to work for right understanding
as the base on which we can work for relationship and then physical
facilities.
2. Today we are not working according to this that why we can see that
there are two kind of people in the world :
i. Those that do not have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and
deprived, i.e., SVDD : Sadhan Viheen Dukhi Daridra - Materially
Deficient, Unhappy and Deprived.
ii. Those that have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and deprived,
i.e., SSDD : Sadhan Sampann Dukhi Daridra - Materially Affluent,
Unhappy and Deprived. But these are states we don’t want to be in.
iii. We want to move from this to third category, i.e., having physical facilities
and feeling happy and prosperous, i.e., SSSS : Sadhan Sampann Sukhi
Samriddha - Materially Adequate, Happy and Prosperous.
iv. Presently, as we look around, we find most of the people in the above
two categories called SVDD and SSDD, while the natural acceptance of
all human beings is to be in the category of SSSS.
Answer
Mostly there are two types of people in the world : SVDD and SSDD, as
there is always some unhappiness and dissatisfaction within an
individual. But when an individual is able to achieve right understanding,
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 1–15 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Happiness :
1. Happiness results from a variety of feelings that are effortless and
comes naturally to us.
2. Trust, honesty, respect, confidence, etc., are feelings that we welcome
with open arms at all times.
3. They lead us to a state of harmony within us and with others around us.
For instance if a person trusts a friend, they feel a sense of mutual
harmony, which is also reflected in their interactions with others around
them.
4. Thus, happiness is a state where there is harmony all around.
Unhappiness :
1. Unhappiness is the result of any kind of contradiction struggle or conflict
within us or with any other person.
2. For instance, if a person does not trust a friend, both of them will feel
uncomfortable and will not like the situation.
3. So mistrust, dishonesty, lack of respect and lack of confidence are some
feelings that lead to unhappiness.
Prosperity :
1. It is clear that prosperity is linked to material possessions or ‘physical
facilities’.
2. All the physical things we need to take care of our body needs constitute
these physical facilities.
3. Once we have enough of these physical facilities, we feel prosperous.
Thus, prosperity is the feeling of having more than enough physical
facilities.
4. To understand prosperity, we need to correctly assess the need of physical
facilities and be able to make available more than enough of these
facilities.
OR
What is prosperity ? Is it different from happiness ?
AKTU 2014-15(IV), Marks 04
Answer
Happiness : Refer Q. 1.19, Page 1–15Y, Unit-1.
Prosperity : Refer Q. 1.19, Page 1–15Y, Unit-1.
1. Happiness and prosperity are not related to each other.
2. Prosperity helps to remain in state of happiness but it doesn't push
towards happiness.
3. There are so many stories depicting about how a beggar lives a happy
and self content life while a king has wealth but he is unhappy and
unsatisfied.
4. Prosperity leads oneself to reduce tensions in day to day life, but if
someone is greedy and thrive for more wealth then it can’t.
5. Good health, right attitude towards life, honesty these things leads to
happiness.
OR
What is your vision of happy and prosperous life ?
Answer
6. At the level of nature - global warming, water, air, soil, noise etc. pollution,
resource depletion of minerals and mineral oils, etc.
7. All the problems are a direct outcome of an incorrect understanding,
our wrong notion about happiness and prosperity and their continuity.
Answer
Prosperity : Refer Q. 1.19, Page 1–15Y, Unit-1.
Difference between Prosperity and Wealth :
Answer
Prosperity : Refer Q. 1.19, Page 1–15Y, Unit-1.
1. We are trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing
accumulation and consumption of physical facilities.
Introduction 1–18 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Though it may come in different forms for different people, most human
beings are in pursuit of the same thing : happiness.
1. They live their life with integrity : Living a life that’s in line with
your own values and belief is important for happiness.
2. They have embraced living in the moment : You’re fully awake
and aware, and concentrate your energies on enjoying the present,
rather than worrying about the past or the future.
3. They express gratitude regularly : Being grateful for the things you
have-and sharing that gratitude-will lead to feelings of satisfaction and
happiness.
4. Their work satisfies them : If you find satisfaction in the things you
do, then you’re well on your way to living a happy life.
5. They enjoy harmonious relationships : Practice respect and patience
as you go about your day, whether you’re interacting with family, co-
workers or with your partner.
6. They aren’t afraid of change : Stay open to the opportunities change
can bring.
7. They enjoy the simple things : Taking pleasure in small things will
help you build a big picture of happiness.
Answer
Difference between Human and Animal Consciousness :
1. Human and animal consciousness comes into play with regard to physical
facilities.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 1–19 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-5
Harmony at All Levels.
Questions-Answers
Que 1.26. What are the four levels of our living ? Explain them.
OR
What are the different levels of human being ? Explain how they are
interrelated ? AKTU 2014-15(III), Marks 04
Answer
Levels of Living :
There are four levels of livings :
1. Living in myself.
2. Living in family.
3. Living in Society.
4. Living in nature/existence.
All these four levels are crucial to our existence in a harmonious state.
1. Living in Myself : The first level of our living is living in myself. Our
thoughts, desires and choices make each one of us unique. Before we
express ourselves, we think and this internal process is the Self. The
Introduction 1–20 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
inner world or Self co-exists with the body and together we refer to this
as a human being. Understanding this Self is extremely important because
we mostly assume things about ourselves based on the unending
conditions that we are subject to from childhood. It is important to break
these assumptions and get to know ourselves. Testing our beliefs and
passing them through our own natural acceptance can help us to achieve
this.
2. Living in Family : The next level of our living is living in the family,
which includes our parents, siblings, friends, classmates, teachers, etc.
This is our first set of relationships and we interact with them on a daily
basis. When we try to understand ourselves better, we end up
understanding each of them better as well. Also understanding their
expectations helps us to live in harmony within family and society.
3. Living in Society : Living in society is a level that is lined with living in
family since family is a sub group of the larger group society. Society is
composed of all people that we come into contact directly or indirectly
and all people upon whom we depend directly or indirectly. The human
system involving interdependencies related to food, clothing, housing,
health, education etc., is called society. And as we understand ourselves
and our family better, we also begin to understand society in a better
manner.
4. Living in Nature / Existence : Last, but not the least, we live in
nature and this large eco-system is necessary for the survival of the
individual, the family and society. We need to understand nature in
order to be able to engage with it in a relationship that leads to mutual
fulfillment.
Q. 14. What are the four levels of our living ? Explain them.
Ans. Refer Q. 1.26, Unit-1.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 2–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
2 Understanding
Harmony in the
Human Being
CONTENTS
Part-1 : Human being as a Co-Existence of .......... 2–2Y to 2–8Y
‘I’ and ‘Body’ and Understanding
the Need of I(Sukh) and Body(Suvidha)
PART-1
Human being as a Co-Existence of I and Body and
Understanding the Need of I(Sukh) and Body(Suvidha).
Questions-Answers
Answer
Sukh and Suvidha :
1. Sukh is a complete and all surrounding state of the mind that creates
inner harmony. Sukh is also called as happiness.
2. Suvidha implies that it is looking for physical comforts and all the sources
of attaining such comforts.
3. When our body gets used to a certain level of comfort then we will only
feel comfortable at that level e.g. comfort in cooler or air conditioner.
4. Different people have a different perception of suvidha and will seek a
corresponding level of suvidha according to their ability.
5. By nature man is fond of comfort and happiness. Sukh depends upon
our thinking, so many times we are surrounded by materialistic
possessions but we feel unsatisfied.
6. People think that their happiness depends upon suvidha (facilities) but
is it not so; happiness depends upon our thinking or our mental
satisfaction.
Answer
1. Suvidha do not necessarily bring you happiness. That is a fact of life.
2. It is a hard fact to understand sometimes, especially in a society that
tries very hard to teach you otherwise.
3. But if chosen properly, suvidha can significantly enhance our lives
providing comfort, convenience and support our overall well-being. They
allow us to achieve more at a faster rate with less demand on our bodies.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 2–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
4. One of the most important suvidha in our lives is our place of residence
in which we live. If built properly, it will shelter us from the exterior
elements including weather, wild animals, and so on.
5. This functionality provides us comfort, convenience and creates a place
of rest and recovery from work and sickness. It’s a place to cultivate
family values, share education, and create lasting memories.
6. Other suvidha such as appliances help us preserve, cook and prepare
our food. Some items provide climate control for heating, cooling, and of
course lighting.
7. Suvidha like clothing keeps us warm, dry and protect us from external
elements. Vehicles provide us quicker transportation to and from work,
school, and shopping for food and supplies.
8. The electronic devices allow us to research information, connect with
friends and family and even save us in times of emergency.
9. People think that their happiness depends upon suvidha (facilities) but
it is not so; happiness depends upon our thinking or our mental
satisfaction.
Que 2.3. Why do human beings require both sukh and suvidha
Answer
1. It is clear that physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals,
and though they are necessary for human beings, but they are not
complete for them. This then marks the difference between human and
animal consciousness.
2. Human beings need more than physical facilities because it is the co-
existence of the Self and the Body. Though physical facilities are enough
for the Body, we need something more to satisfy the Self.
3. Thus, we definitely need two different kinds of things to satisfy both the
Body and the Self.
4. In other words, we need both Sukh and Suvidha for a happy and content
human being and so one cannot replace the other. For instance, if we
only have the trust of people around us but no house to live in, we will
not be happy and if we have a big house to live in with all the comforts
but no one whom we can trust and love, we will still be unhappy.
5. So we need both Sukh and Suvidha to be completely satisfied.
Que 2.4. The needs of the self are qualitative. Illustrate.
Answer
1. Human beings are a complex combination of the sentiment ‘I’ which
relates to all the feelings and the material ‘body’ which refers to all the
physical facilities available to them.
Understanding Harmony in the Human Being 2–4 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. Needs of body are physical facilities. Physical facilities are needed for
the body in a limited quantity.
2. When we try and exceed these limits, it becomes troublesome for us
after some time.
3. This applies to every physical facility. We can only think of having
unlimited physical facilities, but if we try and consume, or have too
much of physical facilities, it only ends up becoming a problem for us.
4. When we try to continue infinitely physical facilities, the following pattern
results.
Necessary and useful
Unnecessary but useful
Unnecessary and useless
Intolerable!
Que 2.6. Analyze how the needs of the self are continuous in
time and limited in quantity, while those of body are not.
AKTU 2014-15(III), Marks 04
Answer
Refer Q. 2.4, Page 2-3Y and Q. 2.5, Page 2-4Y; Unit-2.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 2–5 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 2.7. Human being is the co-existence of the self and body.
Answer
1. The human being is the co-existence of ‘I’ and the body, and there is
exchange of information between the two, i.e., ‘I’ and body exist together
and are related.
2. There is a flow of information from ‘I’ to the body and from body to the
‘I’. We can make this distinction between the self and the body in three
ways in terms of the needs, activities and the types of these two entities.
3. All the needs of ‘I’, say respect, trust, etc., can be called as Happiness
(sukh), while the needs of body are physical facilities (suvidha) like food.
4. The activities of ‘I’ are activities like, desire, thinking, selection, while
the activities of body are activities like eating, breathing etc.
5. The mode of interaction of 'I' includes knowing, assuming, recognizing
and fulfillment. The fulfillment depends on recognition depends on
assumptions and assumptions depends on knowing or not knowing
(beliefs).
6. The mode of interaction of body is only recognizing and fulfilling.
7. Self is a conscious entity and the body is a material entity, or
physico-chemical in nature.
8. Thus, we can say :
Co-existence
Human being = Self (‘I’) Body
Information
The conscious entity The material entity that has
that desires, thinks, physico-chemical activities
imagines like heart-beats, digesting etc.
Knowing, assuming, Recognizing and fulfilling
recognizing and fulfilling
Understanding Harmony in the Human Being 2–6 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 2.8. Distinguish between the needs of the self(I) and the needs
Answer
Difference between Needs of Self(I) & Body :
The human being is the co-existence of ‘I’ and the body, and there is
exchange of information between the two. We can make this distinction
between the self and the body in terms of the needs as shown in the
table below :
I Body
1. Needs are : The needs of the body like food for nourishment clothes for
protection, and instruments to ensure right utilization can be categorized
as being ‘physical’ in nature, or also called ‘physical facilities’ (suvidha)
whereas the need of I is essentially to live in a state of continuous
happiness (sukh). The needs of the body are physical in nature, whereas
the needs of the self (I) are not physical in nature - like trust, respect,
happiness etc.
2. In time, needs are : The needs of ‘I’ are continuous in time, unlike the
need of the body, which is temporary in time. We want happiness
continuously. We also want the feeling of respect continuously and so
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 2–7 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Understanding activities in the self and activities in the body :
1. If we look at the variety of activities that we are engaged in
commonly - we see that we can put them in three categories:
i. Activities that are going on in the self.
ii. Activities that are going on in the body.
iii. Activities involving both the self and the body.
2. Activities in the self are :
i. Analyzing ii. Imagining
iii. Dreaming iv. Desiring
v. Understanding vi. Feeling
Understanding Harmony in the Human Being 2–8 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-2
Understanding the Body as an Instrument of I.
Questions-Answers
Answer
1. There is a big difference between the Body and the Self.
2. Let’s take the Self first.
3. The Self is a conscious entity and knows that it exists.
4. The Body is a material entity and only does what the Self instructs it to
do.
5. The Self thinks, takes the decisions and then instructs the Body to act
accordingly.
6. For instance, when the Self decides that it is time to study, then the body
sits in a chair, opens up the books and starts reading.
7. The Self absorbs whatever the eyes read, analyzes that information and
understands it.
8. The Body does not sit in the chair and open the book without the bidding
by the Self and the eyes alone do not understand whatever they read.
9. The Self instructs the Body to sit and open the book and the Self
understands the information being read by the eyes.
10. Thus, the Body is a tool or an instrument of the Self.
Answer
Sensations :
1. A sensation is a type of feeling, picked up by one of the five senses.
2. A sensation is something from your senses. If you lose sensation in your
feet, they are numb and it’s time for you to get up and move around to
restore blood flow. You can call something a sensation, if it is wonderful
and astonishing.
3. A perception associated with stimulation of a sense organ or with a
specific body condition is known as sensation.
4. Suppose we had seen the bike and not associated it with ‘greatness’;
rather we only liked the way it ‘looked’, then this is based on the sensation.
Answer
Imagination :
1. The activities of desire, thoughts and expectation at the level of self, are
collectively called as imagination.
Understanding Harmony in the Human Being 2–10 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Preconditioning :
Preconditioning means we have assumed something about our desires
on the basis of prevailing notion about it.
Source of Preconditioning :
1. They comes from what we read, see, hear, what our parents tell us, our
friends talk about what the social media talk of, what we see on the TV
etc.
2. We have not self-verified the desires in our own right. As a result, we
are not clear about what we will get out of fulfillment of that desire.
3. The problem with that is, unless we verify our desires, we may not even
know whether they are our.
4. We may end up spending an entire lifetime accumulating desires that
are not ours, and in running about trying to fulfill them.
Que 2.14. How do sensations and preconditioning influence our
imagination ? Give two examples of each ?
AKTU 2018-19(IV), Marks 07
OR
How do we go into conflicts when our activities are not guided by
our natural acceptance ? AKTU 2015-16(III), Marks 7.5
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 2–11 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. When our activities are not guided by our natural acceptance, then they
are guided by preconditioning and sensations.
2. Preconditioning means we have assumed something about our desires
on the basis of prevailing notion about it. We have not verified the
desires in our own right.
3. Sensation is a perception associated with stimulation of a sense organ or
with a specific body condition- the sensation of heat and a visual sensation.
4. Conflicts and Contradictions in ‘I’ as a Result of Preconditioned
Desire :
i. We have not verified the desires, thoughts and expectations in us on the
basis of our own natural acceptance. As a result, these desires, thoughts
and selections are in conflicts. Since the desires are in conflict, the
thoughts they give rise to, are also in conflict and in turn, the selection
from the thoughts are also in conflicts.
ii. This conflict affects us in different manners :
a. Wavering aspirations : Our goals keep shifting as the inputs
from the outside also keep changing.
b. Lack of confidence : Since our desires are shaky, we are not sure
about them.
c. Unhappiness/conflicts : Since our desires, thoughts and
expectations are in conflict, it becomes the cause for our
unhappiness, leading to stress and tension.
d. Lack of qualitative improvement in us : We focus largely on
fulfilling the needs of the body. As a result, we live with a sense of
lack of fulfillment.
e. State of resignation : Because we do not understand ourselves
properly and have contradictions within, we slowly start getting
disillusioned.
