No Glamour Language - Middle School

Catherine E.
Keeney
Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

Skills: Reading and Vocabulary
All of our products are copyrighted to
Ages: 10-14 protect the fine work of our authors.
Grades: 5-9 Copying this entire book for any reason
is prohibited. You may, however, copy
the worksheets as needed for your own
use with students.
Any other reproduction or distribution

LinguiSystems, Inc. FAX: 1-800-577-4555 of these worksheets is not allowed,
3100 4th Avenue E-mail: [email protected] including copying this book to use as
Web: www.linguisystems.com another primary source or “master” copy.
East Moline, IL 61244-9700
1-800-PRO IDEA TDD: 1-800-933-8331 Printed in the U.S.A.
1-800-776-4332 (for those with hearing impairments) ISBN 0-7606-0466-5
About the Author
Catherine E. Keeney, M.A., CCC-SLP has been a

speech-language pathologist for 13 years. She has
worked in rehabilitation hospitals, long-term care
facilities, and in public schools. For the past three
years, she has worked with middle school and high
school students in the Joplin, Missouri school district.
She earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Education from

Missouri Southern State College with majors in
elementary and special education. Her academic
credentials also include a Master’s Degree in
Communication Disorders from Southwest Missouri
State University. Language has always been an area of
interest for Catherine, and she feels that the adventure
of raising three children—Michelle, Abbey, and Paul—provided a great deal of
hands-on experience in the observation and nurturing of language development.
Catherine is an avid reader and lover of nature and animals. Her other interests
include cooking, baking, gardening, listening to bluegrass music, and writing the
occasional poem. No Glamour Language: Middle School is Catherine’s first
publication with LinguiSystems.
Dedication
To my husband Charlie, who has always been there for me.
Thank you for your support, encouragement, and love, as I spent many hours
thinking, writing, rewriting, and typing this manuscript.
Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................5
Chapter 1: Vocabulary ........................................................................................................................7
Using Context to Determine Meaning ..........................................................................................7
Terms Related to Numbers............................................................................................................10
Testing Words ................................................................................................................................12
Language Arts ...............................................................................................................................15
Social Studies ................................................................................................................................22
Science & Health ...........................................................................................................................31
Chapter 2: Comprehension .............................................................................................................39
Identifying Flag Words ..................................................................................................................39
Identifiying Sequence Words ........................................................................................................42
Understanding Sequence Words ..................................................................................................45
Following Directions ......................................................................................................................47
Identifying Passive Voice Sentences ............................................................................................50
Understanding Passive Voice Sentences .....................................................................................52
Paragraph Comprehension: Content Areas...............................................................................56
Chapter 3: Expression.......................................................................................................................64
Defining Words ..............................................................................................................................65
Asking Wh— Questions ................................................................................................................68
Asking Questions to Obtain Information ...................................................................................71
Relating Events ..............................................................................................................................72
Identifying Complete Sentences...................................................................................................85
Using Complete Sentences ............................................................................................................88
Giving Directions............................................................................................................................89
Chapter 4: Grammar & Syntax .......................................................................................................96
Irregular Plural Nouns...................................................................................................................96
Plural vs. Possessive Nouns..........................................................................................................98
Irregular Past Tense Verbs ...........................................................................................................102
Subject and Verb Agreement.......................................................................................................105
Irregular Comparatives................................................................................................................112
Its vs. It’s ........................................................................................................................................114
No Glamour Language: Middle School 3 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

Table of Contents, continued
Whose vs. Who’s...........................................................................................................................115

There, Their, and They’re.............................................................................................................116
Capitalization ................................................................................................................................118
Chapter 5: Multiple Meanings .....................................................................................................120
Multiple Meaning Words ............................................................................................................120
Multiple Meaning Phrases ..........................................................................................................130
Multiple Meaning Sentences.......................................................................................................138
Explaining Multiple Meaning Sentences with Cues ...............................................................141
Explaining Multiple Meaning Sentences without Cues .........................................................142
Chapter 6: Figurative Language ...................................................................................................143
Identifying Meanings...................................................................................................................143
Explaining Meanings ...................................................................................................................149
Associating Meanings ..................................................................................................................152
Using Figurative Language.........................................................................................................159
Chapter 7: Reasoning .....................................................................................................................162
Comparing & Contrasting...........................................................................................................162
Anologies .......................................................................................................................................167
General vs. Specific Terms—Identifying...................................................................................171
Language -Specific Terms—Providing ......................................................................................173
Ordering from General to Specific.............................................................................................175
Inferring .........................................................................................................................................177
Determining Most Relevant Information..................................................................................179
Evaluating/Determining/Applying Criteria...........................................................................181
Chapter 8: Language Skills & Articulation ...............................................................................189
Synonyms & Antonyms...............................................................................................................189
Prefixes & Meanings ....................................................................................................................195
Parts of Speech ..............................................................................................................................203
Artic-Connect Games ...................................................................................................................211
Answer Key ......................................................................................................................................215
References.........................................................................................................................................228

Introduction
Many of the activities in No-Glamour Language: Middle School were written over a
period of time in response to specific needs which I saw in students on my
caseload. Other activities were written with an eye to what I perceived to be more
general needs in language skills for students at this age level.
In public education, the trend continues toward the use of standardized tests to
assess student knowledge and progression in the direction of established objectives.
Increasingly, these tests require students not only to respond to objective-type
questions such as multiple-choice, but to associate and apply information to a
variety of situations. Students have a strong need to develop skills that allow them
to understand exactly what a question is asking and how to respond to a variety of
types of questions. They also need to develop the ability to use language as a
reasoning tool to assist in academic endeavors, as well as to help prepare them for
life in a complex world. In addition to providing activities that reinforce basic
skills, I have attempted to provide activities addressing the above areas and needs
in this book.
In my own practice, I believe in maximizing therapy time by addressing multiple

skill areas whenever possible. Some students at the middle school level still have
speech articulation goals for sounds they have yet to master or carry over
consistently. I like to incorporate language skills into articulation therapy activities
for these students. Chapter 8 provides exercises containing target sounds /r/,
/s/&/z/, /l/, and /th/. These exercises also provide practice with vocabulary,
synonyms & antonyms, prefixes, parts of speech, sentence formulation, and story
construction. Of course, these exercises may also be used with any students
needing practice with these language skills, regardless of their articulation abilities.
I hope that the activities in No-Glamour Language: Middle School will help you in
your very busy and important job of fostering acquisition of essential skills in your
students!
Catherine

Using Context to Determine Meaning
If you don’t know the meaning of a word, you can sometimes figure out its
meaning from the context. The context includes the words that surround the new
word. The context can give you clues in several different ways:
❏ Information or description based upon what you already know
about the world
We saw a large, gray pachyderm with a long trunk at the zoo.
What animal at the zoo is large and gray and has a long trunk? You
could correctly guess the meaning of pachyderm as elephant because
you already know those things about an elephant.
❏ A likeness
All of Fred’s brothers were successful, and it looked as if Fred
would be prosperous, too.
Fred and his brothers are being described in the same way. They are
being described as successful and prosperous. You would assume
that they mean the same thing.
❏ A difference
After the cacophony during the party, Grandmother was happy
for the peace and quiet when all my friends went home.
This sentence tells you that cacophony and peace and quiet probably
have opposite meanings. You could rightly guess that cacophony
means noise (the opposite of peace and quiet).
❏ An example
She has experienced many maladies over the last year, including
the flu and pneumonia.
The word including tells you that examples will follow (as will the
words such as and like). You can tell from the examples that
maladies means illnesses or sicknesses.

Use context clues to figure out the meanings for the boldfaced words in the sentences.
Write the meaning for each word in the blank.
1. He refused to apologize for his behavior. He was not

penitent at all. ___________________________
2. Anne is my friend, and I would never say something

derogatory about her. ___________________________
3. Ray is interested in marine animals, especially whales

and sharks. ___________________________
4. In the desert, you might ride on a dromedary with

two humps. ___________________________
5. At the end of an August with no rain, the fields were

parched. ___________________________
6. Brenda wanted relief from a bad backache. She hoped

the medicine would alleviate the pain. ___________________________
7. He slid the letter behind the bookcase, hoping to

conceal it. ___________________________
8. My mother likes to save her money. She will not

pay an exorbitant price for anything. ___________________________
9. Cora ingested a toadstool instead of a mushroom and

became very ill. ___________________________
10. Unlike my obstinate brother, I am not stubborn about

doing my chores. ___________________________
11. The dilapidated building was surrounded by many

others that were also falling down. ___________________________
12. Cade was infatuated with Marta. However, Marta

didn’t return his love. ___________________________

Use the context in the sentences below to figure out the meanings for the boldfaced words.
Write the meaning from the box below in the blank.
can be eaten sad speaking uprising

ghost reproduction generous polluted
everlasting tiny does not care disasters
1. Shane was so apathetic about the election for class

officers that he didn’t vote. ___________________________
2. The philanthropic business owner gave a lot of money

to charity. ___________________________
3. Natural cataclysms, such as earthquakes and floods,

happen every year. ___________________________
4. He could see right through the specter, and he was

scared. ___________________________
5. Even though I came in second instead of first in the

race, I’m not dejected. I’m happy to have won a prize. ___________________________
6. The chihuahua looked infinitesimal next to the huge

St. Bernard. ___________________________
7. Darren needs to get another facsimile of the rules,

as he lost his first copy. ___________________________
8. The perpetual torch over the hero’s grave always

burns. ___________________________
9. Yesterday’s riots caused such destruction that we

hoped another insurrection would not happen today. ___________________________
10. The water in Crystal Lake was so clean last year, but
this year it is contaminated. ___________________________
11. Native Americans introduced European settlers to

many edible plants, such as tomatoes and peanuts. ___________________________
12. Those who have heard his speeches claim that

former President Clinton has great oratorical skill. ___________________________

Terms Related to Numbers
Fill in each blank with the correct word from the box.
double triple single
1. We went to Yo-Yo Yogurt and I wanted two scoops, so I asked for a _______________
dip cone.
2. Tony wasn’t too hungry, so he just wanted one scoop. He ordered a _______________
dip cone.
3. Marla was really hungry. She ordered three scoops and got a _______________ dip cone.
quintuplets triplets twins quadruplets
1. Three babies born to the same mother at the the same time are __________________.
2. Five babies born to the same mother at the same time are __________________.
3. Two babies born to the same mother at the same time are __________________.
4. Four babies born to the same mother at the same time are __________________.
millennium decade century
1. Ten years is one _______________.

2. One hundred years is one _______________.
3. One thousand years is one _______________.
annual semiannual centennial
1. If something happens once every six months, it is __________________.

2. If something happens once a year, it is __________________.
3. If something happens once every 100 years, it is __________________.

Terms Related to Numbers
Complete each sentence with the correct word from the box.
septet octet quartet duo

quintet solo sextet trio
1. Imagine that you play the clarinet and you are going to play a song by yourself. You
will play a _______________.
2. One of your friends, who plays the flute, decides to join you. Now the two of you will
be a _______________.
3. Another friend joins in with her saxophone. Now the three of you are a
_______________.
4. Before you know it, here comes your band’s tuba player and he joins in. The four of
you have become a _______________.
5. Now your cousin, who plays the trumpet, wants to play, too. The five of you are a
_______________.
6. Another friend who plays the trombone hears all the music and joins in. With six
musicians, you have a _______________.
7. Your brother decides to tune up his guitar and join in. The seven of you are really a
great-sounding _______________.
8. It’s not complete without drums, and one of the band’s drummers decides to sit in and
play. All eight of you are having fun playing in this _______________.
Write the word that matches each definition.
rectangle octagon triangle
hexagon pentagon
1. three-sided figure _______________________.
2. four-sided figure ________________________.
3. five-sided figure ________________________.
4. six-sided figure _________________________.
5. eight-sided figure _______________________.

Testing Words: Meanings
When you take a test, it is important to give the exact information the question is asking
for. To do that, you need to know the meanings of a number of words that are often used
in test questions. Match each test word with the correct explanation of the type of answer
needed for each term.
_____ 1. Sort the information into categories or tell a. list

what category something belongs in.
b. define
_____ 2. Tell how two or more things are alike. c. explain
_____ 3. Draw a picture, graph, or diagram or write a d. describe
detailed example.
e. compare
_____ 4. Write the names of people or things or the
steps in a process. f. contrast
g. trace
_____ 5. Tell in detail how something looks, feels,
smells, sounds, or tastes. You may mention h. justify
other details, such as how something behaves
i. classify
or how it is used.
j. illustrate
_____ 6. Tell how two things are linked to each other.
Tell how one causes or affects the other. k. evaluate
_____ 7. State a complete and clear meaning for a word l. relate

or term.
_____ 8. Provide information to support given actions
or beliefs. Try to show that something is true
or right.
_____ 9. Tell how two or more things are different.
_____ 10. Give an orderly, step-by-step explanation of
how something happened.
_____ 11. Provide all the detailed information you can
about a subject. Give reasons clearly and
completely.
_____ 12. Give the good and bad (positive and negative)
points about a subject. You may state your
opinion about whether the good points
outweigh the bad.

Testing Words: Yes/No Questions
Answer the following questions yes or no. Pay special attention to the words in boldface.
1. If a test question asked you to classify some plants,

would you draw pictures of them? ___________________________
2. If a test question asked you to contrast oceans and

lakes, would you write ways in which they are
different? ___________________________
3. If a test question asked you to list three gases,

would a complete answer be hydrogen, helium,
and oxygen? ___________________________
4. If a test question asked you to trace the path of the

blood as it flows through the body, would you tell
what blood is made of? ___________________________
5. If a test question asked you to evaluate the use of

solar power for energy, would you give advantages
and disadvantages? ___________________________
6. If a test question asked you to explain the Bill of

Rights, would a complete answer be “The first ten
Amendments to the United States Constitution”? ___________________________
7. If a test question asked you to relate the climate of an

area to its crops, would you explain that plants tend
to grow in areas where the amounts of sunlight and
rainfall fit their needs? ___________________________
8. If a test question asked you to justify the use of the

underground railroad by slaves in the 1850’s, would
you describe the path they took? ___________________________

Testing Words: Applying Meanings
Complete the following items on another sheet of paper.
1. Evaluate a video game, music CD, or movie.
2. List the resources offered by your school library.
3. Trace your activities since you got up this morning.
4. Relate your level of fitness to your nutrition.
5. Contrast your school year this year with last year.
6. Illustrate an example of a reptile.
7. Classify the following items: tablecloth, towel, napkin, washcloth.
8. Define light-year.
9. Compare two TV shows, sports, or books.
10. Describe your favorite outfit.

Language Arts: Identification
Choose the correct word from the box for each definition.
adjective adverb fiction

personification nonfiction myths
first-person viewpoint legends plot
second-person viewpoint stereotype jargon
third-person viewpoint setting
1. all the things that happen in a story ___________________________

2. when a writer tells a story as if he is taking part in it,
describing things from his point of view, using
pronouns like I or me ___________________________
3. writing that deals with facts ___________________________
4. words used by people in a particular line of work ___________________________
5. describing animals or objects using human
characteristics ___________________________
6. a word that describes an action; (may tell how
something is done) ___________________________
7. stories featuring different creatures and gods which
were created to help explain events of nature and
passed down from one generation to another ___________________________
8. when a writer tells a story, describing events as if he
were just watching them happen, using pronouns like
he, she, it, or them ___________________________
9. where and when a story takes place ___________________________
10. statement that all members of a category of people
are alike in some way ___________________________
11. writing that deals with imaginary events ___________________________
12. a word that describes a noun or pronoun ___________________________
13. when a writer tells something as if he were talking
directly to another person, using the pronoun you ___________________________
14. stories about particular people, often heroes or
champions, based upon historical fact ___________________________

Language Arts: Identification
biography autobiography chronological order

graphic simile metaphor
dialogue exaggeration connotation
denotation summary paraphrase
sentence fragment run-on sentence
1. the conversation characters carry on; what they

say to each other ___________________________
2. restating the main ideas of a story or other piece

of writing ___________________________
3. a story of someone’s life written by another person ___________________________
4. a comparison of two things, using the words like or as ___________________________
5. when things are placed into the time sequence in

which they happen ___________________________
6. the meaning of a word as found in the dictionary ___________________________
7. incorrectly stating two or more complete sentences

as if they were one sentence ___________________________
8. a visual image used to present or explain an idea ___________________________
9. saying that something has much more of a

characteristic (better, worse, bigger, smaller) than it
really does ___________________________
10. to retell something in your own words while keeping

the meaning the same ___________________________
11. a comparison of two things, saying that one thing

is another ___________________________
12. the meaning of a word based upon feelings and

emotions one connects with the word ___________________________
13. only part of a sentence; an incomplete thought ___________________________
14. a story of someone’s life, written by himself or herself ___________________________

Language Arts: Association
Circle the correct response for each item.
1. If you were going to write directions telling someone how to clean a fish tank, which
viewpoint would you write from?
first person second person third person
2. If you were listening to a group of computer experts talk, you might not understand
what they are saying because of the ________ they use.
personification stereotype jargon
3. Princess Diana might be the subject of a ________.

legend stereotype myth
4. When you tell a friend the things that happened in a movie or book, you are
describing the ________.
viewpoint personification plot
5. Your friend is interested in traveling to many different places and only wants to read
books describing actual locations where she might visit. This is the type of book she
would choose:
nonfiction fiction myth
6. Huge, purple, and expensive are examples of ________.

adverbs personification adjectives
7. Saying that all red-headed people have hot tempers is an example of ________.
jargon stereotype personification

Circle the correct response for each item.
1. If you were going to tell about the things you enjoy doing on the weekend, which
viewpoint would you use?
2. If a writer were trying to decide between writing about a large city or a small town,
she would be working on the story’s ________.
setting plot viewpoint
3. A story that was created by ancient people to explain why there are different seasons
in the year is a ________.
stereotype legend myth
4. Quickly, carefully, and proudly are examples of ________.

adjectives adverbs settings
5. Your friend loves books about gnomes and dragons. This is the type of book he would
choose to read:
legend nonfiction fiction
6. If you were going to tell about a rescue effort you watched on TV, which viewpoint
would you use?
7. Saying that your cat told the mice to stay out of your house is an example of ________.
stereotype personification plot

Match each of the following terms with the sentence that best describes it or is associated
with it.
_____ 1. This is what characters in a play speak. a. denotation

_____ 2. This is how the schedule of activities for the b. summary
weekend was listed. c. run-on sentence
_____ 3. A chart or diagram would be called this. d. autobiography
_____ 4. Because he was careful e. connotation
_____ 5. It’s the meaning you give to a word for a f. biography
specific purpose.
g. metaphor
_____ 6. Matt said that he threw the biggest party in h. chronological order
the world!
i. sentence fragment
_____ 7. It’s a book you write about your life.
j. dialogue
_____ 8. The grass in the yard is a green carpet.
k. simile
_____ 9. After I gave my brother directions on how to
l. paraphrase
load the camera, I had him repeat them to me
in his own words so I’d know he understood. m. graphic
_____ 10. It’s the dictionary definition of a word. n. exaggeration
_____ 11. Saturday, Mandy came over we cleaned house

all day it was really fun and we had lunch.
_____ 12. The wind roared like a lion.
_____ 13. After we watched the film, our teacher told us
to write a short paragraph about what we saw.
_____ 14. It’s a book you write about someone famous.

