gvanca abdalaZe

rbili Zala saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi

Gvantsa Abdaladze

SOFT POWER IN INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS

Tbilisi 2020
TBILISI 2020
redaqtori: TinaTin xidaSeli
Editor: Tinatin Khidasheli

ISBN 978-9941-31-090-4

© gvanca abdalaZe, 2020.

© GGvantsa Abdaladze, 2020.
 `...xmlianma mterma ver dagvaTmobina, ver wagvarTva
Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni qveyana. xmlians mters gavuZe­
liT, gadavrCiT, qveyana da saxeli SevinaxeT, saxsenebeli
ar amovikveTeT, SevirCineT, saqolavi aravis avagebineT.
xmliT moseulma vera dagvaklo-ra – SromiT da garjiT,
codniT da xerxiT mosuli ki Tan gagvitans, fex-qveSidan
miwas gamogvaclis, saxels gagviqrobs, gagvwyvets. saxsene­
beli qarTvelisa amoikveTeba da Cvens mSveniers qveyanas,
rogorc upatrono saydars, sxvani daepatronebian. Sro­
masa da garjas, codnasa da xerxs veravin-Ra gauZlebs, Tu
Sroma da garja, codna da xerxi win ar mivagebeT, win ar
davaxvedreT, win ar davuyeneT. varT ki yovel amisTvis
mzad? an gvetyoba raSime, rom yovelive es viciT da vem­
zadebiT?... ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?...
exlac omia, xolo sisxlis Rvrisa ki ara, oflis
Rvrisa, omi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari. am omma arc buki
icis, arc naRara. ubuk-naRarod sTesavs, ubuk-naRarod
mkis. kokisebur Sxapuna niaRvars ki ar hgavs, rom mTa da
bari Tan waiRos, moarRvios, moRaros da mogragnos, `mdu­
mare wvimisaebr nayofis gamomcemelia~... vaJkacoba amisTa­
na omSi bevriT win aris sisxlis omis vaJkacobaze. vaJkac
guladze mSromeli samis gafreniT metiao, – ityoda glex­
kaci Taviseburad zedgamoWriT, Tu marTals aTqmevinebT.
ra glexkaci, TiTon dRevandeli dRe amas gveubneba, amas
hRaRadebs da Cven gvesmis ki es RaRadi? vai rom ara. maS
ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT?~

ilia WavWavaZe, 1887

 Sinaarsi
CONTENTS
winaTqma...................................................................................................... 5
Preface......................................................................................................... 14

nawili I
PART I
1.1. Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
TeoriaSi.................................................................................. 22
Power in International Relations
1.2. jozef nais rbili Zalis Teoria.......................................... 32
Soft Power Theory by Joseph S. Nye
1.3. cifruli revolucia, Zalis difuzia
da tranzicia, axali saxalxo diplomatia................ 50
Digital Revolution, Power Transition and Power Diffusion, New Public
Diplomacy
1.4. dasavleTis rbili Zala............................................................ 76
Western Soft Power
1.5. basri Zala – ruseTi, CineTi.................................................... 90
Sharp Power – Russia, China
1.6. propaganda................................................................................... 105
Propaganda
1.7. dezinformacia da Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba.................... 118
Disinformation and Open Source Intelligence

nawili II
PART II
2.1. ruseTis basri Zala saqarTveloSi...................................... 129
Russia’s Sharp Power in Georgia
2.2. ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi ukrainaSi....................... 150
oleqsandra cexanovska, gvanca abdalaZe
Russia’s Disinformation War in Ukraine
Oleksandra Tsekhanovska, Gvantsa Abdaladze
2.3. CrdiloeT makedonia – rbili da basri Zalebis
zegavlena............................................................................. 164
Soft and Sharp Power influences in North Macedonia
boloTqma – dilemebi da paradoqsebi....................................... 173
Afterwards – Dilemmas and Paradoxes

4
 winaTqma

rbili Zala XXI saukunis erT-erT yvelaze xSirad

gamoyenebad terminad iqca msoflio masStabiT. interne­
tis saZiebo sistemebi am terminTan dakavSirebul milio­
nobiT statias, dokuments, monografias da sxva tipis
masalas gvTavazobs. iseve, rogorc sxva xSirad gamoyene­
buli terminebis SemTxvevaSi, am terminmac dakarga zus­
ti ganmarteba da misi Sinaarsi bundovani gaxda. rbili
Zala axal Teoriad unda CavTvaloT Tu mxolod popula­
rul terminad? rogoria rbili Zalis fenomenis mimarT
damokidebuleba akademiur Tu araakademiur wreebSi?
ramdenad didia rbili Zalisadmi interesi samTavrobo
wreebSi, mediasa Tu samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi?
bolo aTwleulSi arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da akade­
miuri sferos warmomadgenlebi msjeloben rbil Zalaze
saerTaSoriso forumebsa Tu konferenciebze. saqarTve­
loSic, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, dafuZnda organizaciebi,
romlebic miznobrivad ikvleven rbili Zalis problema­
tikas. rbili Zalis anatomias ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso
an arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da media-kvleviTi cen­
trebi aanalizeben. isini aqcents akeTeben rbili Zalis
praqtikul gamoyenebasa da Sesabamisad, misi gavlenis
prevencia-daZlevaze. swored amitom xSiria kvlevebi da
RonisZiebebi media-wignierebaze, dezinformaciis gavrce­
lebis da faqtCekingis teqnikaze, dezinformaciis gamavr­
celeblebis gamovlenasa da sxva msgavs Temebze. Tumca,
samwuxarod, sakiTxma ver SeaRwia akademiur sferoSi da

5
ver iqca politikuri mecnierebis da saerTaSoriso ur­
TierTobebis kvlevis Temad an saswavlo kursad sauniver­
siteto programebSi mcire gamonaklisebis garda.
aRniSnuli tendenciis mizezad ramdenime faqtori
unda dasaxeldes. akademiuri sfero konservatiulia
Tavisi bunebiT da uWirs saerTaSoriso politikis mim­
dinare problemebis myisierad asaxva. amasTan, rbili
Zalis sakiTxi interdisciplinuria da rTulia misTvis
konkretuli adgilis miCena tradiciul akademiur mi­
marTulebebSi, sadac kvlevebisTvis iyeneben aprobire­
bul meTodebsa da meTodologias.
globalizaciis daCqarebuli tempi da rbili Zalis
gavlenis swrafi zrda ar gvitovebs simSvidis uflebas.
ruseTis rbili Zalis gaaqtiurebam saqarTveloSi (gan­
sakuTrebiT, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdgom
periodSi) unda ganapirobos rbili Zalis Temis priori­
tetuloba saqarTveloSi. 2016 wlis aSS saprezidento
arCevnebSi ruseTis rbili Zalis zegavlenis eqsper­
tulma dadasturebam rbili Zalis Tema prioritetulad
aqcia msoflio masStabiT.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo rbili Zalis sakiTxis
akademiur sivrceSi adgilis gansazRvris mokrZalebuli
mcdelobaa. saxelmZRvanelo SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT
ZiriTad an damxmare literaturad sxvadasxva saswavlo
kursebisTvis. aseve, SesaZlebelia saxelmZRvanelom xeli
Seuwyos akademiur diskurss politikuri mecnierebebis
(maT Soris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis) dargSi.
saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis procesSi wavawydiT ramde­
nime mniSvnelovan problemas Tematikis gansazRvris da
Teoriuli CarCoebis gamokveTis mimarTulebiT.
saxelmZRvaneloSi rbili Zalis Teoriul CarCod
ganv­sazRvreT: jozef nais xedva rbili Zalis (Soft Power),
xisti Zalis (Hard Power), Wkviani Zalis (Smart Power) da

6
Zalis difuziis Sesaxeb; aseve gaviTvaliswineT jesika
ludvigis da qristofer uolkeris `basri Zalis~ (Sharp
Power) termini, romliTac Tavisi specifikuri meqanizme­
bisa da mZime Sedegebis gamo calke segmentad gamoiyo
ruseTis da CineTis rbili Zala.
ruseTis da CineTis `rbili Zalis~ aRsaniSnavad
saxelmZRvaneloSi viyenebT termins `basri Zala~, ro­
melsac vmijnavT jozef naiseuli `rbili Zalisgan~.
am uka­nasknelSi `RirebulebiTi momxibvlelobis Zala~
moiazreba da is dasavluri samyaros maxasiaTeblad mig­
vaCnia, rogorc civi omis, aseve mis Semdgom periodSi.
`basri Zalis~ anatomia kidev ufro naklebad aris
Seswavlili, vidre klasikuri `rbili Zala~. rusuli
`bas­­
ri Zalis~ analizisas daskvnebi umetesad mokle
(mag. civi omis droindeli meTodebis aRorZineba) da
fragmentulia (ZiriTadad dezinformaciis mimarTule­
biT). Cven SevecadeT saxelmZRvaneloSi rusuli `basri
Zalis~ elementebad gveCvenebina: sabWoTa propaganda,
dezinformaciis gavrcelebis cifruli SesaZleblobebi
da sainformacio operaciebi.
nais `rbili Zalis~ TeoriaSi yvelaze sayuradReboa
ara imdenad Zalis danawevreba da sxarti terminebis
damkvidreba, aramed msjeloba Zalis difuziis Sesaxeb.
Zalis difuzia, rogorc cifruli revoluciis Tanmdevi
procesi, aris swored is mTavari tendencia, romelic
cvlis Cvens warmodgenaSi damkvidrebul narativebs da
meta-narativebs globalizaciis, saerTaSoriso poli­
tikis, diplomatiis, mediis da sxva aqtorebisa Tu faq­
torebis Sesaxeb.
amdenad, Zalis difuziaze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso
politikis postmodernuli transformacia mniSvnelovan
komponentad miviCnieT saxelmZRvanelos Tematikis gansa­
zRvris dros. saxelmZRvanelos sxvadasxva TavebSi gan­