5. Short lived nature of pleasure from sensations :
i. The pleasure obtained from sensations is short-lived.
ii. The external object is temporary in nature the contact of the external
object with the body is temporary in nature. The sensation from the
body to ‘I’ is temporary. And at last the taste of the sensation from the
body in ‘I’ is also temporary. The need of the ‘I’ is continuous, i.e., we
want to have happiness, and its continuity.
iii. Therefore, if the source for our happiness is temporary by definition,
then our need for continuous happiness will never be fulfilled. Hence,
any sensation we have from the body can’t be the source for our lasting
happiness.
v. We operate largely on the basis of the environment, driven from the
outside - either from sensations, or based on preconditioning.
Understanding Harmony in the Human Being 2–12 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 2.15. “The pleasure that we derive from sensations are short
lived and the efforts to extend them lead to misery”- examine and
illustrate this statement with an example.
AKTU 2017-18(III), Marks 07
OR
Elaborate how sensation from the body cannot be a source for
continuous happiness.
Answer
1. Pleasure from sensations is short-lived because it only caters to our
bodily needs, which are temporary by nature.
2. For example, if we like to eat chocolates, we might eat them regularly.
3. Soon, we might start eating them every day because our happiness
depends on satisfying our desire to eat chocolates.
4. And if one day, we are not able to eat chocolates, we start feeling unhappy
and very upset.
5. This shows that a desire that depends on bodily needs will definitely
make us unhappy after a stage.
6. Similarly, when we are driven by any of the 5 senses of our body,
including, sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing, we become slaves of
these senses.
7. The needs of all these 5 sense are temporary by nature, whereas the
needs of the Self are continuous.
8. To test the need of the Self, we only need to ask ourselves whether we
want happiness continuously or not.
9. The most obvious answer is we want happiness continuously.
10. If the source of our happiness is temporary, there is no way that we can
satisfy our need for continuous happiness.
11. Thus, any kind of pleasure from a sensation from the body can’t be the
source of our lasting happiness.
12. So it is clear that when we live on the basis of preconditioning or sensation,
we become enslaved or partantra, which is in opposition to our desire of
deciding on our own or being svatantra. And this leads to unhappiness,
contradiction and discontent.
Answer
The Seer :
1. The Seer is the one who understands and is also known as the ‘Drasta’.
2. One sees through the eyes, but the eyes are the instruments of the Self.
3. It is the Self that instructs the eyes to see.
4. The eyes do not themselves process the information they see nor
understand that information.
5. It is the Self that analyses the information and understands it.
6. So one says, ‘I saw it’.
7. Moreover, apart from seeing outside, the Seer is also able to see within
without the use of eyes.
8. In other words, the Seer ‘sees’ when the individual is happy or sad,
angry or upset.
9. Sometimes the Self ‘sees’ and ‘understands’ through the body and
sometimes without the help of the Body.
The Doer :
1. The Doer is the one who does and is also known as the ‘Karta’.
2. The Self is the one that instructs the Body to carry out various tasks.
3. The Self tells the Body to use its different parts to do different things.
4. For instance, the Self tells the Body to eat and then the Body uses its
hands to put food into the mouth and the food is chewed and swallowed.
5. So one says, ‘I ate the food’.
6. The Self makes the choices and the Body carries out the act in accordance
with the wishes of the Self.
7. Thus, the Self is the Doer and the action is expressed through the Body.
The Enjoyer :
1. The Enjoyer is the one who enjoys and is also known as the ‘Bhokta’.
2. When an action is carried out, for instance eating delicious food, the Self
is the one who enjoys it.
3. The Body has simply been an instrument to put food into the mouth and
to chew it.
4. The enjoyment is done on the part of the Self. So one says, ‘I enjoyed the
food’.
5. One can safely conclude that there is continuity in being the Seer, the
Doer and the Enjoyer.
6. All are part of the Self, and the Body is simply an instrument of carrying
out the wishes of the Self.
Understanding Harmony in the Human Being 2–14 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-3
Characteristics and Activities of I and Harmony in I.
Questions-Answers
Answer
1. Harmony in the Self is something that leads to harmony at all levels of
being. This understanding is essential for each of us to live a life of
fulfillment and continuous happiness. The 4-step process that leads to
harmony in the Self is :
i. Becoming aware that a human is the co-existence of Self / I and the Body.
ii. Becoming aware that the Body is only an instrument of the Self / I. I is
the seer, doer and enjoyer, not the Body.
iii. Becoming aware of the activities of the Self – Desires, Thoughts and
Expectations and then put these Desires, Thoughts and Expectations
through the test of your own natural acceptance.
iv. Understand the harmony at all levels of existence, leading to realization
and understanding, which in turn lead to a sense of definiteness in our
desires, thoughts and expectations.
2. This attainment of harmony leads to a clear flow with no contradictions
or conflicts. So we have a better understanding of ourselves, our basic
aspirations and the way in which we can fulfill these aspirations.
3. Thus, we have a better understanding of all things around us and our
relationships with all those around us. This leads us to a state of being
svatantrata and we become self-organized in our imagination, behaviour
and work, resulting in continuous happiness and prosperity.
Answer
A. Characteristics of ‘I’ or Self :
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 2–15 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Realization :
1. Realization means to be able to see the reality as it is.
2. In realization, we get the answer to “what is the reality ?” This, for each
one of us, translates into the answers to “what to do ?” and “why to do ?”
when we operate on the basis of realization and gains understanding
according to the realization then it give definiteness and certainty and
makes us self organized.
Understanding :
1. Understanding means to be able to understand the self organization in
all entities of nature/existence and their inter-connected organization
“as it is”.
2. We are able to see the harmonious interconnectedness at all the levels
of our living. Understanding plays an important role in desire making.
3. When we do not have the right understanding, our desire keep shifting,
and this indefiniteness is reflected in our thoughts, and selections we
make, and finally in our behaviour and work.
4. On the other hand, when our understanding is based on realization and
we use this understanding in desire making then our desire will be
correct and thoughts and selection will be according to the understanding.
5. These are the two activities in the self (‘I’) (placed at point 1 and 2 in the
figure).
Activities in self (‘I’)
Power Activity
Natural
1. Acceptance 1. Realization (Anubhav)
2. 2. Understanding (Bodh)
Self ‘I’
Pre-conditioning 3. Desire (Ichchha) 3. Imaging (Chitrana)
(Manyata)
4. Thought (Vichara) 4. Analyzing (Vislesana)
5. Expectation (Asha) 5. Selecting/Tasting (Chayana/Asvadana)
Answer
1. The solution to this problem is to start verifying our desires, thoughts
and expectations on the basis of our natural acceptance.
2. Since the natural acceptance of each of us is constant and unchanging,
this is what we should be verifying our desires against.
3. Once we access our natural acceptance, we have the right understanding
of the harmony at all levels of our living.
4. This results in us being able to see our ‘true nature’ and understand
what we truly want.
5. So our desires start getting set on the basis of our right understanding.
6. Since our right understanding is based on harmony at all levels of being,
which is definite, our thoughts, desires and selection become aligned
with this right understanding.
7. This puts an end to all conflicts, contradictions and unhappiness.
8. Thus, there is harmony within us, within our family, within society and
nature in general.
9. Realization and understanding are two very important aspects of this
state of harmony.
10. Realization means the ability to ‘see’ the reality as it is.
11. Understanding means to be able to see the way all levels of our being
are linked together in a harmonious manner.
12. So, working on the basis of our natural acceptance in other words
means working on the basis of our realization and understanding.
13. The process then is this: with realization and understanding, our desires
or imagination gets set according to right understanding.
14. Consequently, our analyzing takes place according to the desires/
imagination, which in turn leads to thought/analysis becoming the basis
for expectations or selection/taste.
15. This process leads to svatantrata or self-organization.
16. This state of being self organized leads to continuous happiness as we
are able to understand the harmony at all levels of our living and all
desires, thoughts and expectations become definite.
Understanding Harmony in the Human Being 2–18 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 2.21. How recognizing and fulfilling in the self depends upon
Answer
1. When it comes to self (‘I’), which is a conscious entity; in addition to
‘recognizing and fulfilling’, there is also the activity of assuming and that
of knowing.
2. In fact, recognizing and fulfilling in case of human beings will depend
upon knowing and/or assuming.
i. We assume : We all make assumptions and our response (recognition
and fulfillment) is dependent on the assumption. For example : If I see a
snake and assumed it to be a rope, I shall respond differently to it, than
if I take it to be a snake itself. We call this activity ‘assuming or mannana’.
ii. We recognize : We all recognize things today, we recognize a variety of
things. Like, we recognize water, our parents, friends, etc. We call this
activity ‘recognizing or pahachaanana’. The recognizing in ‘I’ depends on
assuming.
iii. We fulfill : The response that follows recognition is called the activity of
‘fulfilling or nirvaha karna’. The fulfillment depends on the recognition.
For example : Once we recognize water, we take it.
Taken together we can write it as (in I) :
Assuming Recognizing Fulfilling
3. There is another activity that exists in us (in ‘I’). This activity is called
‘knowing’.
4. Knowing means we have the right understanding - the understanding
of harmony at all levels of our living.
5. When we have the right understanding, when we have the knowledge
of reality, it is definite, and then assuming becomes according to the
knowing, and hence recognizing and fulfilling becomes definite, or
according to knowing.
6. Until then, it is subject to beliefs and assumptions, and this keeps
changing. When we list these down :
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 2–19 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Self Introspections :
1. It is extremely important for us to understand ourselves as this
knowledge helps us to understand everything and everyone around us
in a better manner.
2. The Self is the basis of everything we do.
3. Whether we want to eat an ice-cream, secure the first rank in class,
become rich and famous or go on a holiday, all these desires and
expectations are related to ‘I’.
4. And it is only by understanding the Self that we are able to understand
whether our desires are right or wrong.
5. The understanding of the Self also helps us to understand the reasons
for our happiness and unhappiness.
6. Thirdly, understanding the Self helps us to have a better understanding
of ourselves ‘within’.
7. This clarity helps us to create a good synergy between the Self and the
Body.
8. Also, the more we understand ourselves, the better we are able to
understand our relationships with those around us.
9. Finally, this complete understanding helps us to understand our program
and how to fulfill it.
PART-4
Harmony of I with the Body Understanding Sanyam and Svasthya.
Questions-Answers
Que 2.23. Define sanyam and swasthya. How are the two related ?
OR
Define sanyam (self-control) and swasthya (health). Explain various
responsibility of ‘I’ for the ‘Body’ in brief.
AKTU 2015-16(IV), Marks 05
Answer
Sanyam (Self-Control) and Swasthya (Health) :
1. Sanyama means the feeling of responsibility in the self (I) for nurturing,
protection and right utilization of the body.
2. Self-control or sanyama is the control of the mind and its desires, urges,
emotions and delusions. It is controlling the outgoing tendencies of the
mind and the senses and bringing them back to our self within.
3. Swasthya is the condition of the body where every part of the body is
performing its expected function. The word swasthya literally means
being anchored to the self, being in close harmony with the self.
4. In other words, swasthya, in Sanskrit means self-dependence
(swa = your own). Also, embedded in its meaning are health, sound
state, comfort and satisfaction.
5. So we can say that sanyam ensures swasthya.
6. With right understanding and right feelings, the body gets favourably
affected.
7. For example; when I am happy, the temperature and pressure in the
body are normal, when I am angry or tense, they get upset. It means if
I am in disharmony, say in anger or stress or despair, it immediately
starts affecting the body adversely.
Que 2.24. Suggest any two programs that you can undertake to
Answer
The self has the responsibility for nurturing, protection and right
utilization of the body. For this self has to follow some programs. We
need to work to understand the self organization of the body and ensure
health of the body.
1. Nurturing of the Body :
Proper Food, Air, Water, Etc. : In the process of selecting food for the
body, I need to make out the elements which make a complete food so
that it gives required nutrients and energy to the body. On the basis of
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 2–21 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
understanding of the harmony of the self with the body, it can be said
that the food needs to be eaten only when we feel hungry. The choice of
the food has to be such that it is easily digestible and the food needs to be
taken with proper posture of the body and in right quantity.
2. Protection of the Body :
The second issue is the protection of the body. The clothes we choose for
protection need to be such that they ensure proper interaction of the
body with the environment. The right amount of exposure of the body
to the air, water, and sun is required to ensure its proper functioning. To
ensure the health of the Body, we need to take care of the following : (i)
Ahar-Vihar, (ii) Shram- Vyayam, (iii) Asana-Pranayam and
(iv) Aushadhi-Chikitsa. We have already discussed about Ahar (Food),
let us now discuss about the others :
i. Proper upkeep (Vihar) of the Body : When we work, the Body gets
tired. When we take rest, the Body becomes fit to work. But again,
there is a limit to the amount of work and rest we need. We also need to
ensure proper time, posture and ways to work and to rest. We need to
provide hygienic conditions for proper functioning of the Body. These
issues are included in the upkeep of the Body.
ii. Labour : Labour is another requirement. It means employing the body
physically for production and maintenance of physical facilities. The
labour we do helps each part of the Body to function properly.
iii. Physical Exercises : We are aware of physical exercises. While doing
labour, some parts of the Body may get stressed much while others may
not get employed to that extent. With exercises, we can employ all the
parts of the Body in the desired way.
iv. Asan-Pranayam : This is another way to keep the Body function
properly. In Asanas, we give the body proper postures by sitting or lying,
and in Pranayam, we ensure regulation of the breathing
v. Treatment of the body : With all the care we take, the body may
require treatment at times. There are several approaches to ensure
this. It may be that just by going without food for some time, the Body
gets cured. Right choice for food may also help. The treatment of the
Body can be done by proper exposures of the Body to air, water or sun
too. Use of herbs or medicines may also serve the purpose. Here one
thing to understand is that, the system of the body works in a self-
organized way and I only need to facilitate the self-organization of the
body by arranging for material things. One thing to take care about is
that while curing the Body of one problem, we need to choose ways
which do not give rise to other problems.
3. Right utilization of the body (Sadupyog) : Right utilization of the
Body as an instrument necessitates understanding the purpose for which
this instrument is to be used. Normally we tend to believe that the Body
is an instrument for sensory enjoyment, which is not correct. We also
Understanding Harmony in the Human Being 2–22 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
happen to use our Body to exploit other human beings or rest of the
nature which is also not right utilization. It is important to realize that
the human body is an instrument to facilitate right understanding and
its actualization in life. I also need to arrange for equipments/ instruments
for right utilization of the body. They increase the efficiency and capacity
of the body.
Answer
Our present lifestyle and conditionings are not very conductive to keep
the body fit and therefore it is important to understand sanyama and
swasthya correctly and maintain proper harmony with the body. As a
proposal, we need to work for the following few things :
1. To understand and live with sanyama.
2. To understand the self organization of the body and ensure health of the
body.
1. Understanding and Living with Sanyama : Sanyama implies that
the self takes the responsibility for proper nurturing, and right utilization
of the body. For this it is essential to understand the functioning of the
body instrument. It is also essential to understand that this instrument
has a limited life span and undergoes a pattern of growth and decay. The
interaction of the self with the body has to be in consonance with the
above objectives which are achieved through sanyama.
2. Understanding the self organization of the body and ensure
health of the body : Refer Q. 2.24, Page 2–20Y, Unit-2.
Q. 17. Define sanyam and swasthya. How are the two related ?
Ans. Refer Q. 2.23, Unit-2.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 3–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
3 Understanding
Harmony in the
Family & Society
CONTENTS
Part-1 : Harmony in the Family and ....................... 3–2Y to 3–4Y
Understanding Values
PART-1
Harmony in the Family and Understanding Values.
Questions-Answers
Answer
Right understanding in the individuals is the basis for harmony in the
family, which is the building block for harmony in the society.
1. The harmony in the society begins from the individual. We need to
ensure right understanding in the individual as the foundation of
harmony in the society.
2. With right understanding, the need for physical facilities in the family
can be ascertained. By assessing our needs correctly and by producing
more than required the family can be prosperous.
3. Assurance of right understanding in the individuals and prosperity in
the families, understanding of human relationships leads to harmony
and trust (fearlessness) in the society. When every individual is able to
live harmoniously in relationship, and the needs of all the families are
ensured, fearlessness (mutual trust) in society will naturally follow.
4. When human beings with right understanding interact with nature, it
will be in consonance with the co-existence and will be mutually enriching.
We may also understand it in the following sequence :
i. Right understanding
ii. Prosperity
iii. Fearlessness (trust)
iv. Co-existence
Que 3.2. What is the role of value system in family harmony ?
How can you maintain harmony in relationship ?
OR
How can harmony in the family is assured ?
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 3–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
OR
Prove that our emotions in the family are our values to sustain our
family life.