Language Arts: Application
Provide the following information. Use another sheet of paper if you need more space.
1. Pick a topic, such as video games. Write a sentence about the topic using first person
viewpoint, another sentence using second person viewpoint, and another sentence
using third person viewpoint.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Provide a denotation and a connotation of the words: rat and summer.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Write a sentence fragment. Then rewrite it as a complete sentence.

fragment_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
complete sentence ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Choose five things that you have done over the past week and put them in
chronological order.
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________

Language Arts: Application
Write a short myth to explain why something in the environment happens as it does. For
example, you might explain why leaves fall from the trees. In your myth, use simile,
metaphor and personification at least one time each. Use another sheet of paper, if
necessary.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Social Studies: Identification
geography Equator atmosphere

precipitation latitude plain
map key longitude erosion
climate Prime Meridian vegetation
projection tundra weather
1. water that falls to the ground as rain, sleet, hail

or snow ___________________________
2. treeless plain in arctic areas where the ground
is permanently frozen ___________________________
3. explains the meanings for symbols used on a map ___________________________
4. the types of plants that grow in an area ___________________________
5. an imaginary line running from the North Pole to
the South Pole, labeled 0° longitude ___________________________
6. study of the Earth, and its water, plants, and people ___________________________
7. an area of flat or gently-rolling land ___________________________
8. the average weather of an area over a long
period of time ___________________________
9. breaking down and carrying away of land by wind,
water, or ice ___________________________
10. layers of gases which surround the Earth ___________________________
11. imaginary lines used to measure distance north or
south of the Equator ___________________________
12. an imaginary line running from east to west around
the middle of the globe, labeled 0° latitude ___________________________
13. a method of putting a map of the round Earth on a
flat piece of paper ___________________________
14. imaginary lines used to measure distance east or west
of the Prime Meridian ___________________________
15. day-to-day changes in temperature and precipitation
in an area ___________________________

Match each of the following terms with the sentence that best describes it or is associated
with it.
_____ 1. when workers refuse to work until they get a. amendment

desired changes, such as higher pay or better
b. artifact
working conditions
c. compromise
_____ 2. a found tool or object which was made by
people in earlier times d. consumer
_____ 3. products that a country sends out to another e. dictator

country f. embargo
_____ 4. a leader who has complete power over a g. export
country
h. famine
_____ 5. relating to the entire United States rather than
i. federal
any one state
j. import
_____ 6. not taking sides in a dispute or an argument
k. irrigate
_____ 7. when there is not enough food
l. neutral
_____ 8. to take back a law so that it is no longer in
effect m. repeal
n. strike
_____ 9. a person who buys products and services
o. treason
_____ 10. an agreement that is reached in a dispute by
each side giving up some of the things it
wants
_____ 11. when one country refuses to trade with
another country
_____ 12. betraying one’s own country
_____ 13. to bring water into an area of dry land
_____ 14. a change made in writing to a document
_____ 15. products that a country brings in from another
country

agriculture drought annex

executive branch judicial branch canal
cartographer legislative branch constituent
glacier impeach nullify
ratify boycott veto
1. department of the government that is responsible

for decisions about the fairness and justice of laws ___________________________
2. a water-filled passageway that allows ships to go
across an area of land ___________________________
3. when the President rejects a bill sent by the Congress
and refuses to sign it into law ___________________________
4. when people refuse to buy something ___________________________
5. a long period of very dry weather ___________________________
6. voter who elects a person to an office ___________________________
7. to add an area of land to another existing area, such
as a city or country ___________________________
for making laws ___________________________
9. when the House of Representatives formally charges
an elected official, such as the President, of breaking
a law ___________________________
10. a large, thick ice sheet ___________________________
11. farming (raising livestock and crops) ___________________________
12. to approve a legal bill or action ___________________________
13. a person who makes maps ___________________________
for carrying out laws ___________________________
15. to declare that a law or rule is no longer in effect ___________________________

Social Studies: Association
Choose the correct word from the box that is associated with each item.
Atlantic Ocean rain hot weather

cold weather plate tectonics latitude
scale Pacific Ocean landforms
Asia vertical climate longitude
Northern Hemisphere sparse vegetation Earth’s axis tilt
1. precipitation ________________________________________
2. low latitudes ________________________________________
3. Tropic of Cancer ________________________________________
4. earthquakes ________________________________________
5. meridians ________________________________________
6. hurricanes ________________________________________
7. dense population ________________________________________
8. high latitudes ________________________________________
9. arid climate ________________________________________
10. mountain ________________________________________
11. physical map ________________________________________
12. miles ________________________________________
13. typhoon ________________________________________
14. seasons ________________________________________
15. parallels ________________________________________

Choose the correct word from the box that is associated with each item.
amendments federal import

compromise artifact irrigation
consumer famine dictator
repealed embargo strike
export neutral treason
1. Our country will not trade with that country until

they greatly reduce their pollution of the ocean. ___________________________
2. The archaeologist studied the piece of pottery at
the site. ___________________________
3. He neither agreed nor disagreed with Cal or Sergio,
so he didn’t get involved in their argument. ___________________________
4. Last July, personnel at the Fabulous Fruit canning
factory would not go back to work until their work
area was air-conditioned. ___________________________
5. The United States sends a large amount of wheat and
corn to other countries each year. ___________________________
6. Companies spend a lot of money on advertising so
that this person will buy their products. ___________________________
7. Amendment 21 to the United States Constitution did
this to Amendment 18. ___________________________
8. When there has been no rain for weeks, farmers
might use a nearby river for this. ___________________________
9. The government that takes care of the whole nation. ___________________________
10. Many electronic products come to the United States
from other countries. ___________________________
11. I told Yvonne that she could use the computer today
and tomorrow afternoon if I could use it all day Friday. ___________________________
12. The Bill of Rights contains ten of these. ___________________________
13. Josef Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Fidel Castro ___________________________
14. Working as a spy for another country. ___________________________
15. This can happen if farm land is not properly cared for. ___________________________

Match each of the following terms with the item it is most closely associated with.
_____ 1. Lettuce is not selling well in the stores now.

Many people will not pay the high price that
is being charged for it. a. agriculture
_____ 2. Senator Black tries to keep in touch with the b. impeachment

people back in her district. She wants to c. drought
know their ideas and wants them to know she
is working for them. d. annex
_____ 3. Congress will pass the new transportation bill. e. executive branch
f. legislative branch
_____ 4. circuit courts, district courts, Supreme Court
g. judicial branch
_____ 5. North Pole
h. nullify
_____ 6. If you were one of these, you might work for
National Geographic. i. canal
_____ 7. At the city council meeting last night, it was j. glacier

decided to bring the area south of the river to k. constituent
Airport Road into the city limits.
l. cartographer
_____ 8. seeds, fertilizer, tractor, harvest
m. ratify
_____ 9. Panama
n. boycott
_____ 10. the President and Vice-President of the United o. veto
States
_____ 11. Rain is badly needed or there won’t be much
of a corn crop this year.
_____ 12. Even though Congress passed the
transportation bill, it will not become law now
because the President would not sign it.
_____ 13. If the President misuses public funds, he is
risking this.
_____ 14. The city council cancelled the law forbidding
swimming in Lake Lamar.
_____ 15. the Senate and the House of Representatives

Social Studies: Application
1. Think of two or three examples of when people might need to compromise. When
might be a time when you would need to compromise?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What are two reasons why a law might be repealed?

1. ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. As a constituent of your state, what are some issues or concerns that you would like
your congressional representative to know about?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Take one of the issues or concerns you listed in Question 3 and explain what you think
should be done about it and why. Give good reasons and try to be convincing.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

1. How do the consumers in a country affect the amount of the country’s imports?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What are some reasons you can think of to boycott a product? What effects do you
think that boycotting a product might have on the company that makes the product?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Give an example of a dictator in recent history. Why do you think the people of a
country allow a dictator to rule?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Imagine you have been given a 100 square mile area of property anywhere in the world to
create your own nation. Tell where your area would be using lines of latitude and
longitude. Describe the area surrounding your property. Are you surrounded by land or
on an island in the ocean? What places are near your area? Describe landforms, climate
and vegetation. How would you dress, what would you eat, what would your shelter be
like? How would you obtain food in your area? Would there be many people in and
around your area? Would you have to learn another language to talk to them? How
would people make a living in your area? What kind of government would you choose?
Use what you know about geography to make your description realistic. You may make a
map with a key on another sheet of paper to help show your ideas.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Science & Health: Identification
Match each term with its definition.
_____ 1. a living thing that eats plants a. acid
_____ 2. sticky matter that builds up on teeth and can b. bacteria

cause tooth decay and gum disease c. carnivore
_____ 3. one-celled organisms that cause illness and d. base
food spoilage
e. conservation
_____ 4. the process of removing salt from sea water
f. faults
_____ 5. where a plant or animal lives
g. carcinogen
_____ 6. edges of pieces of the Earth’s crust that can h. herbivore
move against each other
i. desalination
_____ 7. a living thing that eats plants and meat
j. habitat
_____ 8. a chemical substance with a pH value above 7
k. immunity
_____ 9. severe loss of water from the body
l. omnivore
_____ 10. the body’s defense against infection and m. plaque
disease
n. dehydration
_____ 11. making wise use of resources
o. antibody
_____ 12. substance made by white blood cells to fight
germs in the body
_____ 13. something that can cause cancer
_____ 14. a chemical substance with a pH value below 7
_____ 15. a living thing that eats meat

seismic wave biome arteries

camouflage veins diversity
trachea friction chromosomes
genes mutations dermis
epidermis photosynthesis transpiration
1. how green plants make their own food by using

energy from the sun to change water and carbon
dioxide into sugar ___________________________
2. different ways in which animals use changes in color
or shape to blend into their surroundings ___________________________
3. another name for windpipe; air travels through it to
and from the lungs ___________________________
4. this makes it more difficult to move an object against
another object when the two are touching ___________________________
5. the outer layer of skin ___________________________
6. the process by which plants release water back out
into the air ___________________________
7. blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart from
all over the body ___________________________
8. responsible for a person’s inheriting one specific
characteristic, such as hair color ___________________________
9. geographic land area with a unique climate and
typical native plants and animals ___________________________
10. the inner layer of skin ___________________________
11. strong trembling or shaking of the Earth during
an earthquake ___________________________
12. individual differences in animals and plants ___________________________
13. blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to parts
of the body ___________________________
14. a change in a gene that causes a new and different
trait in the next generation of plants or animals ___________________________
15. responsible for a person’s inheriting a number of
different traits ___________________________

Match each term with its definition.
_____ 1. when a liquid, such as water, changes to a gas a. ozone

_____ 2. reducing the speed of movement b. acceleration
_____ 3. a body part, such as an arm, toe, or finger that c. cohesion

is attached to the main part of the body d. concentrate
_____ 4. growing plants in nutrient solutions without e. dilute solution
soil
f. evaporation
_____ 5. a weak solution with only a small amount of
g. deceleration
solute material dissolved in it
h. plankton
_____ 6. an animal that has a backbone
i. hydroponics
_____ 7. a layer of oxygen high in the atmosphere that
protects the Earth from some of the sun’s j. invertebrate
harmful radiation k. vertebrate
_____ 8. the force that holds molecules in a substance l. appendage
together
m. regeneration
_____ 9. when an animal replaces a lost body part by
n. mass
growing a new one
o. supernova
_____ 10. the amount of matter that an object contains
_____ 11. increasing the speed of movement
_____ 12. a star that explodes and is very bright
_____ 13. an animal that does not have a backbone
_____ 14. mixture of tiny plants and animals in the
ocean that provides food for larger sea
animals
_____ 15. a strong solution with a large amount of
solute material dissolved in it

Science & Health: Association
Explain how each pair of words is associated.
1. habitat, ocean
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. cavity, plaque
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. acid, base
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. desalination, salt
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. immunity, antibody
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. earthquake, fault
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. carcinogen, cancer
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. herbivore, carnivore
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. summer, dehydration
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Complete the following items on another sheet of paper.
1. Would a scratch wound be more severe if it went into the dermis or the epidermis?
Why?
2. How would there be diversity in a litter of puppies? Why?
3. Does blood contain more oxygen in an artery or in a vein? Why?
4. What is one way that transpiration and perspiration are alike and one way that they
are different
5. How might a city look after a large seismic wave?
6. What would happen if someone’s trachea got blocked?
7. Which two of the following would be examples of a biome: desert, continent,

landscape, rain forest?
8. What is something that plants can do because of photosynthesis that animals cannot
do?
9. Will friction cause an object to move slower or faster over a surface?
10. How would camouflage be related to survival for an insect?
11. If a colt grows up to look and behave just like its parents, would we suspect a
mutation? Why?

Answer the following questions yes or no. Pay special attention to the words in boldface.
1. Lori is driving and sees a red light ahead. Should

she decelerate? ___________________________
2. Would you go out and dig in your hydroponic

garden? ___________________________
3. Can a human being regenerate an appendage? ___________________________
4. Does an invertebrate animal have more bones in its

back than a vertebrate animal? ___________________________
5. Would you need a concentrated soap solution to clean

a very dirty floor? ___________________________
6. Would it be a good idea to try to rid the oceans of

plankton? ___________________________
7. Would it be a good idea to get rid of ozone in the

atmosphere? ___________________________
8. Does a hair dryer help cause evaporation? ___________________________
9. When riding a bike, would you expect to accelerate

if you put on the brake? ___________________________
10. Is crumbling cement a good example of cohesion? ___________________________
11. Does a gorilla have more mass than a monkey? ___________________________
12. Would a supernova be easier to see at night than in

the daytime? ___________________________
13. Would a dilute solution of lemonade taste good? ___________________________

Science & Health: Application
1. Name two herbivores that people keep as pets. Then name two pet animals that are
carnivores.
herbivores____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
carnivores ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Give several examples of diversity between you and a friend.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how evaporation could cause a dilute salt solution to become a concentrated
salt solution.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Give two examples of good results from gene mutations. Then give two examples of
bad results from gene mutations.
good results __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
bad results ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Science & Health: Application
Describe a biome of your own creation. Explain how the climate, plants, and animals will
work together.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Identifying Flag Words
At times when you are reading a text or listening to a teacher give a lecture, you
will see or hear flag words. Flag words let you know that the information you are
hearing or are about to hear is especially important. When you see and hear flag
words, pay close attention and take note of that information because it is likely to
be on a test.
Here are some common flag words:
main critical valuable

foremost chief vital
major priority noteworthy
needed essential landmark
important urgent necessary
milestone significant cardinal
primary crucial fundamental
prime

Each of the following sentences contains a flag word. Listen as your teacher reads each sentence
and write the flag word you hear.
1. Our state has several valuable natural resources.
2. The chief danger that faced pioneers on the Oregon trail was sickness.
3. A prime example of a crustacean is a lobster.
4. Native American cultures have influenced the arts in important ways.
5. It is necessary to have a conductor for electricity to flow.
6. The invention of the cotton gin was a major factor in the growth of the economy
in the South.
7. A milestone in history happened in July of 1969 when Neil Armstrong walked

on the moon.
8. Sunlight is vital to plant growth.
9. The cardinal purpose of the legislative branch of government is to make laws.
10. The climate of a region has a significant effect on the population density.

Read each sentence. Underline the the flag word in each sentence.
1. President Lincoln’s priority was to preserve the union of the United States.
2. A critical difference between plant and animal cells is the presence of chlorophyll.
3. The Nineteenth Amendment is noteworthy for giving women the right to vote.
4. A fundamental difference between water in an ocean and water in a river is the amount of
salt in each.
5. A business letter has six essential parts.
6. President Monroe made a landmark statement on foreign policy called the Monroe
Doctrine.
7. Two things are needed for sound to be produced: a vibrating material and a medium such
as air or water for the sound waves to travel through.
8. It is crucial to practice an oral presentation before actually presenting it.
9. Protection of workers from poor working conditions was a primary reason that labor
unions were formed.
10. Development of the assembly line by Henry Ford was a foremost factor in reducing the
cost of automobiles so that many people could afford one.
11. Dorothea Dix delivered urgent messages to state legislatures regarding bad conditions in
mental hospitals, prisons, and poorhouses.
12. One of the main early leaders in education for African-Americans was Charlotte Forten.

Identifying Sequence Words
There are words that give you information about the sequence, or order, in which
items or events are placed. You are probably very familiar with some of these
words, such as first, next, and last. Here are some other common sequence words
that are helpful to know:
after previous simultaneously

before soon final
during precede consecutively
following subsequent advance
initial post succeed
while remote recent
prior to presently concurrent
You may see some of these words in another form, such as subsequently, initially,
succeeding, and previously.

Underline the sequence word in each sentence.
1. Dinosaurs lived in the remote past.
2. He just finished reading the final chapter in his library book.
3. The teacher let us listen to the radio during study hall.
4. Marla turned in her report on Wednesday; Kelli had turned hers in the previous day.
5. George W. Bush succeeded Bill Clinton as President of the United States.
6. They will be back from lunch presently.
7. The next thing Manuel did was clean the kitchen.
8. In social studies, we sometimes discuss recent news events.
9. After March, the company had to do a special report each subsequent month that year.
10. The initial step in applying for a job is filling out an application form.
11. She is concurrently teaching and doing research at the medical school.

Underline the sequence word in each sentence.
1. Before you leave, check the oil in the car.
2. The invention of the light bulb preceded the invention of the TV.
3. Serena did not have as much pain post operation as she had expected to have.
4. We made the salad and spaghetti while the bread was baking.
5. Prior to 1920, women were not allowed to vote in national elections in the United States.
6. It will soon be time to go to the assembly.
7. Mrs. Morris called the dentist’s office Thursday and was told to come in and see the
dentist the following day.
8. I have a friend who can play three instruments simultaneously!
9. The convict was sentenced to two five-year terms in prison, running consecutively.
10. After much thought, he decided not to buy the house.
11. My uncle let his employer know in advance that he would need some time off work.

Understanding Sequence Words
Each sequence word below has a general meaning of before, during, or after. Write each word from
the box under the correct heading word to match its general meaning.
while prior previously post

simultaneous subsequently following preceding
advance succeeding
Before
_______________________ ________________________
_______________________ ________________________
During
_______________________
_______________________
After
_______________________ ________________________
_______________________ ________________________

Understanding Sequence Words
Explain the difference between the following pairs of items.
1. an initial meeting
a final meeting
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. reading a book prior to seeing a movie made from it

reading a book subsequent to seeing a movie made from it
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. an event happening in the remote past

an event happening in the recent past
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. doing two tasks consecutively

doing two tasks concurrently
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. succeeding your friend as president of a club

preceding your friend as president of a club
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Following Directions
Each student will need these materials: a pen, colored pencils, and a copy of the map of the
United States on page 48.
You may read the following directions to students and have them listen and follow the directions
or students can also work in pairs, taking turns asking and following directions.
1. After you color the state we live in yellow, put a dot with your pen in the part of the state
where we live.
2. Color either a state to the north of us or one to the south of us red.
3. Before you color a state bordering Canada green, make a check mark on it with your pen.
4. Draw a vertical line on all the states whose names begin with W.
5. Instead of a state on the west coast, color a state on the east coast blue.
6. Draw two horizontal lines on both a state beginning with O and one beginning with A.
7. Find a state with two words in its name and color it any color except red.
8. When you’ve finished drawing a diagonal line on a west coast state, color that state
orange.
9. Instead of a straight line, draw a crooked line connecting the east and west coasts.
10. If you have visited Kentucky, write your name in that state. If not, write your age in it.

Give each student a copy of this page to complete the activity on page 47.

Each student will need these materials: a textbook, four bookmarks, pen or pencil, paper.
You may choose to read the following directions to students and have them listen and follow the
directions or students can work in pairs, taking turns asking and following directions.
1. Write the names of both the first and last chapters.
2. Before you write the name of the book, write the number of pages it contains.
3. Put a bookmark either in page 87 or 98.
4. Write the name of either the second or fourth chapter.
5. Put a bookmark in between two pages that do not contain pictures.
6. After you have written the authors’ names, underline them.
7. Instead of page 235, turn to page 135 and write the first word that appears on that
page.
8. Before you put it in page 101, write your name on a bookmark.
9. If your textbook has a glossary, write any word from the glossary except one
starting with b.
10. Write today’s date on a bookmark and put it in your book at page 52.

Identifying Passive Voice Sentences
Sentences may be written in active voice or passive voice.
• In active voice, the subject is the doer of the action.

Example: James hit the ball
• In passive voice, the subject is being acted upon in some way by someone or
something.
Example: The ball was hit by James.
Notice that the two sentences have similar meanings.
Passive voice sentences contain verbs that are made by using a past participle with
a form of “be.” Also, they contain the phrase “by (someone or something) .”
Here are some more examples of active and passive voice:
Active voice: Sara bought three notebooks.

Passive voice: Three notebooks were bought by Sara.
Active voice: Devon is using the computer now.

Passive voice: The computer is being used by Devon now.
Active voice: The gorillas were eating the bananas.

Passive voice: The bananas were being eaten by the gorillas.

Identifying Passive Voice Sentences
Some of these sentences are written in active voice and some in passive voice. Write an A in front
of the active voice sentences and a P in front of the passive voice sentences.
______ 1. Kris and Tasha picked the green beans.
______ 2. Jody found two great movies!
______ 3. The flat tire was fixed by my cousin.
______ 4. We each ate three burritos.
______ 5. The garage was built by Gina’s dad and brother.
______ 6. The flowers were knocked over by the huge dog.
______ 7. Did your friends drink all the lemonade?
______ 8. The paper was thrown onto the porch by Gabe.
______ 9. Were the nuts all taken by the squirrels?
______ 10. The clouds covered the moon.
______ 11. Six heavy boxes were picked up by the fork lift.
______ 12. The letters have been mailed by Rashelle and Levi.

Understanding Passive Voice Sentences
Each sentence below is written in passive voice. Read each sentence and circle the correct answer
for the question that follows. (Instructor note: These items may also be read to the students for
listening comprehension.)
1. Eric was beaten by Andy in the race. Who lost the race?
Eric Andy
2. The motorcycle was passed on the road by the truck. Which vehicle was ahead then?
the motorcycle the truck
3. The dog was bitten by the turtle. Which animal had a sore?
the dog the turtle
4. Aunt Sue was picked up at the grocery store by Grandma. Who was driving?
Aunt Sue Grandma
5. The mechanic was called by the doctor. Who made the phone call?
the mechanic the doctor
6. Matt was written to by Will. Who received the letter?
Matt Will
7. Staci was voted for by Kaitlin. Who was running for an office?
Staci Kaitlin
8. Rita was sung to by Carlos. Who was singing?
Rita Carlos

Circle the correct answer for each question following these passive voice sentences. (Teacher
note: These items may also be read to the students for listening comprehension.)
1. Sam was found by Kurt. Who was looking for someone?
Sam Kurt
2. Mack was laughed at by Bobbi. Who was trying to be funny?
Mack Bobbi
3. Ty was asked to go to the party by Terri. Who invited someone to the party?
Ty Terri
4. Brad was pulled on the sled by Dee. Who was riding?
Brad Dee
5. Gail was cheered up by Linda. Who had been feeling sad?
Gail Linda
6. The snake was eaten by the turtle. Which animal was left?
the snake the turtle
7. Ms Lopez was handed the folder by Mr. Thomas. Who had the folder then?
Ms Lopez Mr. Thomas
8. At the basketball game last night, the Tigers were defeated by the Eagles.
Which team won?
The Tigers The Eagles

Read each pair of sentences. Write Yes in the blank if they mean the same thing. Write No if the
sentences do not mean the same thing.
_________ 1. The car hit the tree.