7
vixilavT sakiTxebs, romlebic aqtiuri gansjis sagania
saerTaSoriso wreebSi. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi nakle­
bad icnoben am Temebs da aqtualuri ar aris diskursi
mimdinare saerTaSoriso tendenciebis Sesaxeb. maT Soris
iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis da
cifruli Jurnalistikis mzardi politikuri zegavlena,
samTavrobo diplomatiis cifrul diplomatiad gardaqm­
nis gamowvevebi da sxv.
qarTulma sazogadoebam, romelic damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis dRidan aqtiuradaa CarTuli saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis da modernizaciis mZime procesSi, Tvali
unda gausworos axal gamowvevebs. dRes samyaro Tviso­
brivad icvleba, rac kidev ufro amZimebs Sida transfor­
maciis process. bolo periodis gaxmaurebulma skandale­
bma (terorizmi, kiberTavdasxmebi, bavSvTa pornografia
da a.S.) kargad aCvena, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo ar aris
mzad Zalis difuziiT gamowveul axal gamowvevebTan ga­
samklavleblad.
Teoriuli msjelobis garda, saxelmZRvanelo gTava­
zobT sami SemTxvevis analizs: saqarTvelos, ukrainis
da CrdiloeT makedoniis magaliTebze. saqarTvelos
da ukrainis Sida Tu sagareo gamowvevebi metnaklebad
msgavsia da maT xSirad ganixilaven erT konteqstSi. am
ori qveynis magaliTis ganxilva gvaZlevs SedarebiTi
analizis saSualebas. CrdiloeT makedoniis magaliTi
sayuradReboa im mxriv, rom kargad gvaCvenebs Tu ra
gamowvevebis winaSe SeiZleba aRmovCndeT momavalSi,
evrointegraciis procesis finalur etapze.

***
saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobis procesSi gamoikveTa ram­
de­
nime sayuradRebo tendencia. Cvens mier gamoyenebul
masalebSi saqarTvelo aRar moixsenieba rogorc rusuli

8
`basri Zalis~ safrTxis qveS myofi saxelmwifo. akademiur
statiebsa Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebis angariSebSi
saqarTvelo sul ufro xSirad moiazreba ru­suli gavle­
nis qveS myof da ara gavlenis safrTxis qveS myof saxel­
mwifod. msgavsi tendencia aCvenebs, rom sa­qarTvelo aRq­
mulia SezRuduli suverenitetis qveynad.
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg saqarTvelo gaxda
rusuli politikis erTgvari laboratoria. saqarTve­
loSi gamoyenebuli da aprobirebuli meTodebi Semd­
gom aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva regionSi. saerTa­
Soriso asparezze am Temis wamowevisTvis mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia akademiuri wreebis meti aqtiuroba, radgan
saerTaSoriso azrs da tendenciebs swored mecnierebi,
politikis mkvlevarebi da eqspertebi qmnian. saWiroa
saerTaSoriso akademiur wreebs vaCvenoT saqarTvelos
problemebis prioritetuloba.
cifruli globalizaciis da Zalis difuziis pro­
cesSi axal gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad aucilebelia
miznobrivi centrebis Seqmna. centrebSi vgulisxmobT
rogorc specialur saxelmwifo uwyebas, aseve akademiur
kvleviT centrebs. sakiTxis kompleqsurobidan da mniS­
vnelobidan gamomdinare, araracionaluria saxelmwifos
usafrTxoebaze diskusia mivandoT mxolod arasamTa­
vrobo seqtors an erTeul mkvlevarebs. Zalis difuziiT
Tu ruseTis `basri ZaliT~ Seqmnili axali gamowvevebis
kvleva moiTxovs mravalmxriv CarTulobas, fundamen­
tur kvlevas da interdisciplinuri meTodologiis Se­
mu­Savebas.
specialuri saxelmwifo centris saqmianobis miznad
ganvixilavT rogorc axali tipis safrTxeebis identifi­
kacias da prevencias, aseve muSaobas kanonmdeblobis
daxvewis sakiTxebze. ukanasknel wlebSi sxvadasxva saxelm­
wifoSi mravlad Camoyalibda msgavsi centrebi. maTi fun­

9
qcionirebis modeli SesaZlebelia nimuSad gamodges. sa­
mecniero-analitikuri centris saqmianobis mizani unda
iyos axali kvleviTi kiTxvebis, axali Temebis da korela­
ciebis dadgena. amisTvis koordinirebul kvlevebSi unda
CaerTon sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevarebi (saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis eqspertebi, samarTlis da saerTaSoriso
samarTlis, politikis mkvlevarebi, fsiqologebi, socio­
logebi, usafrTxoebis da kiber-usafrTxoebis mkvleva­
rebi, mediis da strategiuli komunikaciis eqspertebi,
samxedro da sadazvervo saqmianobis eqspertebi, Teolo­
gebi, praqtikosi diplomatebi da sxva). maTi CarTulobis
gareSe SeuZlebeli xdeba Sedegze orientirebuli kvle­
vebis ganxorcieleba Zalis difuziis Tu `basri Zalis~
safrTxeebTan dakavSirebiT. msgavsi kvleviTi centris
Seqmna didi gamowvevaa qarTuli samecniero resursebis
da interdisciplinuri kvlevebis simwiris gamo. saerTa­
Soriso eqspertebis procesSi CarTva erTaderTi logi­
kuri da racionaluri gamosavalia.
samomavlo kvlevebis TematikasTan dakavSirebiT, Ca­
mov­TvliT ramdenime aspeqts, romelic aSkarad gamorCe­
nilia Tanamedrove qarTul akademiur kvlevebSi. sxva­
da­sxva saerTaSoriso kvlevebis mixedviT, propaganda
da dezinformacia iwvevs narkotikul miCvevas da axal-
axa­
li ulufis moTxovnilebas. cifruli globaliza­
ciis pirobebSi dezinformaciis zewolisgan Tu piradi
safrTxeebisgan Tavis dacvis uunarobis mTavari mizezia
sazogadoebaSi media-wignierebis dabali done. amasTan,
axali safrTxeebis mimarT gansakuTrebulad mowyvladia
zogierTi jgufi. maT Soris: bavSvebi, moxucebi, socia­
lurad daucveli adamianebi da zogadad post-krizisuli
sazogadoebebi. aseve TvalnaTelia korelacia politi­
kuri institutebis efeqtur funqcionirebasa da Zalis
difuziiT gamowveuli safrTxeebis daZlevas Soris.

10
 aucilebelia kvlevebi, rac daadasturebs an uar­
yofs msgavs hipoTezebs saqarTvelos realobaSi. aseve
gavrcelebuli aqsiomaa postsabWoTa adamianis mentalu­
ri mzaoba daijeros warmoudgeneli da ar aiRos pasu­
mgebloba sakuTar qmedebebze. Tumca konkretulad
xis­
saqarTvelos sazogadoebis analizi verasdros gaxdeba
saerTaSoriso mkvlevarTa kvlevis prioritetuli Tema.
qarTuli sazogadoebis maRali mimRebloba rbili da bas­
ri meqanizmebis mimarT unda gamyardes kvlevebiT kogni­
turi meqanizmebis, politikuri qcevis Tu sxva sakiTxe­
bis Sesaxeb.
Zalis difuzias aqvs dadebiTi mxareebic, magaliTad
informaciis xelmisawvdomoba. am saxelmZRvaneloze mu­
Sa­
obac swored informaciis xelmisawvdomobam gaxada
SesaZlebeli. gacifrebulia iseTi dokumentebic ki, rac
sul raRac aTiode wlis win warmoudgeneli iqneboda.
Zalis difuziis da cifruli revoluciis mTavari
upiratesobaa, rom rbil Zalas qmnian da iyeneben patara
saxelmwifoebi da individebi. saerTaSoriso politika­
Si individis rolis zrdasruliad axali movlenaa da
sa­
xelmwifoebi eguebian axal realobas. saqarTvelos
saxelmwifom da qarTulma sazogadoebam unda gamoZeb­
nos resursi sakuTari rbili meqanizmebis SeqmnisTvis,
ro­gorc saxelmwifos reintegraciis, aseve mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
am miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli procesia axali teqno­
logiuri unarebis daufleba da sxvadasxva dargebis
transformacia. magaliTad, axali saxalxo diplomatiis,
cifruli Jurnalistikis da strategiuli komunikaciis
ganviTareba da sxva.
axali Taobis mkvlevarebs, sajaro moxeleebs Tu dip­
lomatebs unda esmodeT, rom maT mouwevT iseTi unare­
bis daufleba, rasac maTi winamorbedebi ar flobdnen.

11
rbili Zalis axali meqanizmebis Seqmna saerTo-saxalxo
CarTulobas moiTxovs da scdeba samTavrobo Zalaufle­
bisa da gadawyvetilebebis areals. aRniSnul konteqstSi
gadamwyveti iqneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZliereba
da profesionalizmi.
samomavlo tendenciebze saubris da survilebis grZe­
li CamonaTvalis garda, cxadi xdeba zogierTi refor­
mis aucilebloba, rac saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe ver
ganxorcieldeba. mediawignierebis savaldebulo kursis
CarTva ganaTlebis yvela safexurze is minimumia, rac
uaxloes momavalSi unda gakeTdes saxelmwifos mxridan.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuroba da zewola am mimar­
TulebiT gadamwyveti SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
Tanamedrove msoflios swrafi cvlilebebis, ryeve­
bisa da revoluciebis xanaSi cxovreba rTulia, rogorc
individisTvis, ise saxelmwifosTvis. gamowvevebisTvis
Tvalis gasworebis gareSe saxelmwifo CamorCeba mimdi­
nare saerTaSoriso tendenciebs da dakargavs momavali
ganviTarebis orientirs.
is erebi, romelTac ver SeZles procesebze miyola
wina sami industriuli revoluciis dros, samudamod
an didi xniT CamoSordnen civilizaciis ganviTarebas.
meoTxe industriuli revolucia ar iZleva TviTizola­
ciis saSualebas. is bevr sikeTes moutans warmatebulebs
da gadarCenis Sanss ar miscems CamorCenilebs.