Answer
1. Harmony in the family is assured by understanding four basic proposals :
i. We must understand the relationships that exist between one Self and
another Self, i.e., between two Selves or people.
ii. The Self has feelings in the relationship between the two people.
iii. These feelings in the Self are definite and can be identified with
definiteness.
iv. It is by recognizing and fulfilling these feelings that mutual happiness in
a relationship can be guaranteed.
2. Taking the first proposal, it is important to understand that relationships
exist between selves and not between the bodies. The body is just the
means to express or receive the relationship with another Self. The Self
alone understands and has feelings. For instance, a person feels trust
towards another person and this understanding is through the Self and
not the body. There is no way in which the body can feel this feeling of
trust. Similarly, the body cannot understand or have feelings. Feelings
are the domain of the Self. There are feelings in every relationship and
they occur naturally. We cannot create or destroy these feelings. We
may try to hide or suppress them, but we cannot change their basic
nature. And all this goes on within the Self and not within the body.
3. It is also important to recognize that feelings are definite. This clarity
helps the Self to have a mutually successful relationship with another
Self. These definite values are love, affection, trust, respect, etc. Lastly,
we must work at recognizing these feelings and identify with them.
4. Based on this understanding, when we work and behave according to
those feelings, there is mutual fulfillment for both the Selves involved
in the relationship. And constant evaluation of our feelings as well as
the feelings of another Self is also an important way of ensuring that
there is no gap in the relationship and there is mutual fulfillment.
Que 3.3. What are the different ways to have harmony in society?
Answer
1. The feeling of being related to every human being in a society leads to
our participation in an undivided society. When we have achieved
harmony at the level of individual and explored the harmony at the
family level and walk towards achieving harmony at the level of society,
this gives us a feeling of world family.
Understanding Harmony in the Family & Society 3–4 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-2
Understanding Values in Human-Human Relationship.
Questions-Answers
Answer
1. Justice : Justice is the recognition of values (the definite feelings) in
relationship, their fulfillment, the right evaluation of the fulfillment
resulting in mutual happiness. Justice concerns itself with the proper
ordering of things and people within a society.
2. Elements of Justice : There are four elements :
i. Recognition of values.
ii. Fulfillment.
iii. Evaluation.
iv. Mutual happiness ensured.
When all the four are ensured, justice is ensured.
3. Mutual fulfillment is the hallmark of justice and justice is essential in all
relationships. Justice starts from family and slowly expands to the world
family. The child gets the understanding of justice in the family. With
this understanding, he goes out in the society and interacts with people.
4. If the understanding of justice is ensured in the family, there will be
justice in all the interactions we have in the world at large.
5. If we do not understand the values in relationships, we are governed by
our petty prejudices and conditionings. We may treat people as high or
low based on their body (particular caste, or sex or race or tribe), on the
basis of wealth one possesses or the belief systems that one follows. All
this is source of injustice and leads to fragmented society while our
natural acceptance is for an undivided society and universal human
order.
Relationship
Self (‘I’) Self (‘I’)
Recognize the VALUES (feelings) in a relationship (feelings are definite)
Mutual happiness
way, the harmony in our living grows. We slowly get the competence to
live in harmony with all human beings.
Answer
1. Under Evaluation : When someone is evaluated less than what it is.
The object under evaluation feels pitiable. Under evaluating someone
means disrespecting them as it shows that their abilities have been
neglected. This can give rise to a sense of dissatisfaction.
2. Otherwise Evaluation : When we evaluate someone for what they
are not. It can mean over evaluating someone or in certain cases under
evaluating someone.
3. Care : The feeling of nurturing, looking after and protecting our family
and others around us. It is an innate feeling of the parents towards their
children.
4. Guidance : The desire to help others and to share your experience and
knowledge. It is a feeling expressed by the elders of a family and often
teachers towards their students.
5. Reverence : It means to show honour and respect for something or
someone. It is a feeling of honour and respect towards someone who
has achieved excellence in life.
6. Glory : People, who have been able to live exemplary lives, achieve
glory. When someone makes effort to achieve excellence and achieves
it. Their life becomes an example for future generation to look up to.
This gives rise to sense of glory.
7. Gratitude : It is the feeling of thankfulness and honour to people who
have made significant contributions to our lives.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 3–7 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Care and Guidance : Refer Q. 3.5, Page 3–6Y, Unit-3.
Role of Care and Guidance : Following are the role of these feelings
in parent and child relationship :
1. In the caring role, you take care of your children’s basic needs, such as
food, medical care, shelter, clothing, etc., as well as give love, attention,
understanding, acceptance, time, and support.
2. The other part of your job as a parent is to provide “guidance” for your
children. In this role, you give direction, impose rules, use discipline, set
limits, establish and follow through with consequences, hold your children
accountable for their behaviour, and teach values.
Answer
A. Human-Human Relationship :
1. The proposal above outlines very clearly that relationship is between
the self (‘I’) and the other self (‘I’). It is a need of the self (‘I’) to be in
relationship with the other.
2. Being in relationship, we have feelings for the other. These feeling
cannot be replaced by any material or physical things.
3. These feeling are definite and these feelings are the ‘values’ in a
relationship. Feeling of oneself (‘I’) with the other (‘I’) is definite, can be
identified, understood and fulfilled.
4. Feeling (Values) in Relationship :
i. Trust (Vishwas).
ii. Respect (Sammana).
iii. Affection (Sneha).
iv. Care (Mamata).
v. Guidance (Vatsalya).
vi. Reverence (Shraddha).
vii. Glory (Guarava).
Understanding Harmony in the Family & Society 3–8 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-3
Understanding the Meaning of Vishwas & Difference
Between Intention and Competence.
Questions-Answers
Answer
Trust :
1. Trust or vishwas is the foundational value in all relationship. “To be
assured that each human being inherently wants oneself and the other
to be happy and prosperous” is known as trust.
2. Mutual trust is a shared belief that we can depend on each other to
achieve a common purpose. Trust is the expectation of people that they
can rely on our word. It is built through integrity and consistency in
relationships.
3. There are two aspects in trust :
i. Intention (wanting to our natural acceptance)
ii. Competence (being able to do).
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 3–9 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 3.9. Prove that trust is the foundational value and love is
Answer
Trust :
1. Trust is the foundational value in all relationships. It is absolutely
important. Trust is created by our own behaviour, our own value systems
and responses. We have to explore it within ourselves.
2. Trust is a mental state in which we presume that the other person will
honestly fulfill the promises they have made.
3. People around us want us to work towards the happiness and prosperity
of others.
4. In other words, trust is established towards our fellow human beings
when we have the right understanding of intention of people around us.
5. We feel threatened or afraid of people who could possibly deny us, our
happiness and peace of mind.
Love :
1. The feeling of being related to all is love (or prema).
2. This feeling or value is also called the complete value (Pürna mülya),
since this is the feeling of relatedness to all human beings.
Understanding Harmony in the Family & Society 3–10 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
3. It starts with identifying that one is related to the other human being
(the feeling of affection) and it slowly expands to the feeling of being
related to all human beings.
4. The feeling of love leads to an Undivided Society, it starts from a family
and slowly expands to the world family. Every human being has natural
acceptance for relatedness upto the world family in the form of love.
5. We start with trust, which becomes foundation for being related to one
(Affection), and we reach the state of being related to everyone-Love.
Answer
Trust : Refer Q. 3.9, Page 3–9Y, Unit-3.
To develop trust we need to :
1. Be Consistent in our Actions : Consistency in action will help to
remove any kind of suspicion.
2. Faith in Competencies : We should not doubt the capabilities of the
people we trust.
3. Do not Keep Secrets : Secrets destroy trust in any relationship. People
make assumptions about our actions when we hide information, we
would need to lie to hide our secrets. Lies and wrong assumptions can
damage relationship.
4. Do not Pretend : If we are faithful to ourselves then it is easier for
people around us to believe us and interact with us. If we are true to
ourselves then all relationship we form are rooted on solid ground.
PART-4
Understanding the Meaning of Samman.
Questions-Answers
Answer
Respect :
1. Respect means accepting individuality and doing right evaluation (to be
evaluated as I am). Instead of respect being a basis of similarity or one of
right evaluation, we have made it into something on the basis of which
we differentiate i.e., by respecting you mean you are doing something
special, because you are special or have something special or are in
some special position.
2. Thus, all of us are running around seeking respect from one another by
trying to become something special.
3. Today, we are differentiating in the name of respect. We either
differentiate people on the basis of their body, on the basis of their
wealth and possessions or on the basis of their beliefs. There is no
notion of respect in terms of right evaluation. Thus, there is no real
feeling of relationship, only one of differentiation.
4. On the basis of body
i. Sex/gender.
ii. Race.
iii. Age.
iv. Physical strength.
5. On the basis of physical facilities :
i. Wealth.
ii. Post.
6. On the basis of beliefs :
i. ‘Isms’ : ‘Ism’ means any belief in terms of a ‘thought-system’ that we
have, or that we have adopted. There are also many modern ‘isms’ such
as capitalism, socialism, communism, etc. The people following these
sets of beliefs are called capitalists, socialists, communists, and so on.
ii. Sects : People of one sect only consider those with a similar belief
system to be their ‘own’ and worthy of respect. Following a particular
tradition, or what we call as religion, becomes the basis of respect and
disrespect in relationship.
Answer
Difference Between Respect and Differentiation :
Answer
1. Meaning of respect : Respect or Samman means “Right Evaluation”
or showing an appropriate behaviour to the object of respect. It is the
feeling of admiration, we show towards another human being because
of their qualities or achievements. Evaluation should not be based on
caste, creed, sex, religion etc. Respect is a key human value. In other
words, respect can be understood as a genuine expression of regard
directed to peers, family or authority. Respect is not the same thing as
obedience. Respect is a virtue which helps us to succeed in life, whereas,
attention is selectively concentrating on any one aspect of a particular
activity. Attention lacks right evaluation.
2. Disrespect Due to Lack of Right Understanding : Respect means
“right evaluation”, to be evaluated as I am. Usually however, we make
mistakes in our evaluation in the following three ways :
i. Over evaluation (abhi-mulyana) : To evaluate more than what it is,
e.g., if you are wrongly flattered you feel uncomfortable.
ii. Under evaluation (ava-mulyana) : To evaluate less than what it is,
e.g., if you are condemned, you feel uncomfortable.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 3–13 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 3.14. What does samman or respect mean? How can you
ensure that respect becomes a valued part of any society?
Differentiate between respect and differentiation.
AKTU 2015-16(III), Marks 7.5
Answer
Respect (samman) : Refer Q. 3.11, Page 3–10Y, Unit-3.
Difference between Respect and Differentiation : Refer Q. 3.12,
Page 3–11Y, Unit-3.
PART-5
Understanding Harmony in Society and Visualizing a
Universal Harmonious Order in Society.
Questions-Answers
Answer
The programs needed to achieve the comprehensive human goals are
right understanding among the human being and to facilitate the
Understanding Harmony in the Family & Society 3–14 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Universal Human Order :
1. Living in harmony of an individual right from the individual level to the
level of the entire order or existence is known as the Universal Human
Order.
2. Universal Human Order can be achieved only by right understanding.
As we have seen the whole existence and all orders makes harmony
except the human being. The Universal order reveals all full dimension
of human behaviour, education, health towards a fragmented society.
The step to move from family to world family is known as undivided
society.
Family Family Cluster Village Village Cluster World Family.
3. It is possible through right understanding. We need work in universal
order. It is only right understanding that provides us the basis for
humanistic constitution which is essential to provide clear guidelines
and policies frame work conductive to the development of undivided
human society and a universal human order working towards the
comprehensive human goals and developing the competency of human
ethical conductive will be among the salient principles of universal human
order.
4. Now a days human society is divided into many caste, race, religion,
nationalities whose objectives and efforts are different. Our main energy
is being used in handling these conflicts and contradictions. The human
beings are spending a lot of efforts and resources in preparing themselves
for war, only to ensure peace. This is happening only because of our lack
of right understanding.
5. Thus we need to perform our duty in appropriate way to ensure undivided
society.
Answer
1. The feeling of being related to every human being in a society leads to
our participation in an undivided society.
2. When we have achieved harmony at the level of individual and explored
the harmony at the family level and walk towards achieving harmony at
the level of society, this gives us a feeling of world family.
Three activities can be performed to send the message of a holistic
society :
i. Educating Society Through Workshops, Seminars and Street
Plays :
This is about organizing workshops, seminars and street plays at various
levels in society. The activity may be carried out by N.G.O.'s must receive
the support of government organization. These activities can be
categorized into three types which include.
a. Knowing the self,
b. Knowing the existence on basis of self,
c. Knowing the definite human conduct which is contribution of self
in existence.
ii. Value Education in Education Institutions : Value education
should be introduced in current education system at all level primary
school, secondary school, senior secondary school as at college level.
iii. Helping to Apply Values to the Real World : Organizations both
government and non-government should open up counseling centres
which can help their employees or general public to apply values in real
life situations. It is about realizing the alternatives in life. The idea is not
to live in isolation or individualism but with expansion of Self to higher
levels in the social system.
Answer
1. Fearlessness / Trust in society means every member of society feels
related to everyone else and therefore there is trust and fearlessness.
For fearless in society following are the minimum requirements :
i. Every individual is able to live harmoniously in relationship.
ii. The needs of all the families are ensured.
2. One wishes to live in a fearless society.
3. Participation :
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 3–17 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Exchange-Storage (Vinimaya-Kosa) :
1. Exchange (vinimaya) refers to the exchange of physical facilities between
the members of the society, while storage (kosa) refers to the storage of
physical facilities that is left after fulfilling the needs of the family.
2. It is important to note that exchange and storage is done for mutual
fulfillment and not for madness of profit or exploitation or hoarding.
3. In terms of exchange and storage, we have developed efficient ways of
selling and buying, sending or receiving money and investing them to
multiply faster than nature could ever do. Sitting with the laptop, we
can purchase commodities across the world and invest our capital in
distant markets. Profits can multiply overnight, and we can enter the
list of millionaires without any physical work. We can also store hoards
of currency within a digital map.
4. But with these rising modes of exchange and storage, the exploitation
of mankind and nature has shot up. The disparities in wealth have
increased, and the madness for profit has become the general motivation.
5. Liquidity of money has of course helped us by providing a smooth mode
of exchange. But it has created more problems than solutions. These
problems are the outcome of our misperception in visualizing money
which is a notional entity to be the same as physical facilities which are
tangible and are our real needs. It needs to be remembered that money
Understanding Harmony in the Family & Society 3–18 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. Affection is the feeling of being related to the other. Affection comes
when I recognize that we both want to make each other happy and both
of us are similar. Then for the first time, I feel that I am related to the
other that the other is a relative of mine. This feeling is called affection.
2. There is a lot of talk of competition today. You will find that competition
results when there is lack of affection. When there is affection, I help
the other grow. When I miss this feeling, I try to beat the other, act as an
opponent. It has been assumed by us generally, that in certain spheres
of life, we do need to compete with the other, treating the other as an
opponent. When you explore, you find that, if you are able to see the
relationship with me, you will fulfill this relationship with me. If you are
not able to see this relationship with me (because you have a wrong
assumption, of wanting to oppose me), you end up denying me by
competing with me. Each one of us can verify this. You will see that we
have ended up assuming many such things that guarantee our very
own unhappiness. No one needs to trouble us from the outside, we have
guaranteed our own troubles.
Answer
Education-Right Living (Siksha-Sanskara) :
1. ‘Education – Right Living is made up of two words – Education and Right
Living.
2. The content of education is the understanding of harmony at all the
four levels of our existence – from myself to the entire existence.
3. Right Living or Sanskara refers to the ability to live in harmony at all
the four levels of living.
4. Thus, Education = To understand harmony al all four levels of
living.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 3–19 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Q. 10. What does samman or respect mean? How can you ensure
that respect becomes a valued part of any s ociety?
Differentiate between respect and differentiation.
Ans. Refer Q. 3.14, Unit-3.
Q. 12. What do you mean by universal human order ? What are its
implications ?
Ans. Refer Q. 3.16, Unit-3.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 4–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
4 Understanding
Harmony in the
Nature & Existence
CONTENTS
Part-1 : Understanding Harmony in ....................... 4–2Y to 4–3Y
the Nature and Existence
PART-1
Understanding Harmony in the Nature and Existence.
Questions-Answers
Answer
1. The aggregate of all the mutually interacting units - big or small, sentient
or insentient together can be called nature.
2. These units are infinite in number and we could easily observe that
there exists a dynamic balance, self regulation among all these units.
3. This self regulation is harmony or balance in nature. The law of nature
has a unique cause and effect system which must be understood in
order to be in harmony with the natural law of things.