_________ The car was hit by the tree.
_________ 2. Today Kim called Leah.

_________ Leah was called by Kim today.
_________ 3. The cat was chased by the bird.

_________ The bird chased the cat.
_________ 4. Ted was chosen by Suzanne.

_________ Suzanne was chosen by Ted.
_________ 5. Jenny was watched by Sheri.

_________ Sheri watched Jenny.
_________ 6. Rosa ignored the coach.

_________ The coach was ignored by Rosa.
_________ 7. The bear was bitten by the fish.

_________ The bear bit the fish.
_________ 8. Miranda was smiled at by Shelly.

_________ Shelly was smiled at by Miranda.
_________ 9. Kerry was told a secret by Laura.

_________ Kerry told Laura a secret.
_________ 10. Barb was congratulated by Ben.

_________ Ben congratulated Barb.

Rewrite the following passive voice sentences in active voice. Make sure the meaning of each
sentence stays the same.
1. The shark was chased by the octopus.
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. LeeAnn’s song was recorded by Janet.
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Vince was surprised by Ryan.
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Kyle was liked by Ronda.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. The carpenter was contacted by the plumber.
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. Jayme was greeted by Jada.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. The fish was seen by the bug.
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. Heather was let in by Shasta.
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. The raccoon was scratched by the skunk.
_____________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph Comprehension: Content Areas
Instructor’s Note: The paragraphs and questions on this and the following pages may be read to
students for practice in listening comprehension. You may also have students read the
paragraphs on their own and answer the questions orally or in writing.
When you look for word meanings, your purpose will guide you in using the best
resource. If you simply need a definition, you can find that in a dictionary. If you
need to know another word that means the same as your word, you could look in a
thesaurus. For example, if you wanted to know another word for break, a thesaurus
could tell you crack, fracture, or shatter.
1. What are two resources for finding word meanings? _________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. For what purpose would you use each resource? ____________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

The respiratory system’s job is to do the work of breathing for the body. Breathing
involves inhaling, which causes oxygen to enter the lungs. Inside the lungs, the
oxygen moves into very tiny air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, the oxygen
enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood in a process
called exchange of gases. The last step of breathing is exhaling, which pushes the
air in the lungs containing carbon dioxide back outside the body.
1. What system of the body is involved with breathing? ________________________

________________________________________________________________________
2. What does inhaling cause to happen? ______________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What are alveoli? ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What happens during exchange of gases? ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Exhaling causes what to happen? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

A natural resource is a supply of something useful to humans which is not man-

made. Some examples of natural resources are clean and plentiful water, forests for
timber, rich soil for growing crops, and fuels such as natural gas. Minerals such as
iron, copper, lead, gold and diamonds are also natural resources. Some natural
resources are renewable, which means that new supplies can be grown and “put
back” as they are used. Forests are one example of a renewable resource. But many
natural resources, such as oil and gas are non-renewable. When they are used up,
there is no way to get more. People depend upon natural resources for many basic
needs, and so it is important that these resources be managed and used carefully.
Reducing pollution and wasteful use will help to protect the future of the earth’s
natural resources.
1. What is a natural resource? _______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Name three examples of natural resources. __________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources? _______

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What are some ways we can protect natural resources? _______________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. How have you used natural resources three different ways so far today? _______
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Knowing about forces and how they work can help you understand how and why
many things in the environment behave as they do. The basic meaning of force is a
pull or a push on one object from another object. There are two kinds of forces:
contact and noncontact. Contact forces are those in which the objects involved
touch, or come into contact, with each other. Examples of contact forces are
buoyant force, which causes objects to float, and frictional force, which causes
resistance to the movement of objects in contact. Noncontact forces are those in
which the objects involved do not need to touch each other. Examples of
noncontact forces are magnetic force, which causes objects to be attracted to or
repelled from each other, and gravitational force, which causes objects to fall when
dropped.
1. What does force mean? ___________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between a contact and a noncontact force? ______________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Give an example of a contact force. ________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
4. Give an example of a noncontact force. _____________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
5. Two other forces not mentioned in the paragraph are elastic and electrical. One
is a contact force and one is a noncontact force. Which do you think is which,
and why? ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

The Constitution of the United States of America states qualifications that must be
met by a person in order to be eligible for election to federal offices. To be a
qualified candidate for President, a person must be at least 35 years of age, must
have been born a citizen of the United States, and must have lived in the United
States for at least 14 years. To qualify for election as a United States Senator, a
person must be at least 30 years of age, must have been a citizen of the United
States for at least 9 years, and must live in the state from which he or she will be
elected. A member of the House of Representatives must be at least 25 years of age,
must have been a citizen of the United States for at least 7 years, and must be a
resident of the state from which he or she will be elected.
1. How old must a person be before he or she can run for United States President?
________________________________________________________________________
2. If a citizen of another country immigrates to the United States and becomes a U.S.
citizen, can that person then run for President of the United States? Explain.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the age qualifications for Senator and for a member of the House of
Representatives? _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Can someone who was not born a United States citizen be elected to the U.S Senate
or House of Representatives? Explain. _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Cheng’s home is in California. Can he run for the Senate in Colorado?
Explain. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Persuasive writing is used when you want to convince others to do something or to

agree with your ideas on a subject. The first step in persuasive writing is to state
your idea or plan very clearly so that your reader will understand. After you have
stated your idea or plan, you will need to provide information to support it. This
information might be facts you have found in books or on the Internet, quotations
from authorities, or examples from your own experience or from others’ experiences.
If you have information that shows why your plan or idea is better than other
possible ones, you should include that too in your persuasive writing piece. The
final step is to summarize the information, relating it to your idea or plan, and then
to ask the readers to do what you have suggested or to adopt your idea.
1. Why do you use persuasive writing? _______________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the first step in persuasive writing? _________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
3. What do you need to provide to support your idea or plan? Give some
examples that might be used. _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Should you mention ideas or plans other than your own? _____________________
5. What is the final step in persuasive writing? ________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
6. Think of a topic that you might like to use for a persuasive writing piece. What
is your topic? Why did you choose it? _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

A solution is one type of a mixture, which is a combination of two or more

substances. A solution looks like just one single substance, but it can be separated
into its different parts by means such as boiling or evaporation. A solution is made
up of two parts: a solvent and a solute. In forming a solution, particles of the
solute are dissolved evenly into the solvent. Usually there is more of a solvent than
of a solute in a solution. If you were to mix sugar into a cup of coffee, you would
be making a solution, with the liquid coffee as the solvent and the sugar as the
solute. Solutions can be made up of many different combinations of liquids, solids
and gases. Some common examples are ocean water, which is a solution of solid
and liquid, and the air we breathe, which is a solution of gases.
1. What is a solution? _______________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
2. Can you see the separate parts in a solution? ________________________________
3. Name the two parts of a solution. _________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
4. How is a solution formed? ________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
5. Is there usually more of a solute or a solvent in a solution? ___________________
6. Can a solution contain gases? _____________________________________________
7. What was one common example of a solution mentioned in the paragraph?

________________________________________________________________________
8. Name the solute and the solvent in ocean water. _____________________________

________________________________________________________________________
9. What is another example of a solution that is not mentioned in the paragraph?

________________________________________________________________________

Stars are masses of hydrogen gas and helium gas. You may have noticed that stars
vary in their color and brightness. The color a star’s light appears to be depends
upon the temperature of its surface. Surface temperatures of stars range from about
3000 degrees Centigrade to above 30,000 degrees Centigrade. The coolest stars
appear red in color and the hottest stars appear blue. At temperatures in between
the two extremes, stars may appear orange, yellow or white. The brightness of a
star’s light is also related to its surface temperature. The brighter the star, the hotter
it usually is. In addition to color, brightness, and surface temperature, stars vary in
size. The smallest stars are called dwarfs and the largest ones are called giants.
1. What two gases make up stars? ____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
2. What are some ways in which stars differ from each other? ___________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Can a star have a temperature of 20,000 degrees Centigrade? _________________
4. Is it true that the hottest stars are red? ______________________________________
5. What color might you expect a medium-hot star to be? _______________________
6. Surface temperature affects the color and the _______________________________

of a star.
7. What is a dwarf star? _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the name for the largest stars? ______________________________________
9. Do you think that the color or brightness of a star can change over time? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Defining Words
When you are asked to define a word, you should try to make your definition as
clear, complete, and concise as you can. If you do those things, your listener or
reader will understand very plainly what the word means. Remember that a good
definition has three parts:
1. The term, or word itself.
2. The genus, or category, to which the word belongs.
3. The differentiating information, or the information which explains how this
particular item is different from all the other items belonging to the same
category.
Here’s an example of how a definition for dog is put together.

term A dog
genus is an animal
differentiating information that has fur, barks, and makes a good pet
It is important to be as detailed as you can with the differentiating information and

to try to think about something that only that term has or does. Otherwise, your
definition might be unclear or confusing. For example, you might say that A dog is
an animal with fur that makes a good pet. That definition could also fit a cat or a
rabbit. Adding the information that a dog barks makes the definition much more
specific and clear.

Defining Words
Supply the genus, or category, and differentiating information for the following words. Then
create a good definition from your information.
1. Term: tree
Genus: ____________________________________________________________________
Differentiating information: ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Definition: A tree is __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Term: motorcycle
Genus: ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Definition: A motorcycle is ____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Term: garage
Genus: ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Definition: A garage is ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Term: sock
Genus: ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Definition: A sock is __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Defining Words
Write a definition for each word. Make sure your definitions contain genus and differentiating
information.
1. library ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. guitar _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. lemon _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. tent _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. potato _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. penguin _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. sofa _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. ocean ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. rice _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. cactus _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Defining Words
Choose four nouns from your current spelling list or from a textbook. Complete the information
below for each word and write a definition.
1. Term: __________________________________
Genus: __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Definition: __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Term: __________________________________
Genus: __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Definition: __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Term: __________________________________
Genus: __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Definition: __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Term: __________________________________
Genus: __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Definition: __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Asking Wh- Questions
To get the information, you want you usually ask a question. A question often
begins with a word, such as these:
• Who • When
• What • Where
• Why • How
You’ll see that five of those words begin with “Wh-.” Questions that begin with
one of the words above are called “Wh-” questions.
Here’s when you would ask each type of question.

• If the information you want is about an object or a thing, the question should
begin with What. What do you use to clean your teeth?
• If the information you want is about a month, day, year, or time something
happens or happened, the question should begin with When. When will you
return from your vacation?
• If the information you want is about a person’s name or occupation (job), the
question should begin with Who. Who is going to clean off the table?
• If the information you want is about a place, the question should begin with
Where. Where did you go after school?
• If the information you want is a reason for something and you would expect
the answer to start with the word because, the question should begin with
Why. Why was your assignment two days late?
• If the information you want is an explanation of how to do something or how
something happens or happened, the question should begin with How. How
do you adjust the seat on this bicycle?
There are some exceptions to the above rules. For example, to ask someone the
time of day, you would ask, “What time is it?” and not “When time is it?” Or, if
you were asking someone about the work he or she does, you would ask “What is
your occupation?” and not “Who is your occupation?”

Write an appropriate “Wh-” question for each answer.
1. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: the gym
2. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: George W. Bush.
3. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: on Saturday afternoon
4. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: because it makes too much noise
5. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: put it in the microwave for two minutes on high
6. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: a zookeeper
7. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: a pair of pliers
8. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: February 14

Write an appropriate “Wh-” question for each answer.
1. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: because it’s good for you
2. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: the park
3. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: use glue to stick the pieces back together
4. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: a computer mouse
5. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: 10:00 tomorrow morning
6. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: in the top drawer of my desk
7. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: Turn the switch on.
8. Question: ______________________________________________________________
Answer: you and I

Asking Questions to Obtain Information
Read each situation. Then, on another sheet of paper, write three questions you would ask to get
more information.
1. Your teacher says that your class will be going on a field trip next month.
2. Your counselor tells you that your schedule next semester is going to change.
3. When you get home, your sister says “You got a phone call this afternoon.”
4. You see four big boxes stacked on your porch.
5. On the school announcements this morning, it said that the cafeteria would be
closed for the next week.
6. You go to the computer lab and none of the computers are working.
7. A friend says, “Meet me after school.”
8. Your mom tells you that your family is going to be moving.
9. Your grandmother asks you to help her clean house because company is coming.
10. You go to the mall and see that your favorite store is no longer there.

Relating Events: Clarifying References
Writing or speaking clearly is always important. If your sentences are not

constructed correctly, your readers or listeners might become confused. You should
be sure that it is clear what pieces of information your sentence refers to, otherwise,
what you say can be unclear or even funny! Here’s an example:
• Falling down the stairs, the boy heard the boom box.
Was the boy falling down the stairs or was the boom box? The reference in this
sentence needs to be clearer. The reference is the person or thing the action is
happening to. We need to know exactly what was falling down the stairs. Here are
two other ways the sentence could have been written:
• The boy heard the boom box fall down the stairs.
• As it fell down the stairs, the boy heard the boom box.
Rewrite these sentences on another sheet of paper to make the references clear.
Make sure your reader knows to whom or to what the action is happening to.
1. My blue sweater given to me by my aunt that is old and worn out is in

this box.
2. My cousin Josh loves his pet bird, and he sits on his head.
3. Last Monday my friend adopted a dog and that night he ate three bowls of
dog food.
4. The Jones family saw mice in their living room last night, and they climbed
right up the curtains!
5. After hiking in the woods, I found a tick on my foot, which I pulled off.
6. When the principal visited the circus and saw the bear, he danced around.
7. They ate a nice big watermelon right from the refrigerator that had lots
of juice.
8. I looked out into the yard and saw the cat with my glasses.

Relating Events: Clarifying References
Rewrite these sentences on another sheet of paper to make the references clear.
1. We saw four skateboards belonging to our friends that had been painted orange
outside the building.
2. The fastest horse in the race was ridden by Marie with the coal-black mane and
tail.
3. The doctor told my uncle that if this medicine didn’t help the pain in his stomach,
it would need to be replaced.
4. When we saw the program on TV about San Diego and the zoo, we decided we
wanted to live there.
5. She made a cup of tea and then she filled the bathtub and drank it.
6. Flying all around the house, Amanda chased the parakeet.
7. The old hat was in the trash can which Uncle George wore.
8. Stan and Les saw a huge pile of leaves walking down the street.
9. The birthday card is for Aunt Lena, covered with glitter.
10. Stuck to the floor, Marty found the stamp.

Relating Events: Identifying Temporal Concepts
You often need to relate information in the order in which it happened. This is called placing
things in time, or temporal, order. Here are some connecting words we use to show time order:
earlier finally when

later before after
yesterday today now
tomorrow during while
preceding following next
then ago last
first, second, third, etc. seasons (winter, spring, summer, fall)
beforehand
Underline the temporal order words in this paragraph.
Jake went to school yesterday to enroll. This will be his first year at Green Valley
Middle School. After having him fill out a form with his name, age, address, and
telephone number, his counselor Mrs. Jackson, talked with him about his interests
in school subjects. Then, they filled out a schedule form listing the classes that Jake
will be taking. He wanted to take a class in computers but learned that he would
have to wait until second semester. Mrs. Jackson told Jake that he would need to
have a parent look at his schedule and sign it. Then, he should bring the signed
schedule back to her. Following their meeting, Jake took his schedule home and his
mom signed it. Jake is going to return the schedule to Mrs. Jackson today.

Relating Events: Identifying Temporal Concepts
Underline the temporal order words in these paragraphs.
Two years ago, there were no flowers at all in our yard. Last year my dad decided
to plant some lilacs to make the yard look nicer. Early this spring we saw our lilac
bushes begin to sprout green leaves. Before long we noticed green buds forming.
The buds then bloomed into wonderful-smelling purple flowers. Now we have
plenty of flowers in our yard!
It is really easy to make a pasta salad. First, cook one cup of pasta in boiling water
for 10 minutes. While the pasta is cooking, chop up two cups of vegetables, such as
onions, peppers and tomatoes, and grate one cup of cheese. When the pasta has
finished cooking, drain off the boiling water. Then, rinse the pasta with cold water
and drain it again. Next, pour the pasta into a large bowl and add the chopped
vegetables and grated cheese. Finally, pour one cup of Italian dressing over the
salad and stir to mix well. The salad is now ready to serve!

Relating Events: Using Temporal Concepts
Write a sentence using each temporal concept.
1. later ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. then ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. before _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. last _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. next week ___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
6. while _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. finally _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. preceding ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. now ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. two months ago ______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Write a sentence using each temporal concept.
1. first _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. last year _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
3. during ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. after ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. tomorrow ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. beforehand __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. following ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. late summer _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
9. ago _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. earlier _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Write a short paragraph using each group of temporal concepts.
1. during, after, before

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. ago, next, now

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. following, preceding, during

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
For more practice, use each set of temporal concepts below in a separate paragraph:
• yesterday, tomorrow, today
• earlier, when, later
• second, then, first, finally
• before, then, while, now

Write a response for each item. Use temporal words correctly so that your meaning will be clear.
1. Tell about a trip you have taken with your family or with a school class. ____________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Tell how to make a grilled cheese sandwich, or something else you like to eat. _______
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe an event that you have attended, like a school play or a parade. ____________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
On another sheet of paper, use temporal words to describe the plot from one of your favorite
books or movies.

Relating Events: Identifying Cause and Effect Words
Cause and effect is an important concept that you use over and over when you
speak and write. If something happens (effect), there is a usually a reason behind it
(cause). For example, an effect would be a glass of milk being spilled. The cause
might be that someone knocked it over.
There are certain words we use when we explain cause and effect situations. Here
are a few of them:
because due to consequently

since on account of therefore
as a result for this reason thus
so
Here’s how those words are used in sentences:

• The milk spilled because someone knocked it over.
• As a result of someone knocking over the glass, the milk spilled.
There are some special cause and effect situations that require special words. In
some cases things happen when they probably shouldn’t have. These words are
used for those situations:
anyway even though anyhow

in spite of nonetheless however
nevertheless
Here are a couple of examples:

• I told him to be careful, but he spilled the milk anyway.
• Even though he tried to catch the glass of milk, it spilled on the floor.

Relating Events: Identifying Cause and Effect Words
Underline the cause and effect words in each paragraph.
1. Since the medicine tasted so bad, Jordan didn’t want to take it. Nonetheless, he
went ahead and swallowed it because he wanted to feel better.
2. The grass in our yard has really grown this year on account of the rain. As a result,
I have been mowing the lawn twice a week.
3. We have to do a research paper this semester in science. Even though science is my
favorite subject, I still haven’t decided on a topic. Today the teacher announced
that he wants to see how we are doing, so he’s going to check our note cards next
week. Therefore, I had better get busy!
4. Jessie had trouble concentrating on the test due to the noise from construction
work on the new school wing. She tried hard to pay attention and did well in spite
of the noise.
5. Ashley has allergies, and for that reason she has never had a pet. Nevertheless, she
couldn’t resist taking home the stray kitten that she found.
6. Hannah knew that the thrilling carnival rides often made her feel sick. However,
she rode the roller coaster anyway. Consequently, she got an upset stomach.

Relating Events: Using Cause and Effect Words
Write a sentence using each cause and effect concept.
1. due to ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. so __________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. because _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. as a result ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. even though _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
6. since ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. nevertheless _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. thus _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. consequently ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. anyhow _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Write three sentences using cause and effect words for each of the following topics.
1. Things that happen at home ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Things I have studied in social studies __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Things I have studied in science ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Things that happen when I’m with my friends ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Write a short paragraph using each set of cause and effect words.
1. because, however, therefore

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. so, anyway, even though

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. since, nonetheless, as a result

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Identifying Complete Sentences
A complete sentence contains a subject and a verb. An incomplete sentence does

not contain a subject and a verb, and doesn’t express a complete thought. Here are
some examples of incomplete sentences:
• The tallest oak tree. (missing a verb)
• Running all over the room (missing a subject)
• Where the highway ends. (missing a subject and a verb)
• Shopped for gym clothes. (missing a subject)
None of the the examples above express a complete thought. They are all
incomplete sentences, or sentence fragments. We often speak in sentence fragments
when we answer questions or are talking with our friends and in other relaxed
situations. However, in school and business writing, you should use complete
sentences. To make a sentence fragment into a complete sentence, you need to add
missing information, such as a subject or verb, to make a complete thought.
Here are some examples of how the fragments above could be turned into complete
sentences :
• The tallest oak tree fell to the ground during the tornado.
• The mice had gotten loose in the science lab and were running all over
the room.
• Where the highway ends, a narrow gravel road continues to the state line.
• Brandi and I went to the new discount store and shopped for gym clothes.

Read each items. Write C on the blank if it is a complete sentence. Write I if it is an incomplete
sentence.
_________ 1. Jared and Cody went to the swimming pool.
_________ 2. It was really crowded that day.
_________ 3. At least 200 people.
_________ 4. Forgot his bottle of sunscreen.
_________ 5. He borrowed some sunscreen from another friend.
_________ 6. Jared decided to dive right in.
_________ 7. The deep end of the pool.
_________ 8. Felt really cold!
_________ 9. Cody wanted to try the high dive.
_________ 10. He got a little nervous when he got to the top.
_________ 11. Jumped off anyway.
_________ 12. They swam for three hours.
_________ 13. Without taking a break.
_________ 14. Cody told Jared he was too tired to walk home.
_________ 15. And was going to call his sister and see if she would come and give them a
_________ ride home.

Read each items. Write C on the blank if it is a complete sentence. Write I if it is an incomplete
sentence.
_________ 1. In the deepest part of the ocean.
_________ 2. Gordon sneezed.
_________ 3. After school, we’ll have practice.
_________ 4. Where did you put it?
_________ 5. Tonight at the meeting.
_________ 6. Don’t fall down.
_________ 7. As soon as I can.
_________ 8. They are too busy.
_________ 9. E-mailed her yesterday and the day before.
_________ 10. The mosquito bites itched all night.
_________ 11. About the time the leaves turn red and yellow.
_________ 12. Who did that?
_________ 13. On top of the flagpole it sat.
_________ 14. Finished the paper at last.
_________ 15. And visited our neighbors.