***
saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba da gamocema SesaZlebeli
gaxda WEASA-s (varSavis evro-atlantikuri sazafxulo
akademia) 2019 wlis individualuri grantis safuZvelze.
madlobas vuxdiT proeqtis sponsor organizaciebs.
aseve madlobas vuxdiT: saxelmZRvanelos redaqtors,
TinaTin xidaSels, proeqtiT dainteresebisa da gaweuli

12
SromisTvis; proeqtis saerTaSoriso eqsperts oleqsan­
dra cexanovskas – ukrainis qeisis TanaavtorobisTvis;
liliana pesova ilieskas, romelmac gagviwia konsulta­
cia da mogvawoda masalebi CrdiloeT makedoniis magali­
Tis mosamzadeblad.

13
 PREFACE

In the 21st century, soft power has become one of the most
commonly used terms worldwide. Internet search engines provide nu-
merous articles, documents, monographs, and other material related
to this term. As with other commonly employed terms, this term has
also lost its precise definition which makes the meaning obscure. The
question is whether we should consider ~soft power”to be a new
theory or just a popular term. What is the attitude to the phenome­
non of soft power in either academic or non-academic circles? How
high is the interest in soft power in government circles, the media,
or civil society?
In the last decade, representatives of the non-governmental sec-
tor and academia have often discussed the concept of soft power
at international fora or conferences. Organizations dedicated to the
methodical study of soft power issues were established in Georgia as
well as in the rest of the world. However, there is an obvious wor-
rying trend soft power anatomy is mainly analyzed by international
organizations, NGOs and media research centers. They focus on me-
dia literacy, disinformation dissemination and fact-checking techniques,
detection of disinformation centers and other topics related to these
problems. The issue has not yet penetrated the academic sphere and
therefore has not become a research topic for political science experts
or an academic course in the university curriculum.
Several factors can be identified as the cause of this problem.
The academic sphere is conservative by its very nature and finds it
difficult to reflect immediately on the problems emerging in interna-
tional politics. Moreover, the issue of soft power is interdisciplinary
and not easily found in traditional academic settings where already
proven research methods and methodologies are employed.

14
 Sadly, the accelerated rhythm of globalization in international
politics and the rapid increase in the influence of soft power do not
present an opportunity for quiet judgment. Expert confirmation of the
influence of Russia’s soft power in the 2016 US presidential elections
has made this issue a top priority all over the world. The intensive
use of Russia’s soft power in Georgia since the 2008 Russian-Georgian
war has made this issue critical for Georgia as well.
This textbook is a modest attempt to define the issue of soft
power in academia. The textbook can be used as the main or an
additional literature source for various courses. It will also assist in
promoting academic discourse in the field of political science (primarily
concerning international relations).
In the process of writing the textbook we came across some
important issues concerning the definition of the topic and outlining
the theoretical framework.
The theoretical framework of Soft Power employed in the text-
book is based on the theory by Joseph Nye concerning Soft Power,
Hard Power, Smart Power and Power Diffusion; together with Jes-
sica Ludwig’s and Christopher Walker’s contribution to the creation
of the term ~Sharp Power” within the frames of this theory, in
which, Russian and Chinese Soft Power were singled out as separate
segments due to specific mechanisms and severe consequences as-
sociated with them.
To refer to ~Soft Power,” practiced by Russia and China, we use
the term ~Sharp Power”, which we distinguish from the term ~Soft
Power” employed by Joseph Nye. The latter is considered to be ~at-
traction with values” and is a characteristic of the Western world,
both in the Cold War and in the post-Cold War era.
We believe that in Nye’s theory of ~Soft Power”, the most notable
factor is not so much the breaking of power into components and
the introduction of neat terms, but the discussion concerning the dif-
fusion of power. Diffusion of power, as an accompanying process of
the digital revolution, is the main trend that replaces the narratives

15
and meta-narratives fixed in our imagination concerning actors or fac-
tors of globalization, international politics, diplomacy, the media, etc.
Therefore, the post-modern transformation of international politics
based on the diffusion of power, is considered to be an important
component in defining the scope and theme of the textbook. The
Georgian society, which has been actively involved in the critical
process of state-building and modernization since its declaration of
independence, must face new challenges. Today the world is chang-
ing qualitatively, further aggravating the process of internal transfor-
mation of the Georgian state. Various high-profile events of recent
years (terrorism, cyber-attacks, child pornography, etc.) have made it
clear that the Georgian state is not ready to face the difficulties of
the diffusion of power.
The anatomy of ~Sharp Power” is less explored compared to the
classic understanding of ~Soft Power”. The conclusions made as a result
of the analysis of Russian ~Sharp Power” are mostly brief (e.g. Cold
War methods have been revived) and fragmented (mainly concerning
disseminating disinformation). In this textbook, we have attempted
to specify elements of the Russian ~Sharp Power” and outline three
key features: the Soviet propaganda; capabilities and opportunities
of dissemination of digital disinformation; and information operations.
In various chapters of this textbook, crucial issues actively dis-
cussed in international circles are outlined. Unfortunately, these top-
ics are not well-known in Georgia and there is no active discussion
concerning current international trends. These include the growing
political influence of open-source investigations and digital journalism
on international politics and the challenges of transforming govern-
ment diplomacy into digital diplomacy, etc.
In addition to the theoretical part, the textbook encompasses the
analysis of three cases: examples of Georgia, Ukraine, and Northern
Macedonia. The internal and external challenges faced by Georgia and
Ukraine are similar and they are often discussed in the same context.
Considering the examples of these two countries once again presents

16
an opportunity for comparative analysis. The example of North Mace-
donia is noteworthy in that it illustrates the challenges we are going
to face shortly at the final stage of the European integration process.

***
Several problems and nuances emerged while working on the text-
book. In international studies or reports reviewed, Georgia is no longer
referred to as a state at high risk by the Russia’s ~Sharp Power”. In
our opinion, in academic articles or reports of international organiza-
tions, Georgia is described to be a Russian-influenced state and not
a state threatened by this country. Such a trend shows that Georgia
is perceived as a country of limited state sovereignty. Therefore, it is
vital to intensify the discussion in this direction.
After restoring independence, Georgia became a kind of labora-
tory of Russia’s politics. The methods utilized and tested in Georgia
were then actively applied in different regions. To bring this topic
now for discussion into the international arena, we consider it crucial
for the academic community to become more active, as scholars and
experts of politics create international opinion and trends. It is also
critical to show the priority of the issues connected with Georgia to
international academic circles.
Special centers need to be created to meet new challenges in
the process of digital globalization and power diffusion. Under such
centers, we mean both specialized state agencies and academic re-
search centers. Given the complexity and importance of the issue,
it is unreasonable to assume that the responsibility for the security
of the state lies only with the non-governmental sector or individual
researchers. Exploring new challenges created by either the diffusion
of power or by the Russia’s ~Sharp Power” requires the involvement
of many scholars, multidisciplinary research and the development of
interdisciplinary methodologies.
The main purpose of the special State Centre will be to identify
and prevent threats, as well as to refine existent legislation to deal

17
with new types of threats. In recent years, similar centers have been
established in various countries. The model these centers employ can
serve as a working model. The purpose of the work of the Scientific-
Analytical Centre should be to identify new research questions, new
topics and correlations. To achieve these goals, coordinated research
should involve researchers from various fields (international relations,
policy and security experts; cyber security experts; law and international
law specialists; psychologists, sociologists, theologians; media and strate-
gic communication experts; practicing diplomats; military and intelligence
experts, etc.). Without their involvement, it is impossible to carry out
results-oriented research related to the dangers of Power Diffusion or
~Sharp Power”. Creating such a Research Centre is a major challenge
due to the scarcity of scientific resources and interdisciplinary research
in Georgia. Engaging international experts in the process of is the only
logical and rational solution to this problem.
Concerning the topics of future research, several aspects can be
named that are currently missing in contemporary Georgian academic
research. According to various international studies, propaganda and
disinformation lead to addiction and the longing for new portions
of similar information. The main reason for the inability to protect
against the pressure of disinformation or personal threats in the face
of digital globalization is at the low level of media literacy in society.
As well as this, some groups of society are particularly vulnerable to
new threats. Amongst these are children, the elderly, socially vulner-
able, unprotected people and generally post-crisis societies. There is
also a clear correlation between the effective functioning of political
institutions and the dangers posed by the diffusion of power.
Further research is needed to confirm or disprove such hypotheses
in Georgian reality. There is also a widespread axiom characteristic of the
post-Soviet person’s mental readiness to believe in the unthinkable and
not to take responsibility for his or her actions. However, the analysis
of Georgian society, in particular, will never be a scorching research
topic for international researchers. The high acceptance of Georgian

18
society of soft and sharp mechanisms should be supported by research
on cognitive mechanisms, political behavior or other critical issues.
The diffusion of power also has advantages, such as access to
information. Working on this textbook was made easy by the infor-
mation being accessible. Even documents that were unthinkable to
access just a decade ago have been digitized today.
The main advantage of Power Diffusion and the digital revolu-
tion is that both small states and individuals create and utilize Soft
Power. The emerging role of the individual in international politics is
a completely new phenomenon, and states are gradually adapting to
a new reality. Georgia and Georgian society should find resources to
create their soft mechanisms to reintegrate as the State and improve
relations with neighboring countries. The factors critical to achiev-
ing this goal are the acquisition of new technological skills and the
transformation of various fields. For example, the development of new
public diplomacy, digital journalism and strategic communication, etc.
The new generation of researchers, civil servants, or diplomats
must realize that they will have to master skills that their predecessors
did not possess. Creating new Soft Power mechanisms requires general
public engagement and goes beyond the scope of governmental power
and decision-making. Strengthening of civil society and professionalism
will be crucial in this context.
In addition to discussing future trends and a long list of wishes,
there is a clear need for certain reforms that cannot be implemented
without State intervention. The mandatory media literacy course at
all levels of education is the least that should be initiated soon by
the State. Activism and pressure from civil society can become crucial
in this regard.
Life is difficult for both the individual and the State in the condi-
tions of rapid changes, instabilities and revolutions so common in the
modern world. Due to this, without facing the challenges posed by
the modern age, the State lags behind current international trends
and loses the guidelines of future development.