Natural harmony is necessary for the following reasons :
1. Natural harmony is necessary to solve the problem of global warming
and depletion of non-renewable natural resource can be avoided.
2. Natural harmony with trees cure all problems like - reduction of wind
velocity, energy savings, doing companion planting, development of an
eco-subsystem in terms of establishing a forest garden, reduction of
building heat.
3. It is possible to achieve natural harmony in the establishment,
maintenance and management of educational institution like schools,
colleges and universities.
4. One can understand the depths of harmony and alignment in natural by
contemplating and reflecting upon the natural order. It is possible to
unravel the mystery of the natural synthesis in the midst of ongoing
chaos at the material plane.
Answer
Harmony : Q. 4.1, Page 4–2Y, Unit-4.
Difference :
Answer
1. Earth is the only planet where life can exist. But with the rapid
advancement of technology which have given rise to industries and led
to deforestation, human beings have increasingly started abusing the
natural resources and therefore the harmony with nature has been
lost.
2. The problems of global warming and pollution have reached alarming
proportions. The ecological balance has been disturbed and the greed
and violence in human nature have taken over. If we continue to destroy
the nature’s perfect creation and if we do not realize that we need to
replenish our natural resources then we will not be able to leave behind
a habitable planet for our future generation.
3. We have to advocate the idea for renewable resources of energy such as
solar and wind power. If we channelize the new technological
advancements in a direction of maintaining the ecological balance then
only we can say that technological advancements can be in harmony
with nature.
PART-2
Interconnectedness and Mutual Fulfilment Among
the Four Orders of Nature, Recyclability and
Self Regulation in Nature.
Understanding Harmony in the Nature & Existence 4–4 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Questions-Answers
Answer
1. All the physical objects that are in solid, liquid or gaseous state either
living or non living, collectively termed as nature. In other words, the
aggregate of all the mutually interacting units – big or small, sentient
or insentient together can be called nature.
2. These units are infinite in number and we could easily observe that
there exists a dynamic balance, self regulation among all these units.
3. To facilitate understanding, we can categorize all these units into four
distinct orders.
There are four orders of nature :
i. Material order
ii. Pranic order
iii. Animal odder
iv. Human order
Interconnectedness and mutual fulfillment in nature :
1. Mutual fulfillment implies that each unit of the four orders of nature
is related to each ogee and enriching to each other.
2. In the nature, all the units are connected to each other and fulfilling
each other. Human being is related to all other human beings. On this
basis, we have feelings and emotions for everyone. Human being is
connected to all the material units in the existence and gets aware of it
as he starts exploring it.
3. The four orders can be distinctly recognised in terms of their
characteristics, participation with other units in similar order, activities,
pattern of inheritance etc.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 4–5 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Example :
Material Order Plant/Bio-Order and Animal Order :
The material order provides the basis for movement of all animals,
birds and fishes. Water, oxygen and other gases are necessities for
both plants and animals. At the same time, the animal order helps
enrich the soil with its excreta and these excreta help the plants with
nutrients. The plant/bio order provides food for animals, birds and
fishes. The animal order helps in pollination of the flowers of the
pranic order.
Answer
Recyclability :
1. There are several cyclical processes that we can see in nature. For
example the cycle of water, evaporating, condensing and precipitating
back to water giving the weather phenomena. The cycles keep these
materials self-regulated on the earth. Breeds of plants and animals are
similarly self-regulated in their environment.
2. In a forest, the growth of trees takes place in a way so that the amount
of soil, plants and animals remains conserved. It never happens that the
number of trees shoots up and there is a lack of soil for the trees. The
appropriateness of the conditions for growth of both plants and animals
are self-regulated in nature keeping the population proportions naturally
maintained. This phenomenon is termed as self-regulation.
3. In a single breed of animals, the number of males and females generated
through procreation is such that the continuity of species is ensured by
itself. This happens with humans too, but inhuman practices have led to
disproportionate numbers of men and women. These two characteristics
namely, cyclical nature and self-regulation provide us with some clues
of the harmony that is in nature.
Que 4.6. Explain recyclability and self-regulation in nature.
Answer
Recyclability : Q. 4.5, Page 4–5Y, Unit-4.
Understanding Harmony in the Nature & Existence 4–6 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Self-regulation :
1. There are various cycles in nature that we are aware of, such as oxygen
cycle, the nitrogen cycle, the water cycle and the carbon cycle. Plants
give out oxygen which is required by animals for respiration. They
ensure the delicate balance between the various components of the
nature. They ensure that the material balance is maintained between
the various components.
2. In a forest, the growth of trees takes place in a way so that the amount
of soil, plants and animals remains conserved. It never happens that the
number of trees shoots up and there is a lack of soil for the trees. The
appropriateness of the conditions for growth of both plants and animals
are self-regulated in nature keeping the population proportions naturally
maintained. This phenomenon is termed as self-regulation.
3. Further the mutual dependency between animals and plants maintain
their population. Each gets what it needs and provides the other what
they need to survive. Hence we can understand if we take out one
single participant from any of the orders, it is going to disturb the balance.
This is an example of self regulation in nature where the harmony
between all the species is maintained.
Que 4.7. Explain the four orders existing in nature ? How are
Answer
1. All the four orders material, plant, animal and human have certain core
values. These can also be called as their natural characteristics or
svabhava.
2. There is mutual fulfillment among four orders, these orders are :
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 4–7 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
i. Material Order : Most of the members of this order are non living
things. Also, various forms of energies like sound, light, heat, magnetism
and gravitational energy are also part of this order. The fundamental
characteristic of this order is composition/decomposition. They can come
together to compose bigger things and also bigger units can be
transformed into smaller units. They can neither be created nor
destroyed. For example, the atomic energy release and generated during
nuclear fission and fusion.
ii. Plant /Bio Order : They comprise from single cell organism like fungi,
algae to water plants, herbs, shrubs and trees. They can reproduce, accept
nutrition from outside, digest, assimilate and grow. They also provide
nutrition to the animal and to the human order. Therefore the natural
characteristic of this order is to nurture. But excess of nutrition or unregulated
consumption of plant products can harm or “worsen” our body.
iii. Animal Order : The members of this order are living things. They
share many of the features of the plant order. They have greater degree
of locomotion than plants. The natural characteristic of this order is that
they realize or they are aware of the fact that they exist the quality of
Self(I) therefore they have an intellectual faculty. This awareness also
brings in the excess which is cruelty as they know that they can fulfill
their needs by violence and cruelty towards members of the other orders
or within their own order.
iv. Human Order : They are the most evolved species of the four orders.
They are living beings and their natural characteristics are similar to
the characteristics of the plant and the animal order. They are
independent and self conscious. They have virtues like perseverance,
bravery and generosity. These abilities are peculiar to them. But human
nature tends to deviate from its basic characteristics. This has given rise
to many conflicts and contradictions in their basic nature.
Material Order
soil, air, water, etc
Animal Order
animal, birds
Fig. 4.7.1.
Understanding Harmony in the Nature & Existence 4–8 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 4.8. What are the four orders in nature ? How are they inter-
dependent and mutually fulfilling for each other ? Explain.
AKTU 2018-19(IV), Marks 07
OR
“Other than human order, the three orders are mutually fulfilling
to each other”. Explain with examples. Why does human order fail
to be mutually fulfilling to itself and to other orders ?
AKTU 2017-18(III), Marks 07
OR
Closely examine four orders in nature and their participation,
explain present state of participation of human order.
AKTU 2017-18(IV), Marks 07
OR
Suggest ways to enhance the fulfillment of human order with the
other three orders. Mention any two programs you can undertake
in light of the above. AKTU 2017-18(III), Marks 07
Answer
In the nature, all the units are connected to each other and fulfilling
each other. Human being is related to all other human beings. On this
basis, we have feelings and emotions for everyone. Human being is
connected to all the material units in the existence and gets aware of it
as he starts exploring it. We can see this interconnectedness and mutual
fulfillment in Fig. 4.8.1 :
1. Material Order and Plant/Bio-Order : The material order provides
the nutrients to the plant/bio order in the form of soil, minerals, etc.,
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 4–9 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
while the plant/ bio order decays and forms more nutrients, thus
enriching the soil. The plant/bio order also decays to substances like oil
and coal, which are stored deep within the earth as protection against
the heat from the molten core inside the earth as well as the heat from
the sun (today, this is the material we are removing and using as fuel).
Plants help move the nutrients through the various layers of the soil.
The roots of the plants hold the soil together and prevent the soil from
erosion. Plants produce oxygen/ carbon dioxide and thus help in the
movement of the material order. There is a mutual interdependency
and co-existence we can see here.
Soil, air,
water, etc.
Animals,
Birds
Fig. 4.8.1.
Plant/Bio Human
Order Order
Animal
Birds
Fig. 4.8.2.
Answer
Conforms :
Each unit conforms through the principle of conformance or anusangita.
It means how the continuity of the fundamental nature of the unit is
preserved.
Order Material order Pranic order Animal order Human order
Things Soil, water, Plants and trees Animals and Human beings
metals, etc birds
Answer
Innateness :
1. Innateness means to exist naturally
2. Each unit in existence exhibits innateness an intrinsic quality that cannot
be separated from it. We refer to this principle as ‘Innateness’. This is
intrinsic to the unit. Look at all the material order.
3. Innateness in the Four Orders :
i. It is possible to convert material things from one ‘form or a way being’ to
another ‘form or a way of being’. However, it is not possible to annihilate
it. We cannot make it cease to exist. The particles that make up that unit
continue to exist.
ii. Because the plant/Bio order is a development of the material order, it
also has the innateness of ‘existence’. In addition, it also exhibits the
‘growth’. This principle of ‘growth’ cannot be separated from any units of
this order. If it is of plant/Bio order, it will grow.
Understanding Harmony in the Nature & Existence 4–12 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
iii. The Animal Body is a development of the plant/Bio order and therefore
this order inherits the innateness of the previous order namely ‘existence’
and ‘growth’. This is at the level of the body, which is physico-chemical in
nature. In addition, all units in this order have the ‘will to live’ in ‘I’.
Indeed no unit in this order can be separated from this ‘will to live’. It is
intrinsic to every unit in this order.
iv. When we look at the human being, we and that ‘existence’ and ‘growth’
are fundamentally present in the body, just as in the animal body. At the
level of ‘I’ however, in addition to the will to live, a human being’s
innateness is the ‘will to live with happiness’. Each one of us not only
wants to live but also wants to ‘live with happiness’. This is the innateness
of the human order and it characterises the human order.
Order Things Innateness
Material order Soil, water, Existence
metals, etc.
Pranic order Plants and trees Existence + growth
Animal order Animals and birds (Existence + growth) in body
+ will to live in 'I'
Human order Human beings (Existence + growth) in body + will
to live with happiness in 'I'
Answer
1. The process of self exploration helps us to identify our swatva and
through that acquiring swantantrata and swarajya.
i. Swatva means innateness of self - the natural acceptance of harmony.
ii. Swatantrata means being self- organized - being in harmony with oneself
iii. Swarajya means self-expression.
2. Swatva, Swatantrata, Swarajya : The swatva is already there, intact
in each one of us. By being in dialogue with it, we attain swantantrata
enabling us to work for swarajya. Living in contradiction, means we are
not self-organized and living with pre-conditionings where we have
assumed certain things, have accumulated desires without having first
evaluated them, then it means we are partantra. On the other hand,
when we identify our innateness, what we really want to be and establish
a dialogue with it, it enables us to start living with this harmony, it starts
expressing itself through our harmonious behaviour and work, and it
naturally extends to our participation with the surroundings. This is
working towards swarajya.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 4–13 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-3
Understanding Existence as Co-Existence of Mutual
Interacting Units in All-Pervasive Space.
Questions-Answers
Answer
Co-Existence : It is a state in which two or more groups are living
together keeping in mind their differences. The groups involved establish
a relationship where they can live non-violently. They achieve tolerance
and mutual respect and live in agreement.
Difference Between Passive and Active Co-existence :
Passive Co-Existence : This is a kind of co-existence where one of
the groups is less powerful than the other. In this environment there
is lack of violence but it is an unequal relationship.
Active Co-Existence : Relationship in this kind of co-existence is based
on mutual respect for the diversity. The groups in this relationship
embrace each other differences and have got equal access to resources
and opportunities. The environment is that of peace, social cohesion,
justice and equality.
Answer
1. Units : Unit is something that is limited in size. Like a small blade of
human hair to the biggest planets we know of, they are all limited in size
i.e., bounded on six sides. So all the things we have been studying so far:
Understanding Harmony in the Nature & Existence 4–14 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
the human beings, animals, lumps of matter as well as various atoms and
molecules, are all units. We can recognize them as such, they are countable.
2. Space : Space can be defined as an unlimited entity. Unlike unit it has
no size therefore it cannot be bounded. But space maintains certain
regularity and obeys certain laws. Space is reflecting. This means that it
can be explained in terms of its relation with other object. For example
we say there is space in between the book you are reading and you.
Space is also transparent that is there is no obstruction in space.
3. Co-existence : Relationship in this kind of co-existence is based on
mutual respect for the diversity. The groups in this relationship embrace
each other differences and have got equal access to resources and
opportunities. The environment is that of peace, social cohesion, justice
and equality, mutual tolerance, respect the differences in opinion, and
living non-violently.
The following chart explains the relationship between the different
orders of nature. We can see that all the four orders in nature exist in
harmony. This is already there in nature and need not to be created.
Units in the nature are limited in size and self organized. Space is
unlimited and there is constant reflecting energy available in the all
pervading space. Only human and animal orders have received the
consciousness of self. The material order undergoes constant structural
changes. The conscious order does not undergo structural change. The
conscious units can learn and therefore they know, assume, recognize
and fulfill.
Existence
Material Conscious
Molecule Plants
Human order
Molecular Animals Body
Structure
Answer
Answer
Gathansheel : The material units are transformable, and their
composition keeps on changing, hence these are gathansheel.
Gathanpurna : The other category of units the sentient 'I', do not
transform and are complete in composition, hence gathanpurna.
Kriyapurnata : Completion of right understanding in human being is
called kriyapurnata.
Acharanpurnata : Ability to live with complete understanding is called
acharanpurnata.
1. The material units are transformable, and their composition keeps on
changing, hence these are gathansheel.
2. The other category of units, the sentient 'I', do not transform and are
complete in composition, hence gathanpurna.
Understanding Harmony in the Nature & Existence 4–16 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-4
Holistic Perception of Harmony at All Levels of Existence.
Questions-Answers
Answer
Holistic Way of Life :
1. Each one of us lives at all these levels-myself, family, society and nature/
existence and wants to understand all these levels of our living. We will
look into ourselves and identify our various activities, our choice,
thoughts and desires. This will help us to identify how we think, and
what we want. As a result, human-relationship becomes possible if they
have right understanding, recognition of values, fulfillment, right
evaluation and leads to mutual happiness. We will also look into the
various dimensions of human society, what the comprehensive human
goal is and how this can be achieved after that we will study nature/
existence and understand interconnectedness in nature. When we have
our self-investigation we find out that we want to be in harmony at all
levels of our living.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 4–17 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
i. Harmony in myself
ii. Harmony in family
iii. Harmony in society
iv. Harmony in nature/existence
2. In harmony in myself, we have mutual happiness and a feeling of
prosperity. In harmony in family, we have mutual fulfillment in
relationship and prosperity in the family. In society, there is fearlessness
and undivided society. In nature, we have harmony in nature and
understanding the inherent co-existence.
3. Having known this harmony at all levels i.e., having understood nature/
existence, we can then identify our role in it. This role of human being
is nothing but his value, i.e., human's value is its participation in nature/
existence. We shall see that these human values are natural and
universal.
Thus, this is the holistic way of life.
Answer
Holistic Technology :
1. A holistic model is inherently conducive to the comprehensive human
goal.
2. Today our world is governed by money and business rather than man.
It’s now our idea to reverse the trend.
3. The word “Development” has been highly misinterpreted in the present
day scenario. Development as looked upon today is exploitation of nature.
4. It is believed that nature has to be controlled and exploited for human
enjoyment. This attitude of ours towards nature has caused much damage
to humanity. Human beings are an integral part of nature and it’s
essential to be in harmony with it.
5. Development of holistic technologies and systems with critical evaluation
of the strength and weaknesses of traditional existing technologies is
very important.
6. Adoption of appropriate lifestyle, proper assessment of needs coupled
with right understanding can have a path for holistic technologies and
system.
OR
What is holistic technology ? Take any two such examples from
Indian tradition and elaborate on them.
AKTU 2016-17(IV), Marks 15
OR
Describe briefly the criteria for evaluation of Holistic technology.