Using Complete Sentences
Use complete sentences to write a response for each item. Use another sheet of paper if you need
more room.
1. Tell what you did in one of your classes yesterday. ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Tell how your family celebrates a holiday. _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Tell how you learned how to do something. ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Tell about something you would like to learn to do. _______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Tell about the music that you like. ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. Tell about a time when you helped someone. _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. Tell about something that makes you angry. ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Giving Directions
There are many special words you use when you describe how to do something or
give directions. Here are some examples:
after on top of in the middle

before under around
in front of right north
behind left south
above center east
over outside west
below inside corner
long short upper
lower connecting horizontal
vertical diagonal beside
It is important to be as specific as you can when giving directions. For example, if

you said, “Draw an 8. Now make an X beside it,” the person listening wouldn’t
know whether to put the X before or after the 8.
X 8 or 8X
If you had said, “Draw an 8. Now make an X directly to the left of the 8,” the result
would be exactly as you intended.
Also, remember to use specific words for size, shape and color when you give
directions. For example, if there are two cans on the the shelf and you want the tall
blue one instead of the short green one, you will need to say so.

Giving Directions: Barrier Activities
You will work in pairs to do these activities. Sit back-to-back so your partner can’t
see the page that your teacher will give you. Your partner will need a blank piece
of paper, a pencil or pen, and crayons or colored pencils.
Give your partner specific directions to draw a copy of the design on his or her
paper. If your directions are clear, your partner’s finished page should look like
your page. If your partner’s finished design does not match the one on your page,
work together to find out why the misunderstanding happened.
Instructor note: The following materials are needed for this activity: blank pieces
of paper, pencil or pen for each pair of students, and set of crayons or colored
pencils for each pair of students. Have the students alternate roles of giving
directions and drawing the designs. If the student doing the drawing does not
understand a direction, he or she should be encouraged to ask questions to clarify
what is supposed to be done. You might discover that tape recording a pair of
students carrying out this activity and then playing back the tape can provide
valuable feedback to the students regarding unclear directions and misunder-
standings. Encourage discussion about how to provide clearer directions and also
how to ask better questions to obtain information when a direction is not
understood.



ZYX
4 Q 3
R M
2
circle

Giving Directions: More Barrier Activities
Here are some additional ideas for using barrier activities:
1. Have students create their own designs and then describe them to a partner
or to a group who draws the design as directed.
2. Assemble two matching sets of objects, such as two sets each containing a
book, a ruler, an envelope, a long pencil, a short pencil, a white index card
and a colored index card. Give one student a set of objects and have him or
her arrange the objects on a desk or table behind a barrier. Then have that
student give directions to another student who has the matching set of objects
to arrange those objects in the same way as the ones behind the barrier. As an
additional challenge, ask the first student to write down instructions for the
second student to read and follow.
3. Have a student build a simple structure with Lego® blocks or a similar

material behind a barrier. Then have the student instruct another student
orally or in writing on how to build a matching structure.
4. Have each student decide on a destination within the school building. Ask
each one to write specific directions on how to get to that destination from
either the front door or your classroom. Then have students try to follow
each other’s directions and see if they reach the intended destinations.

Irregular Plural Nouns
Put a check beside the sentence in each pair that uses the correct plural form.
In the woods, would you:

______ 1. Find two baby deer?
______ Find two baby deers?
______ 2. Hear a pack of wolfs?

______ Hear a pack of wolves?
______ 3. See many trouts in a stream?

______ See many trout in a stream?
______ 4. Be surprised by four mooses?

______ Be surprised by four moose?
In a library, would you:

______ 5. See many shelves of books?
______ See many shelfs of books?
______ 6. Look for a book about ancient believes?

______ Look for a book about ancient beliefs?
______ 7. Find a book about Native American chiefs?

______ Find a book about Native American chieves?
______ 8. Go with your little sister to the childs’ section?

______ Go with your little sister to the children’s section?
______ 9. Get her a book about elfs?

______ Get her a book about elves?

Irregular Plural Nouns
Put a check beside the sentence in each pair that uses the correct plural form.
If you visited a farm, would you:

______ 1. See a flock of sheeps?
______ See a flock of sheep?
______ 2. See the cows and their calfs?

______ See the cows and their calves?
______ 3. See several mice in the barn?

______ See several mouses in the barn?
______ 4. See a team of oxes?

______ See a team of oxen?
______ 5. Get chased by three geeses?

______ Get chased by three geese?
If you were building a house, would you:

______ 6. Need good, sharp tools, including knifes?
______ Need good, sharp tools, including knives?
______ 7. Sharpen the saws if the teeth were dull?

______ Sharpen the saws if the tooths were dull?
______ 8. Use the same shingles on the house and garage rooves?
______ Use the same shingles on the house and garage roofs?
______ 9. Need a tape measure to measure foots?

______ Need a tape measure to measure feet?

Plural vs. Possessive Nouns
Plural nouns refer to more than one of an item. Possessive nouns are used to show
ownership of an item or items. Possessive nouns always contain an apostrophe. A
plural noun does not contain an apostrophe unless it is also possessive. Here are
some examples:
Plural The chickens are in the yard.
Singular Possessive The chicken’s eggs are in her nest.
Plural Possessive The chickens’ eggs are in their nests.
When a plural noun ends in -s, as in chickens, only an apostrophe is added to create
the possessive form. If a plural noun is irregular and does not end in -s, as in
women, then an apostrophe and s is added to create the possessive form.
Plural The women washed their cars.
Plural Possessive The women’s cars were shiny.
Write the possessive plural form of each word on the blank. Then use each plural
possessive in a sentence.
1. Vice-Presidents ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. libraries ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. horses ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. mice ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Below are some plural and plural possessive words. If the word is a plural, write its plural
possessive on the blank. If it is a plural possessive, write its plural form. Write a sentence using
the word you wrote.
1. chiefs ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. deer’s ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. animals ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. cheeses ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. bottles ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. medicines ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. laws’ ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Circle the word or words that correctly complete each sentence.
1. The _______________ screens need to be cleaned.

computers’ computers
2. The _______________ poles are lined up on the bridge.

fishermens fishermen’s
3. The _______________ shells were dyed pretty colors.

eggs’ eggs
4. What kinds of _______________ shall we make for the dinner?

salad’s salads
5. The glass in the window _______________ was broken.

pane’s panes
6. How did those _______________ legs get bent?

tables’ tables
7. Please get me two _______________ for the couch.

cushions’ cushions
8. We like to go the _______________ on Saturday night.

race’s races
9. The _______________ winners each get $100.

races’ races
10. The coffee _______________ were missing.

cups’ handles cups handles

Underline the word that correctly completes each sentence.
1. We were invited to the (Williams / Williams’) house to watch (movies / movie’s).
2. (Centuries / Centuries’) ago, there were more (prairies / prairie’s).
3. (Elves / Elf’s) are fictional (character’s / characters).
4. Who changed the (numbers / number’s) on that sign?
5. They climbed over the (fields / field’s) fence.
6. Our (school’s / schools’) football team won the playoff game.
7. There were (princes / prince’s) in all of the fairy (tale’s / tales) in that book.
8. The (mooses / moose’s) (antlers / antler’s) were huge.
9. The (store’s / stores’) (roofs / roof’s) were blown off by the tornado.
10. The (records / record’s) show that he had his (country’s / countries) support.

Irregular Past Tense Verbs
Fill in the blank with the correct past tense of the underlined verb.
1. I didn’t want to forget her birthday. But, I ________________ it anyway.
2. Mr. Martin had 50 watermelons to sell at the Farmer’s Market. He ________________

them all by noon.
3. I told my friend that if he would forgive me this time, I would never be late again. He
________________ me after I said that.
4. Joe read the label that said to shake the bottle, so he ________________ it for two minutes.
5. The teacher said we would need to find out what these new words mean. I looked in the
dictionary and found out what they ________________.
6. Bob wanted a swimming pool and decided to dig a big hole for one. He
________________ for a week, but the hole still wasn’t big enough.
7. I asked Aunt Barbara if I could light a candle. When she said I could, I ________________
a green one.
8. Colby tried not to catch any colds this winter, but he ________________ one from his
stepbrother.
9. Those plants will freeze if you leave them outside in the winter. I know, because last
winter I left my plants outside and they all ________________.
10. DeeAnn wanted to break a record in the track meet. She practiced really hard and
________________ two records!

1. I don’t want to upset the can of bird seed this time when I clean the shed. Last time, I
________________ that can and there was bird seed all over the floor!
2. Jennifer draws pictures of everyone she knows. Yesterday, she ________________ a picture
of you.
3. The club’s members are going to stand on the front stairs this year to have their picture
taken. Last year, they ________________ on the stage.
4. Every time she goes to the music store, Samantha chooses a new CD. Last time, she
________________ one by a new group from Australia.
5. Snow is supposed to fall here today. It ________________ to the north of here last night.
6. My two cats will probably fight today. They ________________ yesterday and the day
before.
7. Please sing me a song. I really liked the one you ________________ for me this morning.
8. We will not need to cut the grass today. Mrs. Harris ________________ it for us last
evening.
9. It is too cold to swim today. I’m glad we ________________ yesterday.
10. The sun will rise this morning at 6:40 A.M. The sun ________________ yesterday morning
at 6:38 A.M.

1. He strikes at the ball without watching it carefully. That is why he ________________ out
during the last inning.
2. Our neighbor asked us to lend him our wheelbarrow. We ________________ it to him after
we found it behind the garage.
3. My cousin likes to hang her laundry on the clothesline. This morning, she
________________ out sheets and pillowcases.
4. I am trying to drink more water. I ________________ three glasses of water this morning.
5. Amber thinks about becoming a marine biologist. Last year, she ________________ about
becoming a veterinarian.
6. My grandmother likes to lie down in the afternoons. Yesterday afternoon, she

________________ down for an hour.
7. When it’s icy, we like to slide down the hill. We ________________ down the hill on our
sleds and saucers all last Sunday afternoon.
8. She asked her grandfather to teach her to ride horses. She knew that her grandfather
________________ her mother to ride years ago.
9. I told him to put his key on a floating key ring so it would not sink in the lake. He didn’t
take my advice, so when his key fell overboard, it ________________.
10. I am going to lay these blankets on the chair. A while ago, I ________________ the pillows
on the sofa.

Subject and Verb Agreement
There are a few rules to remember when deciding whether to use has or have, does
or do, and was or were.
Use has, does, and was with singular noun or pronoun subjects:
• Sara has some water. Sara does a dance. Sara was there.
• Ron has some water. Ron does a dance. Ron was there.
• The dog has some water. The dog does a dance. The dog was there.
• He has some water. She does a dance. It was there.
Use have, do, and were with plural noun or pronoun subjects.
• Three classmates have some water. Three classmates do a dance. Three
classmates were there.
• The horse and the mule have some water. The horse and the mule do a
dance. The horse and the mule were there.
• They have some water. They do a dance. They were there.
There are a couple of exceptions to the above rule involving the pronouns you and I.
Use have, do, and were with the pronoun you, regardless of whether it stands for a
singular or plural noun.
• Jack, you have two overdue library books. Jack and Jill, you have two
overdue library books.
• Jill, you do good work. Jill and Jack, you do good work.
• Jack, you were not here yesterday. Jack and Jill, you were not here yesterday.
Use have, do, and was with the pronoun I .

• I have new shoes.
• I do the laundry every Tuesday.
• I was asleep by 10 P.M. last night.

Subject and Verb Agreement
Choose the correct verb and write it in the blank.
1. The three of you ___________ a good idea. has/have
2. Renee’s party ___________ a lot of fun. was/were
3. Jared wants a parakeet even more than his sister ___________. does/do
4. Two meteor showers ___________ visible last night. was/were
5. Those restaurants ___________ great Italian food! has/have
6. I ___________ not asked what I thought about it. was/were
7. Where ___________ you this morning? was/were
8. Hot water and bleach ___________ a good job removing

some stains. does/do
9. It ___________ many windows and doors. has/have
10. ___________ I get another chance? Do/Does
11. Carrie, you ___________ to call Mrs. Harris. has/have
12. If my sister and I ___________ our homework tonight, we can

go skating tomorrow. does/do
13. Why ___________ they standing around? was/were
14. That type of apple ___________ a very sweet taste. has/have
15. I wonder why the lights ___________ that every time I turn
on the TV. does/do

Subject and Verb Agreement (Separated)
The subject and verb may be next to one another in a sentence.

Danielle washes the dishes.
subject verb
The subject and verb may sometimes be separated by a phrase.

One of my friends washes the dishes.
subject verb
When the subject and verb are separated, a little extra attention is necessary to
make sure that the subject and verb are in agreement. First, you will need to read
the entire sentence. Then, carefully identify the actual subject of the sentence. If
you find the subject, you can decide which verb goes with it.
Read the following sentences and circle the correct verb to agree with the subject in
each.
1. The damage done by the storms (was / were) widespread.
2. Five officers from the U.S. Navy (was / were) on the plane.
3. The district band, made up of members from ten schools, (is / are) playing at
our school tonight.
4. The flowers in her front yard (has / have) been picked.
5. All of the students in Math Club, including me, (want / wants) to win the
Math Bowl contest this year.

Subject and Verb Agreement (Separated)
Read the following sentences and circle the correct verb to agree with the subject in each.
1. My cousins, together with my Uncle Pete, (plays / play) checkers.
2. Rocky, my guinea pig with the brown spots, (do / does) tricks sometimes.
3. The leaves on the old tree across the street (has / have) turned brown.
4. Max’s dog, along with her puppies, (follows / follow) him everywhere.
5. The members of our communication class, including our teacher, (does / do)
volunteer work reading to the kindergarten class.
6. That new game with a lot of sound effects (makes / make) too much noise!
7. Two ears of corn, in addition to a big baked potato, (is / are) on her plate.
8. The telephone lines in my friend’s neighborhood (was / were) blown down.
9. All of the animals, even the snake, (has / have) to be given medicine.
10. The congresswoman, who represents many constituents from thirty counties,
(has / have) decided to vote for the bill.

Subject and Verb Agreement (Indefinite Pronouns)
Indefinite pronouns are used in place of nouns. They can act as subjects in
sentences; however they do not refer to a specific thing or person.
For example, in the sentence, “Someone needs to answer the phone,” someone is an
indefinite pronoun and is the subject of the sentence. It doesn’t state exactly who
needs to answer the phone, though.
Like other pronouns, indefinite pronouns have singular and plural forms,
depending upon whether they refer to just one or more than one thing or person.
Here are some singular indefinite pronouns:
someone somebody something

anyone anybody anything
everyone everybody everything
no one nobody nothing
either neither each
Here are some plural indefinite pronouns:
many few several
There are some indefinite pronouns that can be singular or plural, depending upon
how they are used in a sentence:
all much any

most some none
Here are some examples of how one of the pronouns from the above list can be
used as both a singular and a plural:
• Most of the ice cream has melted. (singular)
• Most of the flowers have bloomed. (plural)
When using an indefinite pronoun as a subject in a sentence, be sure that the verb
agrees with it in number (singular or plural).

Read each sentence. If the indefinite pronoun subject and the verb agree, make a check on the
blank. If they do not agree, cross out the verb and change it to make the sentence correct.
______ 1. Everybody have a locker in gym class.
______ 2. Several are broken.
______ 3. Neither are long enough.
______ 4. All of the equipment was at the job site.
______ 5. Each of the packages are being delivered this afternoon.
______ 6. Everyone in the band marches in the parade on Thanksgiving Day.
______ 7. Few of the customers orders the extra-hot tacos!
______ 8. Anything do better than that!
______ 9. Either of the pens work well.
______ 10. All of the trees needs trimming.
______ 11. Many drive down this street every day.
______ 12. Everything go in here.
______ 13. Each was a different color.

Read each sentence. If the indefinite pronoun subject and the verb agree, make a check on the
blank. If they do not agree, cross out the verb and change it to make the sentence correct.
______ 1. Some of the loaves of bread was hot.
______ 2. No one cook better than my grandmother!
______ 3. Somebody want that scrap lumber.
______ 4. None of this music sounds right.
______ 5. Some of the food are spoiled.
______ 6. Nothing seems to work.
______ 7. Something makes the dogs bark every night.
______ 8. Each of my cats receives vaccinations at the veterinarian’s office.
______ 9. Most of the water have evaporated.
______ 10. Many goes to school here.
______ 11. Anybody is welcome.
______ 12. Few people can their own vegetables anymore.
______ 13. Much of the ground is frozen.

Irregular Comparatives
Forms of the words good, bad and well are used to compare two or more things or
actions. When two items are compared, the comparative form is used. When three
or more items are compared, the superlative form is used.
Comparative Superlative
good better best
bad worse worst
well better best
As you can see, the comparative and superlative forms for good and well are the
same. However, good is always an adjective in a sentence. It always describes a
person, place or thing.
• A good friend
• A good amusement park
• A good pizza
On the other hand, well is usually an adverb in a sentence and describes an action.
• He dances well.
• The car runs well.
• She did well on the test.
Well is an adjective in a sentence only when describing health.

• I have had the flu, but I’m feeling well enough today to go back to school.

Irregular Comparatives
Write a sentence using each word.
1. worst _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. good ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. well (as an adverb) ___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
4. better (as an adjective) ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
5. bad _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. best (as an adverb) ____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
7. well (as an adjective) __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
8. worse _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. better (as an adverb) __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
10. best (as an adjective) __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Its vs. It’s
The words its and it’s are often confused. Its is the possessive form of it and shows
ownership of something.
• The bird built its nest.
• The dog wagged its tail.
It’s is a contraction meaning either “it is” or “it has.”

• It’s too cold to swim.
• It’s been broken for a month.
Read the following sentences. If its or it’s has been used correctly, make a check. If the
sentence is incorrect, cross out its or it’s and write the correct form above it.
______ 1. You should buy that brand of peanut butter because its really good.
______ 2. The jar is missing it’s lid.
______ 3. It’s too late to catch the bus now.
______ 4. Why isn’t the kitten eating its food?
______ 5. That country is very proud of it’s history.
______ 6. The river overflowed its banks.
______ 7. Will you please put the guitar back in it’s case?
______ 8. The car blew its horn before backing up.
______ 9. Its fallen off of the wall.
______ 10. The news article said that it’s not likely that he will get enough votes to win.
______ 11. You can identify a tree by its leaves and bark.
______ 12. She wanted to know how long its been since the bell rang.

Whose vs. Who’s
The words whose and who’s may be confused. Whose is the possessive form of who and
shows ownership of something.
• Whose sweater is this?
• Whose books are by the door?
Who’s is a contraction meaning either “who is” or “who has.”

• Who’s in the back yard?
• Who’s left the party already?
Read the following sentences. If whose or who’s has been used correctly, make a check. If
the sentence is incorrect, cross out whose or who’s and write the correct form above it.
______ 1. The teacher needs to know who’s absent today.
______ 2. The judge couldn’t decide who’s painting was the best.
______ 3. He thinks he’s the best player who’s ever been on the team.
______ 4. I didn’t know whose number to call.
______ 5. Who’s birthday comes in January?
______ 6. She is the one who’s the best!
______ 7. Whose used up the mustard?
______ 8. You’d better ask someone whose been there.
______ 9. Who’s to blame for the broken window?
______ 10. They weren’t able to figure out whose signature was on the paper.
______ 11. Whose fault was it that the window got broken?
______ 12. The deed stated who’s land it had been.

There, Their, and They’re
Another group of words that are often confused are there, their, and they’re.
There refers to a particular place. It is also commonly used to start sentences.

• Put the table over there in the corner.
• There is no reason to be afraid.
Their is the possessive form of they. It shows ownership of something. It may also
come at the beginning of a sentence, but it always shows ownership.
• Sophia and Gina brought their coats.
• Their coats are in the closet.
They’re is a contraction meaning “they are.” It may also come at the beginning of a
sentence, but it is always a contraction.
• I know that they’re here somewhere.
• They’re not ripe yet.

There, Their, and They’re
Write the correct word (there, their or they’re) in the blanks to complete each sentence.
1. The stalled cars on the freeway are all blowing _____________ horns.
2. _____________ riding the bus to Kansas City tomorrow.
3. If I had known that you wanted it _____________, I would have moved it.
4. Will _____________ be any baked potatoes left?
5. _____________ truck is the one with a flat tire.
6. _____________ is the one I want!
7. Do you think that _____________ aunt can give them a ride?
8. Do you think that _____________ really antiques?
9. We left _____________ an hour ago.
10. I shop at those discount stores because I like _____________ pharmacies.
11. _____________ are no glass bottles allowed over _____________ in the swimming area.
12. If _____________ not _____________ yet, they must have had car trouble.
13. When they see _____________ phone bill this month, _____________ going to have a fit!
14. Why didn’t Sandy and Terri put _____________ chairs under the tree _____________ where
it is shady?
15. _____________ is where _____________ planning to build _____________ house.

Capitalization
Here are some capitalization rules to keep in mind as you write.
Capitalize family relationship words when these words are being used as names.
• I asked Grandfather to teach me to drive.
• I called Uncle Alex and asked him to come over.
✔ Do not capitalize family relationship words when they follow the words a, an,
the or a possessive.
• We made our grandfather a cake for his birthday.
• I asked my friend if she had an uncle named Alex.
Capitalize the names of days and months.

• The fire broke out on a hot Monday afternoon in August.
✔ Do not capitalize the names of the seasons of the year.
• Can you name a fall month?
Capitalize names of specific sections of the United States and also proper adjectives
that come from names of specific sections of the United States or the world.
• Hurricanes have been a problem in the Southeast.
• Here is a recipe for Southern pecan pie.
• He is going to read about Eastern religions.
✔ Do not capitalize words indicating compass directions.
• Our camp is north of the lake.
• We mapped out the southern route we planned to take.
Capitalize the word Earth when it is being used as a proper noun.