19
 Nations that failed to follow the processes of the previous three
industrial revolutions were removed from the development of civiliza-
tion forever or at least for a considerable time. The Fourth Industrial
Revolution does not allow for self-isolation. It will bring a lot of ben-
efits to the victorious states but will not give retrospective chances
of survival to those out of step.

***
The preparation and publication of the textbook was made pos-
sible through an 2019 individual grant from WEASA (Warsaw Euro-
Atlantic Summer Academy), for which we thank the project managers
and sponsors.
Our special thanks go to Tinatin Khidasheli, Editor of the textbook
for her interest in the project and hardwork; Oleksandra Tsekhanovska,
International Expert of the Project and Co-author of the Ukrainian Case;
Liljana Pesova Ilieska for consultations and provision of materials to
prepare the text related to North Macedonia case.

20
nawili I
 1.1.Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
TeoriaSi

• ra aris Zala? ra gansxvavebaa Zalasa da

Zalauflebas Soris?
• Zalis gageba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
TeoriebSi
• rogor icvleba Zalis gageba drosa da sivrceSi?
• rogor gavzomoT Zala? Zalis axali ganzomilebebi

Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erT-erTi mTa­

vari ideaa Tukididedan moyolebuli dRemde. imisTvis,
rom ukeT gaviazroT jozef nais Teoriuli wvlili Za­
lasTan mimarTebaSi, gavakeToT mokle mimoxilva rogor
aris `Zala~ ganmartebuli da aRqmuli saerTaSoriso ur­
Ti­erTobebis sxvadasxva Teoriasa da praqtikaSi.
inglisuri termini Power Tavis TavSi moicavs Zalasac
da Zalauflebasac. oqsfordis inglisuri enis ganmarte­
biTi leqsikonis mixedviT, Zala da Zalaufleba (power)
gulisxmobs adamianebis an movlenebis marTvis unars.1
maqs veberisTvis Zala niSnavs unars sakuTari survili
Tu survilebi Tavs moaxvio sxvas (sxvebs) maTi Tanxmobis
Tu winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad. misive azriT, yvela tipis
sazogadoeba efuZneba Zalas (Zalauflebas).2 robert da­

1
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
definition/english/power_1?q=power
2
Stefano Guzzini. Max Weber’s Power. in: Max Weber and International Rela-
tions. Edited by Richard Ned Lebow. Cambridge University Press. 2017. p.
97-118

22
lis cnobili definiciis mixedviT, rodesac A aiZulebs
B-s gaakeTos is, ris gakeTebasac B sxva SemTxvevaSi ar
ecdeboda, es aris Zalis gamovlineba.1 devid bolduini
Za­las komponentebad yofs – Zala, rogorc saxelmwifo
Zli­ereba da Zala, rogorc potenciuri TanamSromloba.
Sesabamisad, Zala SesaZloa gulisxmobdes Tavs moxveul
Zalauflebas an sasurvel Zalauflebas.2 endriu heivudi
aqcents akeTebs Zalis definiciaze saerTaSoriso poli­
tikaSi da Zalas ganmartavs, rogorc saxelmwifoebis da
supranacionaluri organizaciebis SesaZleblobas gaa­
taros sakuTari interesebi sxva aqtorebis TanxmobiT
an maTi Tanxmobis gareSe.3
sxvadasxva ganmartebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia
SevTanxmdeT Zalis martiv definiciaze – Zala SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT rogorc resursebis, aqtorebis, movle­
nebisa da Sedegebis kontroli, risi miRwevac SesaZle­
belia Tavs moxveuli ZalauflebiT an nebayoflobiTi
TanamSromlobiT. Zala da Zalaufleba politikuri cxo­
vrebis safuZvelia, rogorc saxelmwifos Sida politi­
kur asparezze, aseve sagareo politikasa da saerTaSo­
riso urTierTobebis warmoebis procesSi.
Zalis sxvadasxva gagebas emyareba saerTaSoriso ur­
TierTobebis klasikuri Tu neo-Teoriebi da Sesabamisad,
meqanizmebis, miznebisa Tu Sedegebis ganmartebasac sxva­
dasxvagvarad axdens.4

1
Robert A.Dahl. The Concept of Power. Behavioral Science. v.2. Issue 3. 1957. p.
201-215
2
David A.Baldwin. Power and International Relations. A conceptual approach.
Princeton University Press. 2016. p. 1-10
3
Andrew Heywood. Global Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. p. 17-18.
4
Zalis koncefciis mimoxilva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sx­
vadasxva skolebTan da avtorebTan mimarTebiT ix. bibliogra­
fiaSi miTiTebul monografiebSi.

23
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis liberaluri
skola (politikuri idealizmi) sruliad SesaZleblad
miiCnevs omis (rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTo­
bis saukunovani instrumentis) Canacvlebas koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebiT. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba
saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dasamyareblad realur SesaZ­
leblobad miiCneva, radgan mSvidoba erTaderT raciona­
lur qmedebad ganixileba rogorc individisTvis, aseve
saxelmwifoebisTvis. racionalizmi, saerTo interesebis
gamoZebna da calkeuli agresiis saerTo ZalisxmeviT aR­
mofxvra politikuri idealizmis Teoriebis safuZvelia.
aq Zala aRiqmeba TanamSromlobad, xolo TanamSromlo­
bis instrumentebad miCneulia diplomatia, Tavisufali
vaWroba da politikuri morali. diplomatia ar unda
iyos faruli da aqtiurad iyenebdes saxalxo diploma­
tiis SesaZleblobebs, xolo politikuri morali gani­
xi­
leba Zalaze dafuZnebul racionalur qmedebad da
sa­xelmwifoTa (gansakuTrebiT, did saxelmwifoTa) val­
debulebad.
klasikuri realizmi (Tukidide, makiaveli...) da ase­ve
omTaSoris periodSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso urTierTo­
bebis realisturi skola saerTaSoriso politikas Za­
lauflebisTvis dausrulebel brZolad miiCnevs.
liberalizmis pirveli mxurvale kritikosi, eduard
qari TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso poli­
tikas warmosaxviT realobas da utopias uwodebs. qaris­
Tvis Zala zegavlenis Tavs moxvevis da omSi gamarjvebis
unaria, xolo saerTaSoriso politikuri wesrigi omSi ga­
marjvebuli saxelmwifoebis (`kmayofili Zalebis~) wesri­
gi, romelic stabiluria axal omebSi gamovlenil axali
gamarjvebulebis gamoCenamde. qarisTvis, iseve rogorc
realizmis sxva avtorebisTvis, konfliqti individebs,
jgufebs Tu saxelmwifoebs Soris gardauvali realobaa.

24
 realizmSi Zala gaigivebulia saxelmwifoebis unar­
Tan sakuTari interesebis dasacavad sxva saxelmwifoebs
Tavs moaxvios sakuTari survilebi da zegavlena. racio­
nalur qmedebad miiCneva Zalis floba, misi maqsimizacia
da ara moralis kategoriebiT politikis warmoeba. rea­
lizmSi saerTaSoriso politika dausrulebeli brZolaa
Zalauflebis mosapoveblad (hobsiseuli `yvelas omi
yvelas winaaRmdeg~), saerTaSoriso sistema ki anarqiuli.
saerTaSoriso anarqia ganpirobebulia msoflio mTavro­
bis ararsebobiT, saxelmwifoTa mier srulyofili in­
for­ maciis flobis SeuZleblobiT, didi da patara sa­
xel­­mwifoebis asimetriuli SesaZleblobebiT.
realizmi aqcents akeTebs adamianis Zaladobriv
bunebasa da politikis warmoebis procesSi politikur
liderTa rolze. is Zalas aigivebs samxedro resursTan.
nai Segvaxsenebs, rom adreuli realistebi gvTava­
zobdnen msjelobas Zalis sxvadasxva ganzomilebaze, rac
SemdgomSi sxva Teoretikosebma daiviwyes. magaliTad,
eduard qaris azriT, Zala SesaZloa daiyos samxedro
Zalad, ekonomikur Zalad da Cvens azrebze gabatonebul
Zalauflebad (propaganda), Tumca, samxedro Zalaufleba
yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia saerTaSoriso poli­
tikaSi omis wamowyebis mudmivi safrTxis gamo.1
morgenTau ZalaSi gulisxmobs, rogorc materialur,
aseve aramaterialur resursebs da aRwers saxelmwifo­
Ta Soris brZolis sam ZiriTad models: Zalis Senar­
Cuneba (status quo), Zalauflebis gazrda (revizionizmi,
imperializmi), Zalauflebis demonstrireba (prestiJi).
morgenTausTvis saerTaSoriso politika dausrulebeli
brZolaa status-qvo da revizionist Zalebs Soris. Ti­
Toeuli saxelmwifos mcdeloba daicvas sakuTari inte­
resebi gavlenas axdens sxva saxelmwifoTa qmedebaze.