Support your answer with an example.
AKTU 2018-19(III), Marks 07
Answer
1. Right understanding helps us to develop a vision of a holistic approach.
By holistic approach, we mean the processes and the technologies adopted
by us must be compatible with nature. A holistic model is inherently
conducive to the comprehensive human goal. Modern technology is the
child of human brain. All inventions are the result of increasing needs.
In order to facilitate the development of holistic technologies it is
indispensible to create specific criteria for holistic evaluation of
technologies. We have these broad criteria to guide the development of
such technologies and systems :
i. Caring to appropriate needs and life style.
ii. People-friendly.
iii. Eco-friendly.
2. Modern technologies are creating environmental problems, because of
the wide-spread use of natural resources. We are burning fossil-fuels
and other renewable resources. There is an increasing demand of natural
resources worldwide and natural resources are depleting very rapidly.
There is now increasing demand throughout the world to evolve
alternative renewable technologies and modes of production.
3. Certainly this is only possible through right understanding and
evaluation of human-needs. We need to work on renewable energy
technologies. We need to research eco-friendly technology for human
welfare.
4. When we are making use of technology we need to take care of the
needs of people. We should make our best efforts to make a people
friendly technology. Because technologies are to help people and this
thing needs to be keep in mind, while we evolve a system. In modern
days science and technology are not being used only for human welfare
and this is happening in the society because of lack of right understanding
and an evaluation of human needs.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 4–19 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Q. 6. What are the four orders in nature ? How are they inter-
dependent and mutually fulfilling for each other ? Explain.
Ans. Refer Q. 4.8, Unit-4.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
5
Implications of Holistic
Understanding of
Harmony on
Professional Ethics
CONTENTS
Part-1 : Natural Acceptance of ................................ 5–2Y to 5–3Y
Human Values
PART-1
Natural Acceptance of Human Values.
Questions-Answers
Answer
1. Competence of living in accordance with universal human values or the
participation of a unit in the larger order- its natural characteristics or
svabhava.
2. Values are a part of our ethical conduct. They are the natural outcome
of realization and right understanding, which are always definite.
3. Values need not to be imposed through fear, greed or blind belief.
4. The vastu mulya (values of Human Being in the Interaction with the
Rest of the Nature) is the participation of the human being with the rest
of the nature. It is further categorized as:
i. Utility Value (Upyogita Mulya) : The participation of human being in
ensuring the role of physical facility in nurture, protection and providing
means for the body.
ii. Artistic value (kala mulya) : The participation of a human being in
ensuring the role of physical facility to help and preserve its utility.
5. For example, the utility value of a pen is that it aids in writing. This
provides a means to the body.
Providing a cap to the pen so that the ink does not spill, a proper design
for holding of the pen while writing, etc., preserve the utility of the pen.
6. A shirt has the utility that it protects the body. This is its utility value.
Designing the shirt so that it can be easily put on is the artistic value.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Ways for Promoting Value Education :
1. The value orientation should become the main focus of our educational
system. In providing education for values whole of the society should be
involved. The emphasis should be on moral development of the students.
2. Value education cannot be provided through proper text book but with
inspiration and initiative of the teachers, the can be taught in a proper
way. There are some ways for providing value education for the students.
These are as follows.
3. Social and ethical values, examples from day-to-day situations, extracts
from sayings of great even, incidents and problems which develop values
judgments among the pupils, poems, religious stories etc., can be taught
to the students.
4. In school yoga and other religious activities like - pray to god, social
service etc. can be taught to the students in the classrooms. Group
activities like cleaning the school camps, visiting slums, service campus,
visits to hospitals, visits to place of worship of different faiths should
form part of content in value education.
5. ‘Personality Development Retreats’ could be held to enable the students
to develop self-control, punctuality, sharing and caring respect for other
faiths, cooperation etc.
6. There should be an integrated approach in the value oriented educational
programme. There should be foundation courses both at the secondary
schools and universities among at giving the children basic knowledge
about India its people and cultural tradition.
7. Special schools designed for value oriented education should be
established. Every state should have at least one institution which may
impart value-oriented education from nursery to the post graduate level.
8. Special teacher orientation programmes should be taken up at the state
level to train teachers in the effective methods of development of value
among students and teachers.
9. Television which is a craze for the young of today should also be used to
present value based programmes through skits, cartoon scripts and
such other means. There need not be any special classroom lectures on
moral value based education. These values need to be taught through
mutual interaction and inter communication.
10. It is never needed to identify any particular religion or faith - god is one
and we are all children of the same God - that is the basic lesson that
needs to be given.
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–4 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-2
Definitiveness of Ethical Human Conduct and Basis
for Humanistic Education, Humanistic Constitution and
Humanistic Universal Order.
Questions-Answers
Answer
Ethical Human Conduct : Ethical human conduct can be defined as
the combined representation of values, policy and character which is
acquired through right understanding and self-exploration. It is universal
in nature and is in combination with universal human values. It is also
called definite human conduct. When we acquire right understanding
we are able to bridge the gaps between our present conduct and ethical
human conduct. We can say a person is conducting himself/herself
ethically. Also when they :
1. Respect humanity, not be in conflict with societal norms, not steal, kill,
and should be honest.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–5 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Universal Human Order or Holistic Alternative of Svarajya :
1. Our surroundings include air, water, space, plants and animals. The
total existence has a togetherness and co-existence. This togetherness
in an organized manner where every individual serves a function and
is ready to help and support others is known as universal human order
or holistic alternative or Svarajya.
2. For the understanding of harmony and undivided society human
endeavour in form of education, health, production, justice, exchange
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–6 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 5.5. Dis cuss Humanis tic education and Humanis tic
Constitution.
Answer
Humanistic Education :
1. The basis for humanistic education is the transformation from animal
consciousness to human consciousness.
2. Now a days man has exploited the natural resources, so much that
there is danger of human survival and national resources are over
exploited.
3. By human consciousness we can think that our actions should be checked
and we should take action in such a way that nature is source and earth
should be a good place to live.
Humanistic Constitution :
1. It is the set of policies for humans to follow for the welfare of mankind.
It makes possible the co-ordination and fulfillment of the human order.
With the other three orders viz., material order, pranic order and animal
order. Human constitution is the human framework living harmonious
life with himself and with entire existence.
2. Thus these are the basics for humanistic education and humanistic
constitution.
PART-3
Competence in Professional Ethics.
Questions-Answers
Que 5.6. How will you define work ethics? Discuss the guidelines
Answer
Work ethics : Work ethics can be defined as the moral benefit we can
derive from hard work and diligence. Work ethic not only includes ones
feeling or opinion about their occupation and the workplace, it also
involves their attitude towards their professional responsibilities
communication skills, interactive skills and their devotion to their
profession. Work ethic demonstrates the inherent qualities of the
professional’s character.
Guidelines for work ethics :
1. Maintain a friendly relationship with clients, consultants, contractors
and other people associated with the company.
2. Should abide by the legal norms applicable to their business ventures.
3. Should not take bribe or offer bribe in forms of meals, gifts or
entertainments.
4. Should guard all confidential and propriety information.
5. Should not have conflict of interest with the employer, and must remain
faithful.
6. Should cautiously use the employer’s assets.
Answer
Professional Ethics :
1. Professional ethics refers to the code of conduct, moral ideals and policies,
any professional should follow.
2. It is the ethical obligation that people in a profession have to follow, due
to their professional status.
3. It is the activity and discipline aimed at understanding the moral values
associated with any particular profession.
4. Every occupation has its own set of ethical obligation.
5. For the engineering profession it can also be termed as engineering
ethics. It is not a fixed text to be learnt once. One has to review it
constantly against changing standards.
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–8 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. The driving ethos in the present times has the thrust upon wealth
accumulation and profit maximization. It is a widespread tendency to
consider these as the parameters of happiness and prosperity.
2. Now a days people consider happiness in terms of maximization of sensory
enjoyment therefore the motivation is that of wealth accumulation.
This is resulting in hazardous consequences.
3. The present trend is to have narrow world view and care for interests of
personal gain and forgetting the benefit and interests of world family
and nature.
4. Some of the major unethical practices prevailing in today’s world are :
i. Corruption in various forms also hawala and benami transactions.
ii. Misappropriation of funds and tax evasion.
iii. Cut throat competition and exploitation at various levels.
iv. Misleading propaganda by way of unethical advertisement.
v. Activities contributing to global warming and other natural disasters,
like oil leakage in sea, Bhopal gas tragedy, etc.
vi. Hunger, poverty, illiteracy.
vii. Endangering health and public safety.
5. We can feel the malaise of these actions all around us. We can take
some measures to control the situation which is running out of hands.
For example :
i. We need to emphasis on the importance of professional ethics and create
more awareness.
ii. Prescribe stricter code of conducts for specific profession and teach
people that profession should be looked upon essentially as a service.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–9 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
A. Characteristics of People-Friendly Production System :
1. Resilience : The art of pushing through even when things get a bit
dark.
2. Empathy : The ability to connect compassionately and identify with the
unique experiences of others.
3. Patience : Keeping cool when things don't automatically go your way.
4. Sacrifice : Forgoing your own satisfaction for someone else’s.
5. Politeness : Learning manners and being considerate of others.
6. Humour : Seeing the funny side of situations and being able to laugh at
oneself.
7. Self-awareness : Being accountable for your actions by being connected
to who you are.
8. Forgiveness : Cutting others slack and excusing errors when possible.
9. Hope : The belief in all the great things that are yet to come, and
knowing that there is something better on the horizon.
10. Confidence : Having the ability to believe in yourself and taking risks.
B. Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Production System :
1. Reduction in CO2 Emissions : Rengo is actively introducing energy-
efficient facilities and adopting less harmful, clean energy sources, as
part of its efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, which have a significant
impact on the global environment.
2. Waste Reduction : Trimming waste, the most common type of waste
generated by corrugated plants, is recycled back into containerboard at
Rengo’s paper mills.
3. Prevention of Air and Water Pollution : Water is a vital resource
used in the production of paperboard. We have long been looking into
ways to utilize water effectively at our paper mills, where water is
currently used for ten cycles on average.
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–10 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
Competence in Professional Ethics :
1. Professional ethics means to develop professional competence with
ethical human conduct.
2. Developing ethical competence to the individual (profession) is the
only effective way to ensure professional ethics. The development of
ethical competence is a long term process to be achieved through
appropriate value education. As profession is only a subset of the life
activities, the competence in profession will only be the manifestation
of one’s right understanding.
3. The salient features characterizing this competence can be summarized
as follows :
i. Clarity about comprehensive human goal : Samadhan - Samndhi-
Abhay - Sah-astitva and its fulfillment through universal human order.
ii. Confidence in oneself : Based on the right understanding of oneself
and the rest of existence.
iii. Mutually fulfilling behaviour : Clarity and confidence in ethical
human conduct and its correlation with sustained personal as well as
collective happiness and prosperity.
iv. Mutually enriching interaction with nature : Self-sufficiency in
fulfillment of physical needs; ability to assess the needs for physical
facilities for the family and their fulfillment through production systems
ensuring harmony in the nature. In the light of the above, one acquires
the ability to identify and develop appropriate (people-friendly and eco-
friendly) technologies, production systems etc.
Answer
Ethical Competence or Value Competence : Ethical competence or
value competence is a manifestation of one’s right understanding. It is a
long-term process which can be achieved through appropriate value
education. Ethical competence can be achieved through :
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–11 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. Quality of life is largely affected by the work by which we earn our
livelihood. Our work shapes our attitudes and personality. We often
have conflicts between individual value and value in work life. These
conflicts can be categorized under the following:
i. Attitudes to work
ii. Work ethics and quality of work life
iii. Organizational values
iv. Pursuit of excellence.
i. Attitudes To Work : Why do we work? We work to earn our living and
support our family. Work is a necessity, rather it is a compulsion. At the
second level work means gaining social prestige, esteem and authority.
Farmers, artisans, labourers have a lower social status than managers,
business owners, bureaucrats and politicians who enjoy a higher status
in the society. At the third level through work we use our talent, sharpen
our skills and develop our creativity and get opportunity to learn, grow
and improve our knowledge, skills and human relationship. It is said,
Work is Worship meaning, our work in reality, is an offering (PUJA) to
Good.
ii. Work Ethics And Quality of Work Life : A worker is paid his salary/
wages and in return he is expected to contribute his best to the
organization. Without such an ethical consideration the employer/
employee relationship becomes exploitative with little trust and
cooperation between them. The second dimension of work ethics is a
sense of loyalty to the organization. A loyal employee does not promote
his personal interest at the cost of the organization. The third dimension
is that the organization must have a written, as well as, an unwritten
rules/norms and ways of working. Team working and team spirit are
the essential strengths of a successful organization. Personal honesty
and integrity are most important. The following attitudes must be avoided:
a. Misrepresentation of facts
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–12 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-4
Case Studies of Typical Holistic Technologies, Management
Models and Production Systems.
Questions-Answers
Answer
Importance of Holistic Technology :
1. A holistic model is inherently conductive to the comprehensive human
goal.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–13 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. The policies, character and general conduct of our day to day life is
reflected in our professional life as well. An individual should adhere to
the rules and regulations set by the organization they are employed in.
Professional ethics are learnt by reviewing a person’s behaviour against
constantly changing surroundings and standards. A good professional
should :
i. Maintain a friendly relationship with clients, consultants, contractors
and other people associated with the company.
ii. Should abide by the legal norms applicable to their business ventures.
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–14 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
iii. Should not take bribe or offer bribe in forms of meals, gifts or
entertainments.
iv. Should guard all confidential and propriety information.
v. Should not have conflict of interest with the employer, and must remain
faithful.
vi. Should cautiously use the employer’s assets.
2. A professional should not feel hurt if he or she acknowledges that he or
she needs help. A professional carries additional moral responsibilities
towards their employer. As professionals are trained people they have
to take decisions and make informed choice when situations demand.
They are people vested with authority and power. They are
representatives of the organization they are working with. A good
professional always realizes that he is working with the client’s trust.
Therefore he/she always works upto their full potential. Therefore
he/she is sensitive, responsive, energetic, tireless and dynamic in
profession, passionate to commitment and loyal to his/her team and
associates.
Que 5.15. Which professional you will choose for his/her services,
a person with understanding of value education and living
accordingly or without it ? What about you when you will offer a
service to other ? AKTU 2017-18(IV), Marks 07
Answer
1. The real way to ensure ethical conduct of profession is to have a correct
understanding of profession, a correct understanding of happiness and
prosperity and then to develop the competence to fulfill this notion.
2. The whole purpose of value education is to enable the development of
this understanding and competence which is essential to ensure
professional ethics.
3. Hence we will choose a professional with understanding of value
education and living accordingly for his/her services.
4. When I will offer my services to other I will also offer it with understanding
of value education.
Answer
Features of an Ideal Management Model : The management should
always keep in mind that they not only need to keep the user satisfied
but also fulfill the needs of people involved in the production process. An
idealistic or humanistic management model should therefore have :
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–15 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. Promoting ethics in the workplace creates a positive culture for
managers and employees, as well as a successful business. Businesses
with strong workplace ethics add value to the organization and support
an environment where employees feel safe and valued.
2. Following are the list of practices for management to help create a more
ethical workplace culture :
i. Be a Role Model and Be Visible : Employees look at top managers to
understand what behaviour is acceptable. Senior management sets the
tone for ethics in the workplace.
ii. Communicate Ethical Expectations : An organizational code of
ethics can reduce ethical ambiguities. The code of ethics should state the
organization's primary values and the ethical rules that employees are
expected to follow. Managers should remember that a code of ethics is
worthless if leaders fail to model ethical behaviours.
iii. Offer Ethics Training : Managers should set up seminars, workshops
and similar programs to promote ethics in the workplace. Training
sessions reinforce the organization's standards of conduct, to clarify
what practices are and are not permissible, and to address possible
ethical dilemmas.
iv. Visibly Reward Ethical Acts and Punish Unethical Ones :
Performance appraisals of managers should include evaluations of how
actions measure up against the organization's code of ethics. Appraisals
need to include how managers achieve these goals, as well as the goals
themselves.
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–16 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
PART-5
Strategy for Transition from the Present State to
Universal Human Order.
Questions-Answers
Que 5.18. What are strategies for transition from the present state
Answer
1. Transition is a gradual change for the betterment. In the present situation
we need to strive for a better situation which may prove beneficial for
us. The main step towards transition is adequate realization of the need
for the self exploration.