• The scientist studied the orbits of Venus, Earth, and Mars.
✔ Do not capitalize the word earth when it is being used as a common noun.
• They dug in the earth, looking for fossils.
Capitalize titles that are used with names of persons.

• One of the characters in the movie Zorro was Sergeant Garcia.
• I have an appointment with Doctor Evans today.
✔ Do not capitalize titles that are used as common nouns.
• The doctor in the emergency room ordered x-rays.
• She is the new senator from Nebraska.

Capitalization
Rewrite these sentences, correcting any errors in capitalization. If there are no errors, write None
on the blank.
1. I can’t wait for Summer! _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
2. My Uncle likes to wear western shirts. __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
3. The huge trucks moved the earth at the building site. _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. My uncle Joe comes from the East. ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
5. The meeting was called by general Wilson. ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
6. This Spring, our grandmother plans to visit some relatives in the northwest. _________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. I told dad that I would go with him to see the doctor. _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. She said that Jupiter has more moons than Earth has. _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. Shawnda’s cousin is running for mayor. _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
10. The mother was looking for a winter coat for her son. _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Multiple Meaning Words
Answer these questions about multiple meaning words on another sheet of paper.
1. What’s the difference between a buck in the woods and a buck in your pocket?
2. What’s the difference between a bill on a bird and a bill in the mail?
3. What’s the difference between a calf on your body and a calf in the barnyard?
4. What’s the difference between a pupil in school and a pupil in your body?
5. What’s the difference between a perch in a bird cage and a perch in a lake?
6. What’s the difference between a block in a city and a block in a football game?
7. What’s the difference between a file in an office and a file in a toolbox?
8. What’s the difference between an organ in church and an organ in your body?
9. What’s the difference between a tie in your closet and a tie in a race?
10. What’s the difference between a bed in a garden and a bed in a house?
11. What’s the difference between a pen in your desk and a pen at a kennel?
12. What’s the difference between a cast in a play and a cast on your leg?

Some words can have meaning as either a noun or a verb. Read the following pairs of phrases.
In the blank before each item, write noun if the boldfaced word is used as a noun and verb if it is
used as a verb. Then, write a sentence using each phrase correctly.
_________ 1. rope a steer ____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ steer the car____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 2. drop of rain ____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ drop the box ___________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 3. set the alarm ___________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ set of dishes____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 4. pound of apples ________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ pound the nail _________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 5. scratch the finish _______________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ finish the job___________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________

Some words can have meaning as either a noun or a verb. Read the following pairs of phrases.
In the blank before each item, write noun if the boldfaced word is used as a noun and verb if it is
used as a verb. Then, write a sentence using each phrase correctly.
_________ 1. check the weather ______________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ write a check __________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 2. sew a dress ____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ dress the baby _________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 3. rose from his chair _____________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ picked a rose __________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 4. type the report _________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ type of grapes _________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 5. plant a garden _________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a power plant _________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________

Some words can have meaning as either an adjective or a noun. Read the following pairs of
phrases. In the blank before each item, write adj. if the boldfaced word is used as an adjective
and noun if the word is used as a noun. Then, write a sentence using each phrase correctly.
_________ 1. cure the patient ________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a patient teacher _______________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 2. a sunken submarine ____________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a submarine sandwich __________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 3. an iron will ____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ heat the iron ___________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 4. photo negative ________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a negative attitude _____________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 5. pay a fine _____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a fine day _____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________

Read the following pairs of phrases. In the blank before each item, write adj. if the boldfaced
word is used as an adjective and noun if the word is used as a noun. Then, write a sentence
using each phrase correctly.
_________ 1. the current news _______________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a river current _________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 2. a law firm _____________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a firm mattress ________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 3. a fair this weekend _____________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a fair decision _________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 4. the main idea __________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ the water main ________________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ 5. key people in the company ______________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________
_________ a key to the suitcase ____________________________________________________

_________ _______________________________________________________________________

Some words can have many different meanings. Write the meanings from the box under each
word that belongs with that word.
Stock Spring
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
Light Club
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
_________________________________ _________________________________
Meanings
set on fire placing goods on a store shelf
a symbol on a playing card a kind of sandwich
time of year not heavy
part ownership in a company a piece of golf equipment
a source of water a group of animals
to illuminate a weapon
to jump up fill a pond with fish
to land on something to beat something
a kind of broth or soup opposite of dark
a coil a group of people
to surprise someone with something lamp or bulb

Each sentence contains a pair of repeated words. Each of these words has a different meaning.
Write a definition for each word (in order) below the sentence.
1. Did you see the husky husky?

husky _______________________________________________________________________
husky _______________________________________________________________________
2. Mrs. Ruiz was a patient patient.

patient ______________________________________________________________________
patient ______________________________________________________________________
3. Does a fly fly?

fly __________________________________________________________________________
fly __________________________________________________________________________
4. Have you ever felt felt?

felt _________________________________________________________________________
felt _________________________________________________________________________
5. I see an orange orange.

orange ______________________________________________________________________
orange ______________________________________________________________________
6. Did the duck duck?

duck ________________________________________________________________________
duck ________________________________________________________________________

Each sentence contains a pair of repeated words. Each of these words has a different meaning.
Write a definition for each word (in order) below the sentence.
1. A can can take up space.

can _________________________________________________________________________
can _________________________________________________________________________
2. Will the rest rest under the tree?

rest _________________________________________________________________________
rest _________________________________________________________________________
3. I saw the roll roll.

roll _________________________________________________________________________
roll _________________________________________________________________________
4. Can the swallow swallow it?

swallow _____________________________________________________________________
swallow _____________________________________________________________________
5. Why did the miss miss?

miss ________________________________________________________________________
miss ________________________________________________________________________
6. Can a bear bear a lot of heat?

bear ________________________________________________________________________
bear ________________________________________________________________________

Write two sentences for each word, using a different meaning in each sentence.
1. loaf _________________________________________________________________________
loaf _________________________________________________________________________
2. might _______________________________________________________________________
might _______________________________________________________________________
3. quarter ______________________________________________________________________
quarter ______________________________________________________________________
4. dart _________________________________________________________________________
dart _________________________________________________________________________
5. jam _________________________________________________________________________
jam _________________________________________________________________________
6. grade _______________________________________________________________________
grade _______________________________________________________________________
7. mean _______________________________________________________________________
mean _______________________________________________________________________
8. bowl ________________________________________________________________________
bowl ________________________________________________________________________
9. arms ________________________________________________________________________
arms ________________________________________________________________________
10. tune ________________________________________________________________________

tune ________________________________________________________________________

Write two sentences for each word, using a different meaning in each sentence.
1. coast ________________________________________________________________________
coast ________________________________________________________________________
2. straw _______________________________________________________________________
straw _______________________________________________________________________
3. fiddle _______________________________________________________________________
fiddle _______________________________________________________________________
4. nag _________________________________________________________________________
nag _________________________________________________________________________
5. count _______________________________________________________________________
count _______________________________________________________________________
6. racket _______________________________________________________________________
racket _______________________________________________________________________
7. bolt _________________________________________________________________________
bolt _________________________________________________________________________
8. meet ________________________________________________________________________
meet ________________________________________________________________________
9. pit __________________________________________________________________________
pit __________________________________________________________________________
10. screen _______________________________________________________________________

screen _______________________________________________________________________

Multiple Meaning Phrases
Verbals—Gerunds and Participles

Verbals are words or word groups made from verbs. They do not act as verbs in
sentences, though, but as other parts of speech. Two types of verbals are gerunds
and participles.
A gerund is a verb that ends with -ing and acts as a noun. Read becomes the
gerund reading.
• Reading is my favorite pastime.
A participle is a verb form used as an adjective. The -ing form of a verb or the past
participle form of a verb may be used. Here are some examples of verbs, their
participle forms, and sample sentences:
• run–running
The running machine made a lot of noise.
• excite–-excited
The excited children lined up to play the game.
• broke–broken
The broken window let in many mosquitoes.
Sometimes a sentence may contain a phrase with an -ing verbal whose meaning
could make sense as either a gerund or a participle. In that case, try interpreting
the sentence both ways. Here are a couple of examples:
• Kicking mules can cause problems.
gerund interpretation: If you kick a mule, the mule may kick back!
participle interpretation: Mules that kick a lot can cause trouble for their
owners.
• He knew that drinking water would be important.

gerund interpretation: He knew that he would need to drink more water to
improve his health.
participle interpretation: Finding safe water to drink is important.

Write the gerund form for each of these verbs. Then use the gerund in a sentence.
1. climb ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. watch ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. bake ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. drive ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. wrap ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. rush ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. cut ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. burn ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. sew ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. write ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Write the -ing participle form for each of these verbs. Then use the participle in a sentence.
1. sing ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. freeze ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. paint ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. pass ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. rush ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. pour ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. laugh ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. study ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. grow ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. roll ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Write two sentences for each verb. In one sentence, use the verb as a gerund. Use the verb as a
participle in the other sentence.
1. sleep
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. count
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. watch
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. move
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. read
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Write two sentences for each verb. In one sentence, use the verb as a gerund. Use the verb as a
participle in the other sentence.
1. scratch
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. paint
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. open
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. chew
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. pass
gerund _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
participle _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verb consists of a verb plus one or more words that has a meaning different than
the original verb. For example, water down is phrasal verb. The original verb water means
to pour water on plants. Water down means to dilute something, as in “to water down the
grape juice.”
Underline the phrasal verb in each sentence below. Then explain the meaning of the
phrasal verb as it is used in the sentence.
1. Anita found out who had written in her book.

_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Were you talked into that by your sister?

_____________________________________________________________________________
3. My legs gave out after I hiked all day.

_____________________________________________________________________________
4. The senator sounded off about the proposed bill on TV last night.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. The heat did in our cabbage plants.

_____________________________________________________________________________
6. She always shows off when you’re around.

_____________________________________________________________________________

Underline the phrasal verb in each sentence below. Then explain the meaning of the phrasal verb
as it is used in the sentence.
1. I made do with oatmeal, although I really wanted waffles for breakfast.

_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Don’t turn down that opportunity!

_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Aunt Fay wouldn’t give in to my cousin’s whining.

_____________________________________________________________________________
4. She was made over by the beautician.

_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Maybe the neighbors will pipe down soon!

_____________________________________________________________________________
6. The rude customer cut in line.

_____________________________________________________________________________
7. He cut up and acted like a clown all day.

_____________________________________________________________________________
8. The cell phone cut out and I couldn’t hear her.

_____________________________________________________________________________
9. I looked after my grandmother’s dog while she was visiting Uncle Alex.
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. Sunita didn’t tell me that she used up the laundry detergent.
_____________________________________________________________________________

Sometimes it may be hard to tell whether a verb has its usual meaning or whether it is being used
as a phrasal verb with another different meaning. For example, you might see a sentence like
this:
• Mac blew it off.
This sentence could be interpreted as Mac blowing something, like lint or a feather, off of his
shoulder with his breath. If “blew off” is interpreted as a phrasal verb, the sentence would mean
that Mac didn’t pay attention to something or let it bother him, like somebody calling him a
name.
Choose the two possible meanings from the box below for each sentence and write each of their
letters in the blanks.
1. Don’t put it down. _________ _________
2. When do you want to wrap it up? _________ _________
3. I didn’t want to stand out there. _________ _________
4. Is she going to back out? _________ _________
5. He looked down on that school. _________ _________
6. Do you know if he made it up? _________ _________
a. Exit in reverse from a building g. Criticize or make fun of something

b. Tell an imaginary tale h. Stand above and see something
c. Wait on the exterior of a building i. Prepare a gift for giving
d. Complete a missed task or test j. Get attention due to being different
e. Decide not to do something after all k. Drop or lay something somewhere
f. Finish something l. Feel that something is inferior or not good

Multiple Meaning Sentences
Put the letter for each sentence in the blank under the picture that illustrates its meaning. You
will use each letter twice.
a. Cara has a toy dog. c. Did you write that letter?

b. Megan clipped the papers. d. She showed her baby toys.
________ ________ ________
________ ________ ________
________ ________

Imagine that the following sentences are captions or headlines from newspaper stories. Find two
pictures that might go with each caption and put their letters in the blank after the caption.
1. She really made a hit! _________ _________

2. The teacher ran over it yesterday. _________ _________
3. Juan likes sailing boats. _________ _________
4. He finally got the material. _________ _________
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h.

Imagine that the following sentences are captions or headlines from newspaper stories. Find two
pictures that might go with each caption and put their letters in the blank after the caption.
1. Burning trash can be smelly! _________ _________

2. They were going to charge. _________ _________
3. She cleaned out the room. _________ _________
4. He was boxing all afternoon. _________ _________
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
This End Up
g. h.

Explaining Multiple Meaning Sentences with Cues
Explain two meanings for each sentence. Pay particular attention to the boldfaced word or
words. You can make your explanations orally or write them on another sheet of paper.
1. I hope that bounces back.
2. They saw the open house.
3. He really knows how to push those buttons.
4. Did you see the door stop?
5. Gina needs the rest.
6. What does he remember about that date?
7. She read the clown books.
8. They are leaning in that direction.
9. Has it been filed yet?
10. Will this cover it?
11. He likes that rock.
12. That was an awful ride.

Explaining Multiple Meaning Sentences Without Cues
Explain two meanings for each sentence. You can make your explanations orally or write them
on another sheet of paper.
1. He thought it was a foot.
2. Did you buy the hose?
3. This is a good spring.
4. This chili is too hot to eat!
5. Miguel likes change.
6. I am about to bake.
7. Mandy saw the truck stop.
8. My grandmother got some new pens.
9. That was really deep.
10. My neighbor enjoys racing cars.
11. I threw the scales away.
12. She didn’t make it up.

Identifying Meanings
Match each figurative language expression below with its meaning. Write the letter of the
meaning in the blank in front of the expression.
______ 1. all thumbs a. arrange things so that you have an

advantage
______ 2. pull the wool over their eyes
b. clumsy
______ 3. a feather in your cap
c. a person of excellent character
______ 4. leave no stone unturned
______ 5. stack the deck d. cowardly; not brave
______ 6. a word to the wise e. losing your temper
______ 7. fly off the handle f. fool or trick someone

______ 8. the salt of the earth
g. try everything to get something done
______ 9. acting yellow
h. giving advice
______ 10. take it lying down
i. accept something negative without
fighting back
j. a great deed or accomplishment
Choose two expressions from the list above and write a sentence using each.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______ 1. pass the buck a. no evidence or law to back you up
______ 2. don’t have a leg to stand on b. try not to laugh
______ 3. the lion’s share

c. saying the same thing over and over
again
______ 4. keep a straight face
______ 5. put your foot in your mouth d. get married
______ 6. tie the knot e. let someone else take the

responsibility for something
______ 7. give them the cold shoulder
f. say something inappropriate
______ 8. sound off
______ 9. under the wire g. just in time
______ 10. like a broken record h. ignoring someone
i. the largest portion
j. express your opinion or complain
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______ 1. turn over a new leaf a. when there are no apparent problems
or dangers
______ 2. judging a book by its cover
b. work hard on something
______ 3. show someone the ropes
c. something annoying or bothersome
______ 4. use some elbow grease
d. to fail at something
______ 5. the cream of the crop
e. demonstrate how to do a job to
someone
______ 6. throw the book at him
f. judge someone very harshly
______ 7. the coast is clear
g. worrying before you need to
______ 8. fall flat on your face
h. to make a fresh start
______ 9. crossing a bridge before
______ you come to it i. something that is the best
______ 10. a thorn in your side j. making decisions about people based
only on looks
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Each pair of expressions has a similar meaning. Match the letter of the correct meaning from the
box to each pair.
a. someone who’s in charge e. behavior that is offending or upsetting

b. acting without reason f. cause trouble
c. having a troubling problem g. someone you shouldn’t trust
d. lose your temper h. save something
______ 1. stir up a hornet’s nest

______ open a can of worms
______ 2. hit the ceiling

______ blow up
______ 3. rubbed me the wrong way

______ left a bad taste in my mouth
______ 4. top banana

______ high man on the totem pole
______ 5. salt it away

______ keep it for a rainy day
______ 6. lose your head

______ go off the deep end
______ 7. a snake in the grass

______ a back stabber
______ 8. between a rock and a hard place

______ in a pickle

box to each pair.
a. being very upset about something e. envious; jealous

b. draw attention away from someone f. if you say you believe in something,
else to yourself then you should act that way
c. a situation where there is no hope g. easy, enjoyable situation
d. disappoint or discourage someone h. cowardly
______ 1. a bed of roses

______ a bowl of cherries
______ 2. rain on his parade

______ burst his bubble
______ 3. lily-livered
______ yellow
______ 4. practice what you preach

______ put your money where your mouth is
______ 5. turn green

______ eat your heart out
______ 6. down the drain

______ a lost cause
______ 7. up in arms
______ beside yourself
______ 8. upstage him

______ steal his thunder

box to each pair.
a. to discipline strictly e. spend a lot of money on something

b. act like everybody else f. to start something
c. seize an opportunity without delay g. understand how someone else feels
d. don’t bother or upset someone h. don’t be ungrateful
______ 1. Get the ball rolling.

______ Kick it off.
______ 2. Put the shoe on the other foot.

______ Walk a mile in her moccasins.
______ 3. Pay through the nose.

______ It cost an arm and a leg.
______ 4. Don’t rattle his cage.

______ Let sleeping dogs lie.
______ 5. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

______ Get on the bandwagon.
______ 6. Lower the boom.

______ Crack down.
______ 7. Don’t bite the hand that feeds.

______ Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth.
______ 8. Strike while the iron is hot.

______ Don’t let the grass grow under your feet.

Explaining Meanings
Underline the expression that would make more sense in each sentence. Then explain why you
made that choice.
1. Would you rather pass a test

a. by the skin of your teeth? b. with flying colors?
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
2. If there was one slice of pizza left, would you want to

a. polish it off? b. hit it off?
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
3. If your cousins were gathering money to buy a present for your grandmother, would you
a. turn in? b. chip in?
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
4. If you had something to celebrate, would you

a. paint the town red? b. cook your goose?
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
5. If you had an important job that you wanted done well, would you hire a
a. crackerjack? b. greenhorn?
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
6. Dale has a bad attitude today. You would say he has

a. a feather in his cap. b. a chip on his shoulder.
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
7. Maurice doesn’t know anyone at the party and he is uncomfortable dressed up in his suit.
He feels
a. like a rolling stone. b. like a fish out of water.
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
8. Grandpa wants to take the whole family on a trip and says he will do it
a. when his ship comes in. b. when he gets forty winks.
Explain ______________________________________________________________________

Explaining Meanings
Underline the expression that would make more sense in each sentence. Then explain why you
made that choice.
1. Your band director tells you that you might win a performance award this year if you
a. play with fire. b. play your cards right.
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
2. At the assembly, you are tired and don’t feel like listening. You hope the speaker will not be
a. long-winded. b. short-handed.
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
3. Jerri told her best friend a lie and got caught. Now she will have to
a. rub elbows. b. eat crow.
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
4. If you had a big decision to make, would you want to

a. rub it in? b. sleep on it?
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
5. If your friend said that she already knew about her surprise birthday party, you would
know that she
a. got wind of it. b. got it off her chest.
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
6. Would you rather run a business that is

a. in the red? b. in the black?
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
7. If you found a rare seashell on the beach, would you say it was
a. a dime a dozen? b. one in a million?
Explain: _____________________________________________________________________
8. If your friend spends more time daydreaming and imagining things than in getting them
done, does he
a. have his feet on the ground? b. have his head in the clouds?
Explain ______________________________________________________________________

Explaining Meanings
Explain why the following things would not or should not happen. You can give oral
explanations, or write your thoughts on another sheet of paper.
1. Why wouldn’t you get only 12 rolls if you got a baker’s dozen?
2. Why wouldn’t you foot the bill for something that you didn’t order?
3. Why wouldn’t you want to ride a horse that was on its last legs?
4. Why wouldn’t you want a fair-weather friend?
5. Why wouldn’t you buy white paint at a white sale?
6. Why shouldn’t you go to school and act like you got up on the wrong side
of the bed?
7. Why wouldn’t someone driving a car want a passenger to be a backseat driver?
8. Why wouldn’t a guy want his girlfriend to talk about her old flame?
9. Why shouldn’t you cry wolf when you are doing something like swimming with a
group of people?
10. Why wouldn’t you want to sit next to a blowhard on a long bus trip?

Associating Meanings
Write the expression on the blank under the picture that illustrates its meaning.
He hit the nail on the head. He hit the hay.

He hit the books. He hit the road.
1. 3.
__________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
2. 4.
That's
Right!
__________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________

She is trying to get his goat. She is playing possum.

She is like a bull in a china shop. She is going to rat on him.
1. 3.
__________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
2. 4.
__________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________

He is tight-fisted. Money burns a hole in his pocket.