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.82
25
 gansxvavebuli aqcentebia dasmuli jon merSaimeris
Tav­dasxmiT realizmSi. misi azriT, saerTaSoriso anar­
is daZlevis erTaderTi gza globaluri hegemoniis
qi­­
damyarebaa. es realurad SeuZlebelia, magram didi sa­
xel­­mwifoebi mas mainc mieswrafvian. Sesabamisad, yvela
di­di qveyana revizionistia da awarmoebs eqspansionis­
tur politikas.1
klasikuri liberalizmis da realizmis Teoriebis
Sedarebisas unda aRiniSnos, rom am orma msoflmxedv­
elobam moaxdina erTurTis sisusteTa identificireba
da mxileba, riTic xeli Seuwyo neo-Teoriebis Seqmnas
da ufro srulyofil analizs.
skot burCilis azriT, realizmma liberaluri uto­
piis gulubryviloba Seaswora da amxila politikuri
utopizmi privilegirebulTa da ZlevamosilTa intere­
sebis gatarebaSi. Tumca utopianizmis arseboba aucile­
belia realizmis `unayofobis~ saCveneblad. utopizmi
uar­ yofs altruizmis iluzorul xasiaTs da kargad
war­ moaCens realizmis sisusteebs: realizmi verafers
gvTavazobs ZalauflebisTvis gamudmebuli brZolis
garda, rac SeuZlebels xdis nebismieri saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebis mSeneblobas. liberalur TeoriebSi (idea­
listebi, utopistebi) Zaladoba iracionaluri deviaciaa
da zians ayenebs saxelmwifoTa grZelvadian interesebs.2
neoliberalizmi (liberaluri institucionalizmi)
iziarebs realizmis zogierT postulats (saerTaSoriso
sistemis anarqiuloba; saerTaSoriso sistemaSi saxelm­
wifos roli), Tumca ar iziarebs mudmivi omis da Za­

1
brus jentlesoni. amerikis sagareo politika. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb. 2015. gv. 252-254.
2
Scott Burchill. Liberalism. in.: Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak,
Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True. Theories
of International Relations. Third edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. p.55-83

26
ladobis Sesaxeb realistebis pesimizms da SesaZleblad
miaCnia saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromloba. neoliber­
aluri Teoriebis mixedviT demokratiuli mTavrobebis
Seqmna (demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria), ekonomikuri
globalizacia (kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
Teoria), saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso in­
stituciebi daZlevs usafrTxoebis dilemas, rasac re­
alizmi mudmiv saSiSroebad ganixilavs.
qeneT uolciseuli neorealizmi iziarebs realizmis
ZiriTad ideebs, Tumca struqturuli realizmi ar izia­
rebs rwmenas, rom ZalauflebisTvis brZola adamianuri
bunebis Semadgeneli nawilia da mas xsnis saerTaSoriso
politikis anarqiuli bunebiT. qeneT uolcis azriT, saer­
TaSoriso politikis instrumentebia ara mxolod Zala
da brZola, aseve kompromisic. morgenTausgan gansxvave­
biT, uolcisTvis saxelmwifos mTavari interesi ar aris
Zalis maqsimizacia, aramed usafrTxoebis maqsimizacia.
robert gilpinis azriT, realizmis eqstremizmze ze­
gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso sistemaSi mimdinare eko­
nomikuri cvlilebebi, maT Soris samxedro Zalis mudam
mzardi Rirebuleba, warmoebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomi­
kis momsaxurebaze dafuZnebul ekonomikad transfor­
macia, sazogadoebis socialur saWiroebebze gazrdili
da­naxarjebi da sxv.
neorealisturi Teoriebi aqcents akeTebs saerTa­
Soriso sistemis mzard gavlenaze Zalasa da Zalauf­
lebis mopovebaze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso politikaSi
da asaxelebs Zalis transformaciis mizezebs. neoreal­
isturma Teoriebmac, realisturi skolis msgavsad, ver
SemogvTavaza Zalis gazomvis kriteriumebi.
konstruqtivizmSi Zala (iseve, rogorc sxva yvela
idea) socialurad konstruirebuli mocemulobaa, xolo
kon­fliqti struqturuli krizisi da struqturuli
cvli­lebis SesaZlebloba.

27
 marqsistebis da neomarqsistebisTvis Zala, iseve ro­
gorc politikis sxva yvela aspeqti dakavSirebulia kla­
sobriv dapirispirebasTan. klasikuri marqsistebisgan
gansxvavebiT, axali Taobis marqsistebi (aseve daqvemde­
barebis Teoretikosebi da anarqistebi) ufro metad in­
teresdebian saerTaSoriso politikiTa da Tavisufali
vaWrobiT, Tumca mdidrebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi, mdidari
saxelmwifoebis da transnacionaluri sazogadoebebis)
Raribebis ekonomikuri Cagvra kvlav mTavari Temaa.
postmodernizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teo­
riaSi civi omis dasasruls gamoCnda. sxva yvela wina­
morbedi Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, postmodernizmi ar
aRiarebs erT simarTles da ebrZvis metanarativebs. rea­
lizmis msgavsad, Zala fundamenturi koncefciaa post­
modernizmSic, magram saxezea mniSvnelovani sxvaoba.
realistebisTvis Zala warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifoebis
mflobelobaSi akumulirebul iaraRs. Zala TvalsaCinoa
da zedapirze tivtivebs, Zala xilulia (bombebi, fuli
Tu institutebi). postmodernSi Zala obobis qselia,
romelic yvela tipis urTierTobaSi aRwevs.
Zala yovlismomcvelia realizmSic da postmoder­ni­z­
m­­Sic: is saSualebacaa, mizanic da Sedegic. Tumca, sxva­oba
mniSvnelovania: realizmi fokusirebulia saxe­ l­mwifos
gadarCenasa da usafrTxoebaze. postmodernis­te­bisTvis
mniSvnelovania individebi, xalxi da maTi usafr­Txoeba.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvela Teoriuli
sko­­­la (realistebi, liberalebi, marqsistebi, konst­
ru­q­­­tivistebi, struqturalistebi, daqvemdebarebis
Te­­­o­retikosebi, postmodernistebi, globalistebi, fe­
mi­­nis­tebi...) saerTaSoriso politikis safuZvlad Zalas
ganixilavs. Tumca Zalis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli
diskursi ver gvTavazobs srulyofil pasuxs kiTxvebze:
ra aris Zala? rogor gavzomoT Zala? aRniSnul kiTxve­

28
bze pasuxis gacemis yvela mcdeloba axal da axal Se­
kiTxvebs aCens.
klasikur da kritikul Teoriebze dayrdnobiT mixeil
barnets da reimond diuvals Zala or ganzomilebamde
dahyavs: 1. erT aqtors SeuZlia samxedro an ekonomiku­
ri meqanizmebiT meore aqtoris pirdapiri kontroli. 2.
aqtori axorcielebs arapirdapir kontrols sxva aqto­
rebze. maT Soris, zemoqmedebs struqturiT, romelic
TanxvedraSia aqtoris interesebTan da uzrunvelyofs
mas sxva aqtorebze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebiT.1
praqtikosi politikosebisTvis Zalis mraval ganzo­
milebaSi warmodgena zedmetad Teoriuli da bundovania.
praqtikaSi Zalas xSirad ganmartaven rogorc unaris da
resursis flobas. qveyana flobs Zalas, Tu mas gaaCnia
didi teritoria, mosaxleobis didi raodenoba, bunebri­
vi resursebi, ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, samxedro Zala
da socialuri stabiluroba. Zalis amgvari ganmarteba
amartivebs gavzomoT Zala da viwinaswarmetyveloT Se­
degebi.2
politikuri realoba gacilebiT rTuli da komple­
qsuria vidre statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze
saSualo maCveneblebis gamoyvana. esa Tu is globaluri
movlena xSirad Tavdayira ayenebs Teoriebs da praqti­
kaSi damkvidrebul qcevis wesebs. magaliTad, civi omis
dasrulebam realizmis skolis xedvebis krizisi gamoiw­
via. 1989-91 wlis movlenebi aranairad ar Tavsdeboda maT
warmodgenebSi saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis Sesa­xeb (saxel­
mwifo interesebis prioriteti, samxedro da terito­
riuli usafrTxoeba...). realizmis skolis progno­ ziT,

1
Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in International Politics. Interna-
tional Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2005. p. 39-75
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p.3

29
bipolaruli samyaro unda dasrulebuliyo erTi super-
Zalis mier meoris damarcxebiT an dausrulebel brZo­
laSi orives dasustebiT.
kritikuli Teoriebi, romlebic komunistur sam­ ya­
ros kapitalizmis realur alternativad ganixilavda
(ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da moqalaqeebis socialuri
usafrTxoebis arakapitalisturi modeli), ganacvifra
90-iani wlebis masobrivma antikomunisturma gamosvle­
bma da movlenebi istoriis ukusvlad Seafases.
civi omis dasrulebam optimizmis safuZveli misca
liberalebs. gaCnda iluzia, rom saerTaSoriso poli­
tikis warmmarTveli samxedro Zalis nacvlad gaxdeboda
politikuri morali, Rirebulebebi da TanamSromlobis
survili, vaWrobis ormxrivi sargebeli ki gadawonida
saxelmwifoTa mxridan urTierT agresiis survils.
fukuiamam civi omis dasruleba `istoriis dasasru­
lad~ gamoacxada. misi azriT, samyaroSi dasrulda ideo­
logiuri dapirispireba da momavalSi yvela saxelmwifo
gamarjvebuli ideologiis (Tavisufal vaWrobasa da ada­
mianis uflebebze dafuZnebuli liberalizmis) modelis
mixedviT ganviTardeboda. liberalur optimizms wyali
gadaasxa civi omis Semdeg ganviTarebulma movlenebma
da msoflio politikis axalma gamowvevebma – maT So­
ris semiuel hanTingTonis mier nawinaswarmetyvelebma
ci­vilizaciurma konfliqtma da misgan gamomdinare te­
ro­­rizmma.
post-bipolarul samyaroSi dadga Zalis ideis axle­
burad gaazrebis da axal ganzomilebebze aqcentis gake­
Tebis aucilebloba. swored amgvari mcdelobaa jozef
nais `rbili Zalis Teoria~. nais metaforuli ganmarte­
biT, `Zala aminds hgavs – yvela damokidebulia masze,
magram cotas Tu SeuZlia misi ganWvreta. rogorc fer­
merebi da meteorologebi cdiloben iwinaswarmetyve­