2. We have learnt that we need to change the dominant world view which
is based on material comforts and sensory privileges. The consumerist
and profit making attitude will have to be left behind to make way for
comprehensive human goal to be implemented at all levels. This transition
can be achieved by the following steps :
i. Promoting Mass Awareness and moving towards Humanistic
Education : Awareness has to be created so that people accept that we
need to work towards eco-friendly measures. Individual professionals
like engineers, doctors, business managers should take the responsibility
on them to put emphasis upon the importance of human value and
professional ethics. Journalists can also help in creating awareness
through their writings.
ii. Developing Holistic Model of Living : To bring about this transition
we need to develop holistic technologies, production systems and
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–17 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Answer
1. The innate harmony and orderliness in the universe exists already, it
cannot be created by human beings.
2. When human beings tamper with certain natural phenomena they disturb
it and as a result this harmony is also disturbed. Earth’s natural
environment has been under threat due to deforestation, pollution and
oil spills.
3. Many birds and animals are getting extinct due to such activities. In
absence of the innate harmony and orderliness there will be no happiness
and prosperity.
Answer
Sustainable Development :
1. Sustainable development is often defined as ‘wise use of resource such
that it meets the present need without disturbing future generation’.
2. Sustainable development adopts a number of guidelines that were
governed by local ecological condition and the environment as whole.
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–18 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Que 5.21. Compare any three inputs that you got through this
course with your earlier pre-conditionings and explain how this
will help you play a meaningful role in the society at large after you
graduate. AKTU 2014-15(III), Marks 04
Answer
1. The solution to this problem is to start verifying our desires, thoughts
and expectations on the basis of our natural acceptance. Since the
natural acceptance of each of us is constant and unchanging, this is
what we should be verifying our desires against. Once we access our
natural acceptance, we have the right understanding of the harmony at
all levels of our living. This results in us being able to see our ‘true
nature’ and understand what we truly want. So our desires start getting
set on the basis of our right understanding. Since our right understanding
is based on harmony at all levels of being, which is definite, our thoughts,
desires and selection become aligned with this right understanding.
This puts an end to all conflicts, contradictions and unhappiness. Thus,
there is harmony within us, within our family, within society and nature
in general.
2. Realization and understanding are two very important aspects of this
state of harmony. Realization means the ability to ‘see’ the reality as it is.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics 5–19 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Understanding means to be able to see the way all levels of our being
are linked together in a harmonious manner. So, working on the basis
of our natural acceptance in other words means working on the basis of
our realization and understanding. The process then is this: with
realization and understanding, our desires or imagination gets set
according to right understanding. Consequently, our analyzing takes
place according to the desires/imagination, which in turn leads to thought/
analysis becoming the basis for expectations or selection/taste. This
process leads to svatantrata or self-organization. This state of being self
organized leads to continuous happiness as we are able to understand
the harmony at all levels of our living and all desires, thoughts and
expectations become definite. Most importantly, both realization and
understanding help us to have certainty in our behaviour, which helps
to reduce contradictions and the resulting unhappiness.
3. Thus, living with definiteness is the direct result of realization and
understanding. But the problem is that both these activities are not yet
activated in most of us. Once we ‘activate’ these two activities, the process
of self-exploration begins, which leads us to understand our natural
acceptance.
Answer
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs :
1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology
comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical
levels within a pyramid.
2. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals
can attend to needs higher up. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards,
the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-
actualization.
3. Maslow stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and
that some needs take precedence over others. Our most basic need is
for physical survival, and this will be the first thing that motivates our
behavior. Once that level is fulfilled the next level up is what motivates
us, and so on.
i. Physiological needs : These are biological requirements for human
survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. If
these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally.
Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as all the
other needs become secondary until these needs are met.
ii. Safety needs : Protection from elements, security, order, law, stability,
freedom from fear.
Implications of Holistic Understanding 5–20 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
iii. Love and belongingness needs : After physiological and safety needs
have been fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves
feelings of belongingness. The need for interpersonal relationships
motivates behavior. Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and
acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being
part of a group (family, friends, work).
iv. Esteem needs : Which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem
for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence ) and (ii) the
desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).Maslow
indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for
children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.
v. Self-actualization needs : Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment,
seeking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become
everything one is capable of becoming”.
Self
actuali-
Self-fulfillment
zation :
needs
achieving one’s
full potential,
including creative
activities
Esteem needs :
Prestige and feeling Psychological
of accomplishment needs
Belongingness and leave needs :
Intimate relationships, friends.
Safety needs :
Security, safety Basic
needs
Physiological needs :
Food, water, warmth, rest
Fig. 5.22.1.
Q. 3. How will you define work ethics? Discuss the guidelines for
work ethics.
Ans. Refer Q. 5.6, Unit-5.
Q. 11. What are strategies for transition from the present state to
universal human order ?
Ans. Refer Q. 5.18, Unit-5.
Q. 14. Compare any three inputs that you got through this course
with your earlier pre-conditionings and explain how this
will help you play a meaningful role in the society at large
after you graduate.
Ans. Refer Q. 5.21, Unit-5.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SQ–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
1 Introduction
(2 Marks Questions)
Ans. Love :
1. The feeling of being related to all is love (or prema).
2. The feeling of love leads to an Undivided Society, it starts from a
family and slowly expands to the world family. Every human being
has natural acceptance for relatedness upto the world family in
the form of love.
3. We start with trust, which becomes foundation for being related
to one (Affection), and we reach the state of being related to
everyone-Love.
Ans.
1. Professional ethics means to develop professional competence with
ethical human conduct.
2. The development of ethical competence is achieved through value
education.
3. Developing ethical competence in the individual is the only effective
way to ensure professional ethics. Hence value education augments
to utilize your professional competence.
1.13. What is the need for value education in technical and other
professional Institutions ? AKTU 2017-18(III), Marks 02
Ans. The subject that enables us to understand ‘what is valuable’ for
human happiness is called value education. The present education
system has become largely skill-based. The prime emphasis is on
science and technology. However, science and technology can only
help to provide the means to achieve what is considered valuable. It
is not within the scope of science and technology to provide the
competence of deciding what really is valuable.
1.14. What are the two basic aspirations of any human being ?
AKTU 2018-19(III), Marks 02
Ans. Basic Aspirations : Following are the basic aspirations of a human
being :
1. Every Human Being aspires to be happy. All his efforts are toward
this end. The outcome from his efforts depends on the focus of the
effort, specifically on his notions about happiness.
2. When these notions are right, the outcome is mutual happiness.
When the notions are wrong, the outcome is unhappiness.
1.15. What are the abbreviations given as SVDD, SSDD AND SSSS
signify ? AKTU 2018-19(IV), Marks 02
Ans.
1. Those that do not have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy
and deprived. i.e., SVDD : Sadhan Viheen Dukhi Daridra -
Materially Deficient, Unhappy and Deprived.
2. Those that have physical facilities/ wealth and feel unhappy and
deprived. i.e., SSDD : Sadhan Sampann Dukhi Daridra - Materially
Affluent, Unhappy and Deprived.
3. Those that have physical facilities and feeling happy and prosperous
i.e., SSSS : Sadhan Sampann Sukhi Samriddha - Materially
Adequate, Happy and Prosperous.
Ans. Continuity of happiness means that human being does not want
happiness in spurts, in intervals, but want it continuously.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SQ–7 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Understanding
2 Harmony in the
Human Being
(2 Marks Questions)
2.6. Define Sanyam and Svasthya. How are the two related ?
AKTU 2017-18(III), Marks 02
Ans.
1. Sanyama or self-regulation is basically the feeling of responsibility
in the Self to nurture, protect and rightly utilize the Body.
2. Svasthya can be explained as having two elements : when the
Body acts according to the needs of the I and when there is
harmony among all the parts of the Body.
3. When the Body is in harmony with the Self, the state of svasthya
occurs, making the Body fit for use by the Self. Svasthya also
means being anchored to the Self and being in close harmony
with the Self.
2.8. Differentiate between the activities of the Self and the Body
on any two grounds. AKTU 2018-19(III), Marks 02
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SQ–9 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
I (self) Body
Activities are Desire, thinking, etc. Breathing, heart-beat etc.
Knowing, assuming, Recognizing, fulfilling
recognizing, fulfilling
2.13. What happens when our desires are being set by outside ?
Ans. When our desires are being set by outside, there is a chance that
we may be in conflict. If our desires are being set by a pre-
conditioning, it is called manyata and if by some sensation from the
body, we are enslaved, it is called partantra.
2 Marks Questions SQ–10 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SQ–11 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Understanding
3.17. You are having feeling of affection. What are two natural
feeling as outcome of affection define them in brief.
AKTU 2017-18(IV), Marks 02
Ans. The feeling of affection comes only if trust and respect are already
ensured. Without trust and respect, we feel the other is trying to
make us unhappy, does not wish well for us and hence we can
never feel affection for him/her. We always see the other as being
in opposition.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SQ–15 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Understanding
2 Marks Questions SQ–18 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Implications of Holistic
Understanding of
5 Harmony on
Professional Ethics
(2 Marks Questions)
5.1. What do you mean by Ethics ?
AKTU 2018-19(III), Marks 02
Ans. Professional ethics refer to the code of conduct, moral ideals and
policies any professional should follow. It is the ethical obligation
that people in a profession have to follow due to their professional
status.
5.14. What are the five values which help human beings to live
life in harmony ?
Ans. These are :
1. Love
2. Care
3. Truth
4. Responsibility
5. Justice
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
B.Tech.
(SEM. III) ODD SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2014-15
HUMAN VALUES AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
SECTION–A
b. Match A with B : (1 × 5 = 5)
A B
a. Renewable energy i. Differentiation
b. Caste ii. Accumulation
c. Wealth iii. Organic Farming
d. Ethics iv. Character
e. Eco-friendly Technology v. Recyclability
SECTION–B
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
SECTION–A
b. Match A with B : (1 × 5 = 5)
A B
a. Renewable energy i. Differentiation
b. Caste ii. Accumulation
c. Wealth iii. Organic Farming
d. Ethics iv. Character
e. Eco-friendly Technology v. Recyclability
Ans. a. v.
b. i.
c. ii.
d. iv.
e. iii.
SECTION–B
2. These units are infinite in number and we could easily observe that
there exists a dynamic balance, self regulation among all these
units.
3. This self regulation is harmony or balance in nature. The law of
nature has a unique cause and effect system which must be
understood in order to be in harmony with the natural law of
things.
Difference :
S. No. Nature Space
1. Nature is limited. Space is unlimited.
2. Nature is active. Space show no activity.
3. Nature entities can be Energy is always in equilibrium
energized. in space.
4. Example : Four orders of Example : Space is all pervading
nature. entity.
harmony at all levels of our living and all desires, thoughts and
expectations become definite. Most importantly, both realization
and understanding help us to have certainty in our behaviour,
which helps to reduce contradictions and the resulting unhappiness.
3. Thus, living with definiteness is the direct result of realization and
understanding. But the problem is that both these activities are not
yet activated in most of us. Once we ‘activate’ these two activities,
the process of self-exploration begins, which leads us to understand
our natural acceptance.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
B.Tech.
(SEM. IV) EVEN SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2014-15
HUMAN VALUES AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
1. Attempt all questions of the following (a) and (b). Each question
carries 1 mark.
Fill up the blanks : (1 × 5 = 5)
a. Without value there is no _______ .
b. Human being is a_______ part of nature.
c. To nurture the body of our relative is called_______ .
d. The nature is collection of _______ .
e. Right understanding provides vision for a _______ human
order.
b. Match A with B : (1 × 5 = 5)
A B
a. Prosperity i. Temporary need
b. Food ii. Recyclability
c. Hoarding iii. Basic aspiration
d. Eco-friendly technology iv. Holistic technology
e. Organic farming v. Unethical
b. Explain the relation between the self and body. What is the
responsibility of self towards the body ?
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
1. Attempt all questions of the following (a) and (b). Each question
carries 1 mark.
Fill up the blanks : (1 × 5 = 5)
a. Without value there is no _______ .
b. Human being is a_______ part of nature.
c. To nurture the body of our relative is called_______ .
d. The nature is collection of _______ .
e. Right understanding provides vision for a _______ human
order.
Ans.
a. Existence
b. Integral
c. Care
d. Materials, plants, animals, and human beings
e. Universal
b. Match A with B : (1 × 5 = 5)
A B
a. Prosperity i. Temporary need
b. Food ii. Recyclability
c. Hoarding iii. Basic aspiration
d. Eco-friendly technology iv. Holistic technology
e. Organic farming v. Unethical
Ans.
a. iii.
b. i.
c. v.
d. ii.
e. iv.
7. This clarity helps us to create a good synergy between the Self and
the Body.
8. Also, the more we understand ourselves, the better we are able to
understand our relationships with those around us.
9. Finally, this complete understanding helps us to understand our
program and how to fulfill it.
b. Explain the relation between the self and body. What is the
responsibility of self towards the body ?
Ans.
1. The human being is the co-existence of ‘I’ and the body, and there
is exchange of information between the two, i.e., ‘I’ and body exist
together and are related.
2. There is a flow of information from ‘I’ to the body and from body to
the ‘I’. We can make this distinction between the self and the body
in three ways in terms of the needs, activities and the types of these
two entities.
3. All the needs of ‘I’, say respect, trust, etc., can be called as Happiness
(sukh), while the needs of body are physical facilities (suvidha) like
food.
4. The activities of ‘I’ are activities like, desire, thinking, selection,
while the activities of body are activities like eating, breathing etc.
5. The mode of interaction of 'I' includes knowing, assuming,
recognizing and fulfillment. The fulfillment depends on recognition
depends on assumptions and assumptions depends on knowing or
not knowing (beliefs).
6. The mode of interaction of body is only recognizing and fulfilling.
7. Self is a conscious entity and the body is a material entity, or
physico-chemical in nature.
8. Thus, we can say :
Co-existence
Human being = Self (‘I’) Body
Information
The conscious entity The material entity that has
that desires, thinks, physico-chemical activities
imagines like heart-beats, digesting etc.
Knowing, assuming, Recognizing and fulfilling
recognizing and fulfilling
Material Order
soil, air, water, etc
Animal Order
animal, birds
Fig. 1.
Order Things Natural Characteristic
Material order Soil, water, Composition / decomposition
metals, etc.
Pranic order Plants and trees Composition / decomposition
+ nurture / worsen
Animal order Animals and birds (Composition / decomposition,
nurture / worsen) in body
+ (non cruelty, cruelty) in 'I'
Human order Human beings (Composition / decomposition,
nurture / worsen) in body +
(perseverance, bravery,
generosity) in 'I'
B.Tech.
(SEM. III) ODD SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2015-16
HUMAN VALUES AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
SECTION–A
Note : Attempt all parts. All parts carry equal marks. Write answer of
each part in short. (2 × 10 = 20)
1. a. What is Natural Acceptance ?
b. Define existence.
d. Define Materialism.
SECTION-B
SECTION – C
12. a. What does Samman or Respect mean ? How can you ensure
that respect becomes a valued part of any society ?
Differentiate between respect and differentiation.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
SECTION–A
Note : Attempt all parts. All parts carry equal marks. Write answer of
each part in short. (2 × 10 = 20)
1. a. What is Natural Acceptance ?
Ans. Natural Acceptance : Natural Acceptance is something that is
within us. It is not something that we can find anywhere else.
Whatever seems naturally acceptable to us is right and whatever
causes confusion or conflict within us is wrong.
Experiential Validation : Experiential validation is a process
that infuses direct experience with the learning environment and
content.
b. Define existence.
Ans. Understanding the self is the knowledge of self or I, this is known
as Jivan Gyan. Understanding the knowledge of existence is the
knowledge of Astitva. The knowledge of human conduct is known
as Manaviyata Purna Acharan Gyan. These three knowledge put
together forms the right understanding of existence.
d. Define Materialism.
Ans. An entity that does not have the activity of knowing, assuming,
recognizing and fulfilling is a Material Entity. Since, the Body is
only able to recognize and fulfill, we can conclude that the Body is
a Material Entity.
SECTION-B
Process of
self-exploration Live according to it
Proposal
Behaviour Work with
with human rest of the
Verify on the basis leads to nature leads
of your natural mutual to mutual
acceptance happiness prosperity
Results in
Realization & Assurance
understanding Test Satisfaction
Universally
all s
to plie
Keep asking again and again : what is
Ap
my nature
Time Space Individual
Fig. 1.
7. For example : A proposal ‘respect’ is a value in human relation.
When I verify at the level of natural acceptance, I find that it is
naturally acceptable to me. Similarly, when I behave with respect,
it is mutually fulfilling to me and to the other. Thus the proposal is
‘True’. If it fails on any of the two tests, it is untrue. This verification
leads to realization of the truthfulness of the proposal and it becomes
part and parcel of my understanding. It is reflected in my thoughts
and in my behaviour.