He’s going to give her a run for her money. He believes in salting it away.
1. 3.
__________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
2. 4.
__________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________

Write a job that would would be appropriate for someone who fits each description.
1. He has a green thumb. ________________________________________________________
2. She is a real ham. _____________________________________________________________
3. He has a nose for news. _______________________________________________________
4. She has nerves of steel. ________________________________________________________
5. He is like greased lightning. ___________________________________________________
6. She is a globe-trotter. __________________________________________________________
7. He drives a hard bargain. ______________________________________________________
8. She takes people under her wing. _______________________________________________
9. He is light on his feet. _________________________________________________________
10. She believes that “A picture is worth 1000 words.” ________________________________

Match each figurative language expression to the situation in which it would apply.
a. He’s running around like a house afire. f. He’s beginning with a clean slate.
b. He’s a heel. g. He’s turning up his nose at it.
c. He’s a glutton for punishment. h. He’s no spring chicken anymore.
d. He’s barking up the wrong tree. i. He’s sticking to his guns.
e. He’s calling something sour grapes. j. He’s burning the midnight oil.
______ 1. Gary went ahead and volunteered to work at the fair again this year even
though it’s a hassle and he doesn’t enjoy it.
______ 2. Even though Ben didn’t do well in school last year, he knows that this is a whole
new year and he intends to try hard from the start.
______ 3. Kenneth has a big project due tomorrow and he’s going to stay up as late as it
takes to finish it.
______ 4. Marcus is blaming Nedra for the dent in his locker, but she isn’t the one who
did it.
______ 5. When Les didn’t win the contest, he got mad and said he didn’t care because it
was a stupid contest anyway.
______ 6. Michael’s been so busy doing errands to try to get ready for the party that he
hasn’t sat down all day.
______ 7. That man betrayed the trust of his friend.
______ 8. The 90-year-old man picked apples for only three hours instead of all day as he
used to do.
______ 9. Because the shirt was not the brand Jeff wanted, he refused to wear it.
______ 10. Wayne promised to do volunteer work this Saturday, and he is going to do it
even though some of his friends are trying to talk him into going to an
amusement park with them that day.

a. She was worth her salt. f. She went out on a limb.

b. She bent over backwards. g. She was in the clear.
c. She had a bone to pick with him. h. She was on pins and needles.
d. She acted out of character. i. She kept him in the dark.
e. She kept her fingers crossed. j. She pulled some strings.
______ 1. At the party, Brooke was singing and dancing around and talking to everybody!
She’s usually so quiet and shy.
______ 2. Tina’s mother works at Jefferson Hall, and she helped us get tickets to a concert
there even though it was sold out.
______ 3. Tracy didn’t like what Alan said about her, so she decided to call him and talk to
him about it.
______ 4. Sherry worked hard and was appreciated by her boss.
______ 5. Mona didn’t tell her dad about her plans for the summer.
______ 6. Marcy tried every possible way to please her aunt and uncle when she stayed
with them last month.
______ 7. Mrs. Kumar really took a big risk loaning her cousin so much money for his
business idea.
______ 8. Yvonne was really hoping that her frog would win the frog-jumping contest.
______ 9. Lindsay was nervous all day as she waited to hear the results of the play
tryouts.
______ 10. Some clothing disappeared from a locker right next to Seema’s last Thursday.
But no one blamed Seema because she was out sick from school all last week.

a. It’s not my cup of tea. f. They are short-handed.

b. A stitch in time saves nine. g. Take it with a grain of salt.
c. All that glitters is not gold. h. It’s time to bury the hatchet.
d. Keep a stiff upper lip. i. Don’t count your chickens before
they are hatched.
e. Read the writing on the wall. j. Give him a run for his money.
______ 1. This expensive new shirt has a designer label and is advertised all over. But the
first time I washed it it faded, and the second time, two seams came undone.
______ 2. Albert is so sure that he’s going to win the election for club president. But Jared
really wants to win, too, and he’s doing all he can to get ahead in the votes.
______ 3. This past week my best friend moved away, I caught a bad cold, and I lost an
important report. But, through it all, I didn’t cry or freak out.
______ 4. My stepsister and my cousin went to the football game. But I’m not interested in
football, so I stayed home and worked on my art project.
______ 5. He was so sure he would get that new job that he went ahead and bought a car
stereo and a camcorder. He didn’t get the job, and now he wonders how he’ll
pay for those things.
______ 6. Derrick bragged all day about being a great singer and dancer. I didn’t pay
much attention because I know that he boasts a lot.
______ 7. I’d better mow the grass today. If I wait until next week, it will take a lot longer
because it will be so high.
______ 8. Mona and Lacy had a big fight last month and have been mad at each other ever
since. But today, they decided to make up and be friends again.
______ 9. Mrs. Sharma had heard rumors about the store where she worked going out of
business. Then she read in the paper about the closing of another store owned
by the same company in a nearby town. Mrs. Sharma decided to start looking
for another job.
______ 10. I’ll be late getting off work this afternoon. I need to stay overtime because two
people didn’t show up today and one went home sick, so we are behind getting
orders out.

Using Figurative Language
Write a sentence that uses each expression. Use another sheet of paper if you need more space.
1. pitch in ______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. rip off _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
3. elbow room __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
4. on call _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. hop to it _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. break ground ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
7. draw a blank _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
8. talk turkey ___________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
9. fill me in ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. pull myself together __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Write a sentence that uses each expression. Use another sheet of paper if you need more space.
1. goes in one ear and out the other _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
2. that sounds fishy _____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
3. get a taste of your own medicine _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
4. sit tight ______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
5. as cool as a cucumber _________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
6. get off my back _______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
7. wrapped around your finger ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
8. makes my skin crawl __________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
9. the last straw ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
10. face the music ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Choose one of the following topics and write a short story about it. Use at least three figurative
language expressions to help you tell your story. Use another sheet of paper if you need more
space.
❏ The Time When I Got Into the Biggest Trouble Ever in My Life
❏ A Time When I Visited Relatives
❏ A Time When I Was Really Scared or Nervous
❏ A Time When I Helped Someone and Felt Really Good About It
❏ A Time When My Family Moved
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Comparing
When comparing two things, you try to find the way or ways in which they are
alike. Consider these attributes as you compare things:
• look (size, color, shape, pattern, etc.)
• sound (loud, soft, high, low, shrill, etc.)
• feel (cold, hot, rough, smooth, wet, slimy, etc.)
• smell (fragrant, moldy, stinky, etc.)
• taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, spicy, etc.)
Here are some other ways things can be alike:

• category (a refrigerator and a stove are both appliances)
• use (an elevator and an escalator both move people up and down in
buildings)
• value (a house and a diamond necklace are both expensive)
• material (a staple and a can are both made of metal)
Sometimes, in a class like science or social studies, you will be asked to compare
things by other features, such as:
• where they are found (monkeys and giant ferns are both in the rain forest)
• with whom they are associated (kayaks and igloos were both used by Arctic
Native Americans)
• causes (both colds and the flu are caused by viruses)
• results (Amendments 15 and 19 both expanded the right to vote)

Comparing
Name two items that are:
1. bitter ____________________ ____________________
2. gray ____________________ ____________________
3. slick ____________________ ____________________
4. free ____________________ ____________________
5. smelly ____________________ ____________________
6. found in the desert ____________________ ____________________
7. make a loud sound ____________________ ____________________
8. microscopic ____________________ ____________________
9. building materials ____________________ ____________________
10. made of glass ____________________ ____________________
11. causes of heart disease ____________________ ____________________
12. see-through ____________________ ____________________
13. places where money is kept ____________________ ____________________
14. harmful to the environment ____________________ ____________________
15. entertaining ____________________ ____________________

Comparing
Write one way each pair of items is alike. Tell more than one way if you can.
1. crocodile hide tree bark

_____________________________________________________________________________
2. baking bread roses

_____________________________________________________________________________
3. battery gasoline
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. letter computer
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. tennis racquet golf club

_____________________________________________________________________________
6. crane cement mixer

_____________________________________________________________________________
7. garden hose electrical cord

_____________________________________________________________________________
8. cloud star
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. governor president
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. pine cones coconuts

_____________________________________________________________________________

Contrasting
When contrasting two things, you try to find the differences between them. Things
may differ in these ways:
• look (size, color, shape, pattern, etc.)
• sound (loud, soft, high, low, shrill, etc.)
• feel (cold, hot, rough, smooth, wet, slimy, etc.)
• smell (fragrant, moldy, stinky, etc.)
• taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, spicy, etc.)
Things may also differ in the following ways:

• category (a lizard is a reptile and a frog is an amphibian)
• use (a dictionary tells definitions and a map tells locations)
• value (a car is costly and a pencil is inexpensive)
• material (one towel may be made of cloth and another towel may be made of
paper)
• where found (a well is underground and a water tower is above ground)
• with whom associated (a microscope is associated with a biologist and a
barometer is associated with a weather forecaster or meteorologist)
• strength (a thread is weak and a rope is strong)
• results (a hurricane causes more destruction than a thunderstorm)
• causes (some diseases are caused by bacteria and some are caused by viruses)

Contrasting
Tell one way each pair of items is different. Tell more than one way if you can.
1. picnic table workbench

_____________________________________________________________________________
2. forest garden
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. vinegar bleach
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. gourd cherry
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. gorilla polar bear

_____________________________________________________________________________
6. skateboard motorcycle
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. a geyser a volcano
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. camera computer
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. storybook textbook
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. fracture sprain

_____________________________________________________________________________

Analogies
An analogy is a special type of statement in which two pairs of items are compared.
The relationship between the first pair of items must be the same as between the
second pair of items for the analogy to be correct. Here’s an example of a pair of
items:
• you your mother
The relationship here is that of mother and son or daughter. Here’s another pair of
items:
• your cousin your aunt
These two items are related in the same way as the first pair, because your aunt is
the mother of your cousin. An analogy stating this information would read:
• You are to your mother as your cousin is to your aunt.
There are many kinds of relationships that may exist between item pairs other than
family relationships. Some of these include category, size, color, location, sound, smell,
taste, feel, value, use, and part-whole. Here are some examples of analogies and the
types of relationships they illustrate:
• Raven is to bird as salmon is to fish.
Category: A raven is a bird and a salmon is a fish.
• Attic is to house as loft is to barn.
Location: An attic is found at the top of a house and a loft is found at the top of
a barn.
• Microwave is to cook as razor is to shave.
Use: A microwave is used to cook and a razor is used to shave.
• Windshield is to car as burner is to stove.
Part-whole: A windshield is part of a car and a burner is part of a stove.

Analogies
Read each analogy. Choose the relationship the analogy uses and write it in the blank. You will
use some choices more than once.
category size color location sound family

smell taste feel value use part-whole
_________________________ 1. Gas is to fuel as tea is to beverage.
_________________________ 2. Jalapeño is to hot as lime is to sour.
_________________________ 3. Syrup is to sticky as shortening is to greasy.
_________________________ 4. Leg is to table as page is to book.
_________________________ 5. Soprano is to high as bass is to low.
_________________________ 6. Bulldozer is to massive as paper clip is to tiny.
_________________________ 7. Licorice is to black as marshmallow is to white.
_________________________ 8. Tropic is to torrid as Arctic is to frigid.
_________________________ 9. Sister is to brother as aunt is to uncle.
_________________________ 10. Flower is to fragrant as garbage is to stinky.
_________________________ 11. Monkey is to rain forest as sidewinder is to desert.
_________________________ 12. Ballet is to dance as blender is to appliance.
_________________________ 13. Major surgery is to expensive as band-aid is to inexpensive.
_________________________ 14. Paper is to write on as sidewalk is to walk on.
_________________________ 15. Core is to Earth as heart is to body.

Analogies
Read each analogy. If the comparison in the analogy makes sense, write Yes in the blank. If the
comparison does not make sense, write No in the blank. Rewrite the analogy on another sheet of
paper to make it correct. Here is an example of an incorrect analogy:
• Grass is to green as lemon is to sour.
This analogy doesn’t make sense because in the first pair, grass and green, color is involved. In
the second pair, lemon and sour, taste is involved. To make a correct analogy, reword it as
follows:
• Grass is to green as lemon is to yellow.
Now the relationship involving both pairs is color.
_________ 1. Branches are to tree as arms are to octopus.
_________ 2. Backhoe is to dig as chain saw is to tool.
_________ 3. Whistle is to shrill as alarm clock is to wake up.
_________ 4. Tree bark is to rough as algae is to slimy.
_________ 5. Dad is to mother as grandfather is to nephew.
_________ 6. Framework is to building as skeleton is to body.
_________ 7. Sad is to emotion as cinnamon is to spice.
_________ 8. Glue is to stick as bleach is to liquid.
_________ 9. Vinegar is to sour as syrup is to pancakes.
_________ 10. Water is to pool as gasoline is to fuel.
_________ 11. Garage is to car as hangar is to airplane.
_________ 12. Refrigerator is to kitchen as washer is to clothes.

Analogies
Write a word in the blank that correctly completes each analogy. If you have problems, begin by
deciding what relationship is being described in the first pair of items.
1. Ground is to sky as floor is to ______________________.
2. Chef is to utensils as carpenter is to ______________________.
3. Oyster is to shell as watermelon is to ______________________.
4. Banana is to tree as grape is to ______________________.
5. Rap is to music as comma is to ______________________.
6. Hour is to time as light-year is to ______________________.
7. Crops are to farmer as books are to ______________________.
8. Notes are to music as ingredients are to ______________________.
9. Steering wheel is to car as handlebars are to ______________________.
10. Post office is to letter as computer is to ______________________.
11. Desert is to dry as ocean is to ______________________.
12. Yogurt is to carton as rice is to ______________________.
13. United States is to North America as China is to ______________________.
14. Jewelry is to decorate as sunscreen is to ______________________.
15. Fish is to hatchery as plant is to ______________________.

General vs. Specific Terms—Identifying
Words can have meanings that are either general or specific. A general term has to do with a whole
group or category (animals) Specific terms have to do with a particular thing or member of a
category (zebra). General terms are used when talking about broad, overall ideas and situations.
Specific terms are used when talking about exact, distinct ideas and situations.
General Specific
highways Interstate 44
silverware spoon
car Honda Civic
seasoning cinnamon
states Idaho
Put G in front of general terms and S in front of specific terms.
_____ 1. dictionary _____ 9. Spain
_____ 2. fruit _____ 10. snare drum
_____ 3. hummingbird _____ 11. flowers
_____ 4. tomato juice _____ 12. water bed
_____ 5. laws _____ 13. jobs
_____ 6. The Titanic _____ 14. San Francisco
_____ 7. clothes _____ 15. music
____ 8. transportation _____ 16. medicine

General vs. Specific Terms—Identifying
Read the words in the box. Write the specific terms under the Specific heading and the general
terms under the General heading. Some of these items could be in either category. Be ready to
justify your answers.
energy Indian Ocean team sports

chocolate milk education egg roll
marine life holiday broom
dandelions chess chemicals
Specific General
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________

Language-Specific Terms—Providing
Write a specific term to go with each general term below. An example is done for you.
1. mountains Mount Everest

___________________________
2. predator ___________________________
3. weather ___________________________
4. fabric ___________________________
5. country ___________________________
6. snack ___________________________
7. makeup ___________________________
8. fish ___________________________
9. fuel ___________________________
10. state ___________________________
11. hero ___________________________
12. city ___________________________
13. poultry ___________________________
14. punctuation marks ___________________________
15. industry ___________________________

Language-Specific Terms—Providing
Write a general term to go with each specific term. An example is done for you.
1. east direction
___________________________
2. carpenter ___________________________
3. denim ___________________________
4. spaghetti ___________________________
5. Iroquois ___________________________
6. proud ___________________________
7. fractions ___________________________
8. Africa ___________________________
9. swimming ___________________________
10. nutmeg ___________________________
11. oatmeal ___________________________
12. Oklahoma ___________________________
13. The Big Dipper ___________________________
14. Yellowstone ___________________________
15. brunette ___________________________

Ordering from General to Specific
We use word choice to name things that are general and more specific. Here’s an example of how
the words you choose can move from the general to the specific:
1 dessert (a general category)
2 ice cream (more specific: a type of dessert)
3 sundae (even more specific: a dessert that uses ice cream)
Use the blanks to number the items in each group from general (1) to more specific (2) to most
specific (3).
1. school building college

________ ________ ________
2. Amazon river water

________ ________ ________
3. ape chimpanzee mammal

________ ________ ________
4. jalapeño pepper vegetable

________ ________ ________
5. cheese dairy Swiss

________ ________ ________
6. plant vine ivy

________ ________ ________
7. painting art picture

________ ________ ________
8. sheet cloth linens

________ ________ ________
9. diamond gem mineral

________ ________ ________

Ordering from General to Specific
Use the blanks to number the items in each group from general (1) to more specific (2) to most
specific (3).
1. clothing jeans pants

________ ________ ________
2. liquid beverage lemonade

________ ________ ________
3. pill aspirin medicine

________ ________ ________
4. bunk bed furniture

________ ________ ________
5. fireworks explosives firecracker

________ ________ ________
6. wheat agriculture grain

________ ________ ________
7. sign message billboard

________ ________ ________
8. beverage root beer soda pop

________ ________ ________
9. game cards solitaire

________ ________ ________
10. cedar evergreen tree

________ ________ ________

Inferring
Sometimes not all of the details are given in the things you read or hear. When that
happens, you can make a guess about what is happening. That guess is called an inference.
When you make an inference, you use the information you have to create a conclusion
about what you think happened. Here’s an example of a situation that doesn’t contain all
the details you need:
When you get home, your friend has left a telephone message that simply says,
“I can’t make it to the game tonight.”
Your friend doesn’t say why he won’t make it to the game. You may guess, or infer, that
he ran short of money for admission or that he may have gotten sick. Or, you may
remember him telling you that his aunt might be visiting this weekend and you infer that
he might have decided to stay home and visit with his aunt and his cousins. You can often
make more than one inference based on the details you receive.
What inferences might you make in the following situations? Write your inferences on
another sheet of paper.
1. You arrive at a friend’s house on a winter day to visit. Everyone in her family is
wearing coats and hats in the house.
2. A pizza delivery person rings your doorbell.
3. At your cousin’s house, you see a nice, big aquarium with water and plants in it, but
no fish.
4. Your sister painted her room today. When you go look at the room you notice that
three walls are light blue and one wall is dark blue.
5. You get your yearbook at school. When you look for your best friend’s picture, you
can’t find it.
6. After a visit to the doctor, you notice that your mom is carrying her purse with her left
hand instead of her right hand and is trying not to bump her right arm.
7. Jorge and Luis had been looking forward to the free concert in the park on August 10.
When the day finally arrived, they decided not to go after all.
8. Your dad likes to drink coffee in the morning and always gets up early to make it.
This morning, though, you do not smell coffee when you wake up, which is unusual.

Inferring
What inferences might you make in the following situations? List your inferences on another
sheet of paper.
1. A friend told you about a really neat new store that sells used books and games.
When you try to look up the store in the phone book, you can’t find it.
2. Every summer, there has been a garden in the yard next door. This summer, there is
no garden there.
3. Jackson went to the barber shop today. When he got home, his mom asked if his head
was cold.
4. The Henley family was shopping for a camera. The basic models were around $59 and
the ones with many fancy features were around $300. They bought a camera for $159.
5. Joy and Dana went through the drive-through window at Taco Heaven to get some
food. A few minutes later, they drove up to the drive-through window again.
6. In health class today, you and a friend shared a textbook to do the lesson.
7. When Ms. Thomas comes home from work one night and pulls into the parking lot,
she sees that there is a light on in her apartment.
8. On a plane trip, you notice the woman across the aisle is re-setting her watch.
9. An animal is taken off the endangered species list.
10. Aunt Bev has thrown out all the ashtrays in her house.

Determining Most Relevant Information
You can only solve problems if you have accurate and important information. There will
be times when you will need to decide what is the most important, or the most relevant,
information in a situation. Here’s an example:
Imagine you have to do a report on the past history of your school and you are
supposed to interview a teacher as part of your report. Think about the most
relevant information you need to consider in making your decision of whom to
interview?
Would you choose
____ a. your favorite teacher?
____ b. the head coach?
____ c. the teacher who has been at your school the longest?
Because the topic of your report is the past history of your school, you should probably
interview someone who has been around it for a while. In that case, selection “c” would
be the most relevant.
Read each situation below. Make a check (✔) next to the selection that contains the most
relevant information.
1. You are looking for your aunt’s pickup truck in a parking lot. She has just gotten it
and you have not seen it before. What is the most relevant information to know to
help you be sure that the pickup truck you are looking at is your aunt’s?
____ a. The brand name and model of the truck.
____ b. The license plate number of the truck.
____ c. The color of the truck.
2. Anthony’s family has decided to get a pet. What would be the most relevant
information in their decision of what kind of pet to get?
____ a. Is there one they can get for free?
____ b. What pets do their friends have?
____ c. Do they have a yard and is it fenced?

Determining Most Relevant Information
Read each situation below. Make a check (✔) next to the selection that contains the most relevant
information.
1. There are some items on sale that Mrs. Evans wants to buy. What would be the most
relevant information in her decision of when to go shopping?
____ a. when the sale ends
____ b. tomorrow’s weather
____ c. what day her friend can go with her
2. It’s a hot July day and Mike is at the grocery store trying to decide whether to get
brownies or ice cream for dessert tonight. What would be the most relevant
information his decision?
____ a. what he is having for supper
____ b. if he plans to go home right after grocery shopping or to do more errands
____ c. what his favorite flavor is
3. Keisha is making an omelet for breakfast and sees two cartons of eggs in the
refrigerator. What is the most relevant information in her decision of which eggs to
use?
____ a. whether the eggs are white or brown
____ b. how big the eggs are
____ c. the expiration dates on the cartons
4. Alisha is babysitting her little brother Seth and is wondering whether she should call
her mom at work. What would be the most relevant information in her decision
whether to call?
____ a. Seth didn’t eat much lunch.
____ b. Seth has a temperature of 102 degrees.
____ c. Seth doesn’t want to play any games.