30
lon amindi, aseve politikuri liderebi da eqspertebi
cdiloben aRweron da iwinaswarmetyvelon cvlilebebi
ZalasTan mimarTebaSi. Zala hgavs siyvaruls – ufro
iolia gamoscado, vidre aRwero an gazomo~.1

bibliografia:

1. keneT n. uolci. adamiani, saxelmwifo da omi. jisiai. 2003

2. frensis fukuiama. istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli
ada­miani. Tb. 1999
3. brus jentlesoni. amerikis sagareo politika. ilias saxe­
l­­mwifo universiteti. Tb. 2015
4. David A. Baldwin. Power and International Relations: A Conceptual Ap-
proach. Princeton University Press. 2016
5. Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in International Politics.
International Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2005
6. Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Mat-
thew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True. Theories of Inter-
national Relations. third edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005
7. Andrew Heywood. Global Politics. palgrave macmillan. 2011
8. Max Weber and International Relations. Edited by Richard Ned Lebow.
Cambridge University Press. 2017
9. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics.
Public Affairs. NY. 2004
10. Power in World Politics. Edited by Felix Berenskoetter and M.J.Williams.
Routledge. 2007
11. Power, Order and Change in World Politics. Edited by G. John Ikenberry.
Cambridge University Press 2014

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. rogor gesmis termini: „status qvo“ da „revizionisti“

saxelmwifoebi?
2. moiZie informacia da ganmarte termini: „usafrTxoebis
dilema”.

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 1
31
 3. moiZie informacia da ganmarte termini: „meta-narativi“.
4. ganmarte fraza: „Zaladoba iracionaluri deviaciaa“.
5. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „postmodernSi Zala obobis
qselia, romelic aRwevs yvela tipis urTierTobaSi“?
6. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „konstruqtivizmSi Zala so­
cialurad konstruirebuli mocemulobaa“?
7. rogor fiqrob, ra sxvaobaa saxelmwifos usafrTxoe­
basa da adamianebis usafrTxoebas Soris?
8. rogor fiqrob, rogor unda gavzomoT Zala?
9. imsjele Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebze unipolarul,
bipolarul, multipolarul saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.
10. SearCie magaliTi (qeisi) da imsjele Zalis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sxvadasxva para­
digmis mixedviT.

1.2. jozef nais rbili Zalis Teoria

• rbili Zala (soft power), xisti Zala (hard power),

Wkviani Zala (smart power)
• Zalis legitimacia da Zalis gamoyenebis konteqsti
• rbili Zalis Teoriis axali kontributorebi –
basri Zala (sharp power)
• demokratiis dilema

termini `rbili Zala“ gamoigona da pirvelad gamoiye­

na amerikelma profesorma jozef naim1 1990 wels. cno­

1
jozef semiuel nai umcrosi (d. 1937 w. 19 ianvars) – saerTaSori­
so urTierTobebis Teoriis neoliberalizmis skolis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli, harvardis universitetis emeretusi, harvardis
jon ficjerald kenedis saxelobis marTvis skolis yofili
dekani, harvardis universitetis mecnierebisa da saerTaSoriso

32
bil diskursSi amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis Sesaxeb,
naim daasabuTa, rom aSS uZlieresi saxelmwifoa ara
mxolod Tavisi samxedro da ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT,
aramed kidev erTi kriteriumiT – „moxibvlis ZaliT“,
ra­sac „rbili Zala“ uwoda.1
sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT (romlebic aSS hegemo­
niis dasasruls sxvadasxva argumentebiT winaswarmetyve­
leben), nai saerTaSoriso asparezze aSS zegavlenis da­
sustebas aSS `rbili Zalis~ SemcirebasTan akavSirebs da
dRemde aqtiurad msjelobs am sakiTxze Tavis statiebsa
da monografiebSi. demokratiuli partiis ideologiis
mxardamWeri nai am process respublikuri partiis mmar­
Tvelobis sisusted aRiqvams. is aqtiurad akritikebda
jorj buSis mmarTvelobas da akritikebs trampis admi­
nistracias, baraq obamas ki mouwodebda gamoesworebina
respublikelebis daSvebuli Secdomebi.
momdevno wlebSi naim gaagrZela msjeloba `rbili Za­
lis~ Sesaxeb da rbili Zalis idea srulyofil Teoriad
aqcia. Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebi (samxedro agresia,
muqara, mosyidva, TanamSromloba...) daajgufa da kompo­
nentebad daSala: rbili Zala (Soft Power), xisti Zala (Hard
Power), Wkviani Zala (Smart Power).2

urTierTobebis centris yofili xelmZRvaneli. amasTan iyo praq­

tikosi politikosic, 1970-iani ww. miwuruls xelmZRvanelobda
aSS saxelmwifo uSiSroebis sabWos birTvuli iaraRis gauvrcele­
blobis jgufs, prezident bil klintonis administraciaSi iyo
aSS Tavdacvis mdivnis TanaSemwe saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis
mimarTulebiT, xelmZRvanelobda aSS saxelmwifo dazvervis sab­
Wos (1993/94). jozef nai saxeldeba rogorc msoflios erT-erTi
yvelaze gavleniani mecnieri da politikosi. aris sxvadasxva sax­
elmwifo da sapatio jildoebis mflobeli.
1
momdevno wlebSi naim calke monografia miuZRvna `post-ameri­
kuli samyaros~ Temas: Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Is the American Century Over?
Polity. 2015
2
rbili, xisti da Wkviani Zalis maxasiaTeblebze nais msjeloba
mocemulia ZiriTadad or monografiaSi: Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power.

33
 xist ZalaSi moiazreba yvela tipis agresia (muqara,
ekonomikuri zegavlena, mosyidva) da mas naim `stafi­
los da wkeplis~ (carrots and sticks) politika uwoda1, rac
Cveni azriT, kargad cnobili `maTraxis da Taflakveris~
politikis msgavsia.
rbili Zala dakavSirebulia TanamSromlobis survil­
Tan, romlis safuZveli A-s mier B-s dayoliebaa da ara
iZuleba. rbili Zala aris unari, moaxdino sxvisi arCe­
vanis formireba xisti meTodebis gareSe. rbili Zalis
mizani ar aris zegavlena, romelic xisti ZaliT ufro
efeqturad miiRweva. rbili Zala arc mxolod darwmune­
bis unaria – is ufro metia, vidre darwmuneba argumente­
biT. rbili Zala moxibvlis Zalaa da misi iaraRi Tanam­
S­­
romlobis survilia tankis an fulis nacvlad. rbili
la hgavs qorwinebas, romelic efuZneba urTierTobis
Za­­
ormxriv survils da ormxriv sargebels...2 `rbili Zala
hgavs cekvas, sadac partnioris yola aucilebelia~...3
`rbili Zalis gamoyeneba TiTqos nakleb sariskoa, vidre
ekonomikuri da samxedro meqanizmebis, magram rTulia
si gamoyeneba, martivia dakargva da ZviradRirebulia
mi­
aRd­gena~.4
rbili an xisti Zalis gamoyenebis efeqturobisTvis
naim aqcenti gaakeTa iseT klasikur ideaze, rogoricaa
legitimacia da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa
axal cvlads – konteqsts.5

The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. Joseph S. Nye, Jr.
The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. avtori Tavis argumentebs
sxvadasxva magaliTebze dayrdnobiT imeorebs sxva statiebsa da
sajaro gamosvlebSi.
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 5
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 20-24; 81-109.
3
ibid. p. 84
4
ibid. p. 83
5
ibid. p. 20-24; 81-109. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in
World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 5-18
34
 legitimacia rbili Zalis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli
winapirobaa. Tu B aqtors sjera, rom A aqtoris qmedebebi
legitimuria, is TanamSromlobas ganixilavs racionalu­
rad da Sedegi miiRweva A aqtoris mier ganxorcielebuli
iZulebis Tu mosyidvis gareSe. rbili Zalis efeqturo­
bisTvis aucilebelia instituciebi. britaneTma XIX s-Si
da aSS-ma XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sakuTari Rireb­
ulebebis gavrceleba saerTaSoriso wesebisa da efeqturi
instituciebis SeqmniT moaxerxes.1 nais msjeloba kidev
erTxel usvams xazs, rom rbili ZaliT moqmedeba sistemu­
robas da profesionalizms moiTxovs.
rbili Zalis SeqmnaSi SesaZloa saxelmwifoebi erTma­
neTs daexmaron. nais mixedviT, am konteqstSi sainte­reso
magaliTia kanadis da aSS-is TanamSromloba. kanada mona­
wileobs aSS-is mier inicirebul zogierT saerTaSoriso
operaciaSi, rac legitimurobas matebs aSS qmedebebs,
sanacvlod ki iRebs aSS-ze zemoqmedebis garkveul meqa­
nizmebs. 2
`rbili Zalis Sedegi SesaZloa aRmoCndes nulovanic
(ze­ro-sum) da urTierTmomgebianic (positive-sum). rbili Za­
la Zalauflebaa sxvebTan erTad, nacvlad sxvebze Za­la­
uflebisa.~3
rbili da xisti Zalis gazomvisa da miRebuli Sede­
gebis Sefasebis procesSi aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT
konteqsti. Tu gvinda gavaanalizoT rogor axdens A ze­
gavlenas B-ze C Sedegis misaRebad, unda gaviTvaliswi­noT
A da B aqtorebis preferenciebi, mzaoba da interesTa
Tanxvedra an Seusabamoba. Tu Zalas gavzomavT mxolod
imis mixedviT, rogor Seicvala aqtoris qmedeba da ar