SECTION – C
1. Right understanding
Fig. 2.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–13 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Co-existence
Human being = Self (‘I’) Body
Information
The conscious entity The material entity that has
that desires, thinks, physico-chemical activities
imagines like heart-beats, digesting etc.
Knowing, assuming, Recognizing and fulfilling
recognizing and fulfilling
12. a. What does Samman or Respect mean ? How can you ensure
that respect becomes a valued part of any society ?
Differentiate between respect and differentiation.
Ans. Respect (samman) :
1. Respect means accepting individuality and doing right evaluation
(to be evaluated as I am). Instead of respect being a basis of similarity
or one of right evaluation, we have made it into something on the
basis of which we differentiate i.e., by respecting you mean you are
doing something special, because you are special or have something
special or are in some special position.
2. Thus, all of us are running around seeking respect from one another
by trying to become something special.
Solved Paper (Sem-3) (2015-16) SP–16 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Ans. The self has the responsibility for nurturing, protection and right
utilization of the body. For this self has to follow some programs.
We need to work to understand the self organization of the body
and ensure health of the body.
1. Nurturing of the Body :
Proper Food, Air, Water, Etc. : In the process of selecting food
for the body, I need to make out the elements which make a
complete food so that it gives required nutrients and energy to the
body. On the basis of understanding of the harmony of the self with
the body, it can be said that the food needs to be eaten only when
we feel hungry. The choice of the food has to be such that it is easily
digestible and the food needs to be taken with proper posture of the
body and in right quantity.
2. Protection of the Body :
The second issue is the protection of the body. The clothes we
choose for protection need to be such that they ensure proper
interaction of the body with the environment. The right amount of
exposure of the body to the air, water, and sun is required to ensure
its proper functioning. To ensure the health of the Body, we need
to take care of the following :
i. Ahar-Vihar,
ii. Shram- Vyayam,
iii. Asana-Pranayam and
iv. Aushadhi-Chikitsa. We have already discussed about Ahar (Food),
let us now discuss about the others :
i. Proper upkeep (Vihar) of the Body : When we work, the Body
gets tired. When we take rest, the Body becomes fit to work. But
again, there is a limit to the amount of work and rest we need. We
also need to ensure proper time, posture and ways to work and to
rest. We need to provide hygienic conditions for proper functioning
of the Body. These issues are included in the upkeep of the Body.
ii. Labour : Labour is another requirement. It means employing the
body physically for production and maintenance of physical facilities.
The labour we do helps each part of the Body to function properly.
iii. Physical Exercises : We are aware of physical exercises. While
doing labour, some parts of the Body may get stressed much while
others may not get employed to that extent. With exercises, we can
employ all the parts of the Body in the desired way.
iv. Asan-Pranayam : This is another way to keep the Body function
properly. In Asanas, we give the body proper postures by sitting or
lying, and in Pranayam, we ensure regulation of the breathing
v. Treatment of the body : With all the care we take, the body may
require treatment at times. There are several approaches to ensure
this. It may be that just by going without food for some time, the
Body gets cured. Right choice for food may also help. The treatment
of the Body can be done by proper exposures of the Body to air,
water or sun too. Use of herbs or medicines may also serve the
Solved Paper (Sem-3) (2015-16) SP–18 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
B.Tech.
(SEM. IV) EVEN SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2015-16
HUMAN VALUES AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Note : Attempt all five questions. All question carry equal marks.
ii. Glory
iii. Happiness
iv. Unhappiness
v. Prosperity
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Note : Attempt all five questions. All question carry equal marks.
with all the comforts but no one whom we can trust and love, we
will still be unhappy.
5. So we need both Sukh and Suvidha to be completely satisfied.
ii. Glory
Ans. Glory : People, who have been able to live exemplary lives, achieve
glory. When someone makes effort to achieve excellence and
achieves it. Their life becomes an example for future generation to
look up to. This gives rise to sense of glory.
iii. Happiness
Ans. Happiness :
1. Happiness results from a variety of feelings that are effortless and
comes naturally to us.
2. Trust, honesty, respect, confidence, etc., are feelings that we
welcome with open arms at all times.
3. They lead us to a state of harmony within us and with others
around us. For instance if a person trusts a friend, they feel a sense
of mutual harmony, which is also reflected in their interactions
with others around them.
4. Thus, happiness is a state where there is harmony all around.
iv. Unhappiness
Ans. Unhappiness :
1. Unhappiness is the result of any kind of contradiction struggle or
conflict within us or with any other person.
2. For instance, if a person does not trust a friend, both of them will
feel uncomfortable and will not like the situation.
3. So mistrust, dishonesty, lack of respect and lack of confidence are
some feelings that lead to unhappiness.
v. Prosperity
Ans. Prosperity :
1. It is clear that prosperity is linked to material possessions or ‘physical
facilities’.
2. All the physical things we need to take care of our body needs
constitute these physical facilities.
Solved Paper (Sem-4) (2015-16) SP–10 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Material Order
soil, air, water, etc
Animal Order
animal, birds
Fig. 1.
iii. Should not take bribe or offer bribe in forms of meals, gifts or
entertainments.
iv. Should guard all confidential and propriety information.
v. Should not have conflict of interest with the employer, and must
remain faithful.
vi. Should cautiously use the employer’s assets.
2. A professional should not feel hurt if he or she acknowledges that
he or she needs help. A professional carries additional moral
responsibilities towards their employer. As professionals are trained
people they have to take decisions and make informed choice when
situations demand. They are people vested with authority and
power. They are representatives of the organization they are
working with. A good professional always realizes that he is working
with the client’s trust. Therefore he/she always works upto their
full potential. Therefore he/she is sensitive, responsive, energetic,
tireless and dynamic in profession, passionate to commitment and
loyal to his/her team and associates.
c. Describe various orders of harmony in nature. How do they
support universal system as a whole ? Explain briefly.
Ans.
1. All the four orders material, plant, animal and human have certain
core values. These can also be called as their natural characteristics
or svabhava.
2. There is mutual fulfillment among four orders, these orders are :
i. Material Order : Most of the members of this order are non living
things. Also, various forms of energies like sound, light, heat,
magnetism and gravitational energy are also part of this order. The
fundamental characteristic o f this order is co mposition/
decomposition. They can come together to compose bigger things
and also bigger units can be transformed into smaller units. They
can neither be created nor destroyed. For example, the atomic
energy release and generated during nuclear fission and fusion.
ii. Plant /Bio Order : They comprise from single cell organism like
fungi, algae to water plants, herbs, shrubs and trees. They can
reproduce, accept nutrition from outside, digest, assimilate and grow.
They also provide nutrition to the animal and to the human order.
Therefore the natural characteristic of this order is to nurture. But
excess of nutrition or unregulated consumption of plant products can
harm or “worsen” our body.
iii. Animal Order : The members of this order are living things. They
share many of the features of the plant order. They have greater
degree of locomotion than plants. The natural characteristic of this
order is that they realize or they are aware of the fact that they
exist the quality of Self(I) therefore they have an intellectual faculty.
This awareness also brings in the excess which is cruelty as they
know that they can fulfill their needs by violence and cruelty towards
members of the other orders or within their own order.
Solved Paper (Sem-4) (2015-16) SP–14 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
iv. Human Order : They are the most evolved species of the four
orders. They are living beings and their natural characteristics are
similar to the characteristics of the plant and the animal order.
They are independent and self conscious. They have virtues like
perseverance, bravery and generosity. These abilities are peculiar
to them. But human nature tends to deviate from its basic
characteristics. This has given rise to many conflicts and
contradictions in their basic nature.
Material Order
soil, air, water, etc
Animal Order
animal, birds
Fig. 2.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
B.Tech.
(SEM. III) ODD SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2016-17
HUMAN VALUES & PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
SECTION – A
4. ............. quantifiable.
SECTION-B
SECTION-C
Attempt all questions : (5 × 5 = 25)
1. What is the meaning of respect ? How do we disrespect
others due to lack of right understanding of this feeling ?
OR
What do you mean by mutual fulfillment in nature ?
Explain.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
SECTION – A
4. ............. quantifiable.
Ans. Materialistic desires are
4. Now a days human society is divided into many caste, race, religion,
nationalities whose objectives and efforts are different. Our main
energy is being used in handling these conflicts and contradictions.
The human beings are spending a lot of efforts and resources in
preparing themselves for war, only to ensure peace. This is
happening only because of our lack of right understanding.
5. Thus we need to perform our duty in appropriate way to ensure
undivided society.
SECTION-C
OR
What do you mean by mutual fulfillment in nature ?
Explain.
Ans.
1. All the physical objects that are in solid, liquid or gaseous state
either living or non living, collectively termed as nature. In other
words, the aggregate of all the mutually interacting units – big or
small, sentient or insentient together can be called nature.
2. These units are infinite in number and we could easily observe
that there exists a dynamic balance, self regulation among all
these units.
3. To facilitate understanding, we can categorize all these units into
four distinct orders.
There are four orders of nature :
i. Material order
ii. Pranic order
iii. Animal odder
iv. Human order
Interconnectedness and mutual fulfillment in nature :
1. Mutual fulfillment implies that each unit of the four orders of
nature is related to each ogee and enriching to each other.
2. In the nature, all the units are connected to each other and fulfilling
each other. Human being is related to all other human beings. On
this basis, we have feelings and emotions for everyone. Human
being is connected to all the material units in the existence and
gets aware of it as he starts exploring it.
3. The four orders can be distinctly recognised in terms of their
characteristics, participation with other units in similar order,
activities, pattern of inheritance etc.
Solved Paper (Sem-3) (2016-17) SP–8 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Example :
Material Order Plant/Bio-Order and Animal Order :
The material order provides the basis for movement of all animals,
birds and fishes. Water, oxygen and other gases are necessities
for both plants and animals. At the same time, the animal order
helps enrich the soil with its excreta and these excreta help the
plants with nutrients. The plant/bio order provides food for
animals, birds and fishes. The animal order helps in pollination of
the flowers of the pranic order.
OR
Explain the recyclability and self regulation in nature ?
Ans. Recyclability :
1. There are several cyclical processes that we can see in nature. For
example the cycle of water, evaporating, condensing and
precipitating back to water giving the weather phenomena. The
cycles keep these materials self-regulated on the earth. Breeds of
plants and animals are similarly self-regulated in their environment.
2. In a forest, the growth of trees takes place in a way so that the
amount of soil, plants and animals remains conserved. It never
happens that the number of trees shoots up and there is a lack of
soil for the trees. The appropriateness of the conditions for growth
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–9 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
2. All the physical things we need to take care of our body needs
constitute these physical facilities.
3. Once we have enough of these physical facilities, we feel prosperous.
Thus, prosperity is the feeling of having more than enough physical
facilities.
4. To understand prosperity, we need to correctly assess the need of
physical facilities and be able to make available more than enough
of these facilities.
5. Happiness and prosperity are not related to each other.
6. Prosperity helps to remain in state of happiness but it doesn't push
towards happiness.
7. There are so many stories depicting about how a beggar lives a
happy and self content life while a king has wealth but he is unhappy
and unsatisfied.
8. Prosperity leads oneself to reduce tensions in day to day life, but if
someone is greedy and thrive for more wealth then it can’t.
9. Good health, right attitude towards life, honesty these things leads
to happiness.
OR
What is the meaning of justice in human relationship ?
How does it follow from family to world family ?
Ans.
1. Justice : Justice is the recognition of values (the definite feelings)
in relationship, their fulfillment, the right evaluation of the
fulfillment resulting in mutual happiness. Justice concerns itself
with the proper ordering of things and people within a society.
2. Elements of Justice : There are four elements :
i. Recognition of values.
ii. Fulfillment.
iii. Evaluation.
iv. Mutual happiness ensured.
When all the four are ensured, justice is ensured.
3. Mutual fulfillment is the hallmark of justice and justice is essential
in all relationships. Justice starts from family and slowly expands to
the world family. The child gets the understanding of justice in the
family. With this understanding, he goes out in the society and
interacts with people.
4. If the understanding of justice is ensured in the family, there will
be justice in all the interactions we have in the world at large.
5. If we do not understand the values in relationships, we are governed
by our petty prejudices and conditionings. We may treat people as
high or low based on their body (particular caste, or sex or race or
tribe), on the basis of wealth one possesses or the belief systems
that one follows. All this is source of injustice and leads to fragmented
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–11 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Relationship
Self (‘I’) Self (‘I’)
Recognize the VALUES (feelings) in a relationship (feelings are definite)
Mutual happiness
1. Needs are : The needs of the body like food for nourishment clothes
for protection, and instruments to ensure right utilization can be
categorized as being ‘physical’ in nature, or also called ‘physical
facilities’ (suvidha) whereas the need of I is essentially to live in a
state of continuous happiness (sukh). The needs of the body are
physical in nature, whereas the needs of the self (I) are not physical
in nature - like trust, respect, happiness etc.
2. In time, needs are : The needs of ‘I’ are continuous in time, unlike
the need of the body, which is temporary in time. We want happiness
continuously. We also want the feeling of respect continuously and
Solved Paper (Sem-3) (2016-17) SP–14 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
B. Tech.
(SEM. III) EVEN SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2017-18
UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES AND
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
SECTION A
1. Attempt all questions in brief. (2 × 7 = 14)
a. What is the need for value education in technical and other
professional Institutions ?
SECTION B
SECTION C
Solved Paper (Sem-3) (2017-18) SP–4 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
SECTION B
v. Walking
5. Take the example of eating. Here, I first decide which food to eat,
then make the choice to take the food inside the body, use my
hands to carry the food to the mouth, use the mouth to chew the
food and them swallow it. Thus, eating is an activity which involves
both the self (‘I’), where the choice is been made, and the body, with
which the activity is carried out.
6. Activities in the body - but only with the consent of ‘I’ :
The body is a set of ‘self-organized activities’ that are occurring with
self (I’s) consent but without my (I’s) active participation. These are
functions like :
i. Nourishment ii. Breathing
iii. Heart beat iv. Blood flow
v. Digesting
substances like oil and coal, which are stored deep within the earth
as protection against the heat from the molten core inside the
earth as well as the heat from the sun (today, this is the material
we are removing and using as fuel). Plants help move the nutrients
through the various layers of the soil. The roots of the plants hold
the soil together and prevent the soil from erosion. Plants produce
oxygen/ carbon dioxide and thus help in the movement of the
material order. There is a mutual interdependency and co-existence
we can see here.
Soil, air,
water, etc.
Animals,
Birds
Fig. 1.
2. Material Order, Plant/Bio- Order and Animal Order : The
material order provides the basis for movement of all animals, birds
and fishes. Water, oxygen and other gases are necessities for both
plants and animals. At the same time, the animal order helps enrich
the soil with its excreta and these excreta helps the plants with
nutrients. The plant/bio order provides food for animals, birds and
fishes. The animal Order helps in pollination of the flowers of the
pranic order.
3. Material Order, Plant/Bio- Order, Animal Order and Human
Order : We humans also have a natural acceptance to be mutually
fulfilling to these three orders. However, we are not able to ensure
this mutual fulfillment. We are dependent on the material order
for soil and minerals and metals, but only end up polluting the soil
and depleting the fossil fuels; we are dependent on plants for our
food and holding together the larger ecosystem, but we have
destroyed forests and destroyed multiple species of plants and herbs;
we are dependent on animals to carry out our production and
transportation activities, but have made many species of animals
extinct, and are today known for our cruelty towards animals. We
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–9 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Plant/Bio Human
Order Order
Animal
Birds
Fig. 2.
Material Conscious
Molecule Plants
Human order
Molecular Animals Body
Structure
SECTION C
Relation :
1. Wealth is a kind of prosperity.
2. Prosperity includes wealth as well as other factors.
Soil, air,
water, etc.
Animals,
Birds
Fig. 4.
Solved Paper (Sem-3) (2017-18) SP–16 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Plant/Bio Human
Order Order
Animal
Birds
Fig. 5.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
B. Tech.
(SEM. IV) EVEN SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2017-18
UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES AND
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Note : Attempt all sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
Section-A
Section B
Section-C
Solved Paper (Sem-4) (2017-18) SP–4 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Note : Attempt all sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
Section-A
Section B
I Body
1. Needs are : The needs of the body like food for nourishment clothes
for protection, and instruments to ensure right utilization can be
categorized as being ‘physical’ in nature, or also called ‘physical
facilities’ (suvidha) whereas the need of I is essentially to live in a
state of continuous happiness (sukh). The needs of the body are
physical in nature, whereas the needs of the self (I) are not physical
in nature - like trust, respect, happiness etc.