Evaluating/Determining Criteria
To evaluate something means to decide on its worth or value. Many different things
can be evaluated. Objects, ideas, events, and performance on a task are just a few
things that we can evaluate.
Evaluating can help you decide if you want to have something or do something in
a particular way. It can also help you decide how to improve something. For
example, how do you know if your science project is good enough? You need to
come up with some questions to ask yourself to find out if it’s ready to turn in.
To evaluate something, you have to have a set of criteria. Criteria are specific rules
or standards by which something can be measured and judged. Here are some
criteria to consider if you were going to grow some tomato plants in your garden:
Tomato Plant Criteria 1. Is it hard or easy to grow?
2. Will it produce a lot of tomatoes?
3. Are the tomatoes it produces good-tasting?
Here are some criteria to help you decide whether a new law is a good or bad idea:
A New Law Criteria 1. How will it help people?
2. Will it cause taxes to increase?
3. Will it be hard to enforce?
Sometimes criteria have already been established for an object or situation and
sometimes you will need to make up your own criteria. For example, there are
already criteria to tell you if an apple is ready to eat (it is a certain, size, color, and
texture). If, however, you are going to solve a problem in everyday life, you’ll often
have to come up with your own criteria that will help you solve the problem.

List three criteria that could be used to evaluate each item.
1. a TV show
a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
2. a sandwich
a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
3. a book
a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
4. an outfit for a school dance

a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
5. whether to get a pet

a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________

List three criteria that could be used to evaluate each item.
1. a new CD
a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
2. a friendship
a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
3. a pair of shoes
a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
4. a play at your school

a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________
5. a possible new job

a. __________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________
c. __________________________________________________________________________

Another word for evaluating is judging. There are many situations when we are to
judge something In each situation, the judge follows specific criteria or standards
in making a decision. Here are some examples of situations where judging
according to criteria happens:
• Olympic events (skating, ski jumping, diving)
• dog shows
• county fairs
Think of a situation where a particular thing is judged. Find out what the criteria
is in that situation and write the information below. You may use a variety of
resources to obtain your information, including reference books, the Internet,
interview with someone, etc.
1. Event/Situation: _________________________________________________________
Criteria:
a. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Evaluating/Applying Criteria
There are many different criteria that can be used in making a decision. Evaluating a situation
using several criteria or even just one factor (called a criterion) can result in someone deciding to
act or not to act in a certain way.
Read the following situation. Match the concern of each person to the criterion that he or she has
used in making a decision.
Situation: Buying a Car
_____ 1. Mr O’Conner wanted to know if the car a. Will it impress people?

produced a lot of gas fumes.
b. Will it be economical?
_____ 2. Mr. Gonzales talked to all his friends about
c. Will it cause harm to the
their cars and how often they took them in for
environment?
repairs.
d. Will it be dependable?
_____ 3. Ms. Jansen looked for a good-looking, fast car
that looks like it costs a lot of money.
_____ 4. Mr. Mead compared prices of similar cars and
their gas mileage.

Read each situation. Match the concern of each person to the criterion that he or she has used in
making a decision.
Situation: Purchasing a Season Pass to the Community Swimming Pool
_____ 1. Ken is going to take lessons and learn how to a. health

swim.
b. fun
_____ 2. Doug wants to swim for exercise. c. education
_____ 3. Charles wants to practice so he can make the d. meets a personal goal
school swim team.
_____ 4. Paul just likes to swim.
Situation: Girls Who Have Always Had Long Hair Decided to Get It Cut Short
_____ 1. Samantha wants to try something new and a. kindness

different.
b. fashion
_____ 2. Kelly is working as a life guard this summer
c. ease/comfort
and her long hair was getting in the way.
d. adventure
_____ 3. Natalie heard of an organization that takes
hair and makes free wigs for people who have
lost their hair during cancer treatment.
_____ 4. LeeAnn saw short hair in all the latest
magazines and music videos.

Read the following situation. Match the concern of each person to the criterion that he or she has
used in making a decision.
Situation: Getting a Cellular Phone
_____ 1. Warren’s friends all have cellular phones and a. financial

now he’ll be able to talk to them on his phone.
b. safety
_____ 2. Belinda won’t have to look all over the mall c. social
for a pay phone to call her parents if she’s
going to be late. d. convenience
_____ 3. Nelson decided not to get one until he has

more money saved from his job.
_____ 4. Jana can use hers to call home if her car breaks
down on the way home from play practice at
night.
Extra Challenge: Ask someone you know to tell you about the criteria he or she used in making a
big decision.

Tell what factors, or criteria, you would use in making each decision. Use another sheet of paper
if you need more room.
1. Deciding whether to join a club ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Deciding whether you like a new CD you hear _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Deciding which new shirt to buy _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Deciding whether to get an after-school job ________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Deciding what to do at a party you’re having at your house __________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Synonyms & Antonyms /r/
Read each pair of words. If the words have about the same meaning, write synonyms on the
blank. If the words have opposite meanings, write antonyms on the blank.
1. generous miserly ___________________________
2. temporary permanent ___________________________
3. horizontal vertical ___________________________
4. farming agriculture ___________________________
5. careful particular ___________________________
6. cowardly courageous ___________________________
7. confirm agree ___________________________
8. discouraged downhearted ___________________________
9. former latter ___________________________
10. survive perish ___________________________
11. clear murky ___________________________
12. desire crave ___________________________

Synonyms & Antonyms /r/
1. worse deteriorated ___________________________
2. rural urban ___________________________
3. superior inferior ___________________________
4. courteous mannerly ___________________________
5. horrid glorious ___________________________
6. perpendicular parallel ___________________________
7. current historical ___________________________
8. maroon desert ___________________________
9. ignore disregard ___________________________
10. sorrow mirth ___________________________
11. interior exterior ___________________________
12. perpetual forever ___________________________

Synonyms & Antonyms /s/ & /z/
1. persuading convincing ___________________________
2. destroy construct ___________________________
3. result consequence ___________________________
4. soon presently ___________________________
5. vaccination immunization ___________________________
6. preserving conserving ___________________________
7. peace chaos ___________________________
8. absurd sensible ___________________________
9. lopsided unbalanced ___________________________
10. inexpensive costly ___________________________
11. desist cease ___________________________
12. assume suppose ___________________________

Synonyms & Antonyms /s/ & /z/
1. dismay discourage ___________________________
2. consent refuse ___________________________
3. precise exact ___________________________
4. progressing regressing ___________________________
5. pacify appease ___________________________
6. optimism pessimism ___________________________
7. assemble disperse ___________________________
8. respect esteem ___________________________
9. dispense distribute ___________________________
10. risky secure ___________________________
11. nucleus center ___________________________
12. deceptive honest ___________________________

Synonyms & Antonyms /l/
1. everlasting perpetual ___________________________
2. probable unlikely ___________________________
3. terrible deplorable ___________________________
4. artificial natural ___________________________
5. control regulate ___________________________
6. neutral impartial ___________________________
7. changeable stable ___________________________
8. mellow mild ___________________________
9. reliable dependable ___________________________
10. punctual late ___________________________
11. commonplace miraculous ___________________________
12. deplete replace ___________________________

Synonyms & Antonyms /l/
1. village metropolis ___________________________
2. foolhardy sensible ___________________________
3. singular plural ___________________________
4. fidelity loyalty ___________________________
5. mobile portable ___________________________
6. eternal immortal ___________________________
7. original duplicate ___________________________
8. lasting durable ___________________________
9. total incomplete ___________________________
10. yield challenge ___________________________
11. glum cheerful ___________________________
12. worldwide global ___________________________

Prefixes & Meanings /r/
The prefix ir- means “not.” Add ir- to each of these words and write it on the line. Then use the
new word in a sentence. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, look in the dictionary.
1. responsible ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. replaceable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. rational ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. relevant ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. resistable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. retrievable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. reversible ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. recoverable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. reverent ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. regular ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

The prefix re- means “to do over” or “to do again.” Add re- to each of these words and write it on
the line. Then use the new word in a sentence. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, look in
the dictionary.
1. construct ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. arrange ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. consider ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. decorate ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. discover ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. experience ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. freeze ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. furnish ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. measure ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. submerge ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

The prefix pre- means “before” or “earlier.” Add pre- to each of these words and write it on the
line. Then use the new word in a sentence. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, look in the
dictionary.
1. determine ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. arrange ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. mature ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. shrunk ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. historic ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. record ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. treat ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. war ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. cancerous ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. trial ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Prefixes & Meanings /s/ & /z/
The prefix dis- means “not” or “the opposite of.” Add dis- to each of these words and write it on
the line. Then use the new word in a sentence. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, look in
the dictionary.
1. obedience ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. honest ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. respectful ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. interested ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. satisfied ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. pleased ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. organized ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. tasteful ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. trust ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. advantages ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

The prefix mis- means “wrong” or “wrongly.” Add mis- to each of these words and write it on the
line. Then use the new word in a sentence. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, look in the
dictionary.
1. use ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. advise ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. place ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. chance ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. pronounce ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. spell ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. calculates ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. represent ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. perceive ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. understand ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

The prefix non- means “not.” Add non- to each of these words and write it on the line. Then use
the new word in a sentence. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, look in the dictionary.
1. hazardous ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. specific ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. stop ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. taxable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. contagious ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. support ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. toxic ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. sympathetic ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. subscriber ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. venomous ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Prefixes & Meanings /l/
The prefix in- means “not.” Add in- to each of these words and write it on the line. Then use the
new word in a sentence. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, look in the dictionary.
1. accurately ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. curable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. eligible ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. formal ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. capable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. digestible ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. flexible ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. ability ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. complete ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. tolerable ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Prefixes & Meanings /l/
The prefix un- means “not.” Add un- to each of these words and write it on the line. Then use
the new word in a sentence. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, look in the dictionary.
1. grateful ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. cluttered ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. populated ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. scheduled ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. predictable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. filtered ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. concealed ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. natural ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. adjustable ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. imaginable ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Parts of Speech /r/
Read each group of three words. Write noun, verb, adjective, or adverb in the blank before each
word to show its correct part of speech. Then, write a sentence using at least two of the words.
Try to use all three words in your sentence if you can. (It’s okay to change verb forms or tenses.)
1. __________________ exaggerate
__________________ autobiography
__________________ popular
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________ enormous
__________________ grind
__________________ friction
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________ government
__________________ agree
__________________ federal
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________ earthquake
__________________ strongly
__________________ tremble
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Parts of Speech /r/
1. __________________ generous
__________________ ambassador
__________________ return
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________ spread
__________________ bacteria
__________________ rapidly
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________ carefully
__________________ reporter
__________________ describe
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________ computer
__________________ manufacture
__________________ affordable
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Parts of Speech /s/ & /z/
1. __________________ illustrate
__________________ famous
__________________ artist
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________ consumer
__________________ purchase
__________________ wise
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________ exactly
__________________ events
__________________ summarize
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________ conserve
__________________ widespread
__________________ resources
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Parts of Speech /s/ & /z/
1. __________________ dissolve
__________________ acid
__________________ swiftly
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________ intense
__________________ mix
__________________ solution
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________ insects
__________________ several
__________________ classify
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________ silently
__________________ condense
__________________ precipitation
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Parts of Speech /l/
1. __________________ quickly
__________________ repeal
__________________ legislature
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________ evaluate
__________________ principal
__________________ promptly
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________ delightful
__________________ alter
__________________ climate
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________ population
__________________ loyal
__________________ enlarge
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Parts of Speech /th/
1. __________________ thick
__________________ thumbs
__________________ thwart
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________ think
__________________ truthful
__________________ author
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________ youth
__________________ bother
__________________ thankful
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________ worthless
__________________ wealth
__________________ throw
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Parts of Speech /th/
1. __________________ rhythm
__________________ smoothly
__________________ throb
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________ smother
__________________ grandfather
__________________ thoroughly
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________ filthy
__________________ breathe
__________________ theater
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________ athlete
__________________ another
__________________ strengthen
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Artic-Connect Games
The next four pages contain Artic-Connect games. Each game grid consists of
target words within dotted boxes. The game also targets language skills of
vocabulary, sentence formulation, and story construction.
Players take turns connecting two dots to make a line. Players then must say a
word to the left, right, above, or below the line drawn on each turn. A player must
also correctly use that word in a sentence or state its definition. Player connecting
dots to create a line which completes a box enclosing a word get one point. The
player with the most points at the end of the game wins. At the end of the game,
ask each player to choose 5-10 words and use them to tell or write a short story.

Artic-Connect Games /r/
See page 210 for game directions.
grudge unruly tariff prey primitive
maneuver acquire berate hereditary trait
crater scour interjection meridian vibrant
barren monarchy transparent apprehend inquire
foreshadow architecture treacherous equator derail

Artic-Connect Games /s/ & /z/
vaccinate deceive siege simile transaction
ghastly poise crisis sparse condense
subscribe surpass cascade scald compromise
incident sufficient municipal patronize scarce
century accomplice coincidence capacity frozen

Artic-Connect Games /l/
cultivate miserly yield leisure penalty
belittle textile variable colony turmoil
acknowledge brittle lease demolish novel
league steeple flexible affliction invalid
privilege canal nautical kennel revolt

Artic-Connect Games /th/
seething fathom wrath menthol theory
forefather wither mythology slither breadth
thrash stethoscope thorough marathon synthetic
tithe scythe dither threshold hearth
loathsome dearth scathing thresh withdraw

Answer Key
page 8 5. quintet 13. second person viewpoint

1. sorry 6. sextet 14. legends
2. bad 7. septet
3. ocean 8. octet page 16
4. camel 1. dialogue
5. dry 1. triangle 2. summary
6. relieve 2. rectangle 3. biography
7. hide 3. pentagon 4. simile
8. high 4. hexagon 5. chronological order
9. ate 5. octagon 6. denotation
10. stubborn 7. run-on sentence
11. crumbling page 12 8. graphic
12. loved 1. i 9. exaggeration
2. e 10. paraphrase
page 9 3. j 11. metaphor
1. does not care 4. a 12. connotation
2. generous 5. d 13. sentence fragment
3. disasters 6. l 14. autobiography
4. ghost 7. b
5. sad 8. h page 17
6. tiny 9. f 1. second person
7. reproduction 10. g 2. jargon
8. everlasting 11. c 3. legend
9. uprising 12. k 4. plot
10. polluted 5. nonfiction
11. can be eaten page 13 6. adjectives
12. speaking 1. no 7. stereotype
2. yes
page 10 3. yes page 18
1. double 4. no 1. first person
2. single 5. yes 2. setting
3. triple 6. no 3. myth
7. yes 4. adverbs
1. triplets 8. no 5. fiction
2. quintuplets 6. third person
3. twins page 14 7. personification
4. quadruplets Answers will vary.
page 19
1. decade page 15 1. j
2. century 1. plot 2. h
3. millennium 2. first person viewpoint 3. m
3. nonfiction 4. i
1. semiannual 4. jargon 5. e
2. annual 5. personification 6. n
3. centennial 6. adverb 7. d
7. myths 8. g
page 11 8. third person viewpoint 9. l
1. solo 9. setting 10. a
2. duo 10. stereotype 11. c
3. trio 11. fiction 12. k
4. quartet 12. adjective 13. b
14. f

Answer Key, continued
page 20 11. agriculture 11. c

Answers will vary. 12. ratify 12. o
13. cartographer 13. b
page 21 14. executive branch 14. h
Answers will vary. 15. nullify 15. f
page 22 page 25 page 28

1. precipitation 1. rain Answers will vary.
2. tundra 2. hot weather
3. map key 3. Northern Hemisphere page 29
4. vegetation 4. plate tectonics Answers will vary.
5. Prime Meridian 5. longitude
6. geography 6. Atlantic Ocean page 30
7. plain 7. Asia Answers will vary.
8. climate 8. cold weather
9. erosion 9. sparse vegetation page 31
10. atmosphere 10. vertical climate 1. h
11. latitude 11. landforms 2. m
12. Equator 12. scale 3. b
13. projection 13. Pacific Ocean 4. i
14. longitude 14. Earth’s axis tilt 5. j
15. weather 15. latitude 6. f
7. l
page 23 page 26 8. d
1. n 1. embargo 9. n
2. b 2. artifact 10. k
3. g 3. neutral 11. e
4. e 4. strike 12. o
5. i 5. export 13. g
6. l 6. consumer 14. a
7. h 7. repealed 15. c
8. m 8. irrigation
9. d 9. federal page 32
10. c 10. import 1. photosynthesis
11. f 11. compromise 2. camouflage
12. o 12. amendments 3. trachea
13. k 13. dictator 4. friction
14. a 14. treason 5. epidermis
15. j 15. famine 6. transpiration
7. veins
page 24 page 27 8. genes
1. judicial branch 1. n 9. biome
2. canal 2. k 10. dermis
3. veto 3. m 11. seismic wave
4. boycott 4. g 12. diversity
5. drought 5. j 13. arteries
6. constituent 6. l 14. mutations
7. annex 7. d 15. chromosomes
8. legislative branch 8. a
9. impeach 9. i page 33
10. glacier 10. e 1. f

2. g 7. no page 44
3. l 8. yes 1. Before
4. i 9. no 2. preceded
5. e 10. no 3. post
6. k 11. yes 4. while
7. a 12. yes 5. Prior
8. c 13. no 6. soon
9. m 7. following
10. n page 37 8. simultaneously
11. b Answers will vary. 9. consecutively
12. o 10. After
13. j page 38 11. advance
14. h Answers will vary.
15. d page 45
page 40 Before prior advance, previously,
page 34 1. valuable preceding
1. an ocean is a habitat (place to 2. chief During: while, simultaneous
live) 3. prime After: subsequently, succeeding,
2. both related to teeth 4. important following, post
3. both chemical substances 5. necessary
4. desalination is the removal of 6. major factor page 46
salt 7. milestone 1. initial is first, final is last
5. both related to disease 8. vital 2. prior is before, subsequent is
6. movement of earth 9. cardinal after
7. both relating to disease 10. significant 3. remote is a long time ago,
8. animal types recent is a short time ago
9. hot, dry, lack of water page 41 4. consecutively is one after the
1. priority other, concurrently is at the
page 35 2. critical same time
1. dermis 3. noteworthy 5. succeeding is after, preceding
2. different colors, sizes, eye color 4. fundamental is before
3. artery; it is being carried away 5. essential
from the lungs 6. landmark page 47
4. related to water, 7. needed Answers will vary.
perspiration/animals, 8. crucial
transpiration/plants 9. primary page 49
5. damaged, destroyed 10. foremost Answers will vary.
6. cannot breath 11. urgent page 51
7. desert, rain forest 12. main 1. A
8. create their own food 2. A
9. slower page 43 3. P
10. the insect can change 1. remote 4. A
appearance to escape predators 2. final 5. P
11. no 3. during 6. P
4. previous 7. A
page 36 5. succeeded 8. P
1. yes 6. presently 9. P
2. no 7. next 10. A
3. no 8. recent 11. P
4. no 9. subsequent 12. p
5. yes 10. initial
6. no 11. concurrently

page 52 Page 57 3. information to support it? facts

1. Eric 1. respiratory system from books or internet, quotes
2. the truck 2. oxygen to enter the lungs. from authorities, your own
3. the dog 3. tiny sacs in the lungs experiences, experience of
4. Grandma 4. oxygen enters the blood stream others
5. the doctor and carbon dioxide is removed 4. yes
6. Matt from the blood. 5. summarize information
7. Staci 5. pushes air in lungs outside of 6. Answers will vary.
8. Carlos body
page 62
page 53 page 58 1. a type of mixture involving
1. Kurt 1. a supply of something useful two or more substances
2. Mack that is not man-made 2. no
3. Terri 2. water, timber, soil, fuels, 3. solvent and solute
4. Brad minerals 4. particles of the solute dissolve
5. Gail 3. renewable means that new evenly into the solvent
6. the turtle supplies can be grown and put 5. solvent
7. Ms Lopez back, non-renewable cannot. 6. yes
8. The Eagles 4. reducing pollution and 7. coffee with sugar
wasteful use 8. solute is solid, solvent is liquid
page 54 5. Answers will vary. 9. Answers will vary.
1. No
2. Yes page 59 page 63
3. Yes 1. pull or push on one object 1. hydrogen, helium
4. No from another 2. color, brightness, size
5. Yes 2. contact forces are those in 3. yes
6. Yes which items touch, non contact 4. no
7. No forces do not touch 5. yellow
8. No 3. buoyant force, frictional force 6. brightness
9. No 4. magnetic force, gravitational 7. smallest star
10. Yes force 8. giants
5. Answers will vary. 9. yes, with a change in surface
page 55 temperature there will be a
1. The octopus chased the shark. page 60 change in color and brightness
2. Janet recorded LeeAnn’s song. 1. 35
3. Ryan surprised Vince. 2. No, they must be born in the page 65
4. Ronda liked Kyle. United States 1. plant
5. The plumber contacted the 3. Senator 30 years, House of trunk, bark, very tall
carpenter. Representatives 25 years A tree is a tall plant with a
6. Jada greeted Jayme. 4. Yes. They must have been a trunk surrounded by bark.
7. The bug saw the fish. citizen for at least 9 or 7 years 2. vehicle
8. Shasta let Heather in. respectively motorized, two wheeled
9. The skunk scratched the 5. No. He must live in the state A motorcycle is a motorized
raccoon. from which he is elected. two wheeled vehicle that is
powered by gasoline.
page 56 page 61 3. building
1. dictionary, thesaurus 1. to convince others to do park cars, store tools
2. dictionary for meaning, something or to agree with A garage is a building where
thesaurus for synonyms your ideas you park cars and store tools
2. stating your idea or plan 4. clothing
clearly footwear; soft footwear

A sock is a soft piece of 4. We decided that we wanted to page 83

clothing you wear on your foot live in San Diego when we saw Answers will vary.
the TV program about San
page 66 Diego and the zoo. page 84
1. A public building containing 5. She made a cup of tea, then Answers will vary.
books and other materials that filled the bathtub and drank
citizens can borrow. her tea. page 86
2. A musical instrument with a 6. Amanda chased the parakeet 1. C
long neck and strings plucked that was flying all around the 2. C
with a finger or pick. house. 3. I
3. A yellow citrus fruit that is 7. The old hat that Uncle George 4. I
very sour. wore was in the trash can. 5. C
4. A portable shelter usually 8. While walking down the street, 6. C
made of canvas. Les and Stan saw a huge pile 7. I
5. A versatile white vegetable of leaves. 8. I
that grows underground. 9. The birthday card covered 9. C
6. A short-legged flightless bird with glitter is for Aunt Lena. 10 C
that lives in cold climates. 10. Marty found the stamp stuck 11. I
7. An upholstered piece of to the floor. 12. C
furniture that seats more than 13. I
one person. page 74 14. C
8. A large body of salt water. yesterday, first, After, Then, 15. I
9. A grain used as food. second, Then, Following, today
10. A prickly succulent plant that page 87
does not require much water. page 75 1. I
ago, last, Early, Before, Now 2. C
page 67 First, While, When, Then, 3. C
Answers will vary. Next, Finally 4. C
5. I
page 69 page 76 6. C
Answers will vary. Answers will vary. 7. I
8. C
page 70 page 77 9. I
Answers will vary. Answers will vary. 10. C
11. I
page 71 page 78 12. C
Answers will vary. Answers will vary. 13. C
14. I
page 73 page 79 15. I
1. We saw four skateboards that Answers will vary.
had been painted orange page 88
belonging to our friends page 81 Answers will vary.
outside the building. 1. since, Nonetheless, because
2. The fastest horse in the race 2. on account of, As a result page 96
with the coal-black mane and 3. Even though, so, Therefore 1. Find two baby deer?
tail was ridden by Marie. 4. due to, in spite of 2. Hear a pack of wolves?
3. The doctor told my uncle that 5. for that reason, Nevertheless 3. See many trout in a stream?
this medicine would need to be 6. However, Consequently 4. Be surprised by four moose?
replaced if it didn’t help the 5. See many shelves of books?
pain in his stomach. page 82 6. Look for a book about ancient
Answers will vary. beliefs?