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 10
2
ibid. p.10
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.90

35
gaviTvaliswinebT sxva cvladebs, ar SevafasebT saw­
yis poziciebsa da konteqsts, analizi arasrulyofili
iqneba. Zala icvleba konteqstis cvlilebasTan erTad
da amitomac Zala yovelTvis izomeba konteqstSi.
konteqstis analizis gareSe yvinCilasaviT gvegoneba,
rom diliT mze Cvens yivils amohyavs. `Zala ar aris
kon­vertirebadi valuta. rac imarjvebs erT TamaSSi,
usar­gebloa sxvagan. erTi SexedviT martivad Tvladi
re­sursebic ki damokidebulia konteqstze. navTobi ar
iTv­leboda mniSvnelovan resursad industriul eramde.
urani ki birTvuli iaraRis gamogonebamde...~1
nais msjelobidan da mis mier moyvanili sxvadasxva
magaliTebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
xisti Zala SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes damoukide­
blad, an rbil ZalasTan erTad an masTan monacvleo­
biT. rbil Zalas SesaZlebelia aZlierebdes xisti Zala
(gansakuTrebiT misi ekonomikuri komponenti, radganac
rbil Zalas sWirdeba resursebi). `rbili momxibvlelo­
ba~ SesaZleblia ganxorcieldes xisti Zalis daxmarebiT
an xisti Zalis sruli gamoricxviT. rbili Zala SesaZle­
belia ganvixiloT xisti Zalis danamatad an xisti Zalis
alternativad.
zogierTi aqtori rbili ZaliT aRwevs im masStabebs,
rasac ver miaRwevda xisti Zalis gamoyenebiT. xisti Za­
lis sruli gamoricxviT ganxorcielebuli rbili mom­
xibv­lelobis magaliTia vatikani.
rbilma da xistma Zalam SesaZlebelia erTmaneTi daa­
zianos an xistma Zalam srulad gaanadguros rbili mom­
xibv­­leloba. sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad dakarga rbili
momxibvleloba aRmosavleT evropis okupaciisa da bru­

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 3-4

36
taluri saSinao politikis gamo. eraySi oTx kvirianma
omma 2003 wels (amerikuli xisti Zalis gamarjveba) didi
ziani miayena amerikul rbil Zalas da Searyia amerikuli
momxibvleloba im qveynebSic ki, romlebic mxars uWerd­
nen aSS-s terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.1
xist Zalasac aqvs momxibvleloba – uZlevelobis mi­
2
Ti. mravali magaliTiT dasturdeba, rom sust aqtorebs
`mitmasnebis~ survili uCndeba im aqtorebTan, romlebic
Tavs `uZlevelad~ warmoaCenen da xisti (Tundac arale­
gitimuri) ZaliT cdiloben prestiJis ierarqiaSi dawi­
naurebas. aRniSnul konteqstSi udaod kargi magaliTia
ruseTis politika postsabWoTa sivrceSi.
rbili da xisti Zalebis gamoyenebis racionaluro­
basTan dakavSirebiT, nai xazs usvams rbili Zalis upi­
ratesobas. misi azriT, TanamSromloba ufro efeqturi
meqanizmia sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad, vidre iZuleba.
TanamSromlobis safuZvelia RirebulebebiT moxibvla
da dayolieba TanamSromlobis savaraudo sasikeTo Sede­
gebiT. ideaTa bazarSi Cveni survilebi swored rbili
Zalis mier formirdeba.
xisti Zalis meqanizmebs mxolod mTavrobebi flobs.
mTavrobis qmedebebi did zegavlenas axdens rbil Zala­
zec, magram rbili Zala ar aris mxolod mTavrobis
sakuTreba. misi warmoeba saerTo saxalxo CarTulobas
gulisxmobs, rac kidev ufro arTulebs rbili Zalis ga­
mo­yenebis teqnikas.3
ra SeiZleba CavTvaloT rbili Zalis mTavar resursad
an meqanizmad? nais mixedviT, ama Tu im qveynis rbili Za­

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 14
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 86
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p.14-15

37
la sam resurszea damyarebuli: kultura (im adgilebSi,
sadac is momxibvlelia); politikuri Rirebulebebi (Tu
gaziarebulia sazRvrebs miRma); sagareo politika (Tu
miCneulia legitimurad).1
kultura, romelic efuZneba universalur Rirebule­
bebs, advilad iqceva rbil Zalad. nais azriT, amgvari
universaluri politikuri Rirebulebebia – demokratia,
adamianis uflebebi, individualizmi... swored es Rire­
bulebebi gaxda mimzidveli bevri adamianisa da sazoga­
doebisTvis civi omis dros Tu mis Semdeg periodSi. uni­
versalurma Rirebulebebma aSS rbili Zalis generirebis
mTavar instrumentad aqcia msoflioSi.
kulturas bevri ganzomileba aqvs. literatura, xe­
lovneba, ganaTleba – kulturaa elitebisTvis. kultu­
ris zogierTi aspeqti universaluria, zogi nacionalu­
ri, zogierTi ki socialuri klasebis da mcire jgufebis
kuTvnileba.2
nai erT-erTi mZlavr instrumentad ganaTlebas moia­
zrebs rbili momxibvlelobis Sesaqmnelad. cnobili faq­
tia, rom aSS-Si yovelwliurad asiaTasobiT ucxoeli
studenti swavlobs da msoflios mraval politikur
li­ders (maT Soris, moqmed da yofil saxelmwifo me­
Taurebs) amerikuli ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli da maTi
um­
ravlesoba moxiblulia amerikuli RirebulebebiT.
gvinda daveTanxmoT nais ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis Sefa­
sebaSi, Tumca Sedegebi ver iqneba erTgvarovani sxva­
dasxva konteqstSi.
sabWoTa kavSiri aseve cdilobda ucxoeli studente­
bis mozidvas. magaliTad, moskovSi funqcionirebda pa­

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.84
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public
Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 11; 44-72. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2011. p.84

38
tris lumumbas saxelobis saerTaSoriso instituti Zi­
riTadad afrikidan Camosuli studentebisTvis. Tumca
sabWoTa momxibvleloba afrikis kontinentze mokleva­
diani aRmoCnda.1 aT welze metia saganmanaTleblo rbili
Zalis gamoyeneba daiwyo CineTmac, sadac saerTaSoriso
studentebis raodenobam bevrad gadaaWarba aSS-Si arse­
bul studentTa raodenobas, magram Sedegebi gansxvave­
bulia.
sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is da CineTis saganmanaTle­
blo politikis Sedegebis Sefaseba erT sibrtyeSi SeuZ­
lebelia. mTavar mizezad isev legitimacia, konteqsti
da ganaTlebis universalur Rirebulebebze dafuZneba
migvaCnia.
Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis procesSi arcTu umniS­
vneloa maskulturis roli. nais magaliTad mohyavs ada­
mianis uflebaTa damcveli axalgazrda Cineli aqtivis­
tis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba: `rodesac holivudur
filmebSi vxedavT, rogor dadian rigiTi amerikelebi
sasamarTloSi, davfiqrdiT imaze, rom sasamarTlo Cveni
cxovrebis iseTive gardauvali nawilia, rogorc sxva mo­
vlenebi~. nais daskvniT, amgvari magaliTi imis mauwyebe­
lia, rom holivudma SesaZlebelia ufro metad Seuwyos
xeli adamianebis cnobierebis gazrdas universaluri Ri­
rebulebebis mimarT, vidre amerikeli elCebis gamosvlam
sasamarTlo reformebis mxardaWeris rekomendaciiT.2

1
Constantin Katsakioris. The Lumumba University in Moscow: Higher Education
for a Soviet-Third World alliance, 1960-91. Journal of Global History. Vol. 14.
Issue 2. p. 281-300. Published online by Cambridge University Press on July 08,
2019. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/ar-
ticle/lumumba-university-in-moscow-higher-education-for-a-sovietthird-world-
alliance-196091/8720DF55AA0CEBC782EC8B215AC08D47/core-reader
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p.12

39
 nais azriT, swored universaluri Rirebulebebis ar­
sebobis Sedegia aSS rbili Zalis efeqturoba. nai imow­
mebs germaneli Jurnalistisa da mecnieris jozef jofis
sityvebs, rom aSS rbili Zala aSS tankebze Sors midis
(rac ar ganisazRvreba mxolod holivuduri produq­
ciis, koka-kolas Tu big-makis moxmarebiT), xolo ro­mis
imperiis da sabWoTa kavSiris rbili Zala maT sazRvre­
bTan mTavrdeboda.1
rbili Zalis meqanizmebia vaWroba, piradi kontaq­
tebi, vizitebi.2 CamoTvlili aspeqtebi saxalxo diplo­
matiis Semadgeneli nawilebia. politikis dokumentebsa
Tu angariSebSi swored saxalxo diplomatia moixsenieba
rbili Zalis gavrcelebis mTavar meqanizmad. saxalxo
diplomatias da mis transformacias XXI saukuneSi Sem­
deg paragrafSi mimovixilavT, amjerad ki davubrundeT
nais msjelobis logikas.
rbili Zalis resursebis efeqturoba fardobiTia da
konteqstSi unda davinaxoT da SevafasoT: tankiT ver
iomeb Waobsa da junglebSi; rkinis da qvanaxSiris saba­
doebi ver gagamdidrebs, Tu industria ar gaqvs; holivu­
dis filmebma SesaZloa amerikuli cxovrebis wesi momxib­
vleli gaxados CineTsa Tu laTinur amerikaSi, magram
ara saudis arabeTSi; koka-kolas daleva ver aiZulebs
islamur qveynebs amerikis siyvaruls; franguli Rvino
da yveli Tu giyvars, aucilebeli ar aris safrangeTiT
iyo moxibluli... SesaZloa erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi
sxvadasxva jgufebs gansxvavebuli mimRebloba hqondeT
universaluri Rirebulebebis mimarT, rac jgufebs Soris
socialuri konfliqtis albaTobas warmoSobs...3