2. In time, needs are : The needs of ‘I’ are continuous in time, unlike
the need of the body, which is temporary in time. We want happiness
continuously. We also want the feeling of respect continuously and
so also acceptance in relationship. If we talk about food, clothing,
shelter, or instruments, these are needed only for some amount of
time, or we can say that the need for physical facilities of the body
is temporary in time-it is not continuous.
3. In quality, needs are : Physical facilities are needed for the body
in a limited quantity. When we try and exceed these limits, it becomes
troublesome for us after some time. Let’s take the example of
eating. As far as, physical facilities (say rasgulla) go, they are
necessary in the beginning, but if we keep consuming, it becomes
intolerable with the passage of time. This applies to every physical
facility. We can only think of having unlimited physical facilities,
but if we try and consume, or have too much of physical facilities, it
only ends up becoming a problem for us. Whereas the needs of ‘I’
are qualitative (they are not quantifiable), but we also want them
continuously. Our feelings are qualitative. Either they are or they
are not. Ex. Happiness is qualitative. Either we are feeling happy or
we are not. Also if a feeling is not naturally acceptable; we do not
want it even for a single moment. If acceptable, we want it
continuously.
4. Needs are fulfilled by : The need of the self (‘I’), for happiness
(sukh), is ensured by right understanding and right feelings, while
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–7 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Health-Self-regulation (Svasthya-Sanyama) :
1. Sanyama refers to a feeling of responsibility for nurturing, protecting
and rightly utilizing the body.
2. When the body is fit act according to the need of the self (‘I’), and,
there is harmony among the parts of the body, it is referred to as
health of svasthya.
3. Sanyama (or self-regulation) is the basis of svasthya.
2. Through self exploration we get the value of our self. We live with
different entirety (family, friends, air, soil, water, trees, etc.) and
we want to understand our relationship with all these.
3. For this we need to start observing inside. The main focus of self-
exploration is myself - the human being.
Basic Contents of Self Exploration : Content of self exploration
is just finding answers to the following fundamental questions of
all human beings :
1. The Desire/Goal : What are my (human) Desire/ Goal ? What do
I really want in life, or what is the goal of human life ?
2. Program : What is my (human) program for fulfilling the desire ?
How to fulfill it ? What is the program to actualize the above ?
In short, the above two questions cover the whole domain of human
aspirations and human endeavour. Thus, they form the content of
self- exploration.
Process of Self Exploration : The process of self exploration is as
follows :
1. First of all we have to keep in mind that, whatever is being presented
in a proposal.
i. Don’t assume it to be true immediately, nor reject it without proper
exploration.
ii. Verify it in your own right, on the basis of it being naturally
acceptable to you,
iii. Not just on the basis of scriptures.
iv. Not on the basis of equipment/instrument data.
v. Not on the basis of the assertion by other human beings.
2. Therefore, it is essential to carefully ponder over these on your
own right. Neither accept these as true immediately nor reject
them prematurely without proper exploration.
3. Then what to do :
i. Verify on the basis of your natural acceptance.
ii. Live accordingly to validate it experientially.
iii. If the proposal is true in behaviour with human it leads to mutual
happiness.
iv. If the proposal is true in work with rest of the nature it leads to
mutual prosperity.
4. The process is shown in the Fig. 1.
5. But this process is not complete. It will be completed when the
verification on the basis of natural acceptance and testing in our
living ultimately results in ‘realization’ and ‘understanding’ in us.
6. On having realization and understanding we get assurance,
satisfaction and Universality (applies to all time, space and
individual).
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–11 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Process of
self-exploration Live according to it
Proposal
Behaviour Work with
with human rest of the
Verify on the basis leads to nature leads
of your natural mutual to mutual
acceptance happiness prosperity
Results in
Realization & Assurance
understanding Test Satisfaction
Universally
all s
to plie
Keep asking again and again : what is
Ap
my nature
Time Space Individual
Fig. 1.
7. For example : A proposal ‘respect’ is a value in human relation.
When I verify at the level of natural acceptance, I find that it is
naturally acceptable to me. Similarly, when I behave with respect,
it is mutually fulfilling to me and to the other. Thus the proposal is
‘True’. If it fails on any of the two tests, it is untrue. This verification
leads to realization of the truthfulness of the proposal and it becomes
part and parcel of my understanding. It is reflected in my thoughts
and in my behaviour.
Ans.
A. Human-Human Relationship :
1. The proposal above outlines very clearly that relationship is between
the self (‘I’) and the other self (‘I’). It is a need of the self (‘I’) to be in
relationship with the other.
2. Being in relationship, we have feelings for the other. These feeling
cannot be replaced by any material or physical things.
3. These feeling are definite and these feelings are the ‘values’ in a
relationship. Feeling of oneself (‘I’) with the other (‘I’) is definite,
can be identified, understood and fulfilled.
4. Feeling (Values) in Relationship :
i. Trust (Vishwas).
ii. Respect (Sammana).
iii. Affection (Sneha).
iv. Care (Mamata).
v. Guidance (Vatsalya).
vi. Reverence (Shraddha).
vii. Glory (Guarava).
viii. Gratitude (Kritagyata).
ix. Love (Prema).
B. Feeling of Love :
1. The feeling of being related to all is love (or prema).
2. This feeling or value is also called the complete value (Purna mulya),
since this is the feeling of relatedness to all human beings.
3. It starts with identifying that one is related to the order human
being (the feeling of affection) and it slowly expands to the feeling
of being related to all human beings.
4. It is the feeling of Love, which lays down the basis of an undivided
society.
iii. With right understanding, the need for physical facilities in the
family can be ascertained. By assessing our needs correctly and by
producing more than required the family can be prosperous.
iv. Assurance of right understanding in the individuals and prosperity
in the families, understanding of human relationships leads to
harmony and trust (fearlessness) in the society.
v. When every individual is able to live harmoniously in relationship,
and the needs of all the families are ensured, fearlessness (mutual
trust) in society will naturally follow.
vi. Thus the state of absence of fear at society level will only be achieved
when we have right understanding at individual level and prosperity
at the level of family.
Material Conscious
Molecule Plants
Human order
Molecular Animals Body
Structure
Soil, air,
water, etc.
Animals,
Birds
Fig. 2.
Solved Paper (Sem-4) (2017-18) SP–16 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Plant/Bio Human
Order Order
Animal
Birds
Fig. 3.
3. Material Order, Plant/Bio- Order, Animal Order and Human
Order : We humans also have a natural acceptance to be mutually
fulfilling to these three orders. However, we are not able to ensure
this mutual fulfillment. We are dependent on the material order
for soil and minerals and metals, but only end up polluting the soil
and depleting the fossil fuels; we are dependent on plants for our
food and holding together the larger ecosystem, but we have
destroyed forests and destroyed multiple species of plants and herbs;
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–17 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
B. Tech.
(SEM. III) EVEN SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2018-19
UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES AND
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Note: Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
SECTION A
1. Attempt all questions in brief. (2 × 7 = 14)
a. What do you mean by Ethics ?
SECTION B
SECTION C
Note: Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
SECTION A
1. Attempt all questions in brief. (2 × 7 = 14)
a. What do you mean by Ethics ?
Ans. Professional ethics refer to the code of conduct, moral ideals and
policies any professional should follow. It is the ethical obligation
that people in a profession have to follow due to their professional
status.
I (self) Body
Activities are Desire, thinking, etc. Breathing, heart-beat etc.
Knowing, assuming, Recognizing, fulfilling
recognizing, fulfilling
Solved Paper (Sem-3) (2018-19) SP–4 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
SECTION B
Self
actuali-
Self-fulfillment
zation :
needs
achieving one’s
full potential,
including creative
activities
Esteem needs :
Prestige and feeling Psychological
of accomplishment needs
Belongingness and leave needs :
Intimate relationships, friends.
Safety needs :
Security, safety Basic
needs
Physiological needs :
Food, water, warmth, rest
Fig. 1.
ii. Plant /Bio Order : They comprise from single cell organism like
fungi, algae to water plants, herbs, shrubs and trees. They can
reproduce, accept nutrition from outside, digest, assimilate and grow.
They also provide nutrition to the animal and to the human order.
Therefore the natural characteristic of this order is to nurture. But
excess of nutrition or unregulated consumption of plant products can
harm or “worsen” our body.
iii. Animal Order : The members of this order are living things. They
share many of the features of the plant order. They have greater
degree of locomotion than plants. The natural characteristic of this
order is that they realize or they are aware of the fact that they
exist the quality of Self(I) therefore they have an intellectual faculty.
This awareness also brings in the excess which is cruelty as they
know that they can fulfill their needs by violence and cruelty towards
members of the other orders or within their own order.
iv. Human Order : They are the most evolved species of the four
orders. They are living beings and their natural characteristics are
similar to the characteristics of the plant and the animal order.
They are independent and self conscious. They have virtues like
perseverance, bravery and generosity. These abilities are peculiar
to them. But human nature tends to deviate from its basic
characteristics. This has given rise to many conflicts and
contradictions in their basic nature.
Material Order
soil, air, water, etc
Animal Order
animal, birds
Fig. 2.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–9 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
SECTION C
all s
to plie
Keep asking again and again : what is
Ap
my nature
Time Space Individual
Fig. 3.
6. We can only curb the ill effects by the above mentioned methods.
But the root cause behind all these malaises can be treated only by
change in the world view. We have to create awareness so that
people do not follow the wrongly perceived notions of happiness
and prosperity. This can only be achieved through right
understanding.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–1 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
B. Tech.
(SEM. IV) EVEN SEMESTER THEORY
EXAMINATION, 2018-19
UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES AND
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Note: Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
SECTION A
1. Attempt all questions in brief. (2 × 7 = 14)
a. What do you mean by values or human values ?
SECTION B
c. Distinguish between the needs of the self (I) and the needs
of the body.
Solved Paper (Sem-4) (2018-19) SP–2 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
SECTION C
b. What are the four orders in nature ? How are they inter-
dependent and mutually fulfilling for each other ? Explain.
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–3 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
Note: Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
SECTION A
my nature
Time Space Individual
Fig. 1.
5. But this process is not complete. It will be completed when the
verification on the basis of natural acceptance and testing in our
living ultimately results in ‘realization’ and ‘understanding’ in us.
6. On having realization and understanding we get assurance,
satisfaction and Universality (applies to all time, space and
individual).
7. For example : A proposal ‘respect’ is a value in human relation.
When I verify at the level of natural acceptance, I find that it is
naturally acceptable to me. Similarly, when I behave with respect,
it is mutually fulfilling to me and to the other. Thus the proposal is
‘True’. If it fails on any of the two tests, it is untrue. This verification
leads to realization of the truthfulness of the proposal and it becomes
part and parcel of my understanding. It is reflected in my thoughts
and in my behaviour.
Solved Paper (Sem-4) (2018-19) SP–6 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
c. Distinguish between the needs of the self (I) and the needs
of the body.
Ans. Difference between Needs of Self(I) & Body :
The human being is the co-existence of ‘I’ and the body, and there
is exchange of information between the two. We can make this
distinction between the self and the body in terms of the needs as
shown in the table below :
I Body
1. Needs are : The needs of the body like food for nourishment clothes
for protection, and instruments to ensure right utilization can be
categorized as being ‘physical’ in nature, or also called ‘physical
facilities’ (suvidha) whereas the need of I is essentially to live in a
state of continuous happiness (sukh). The needs of the body are
physical in nature, whereas the needs of the self (I) are not physical
in nature - like trust, respect, happiness etc.
2. In time, needs are : The needs of ‘I’ are continuous in time, unlike
the need of the body, which is temporary in time. We want happiness
continuously. We also want the feeling of respect continuously and
so also acceptance in relationship. If we talk about food, clothing,
shelter, or instruments, these are needed only for some amount of
time, or we can say that the need for physical facilities of the body
is temporary in time- it is not continuous.
3. In quality, needs are : Physical facilities are needed for the body
in a limited quantity. When we try and exceed these limits, it becomes
troublesome for us after some time. Let’s take the example of
eating. As far as, physical facilities (say rasgulla) go, they are
necessary in the beginning, but if we keep consuming, it becomes
intolerable with the passage of time. This applies to every physical
facility. We can only think of having unlimited physical facilities,
but if we try and consume, or have too much of physical facilities, it
only ends up becoming a problem for us. Whereas the needs of ‘I’
are qualitative (they are not quantifiable), but we also want them
continuously. Our feelings are qualitative. Either they are or they
are not. Ex. Happiness is qualitative. Either we are feeling happy or
we are not. Also if a feeling is not naturally acceptable; we do not
want it even for a single moment. If acceptable, we want it
continuously.
4. Needs are fulfilled by : The need of the self (‘I’), for happiness
(sukh), is ensured by right understanding and right feelings, while
the need of the body, for physical facilities (suvidha), is ensured by
appropriate physico-chemical things.
SECTION C
are in conflict, the thoughts they give rise to, are also in conflict and
in turn, the selection from the thoughts are also in conflicts.
ii. This conflict affects us in different manners :
a. Wavering aspirations : Our goals keep shifting as the inputs
from the outside also keep changing.
b. Lack of confidence : Since our desires are shaky, we are not sure
about them.
c. Unhappiness/conflicts : Since our desires, thoughts and
expectations are in conflict, it becomes the cause for our
unhappiness, leading to stress and tension.
d. Lack of qualitative improvement in us : We focus largely on
fulfilling the needs of the body. As a result, we live with a sense of
lack of fulfillment.
e. State of resignation : Because we do not understand ourselves
properly and have contradictions within, we slowly start getting
disillusioned.
5. Short lived nature of pleasure from sensations :
i. The pleasure obtained from sensations is short-lived.
ii. The external object is temporary in nature the contact of the external
object with the body is temporary in nature. The sensation from
the body to ‘I’ is temporary. And at last the taste of the sensation
from the body in ‘I’ is also temporary. The need of the ‘I’ is continuous,
i.e., we want to have happiness, and its continuity.
iii. Therefore, if the source for our happiness is temporary by definition,
then our need for continuous happiness will never be fulfilled.
Hence, any sensation we have from the body can’t be the source for
our lasting happiness.
v. We operate largely on the basis of the environment, driven from
the outside - either from sensations, or based on preconditioning.
Relationship
Self (‘I’) Self (‘I’)
Recognize the VALUES (feelings) in a relationship (feelings are definite)
Mutual happiness
b. What are the four orders in nature ? How are they inter-
dependent and mutually fulfilling for each other ? Explain.
Ans. In the nature, all the units are connected to each other and fulfilling
each other. Human being is related to all other human beings. On
this basis, we have feelings and emotions for everyone. Human
being is connected to all the material units in the existence and gets
aware o f it as he starts exploring it. We can see this
interconnectedness and mutual fulfillment in Fig. 2.
Soil, air,
water, etc.
Animals,
Birds
Fig. 2.
1. Material Order and Plant/Bio-Order : The material order
provides the nutrients to the plant/bio order in the form of soil,
minerals, etc., while the plant/ bio order decays and forms more
nutrients, thus enriching the soil. The plant/bio order also decays to
substances like oil and coal, which are stored deep within the earth
as protection against the heat from the molten core inside the
Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics SP–15 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)
earth as well as the heat from the sun (today, this is the material
we are removing and using as fuel). Plants help move the nutrients
through the various layers of the soil. The roots of the plants hold
the soil together and prevent the soil from erosion. Plants produce
oxygen/ carbon dioxide and thus help in the movement of the
material order. There is a mutual interdependency and co-existence
we can see here.
2. Material Order, Plant/Bio- Order and Animal Order : The
material order provides the basis for movement of all animals, birds
and fishes. Water, oxygen and other gases are necessities for both
plants and animals. At the same time, the animal order helps enrich
the soil with its excreta and these excreta helps the plants with
nutrients. The plant/bio order provides food for animals, birds and
fishes. The animal Order helps in pollination of the flowers of the
pranic order.
3. Material Order, Plant/Bio- Order, Animal Order and Human
Order : We humans also have a natural acceptance to be mutually
fulfilling to these three orders. However, we are not able to ensure
this mutual fulfillment. We are dependent on the material order
for soil and minerals and metals, but only end up polluting the soil
and depleting the fossil fuels; we are dependent on plants for our
food and holding together the larger ecosystem, but we have
destroyed forests and destroyed multiple species of plants and herbs;
we are dependent on animals to carry out our production and
transportation activities, but have made many species of animals
extinct, and are today known for our cruelty towards animals. We
can see that there is interconnectedness and mutual fulfillment in
all the orders of nature except human order. We have to work on
this.
Material
Order
Plant/Bio Human
Order Order
Animal
Birds
Fig. 3.
Solved Paper (Sem-4) (2018-19) SP–16 Y (CC-Sem-3 & 4)