7. Find a book about Native 3. Elves, characters 7. were

American Chiefs? 4. numbers 8. do
8. Go with your little sister to the 5. field’s 9. has
children’s section? 6. school’s 10. Do
9. Get her a book about elves? 7. princes, tales 11. have
8. moose’s, antlers 12. do
page 97 9. store’s, roofs 13. were
1. See a flock of sheep? 10. records, country’s 14. has
2. See the cows and their calves? 15. do
3. See several mice in the barn? page 102
4. See a team of oxen? 1. forgot page 107
5. Get chased by three geese? 2. sold 1. was
6. Need good, sharp tools, 3. forgave 2. were
including knives? 4. shook 3. is
7. Sharpen the saws if the teeth 5. meant 4. have
were dull? 6. dug 5. want
8. Use the same shingles on the 7. lit
house and garage roofs? 8. caught page 108
9. Need a tape measure to 9. froze 1. play
measure feet? 10. broke 2. does
3. have
page 98 page 103 4. follows
1. Vice-Presidents’ 1. upset 5. do
2. libraries’ 2. drew 6. makes
3. horses’ 3. stood 7. are
4. mice’s 4. chose 8. were
5. fell 9. have
page 99 6. fought 10. has
1. chiefs’ 7. sang
2. deer 8. cut page 110
3. animals’ 9. swam 1. Everybody has a locker in gym
4. cheeses’ 10. rose class.
5. bottles’ page 104 2. correct
6. medicines’ 1. struck 3. Neither is long enough.
7 laws 2. lent 4. correct
3. hung 5. Each of the packages is being
page 100 4. drank delivered this afternoon.
1. computers’ 5. thought 6. correct
2. fishermen’s 6. lay 7. Few of the customers order the
3. eggs’ 7. slid extra-hot tacos!
4. salads 8. taught 8. Anything does better than that.
5. panes 9. sank 9. Either of the pens works well.
6. tables’ 10. laid 10. All of the trees need trimming.
7. cushions 11. correct
8. races page 106 12. Everything goes in here.
9. races’ 1. have 13. correct
10. cups’ handles 2. was
3. does page 111
page 101 4. were 1. Some of the loaves of bread
1. Williams’, movies 5. have were hot.
2. Centuries, prairies 6. was

2. No one cooks better than my 5. Their 2. noun

grandmother! 6. There verb
3. Somebody wants that scrap 7. their 3. verb
lumber. 8. they’re noun
4. correct 9. there 4. noun
5. Some of the food is spoiled. 10. their verb
6. correct 11. There, there 5. noun
7. correct 12. they’re, there verb
8. correct. 13. their, they’re
9. Most of the water has 14. their, there page 122
evaporated. 15. There, they’re, their 1. verb
10. Many go to school here. noun
11. correct page 119 2. noun
12. correct 1. I can’t wait for summer! verb
13. correct 2. My uncle likes to wear Western 3. verb
shirts. noun
page 113 3. None 4. verb
Answers will vary. 4. My Uncle Joe comes from the noun
East. 5. verb
page 114 5. The meeting was called by noun
1. it’s General Wilson.
2. its 6. This spring, our grandmother page 123
3. correct plans to visit some relatives in 1. noun
4. correct the Northwest. adjective
5. its 7. I told Dad that I would go with 2. noun
6. correct him to see the doctor. adjective
7. its 8. None 3. adjective
8. correct 9. None noun
9. It’s 10. None 4. noun
10. correct adjective
11. correct page 120 5. noun
12. it’s 1. animal, currency/money adjective
2. part of a bird, type of letter
page 115 3. part of a leg, animal page 124
1. correct 4. another word for student, part 1. adjective
2. whose of an eye noun
3. correct 5. part of a bird cage, fish 2. noun
4. correct 6. unit of space, football play adjective
5. Whose 7. paper storage, tool 3. noun
6. correct 8. musical instrument, body part adjective
7. Who’s 9. piece of clothing, more than 4. adjective
8. who’s one winner noun
9. correct 10. area of plants, piece of 5. adjective
10. correct furniture noun
11. correct 11. used to write, cage for an
12. whose animal page 125
12. group of people, hard bandage Stock
page 117 to protect bones part ownership in a company
1. their broth or soup
2. They’re page 121 replacing goods on a store shelf
3. there 1. noun group of animals
4. there verb filling a pond with fish

6. rushing b, c, d
Spring 7. cutting a, b
time of year 8. burning
source of water 9. sewing page 139
to jump up 10. writing 1. c, e
a coil 2. a, h
to tell or do something page 132 3. d, f
unexpectedly to someone 1. singing 4. b, g
2. freezing
Light 3. painting page 140
to illuminate 4. passing 1. a, e
to land on something 5. rushing 2. f, h
not heavy 6. pouring 3. b, g
opposite of dark 7. laughing 4. c, d
lamp or bulb 8. studying
set on fire 9. growing page 141
10. rolling 1. measurement, time
Club 2. informal party, unsecured
symbol on a playing card page 133-134 3. try that, tug on
sandwich Answers will vary. 4. object, action
golf equipment 5. remaining, relaxation
a weapon page 135 6. outing, specific day
to beat something 1. found out, discovered 7. read books about clowns, read
group of people 2. talked into, persuaded books to clowns
3. gave out, quit working 8. bending toward, making a
page 126 4. sounded off, talked about decision
1. big, type of dog 5. did in, killed 9. put away, registered, shaved
2. uncomplaining, person under 6. shows off, seeks attention with a tool
Drs. care 10. fit over the top, be enough
3. insect, take flight page 136 11. music, stone
4. touched, fabric 1. made do, put up with 12. carnival/fair, picking on
5. color, fruit 2. turn down, say no to someone
6. bird, move 3. give in, back down
4. made over, changed page 142
page 127 5. pipe down, be quiet 1. body part, unit of
1. container, is able to 6. cut in, went out of turn measurement
2. others, relax 7. cut up, goofed around 2. garden equipment, stockings
3. type of bread, move 8. cut out, stopped working 3. coil, season
4. bird, eat 8. looked after, watched 4. temperature, spicy
5. girl, not hit 10. used up, emptied 5. money, non-routine
6. animal, withstand 6. to cook, body temperature
page 137 7. type of gas station, action
page 128-129 1. g, k 8. cages for animals, writing
Answers will vary. 2, f, i utensils
3. c, j 9. interesting, not shallow
page 131 4. a, e 10. driving, collecting
1. climbing 5. h, l 11. fish covering, weight
2. watching 6. b, d measurement device
12. complete something that was
3. baking missed, untrue
4. driving page 138
5. wrapping a, d, c

page 143 5. e page 152

1. b 6. c 1. He hit the road.
2. f 7. a 2. He hit the nail on the head.
3. j 8. b 3. He hit the books.
4. g 4. He hit the hay.
5. a page 148
6. h 1. f page 153
7. e 2. g 1. She is trying to get his goat.
8. c 3. e 2. She is going to rat on him.
9. d 4. d 3. She is like a bull in a china
10. i 5. b shop.
6. a 4. She is playing possum.
page 144 7. h
1. e 8. c page 154
2. a 1. Money burns a hole in his
3. i page 149 pocket.
4. b 1. b 2. He is going to give her a run
5. f 2. a for her money.
6. d 3. b 3. He is tight-fisted.
7. h 4. a 4. He believes in salting it away.
8. j 5. a
9. g 6. b page 155
10. c 7. b 1. gardener, florist
8. a 2. actress
page 145 3. reporter
1. h page 150 4. paramedic, surgeon
2. j 1. b 5. professional athlete
3. e 2. a 6. politician
4. b 3. b 7. purchasing agent
5. i 4. b 8. social worker, teacher
6. f 5. a 9. ballet dancer, waiter
7. a 6. b 10. artist
8. d 7. b
9. g 8. b page 156
10. c 1. c
page 151 2. f
page 146 1. There are 13 items are in a 3. j
1. f bakers dozen. 4. d
2. d 2. You wouldn’t pay for 5. e
3. e something you didn’t order. 6. a
4. a 3. “On its last legs” means nearly 7. b
5. h dead. 8. h
6. b 4. only there during good times 9. g
7. g 5. white sale is for linens 10. i
8. c 6. crabby
7. nobody likes to be told how to page 157
page 147 drive 1. d
1. g 8. old flame means old girlfriend 2. j
2. d 9. when you really need help 3. c
3. h people might not listen 4. a
4. f 10. blowhard talks constantly 5. i

6. b 8. camera takes pictures, 12. box

7. f computer displays pictures 13. Asia
8. e 9. storybook is read for fun, 14. protect
9. h textbook is read to learn 15. garden
10. g 9. fracture is a break in bone,
sprain is not page 171
page 158 1. S
1. c page 168 2. G
2. j 1. category 3. S
3. d 2. taste 4. S
4. a 3. feel 5. G
5. i 4. part-whole 6. S
6. g 5. sound 7. G
7. b 6. size 8. G
8. h 7. color 9. S
9. e 8. feel 10. S
10. f 9. category 11. G
10. smell 12. S
page 159-161 11. location 13. G
Answers will vary. 12. category 14. S
13. value 15. G
page 163 14. use 16. G
Answers will vary. 15. part-whole
page 172
page 164 page 169 Specific
1. rough 1. Yes chocolate milk
2. smells good 2. No (change tool to cut) marine life
3. needed to run a car 3. No (change wake up to loud) dandelions
4. communication 4. Yes Indian Ocean
5. sports equipment 5. No (change nephew to chess
6. heavy machinery grandmother) egg roll
7. both attach to something 6. Yes broom
8. both are in the sky 7. Yes
9. both government offices 8. No (change liquid to whiten) General
10. both grow on trees 9. No (change pancakes to sweet) energy
10. No (change fuel to tank) education
11. Yes holiday
page 166 12. No (change clothes to laundry marine life
1. eat at picnic table, work at room) team sports
workbench chemicals
2. trees in forest, flowers in page 170
garden 1. ceiling page 173
3. vinegar can be ingested, bleach 2. tools Answers will vary.
cannot 3. rind
4. gourd is a vegetable, cherry is 4. vine page 174
a fruit 5. punctuation 1. direction
5. gorilla live in jungle, polar 6. distance 2. occupation
bears in artic 7. author, writer 3. fabric
6. motorcycle requires gasoline, 8. recipe 4. food, pasta
skateboard does not 9. bicycle, motorcycle 5. Native American Tribe
7. geyser spews water, volcano 10. e-mail 6. emotion, feeling
spews lava 11. wet 7. math concept

8. continent page 178 page 184

9. sport, exercise 1. so new that it isn’t listed yet Answers will vary.
10. spice 2. the neighbors moved or are
11. food, grain sick page 185
12. state 3. he got his head shaved 1. c
13. constellation 4. they decided on a middle 2. d
14. National Park priced camera 3. a
15. hair color 5. something was missing from 4. b
the order, wrong change
page 175 6. one of them forgot their text, page 186
1. 2,1,3 there weren’t enough 1. c
2. 3,2,1 7. she forgot to turn it off, 2. a
3. 2,3,1 someone else is there 3. d
4. 3,2,1 8. she is heading to a different 4. b
5. 2,1,3 time zone
6. 1,2,3 9. they are not in danger of being 1. d
7. 3,1,2 extinct anymore 2. c
8. 3,1,2 10 she is trying to quit smoking; 3. a
9. 3,2,1 she won’t allow smoking in 4. b
her house anymore.
page 176 page 187
1. 1,3,2 page 179 1. c
2. 1,2,3 1. b 2. d
3. 2,3,1 2. c 3. a
4. 3,2,1 4. b
5. 2,1,3 page 180
6. 3,1,2 1. a page 188
7. 2,1,3 2. b Answers will vary.
8. 1,3,2 3. c
9. 1,2,3 4. b page 189
10. 3,2,1 1. antonyms
page 182 2. antonyms
page 177 Student answers will vary. The 3. antonyms
1. The furnace is broken. following are examples: 4. synonyms
2. Someone ordered a pizza; 1. time slot, cast, type of show 5. synonyms
delivery person has the wrong 2. taste, type of bread, type of 6. antonyms
house. fillings 7. synonyms
3. The fish died; or they haven’t 3. author, readability, characters 8. synonyms
bought one yet. 4. cost, size, color 9. antonyms
4. The paint isn’t dry; she wanted 5. time to care for it, money to 10. antonyms
it that way; she ran out of feed and care, enough room 11. antonyms
paint. 12. synonyms
5. She was absent that day; a page 183
mistake was made. Student answers will vary. The page 190
6. She gave blood or got a shot. following are examples: 1. synonyms
7. It rained; it was cancelled. 1. cost, listen ability, type of 2. antonyms
8. He overslept; he is sick; he music 3. antonyms
already left. 2. loyalty, close/long distance, 4. synonyms
compatibility 5. antonyms
3. cost, comfort, color 6. antonyms
4. cast, scenery, music 7. antonyms
5. pay, hours, location 8. synonyms

9. synonyms 3. antonyms 3. disrespectful

10. antonyms 4. synonyms 4. disinterested
11. antonyms 5. synonyms 5. dissatisfied
12. synonyms 6. synonyms 6. displeased
7. antonyms 7. disorganized
page 191 8. synonyms 8. distasteful
1. synonyms 9. antonyms 9. distrust
2. antonyms 10. antonyms 10. disadvantages
3. synonyms 11. antonyms
4. synonyms 12. synonyms page 199
5. synonyms 1. misuse
6. synonyms page 195 2. misadvise
7. antonyms 1. irresponsible 3. misplace
8. antonyms 2. irreplaceable 4. mischance
9. synonyms 3. irrational 5. mispronounce
10. antonyms 4. irrelevant 6. misspell
11. synonyms 5. irresistible 7. miscalculates
12. synonyms 6. irretrievable 8. misrepresent
7. irreversible 9. misperceive
page 192 8. irrecoverable 10. misunderstand
1. synonyms 9. irreverent
2. antonyms 10. irregular page 200
3. synonyms 1. non-hazardous
4. antonyms page 196 2. nonspecific
5. synonyms 1. reconstruct 3. nonstop
6. antonyms 2. rearrange 4. nontaxable
7. antonyms 3. reconsider 5. non-contagious
8. synonyms 4. redecorate 6. nonsupport
9. synonyms 5. rediscover 7. nontoxic
10. antonyms 6. re-experience 8. non-sympathetic
11. synonyms 7. refreeze 9. non-subscriber
12. antonyms 8. refurnish 10. non-venomous
9. re-measure
page 193 10. re-submerge page 201
1. synonyms 1. inaccurately
2. antonyms page 197 2. incurable
3. synonyms 1. predetermine 3. ineligible
4. antonyms 2. prearrange 4. informal
5. synonyms 3. premature 5. incapable
6. synonyms 4. preshrunk 6. indigestible
7. antonyms 5. prehistoric 7. inflexible
8. synonyms 6. prerecord 8. inability
9. synonyms 7. pre-treat 9. incomplete
10. antonyms 8. prewar 10. intolerable
11. antonyms 9. pre-cancerous
12. antonyms 10. pretrial page 202
1. ungrateful
2. uncluttered
page 194 page 198 3. unpopulated
1. antonyms 1. disobedience 4. unscheduled
2. antonyms 2. dishonest 5. unpredictable

6. unfiltered page 206 3. adjective

7. unconcealed 1. verb verb
8. unnatural noun noun
9. un-adjustable adverb 4. noun
10. unimaginable 2. adjective adjective
verb verb
page 203 noun
1. verb 3. noun
noun adjective
adjective verb
2. adjective 4. adverb
verb verb
noun noun
3. noun
verb page 207
adjective 1. adverb
4. noun verb
adverb noun
verb 2. verb
noun
page 204 adverb
1. adjective 3. adjective
noun verb
verb noun
2. verb 4. noun
noun adjective
adverb verb
3. adverb
noun page 208
verb 1. adjective
4. noun noun
verb verb
adjective 2. verb
adjective
page 205 noun
1. verb 3. noun
adjective verb
noun adjective
2. noun 4. adjective
verb noun
adjective verb
3. adverb
noun page 209
verb 1. noun
4. verb adverb
adjective verb
noun 2. verb
noun
adverb

References
Applebee, A.N., Bermudez, A.B., Blau, S., Caplan, R., Dorn, F., Elbow,
P., Hynds, S., Langer, J.A., & Marshall, J. (1997). The Language of
Literature. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell.
Blau, S., Elbow, P., Killgallon, D., & Caplan, R. (1995). The Writer’s
Craft. Red Level. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell.
Davidson, J.W. (1997). The American Nation: Beginnings to 1877. Upper

Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Jacobs, H.H., Randolph, B., LeVasseur, M.L. (1998). Eastern

Hemisphere: Geography, History, Culture. Needham, MA: Prentice
Hall.
Merki, M.B (1999). Teen Health. Courses 1 & 2. New York, NY:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.
Morrison, E.S., Moore, A., Armour, N., Hammond, A., Haysom, J.,
Nicoll, E., & Smyth, M. (1997). Science Plus: Technology and Society.
Level Red. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Wiig, E.H., Secord, W. (1989). Test of Language Competence-Expanded

Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
19-04-9876543

No Glamour Language - Middle School

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

No Glamour Language - Middle School

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Catherine E.

Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

Any other reproduction or distribution

Catherine E. Keeney, M.A., CCC-SLP has been a

She earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Education from

No Glamour Language: Middle School 3 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

Whose vs. Who’s...........................................................................................................................115

No Glamour Language: Middle School 4 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

In my own practice, I believe in maximizing therapy time by addressing multiple

No Glamour Language: Middle School 5 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

No Glamour Language: Middle School 7 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

1. He refused to apologize for his behavior. He was not

2. Anne is my friend, and I would never say something

3. Ray is interested in marine animals, especially whales

4. In the desert, you might ride on a dromedary with

5. At the end of an August with no rain, the fields were

6. Brenda wanted relief from a bad backache. She hoped

7. He slid the letter behind the bookcase, hoping to

8. My mother likes to save her money. She will not

9. Cora ingested a toadstool instead of a mushroom and

10. Unlike my obstinate brother, I am not stubborn about

11. The dilapidated building was surrounded by many

12. Cade was infatuated with Marta. However, Marta

No Glamour Language: Middle School 8 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

can be eaten sad speaking uprising

1. Shane was so apathetic about the election for class

2. The philanthropic business owner gave a lot of money

3. Natural cataclysms, such as earthquakes and floods,

4. He could see right through the specter, and he was

5. Even though I came in second instead of first in the

6. The chihuahua looked infinitesimal next to the huge

7. Darren needs to get another facsimile of the rules,

8. The perpetual torch over the hero’s grave always

9. Yesterday’s riots caused such destruction that we

11. Native Americans introduced European settlers to

12. Those who have heard his speeches claim that

No Glamour Language: Middle School 9 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

double triple single

quintuplets triplets twins quadruplets

millennium decade century

1. Ten years is one _______________.

annual semiannual centennial

1. If something happens once every six months, it is __________________.

No Glamour Language: Middle School 10 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

septet octet quartet duo

1. three-sided figure _______________________.

2. four-sided figure ________________________.

3. five-sided figure ________________________.

4. six-sided figure _________________________.

5. eight-sided figure _______________________.

No Glamour Language: Middle School 11 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

_____ 1. Sort the information into categories or tell a. list

_____ 7. State a complete and clear meaning for a word l. relate

No Glamour Language: Middle School 12 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

1. If a test question asked you to classify some plants,

2. If a test question asked you to contrast oceans and

3. If a test question asked you to list three gases,

4. If a test question asked you to trace the path of the

5. If a test question asked you to evaluate the use of

6. If a test question asked you to explain the Bill of

7. If a test question asked you to relate the climate of an

8. If a test question asked you to justify the use of the

No Glamour Language: Middle School 13 Copyright © 2002 LinguiSystems, Inc.

Complete the following items on another sheet of paper.