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p.11
2
ibid. p 13-14
3
ibid. p. 12

40
 universaluri Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis procesSi,
didi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben Seqmnan RirebulebiTi
narativebi. narativi ver gamodgeba rbili Zalis meqaniz­
mad, Tu sityvebi da simboloebi Seusabamoa realobasTan.
moxibvlis mcdeloba SeiZleba gadaiqces antipatiad, Tu
saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli `rbili qmedeba~ qed­
maRluria an ormag standartebs eyrdnoba. `rbili Zalis
narativi~ saWiroebs legitimurobas da misi aralegitimu­
roba xSirad pirdapir kavSirSia rbili Zalis gamavrcele­
blis Sida politikur problemebTan. nais mixedviT, XX
saukunis rasizmis problemam sruliad araefeqturi
gaxada amerikuli rbili Zala afrikis kontinentze, xolo
sikvdiliT dasjisa da iaraRze susti kontrolis gamo
aSS-s dResac akritikeben evropuli qveynebi.1
mcireoden interpretacias Tu movaxdenT, erTi sa­
xelmwifos rbili Zalis dasustebam an araefeqturobam
SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos metoqe saxelmwifos rbili
zegavlenis zrdas gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis ga­ reSe.
ssrk warmatebebi civi omis dasawyisSi swored am konte­
qstSi SegviZlia gaviazroT. afrikisa da aziis qveynebis
mosaxiblad, sabWoTa kavSirma gamoiyena martivi nara­
tivi – marqsistul socialur Tanasworobasa da eTni­
kur kosmopolitizmze dafuZnebuli sabWoTa ideologia
warmoaCina upiratesad `rasizmiT daavadebuli~ ameri­
kisa da yofili kolonizatorebis (evropuli saxelmwi­
foebi) kapitalisturi uTanasworobis ideis winaaRmdeg.
rogorc istoriam gvaCvena, Sedegi efeqturi aRmoCnda,
Tumca ara grZelvadiani. ssrk narativi darCa narativad
misi qmedebebis ormagi standartis gamo.
rbili Zalis narativma SesaZloa sapirispiro Sede­
gic moitanos. nais mohyavs lumetis filmis magaliTi.2

1
ibid. p. 13
2
ibid. p. 17

41
aSS diskreditaciis mizniT da ssrk sasamarTlo sistemis
upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad, sabWoTa moqalaqeebs aC­
venes sidnei lumetis `12 ganrisxebuli mamakaci~. Sedegi
sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda – sabWoTa moqalaqe ga­
TviTcnobierda amerikuli samarTlis warmoebis speci­
fikaSi (kerZod, nafic msajulTa instituti) da aRfrTo­
vanda misiT. am konteqstSi sainteresoa cnobili sabWoTa
mwerlebis, ilia ilfis da evgeni petrovis Txzulebis
`erTsarTuliani amerikis~1 magaliTic. wigni daiwera sa­
bWoTa mTavrobis dakveTiT aSS diskreditaciis mizniT,
magram gamoqveynebisTanave aikrZala, vinaidan efeqti
ganzraxulisgan sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda.
rbili momxibvlelobis mTavar sirTuled swored is
migvaCnia, rom SeuZlebelia misi Sedegebis zusti gaTvla
da movlenebze sruli kontroli rbili Zalis gamavrce­
lebeli jgufis Tu saxelmwifos mxridan. rogori iqneba
Semdegi nabiji: agresia (xisti Zala), rbili Zalis samiz­
nis da/an meqanizmebis Secvla (rbili Zalis konteqstze
morgeba) Tu sruliad axali tipis prioritetebis dasax­
va (Wkviani Zala)?
nais ganmartebiT Wkviani Zala arc xistia da arc rbi­
li, is orivea da maTi komponentebis erTdroulad an
monacvleobiT racionalurad gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.2
`Zala da Zalaufleba arc kargia Tavisi arsiT da arc
cudi. is kalorias hgavs kvebis racionSi – meti ar
niSnavs ukeTess...~3 Wkviani Zala „liberaluri realiz­
mia“ – liberalizmis da realizmis erTgvari sinTezi.4
Wkviani Zala strategiuli azrovnebis unaria: prio­
ritetebis gansazRvra da konteqstze morgeba, survi­

1
ilfi da petrovi. erTsarTuliani amerika. Tb. 2015.
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 3-24; 207-234
3
ibid. p. 207
4
ibid. p. 231

42
lebis da interesebis strategiuli ierarqiis Seqmna...
procesis strategiulad dasagegmad pasuxi unda gavceT
Semdeg SekiTxvebs: romel miznebs vaniWebT upiratesobas
da ra tipis Sedegebis molodini gvaqvs? TamaSis romeli
wesebi iqneba adeqvaturi ama Tu im miznis misaRwevad?
ra tipis konsteqstSi iqneba gamarTlebuli Zalauf­
lebis sxvebze Tavs moxveva da ra SemTxvevaSi ajobebs
Zalauflebis sxvebisTvis ganawileba? Sedegze nulovani
TamaSis wesi (zero-sum game) gagviyvans Tu mogeba-mogeba
(win-win game) strategia? ra resursebia xelmisawvdomi
da ra konteqstSia SesaZlebeli maTi gamoyeneba? ra aris
samizne sazogadoebis pozicia da preferencia? ra alba­
Toba aqvs warmatebas?1
Cveni SejamebiT, Wkviani Zala gulisxmobs diploma­
tiis, Tavdacvis, mdgradi ganviTarebis da sxva msgavsi
instrumentebis integrirebul gamoyenebas, kompleqsur
da koordinirebul qmedebas konteqstis Sesabamisad.
nais Teoriis mimarT Tavdapirveli skepsisis miuxeda­
vad rbili Zalis Teorias bevri mimdevari, mimomxilveli
da gamgrZelebeli gamouCnda bolo wlebSi.
2017 wels gamocemul rbili Zalis saxelmZRvaneloSi
erT-erTma avtorma da saxelmZRvanelos redaqtorma na­
ren Citim rbili da xisti Zala pasiur da aqtiur katego­
riebad dahyo: mizanmimarTuli xisti an rbili zegavlena
aqtiur kategoriad Seafasa, aramizanmimarTuli xisti an
rbili zegavlena ki pasiurad.2 amgvar dayofas rbili Za­
lis Teoriis diskursSi Semoaqvs axali aspeqtebi: rbili
moxibvla SesaZlebelia rbili Zalis gamcemis Tu rbili
Zalis mimRebis winaswar ganzraxulobis gareSec. rbili

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 208-209
2
Naren Chitty. Soft Power, Civic Virtue and World Politics. in: Routledge Hand-
book of Soft Power, edited by Naren Chitty, Li Ji, Gary D. Rawnsley, Craig
Hayden. Abingdon. Oxon. New York, 2017. p.26

43
Zalis mwarmoebeli mzad unda iyos gauTvaliswinebeli
SedegebisTvis, man SesaZloa ver miaRwios mizans samizne
jgufTan, magram ganxorcielebuli Zalisxmevis Sedegad
`moxiblos~ sxva jgufi, romelic Tavdapirvel priori­
tets ar warmoadgenda.
2017 wels, qristofer uolkerma da jesika ludvigma
rbili/xisti/Wkviani Zalebis kategorias miamates axali
ganzomileba – basri Zala (Sharp Power). maTi ganmarte­
biT, iseTi avtoritaruli qveynebi, rogoric ruseTi da
CineTia, rbil Zalas iyeneben sakuTari avtoritarizmis
gasavrceleblad da zegavlenis gasazrdelad sxva qvey­
nebSi, rac scildeba rbili Zalis naiseul definicias.1
jozef nai gamoexmaura axali terminis Semqmnelebs da
daeTanxma axali terminis validurobaSi. Tumca, misi az­
riT, basri Zala xisti Zalis qvesaxeobaa da ara calke
kategoria.2 ideebiT manipulacia da ideologizirebuli
mesijebi politikuri procesebis Sesacvlelad civi omis
droindeli cnobili teqnikaa. Tu basr ZalaSi vigulisx­
mebT mtruli miznebis ganxorcielebisTvis mizanmimar­
Tul dezinformacias, es xist qmedebad unda Sefasdes
da ara rbil zegavlenad. nais mohyavs magaliTi civi
omis droindeli propagandidan. 1980-ian wlebSi sabWo­
Ta uSiSroebam (КГБ) gaavrcela xmebi, rom Sidsis virusi
aSS mTavrobam xelovnurad gamoiyvana laboratoriebSi
da gaavrcela msoflioSi, rogorc biologiuri iara­
Ri. statia aRniSnuli informaciiT pirvelad daibeWda

1
Walker Christopher, Ludwig Jessica. The Meaning of Sharp Power. How Au-
thoritarian States Project Influence. Foreign Affairs, November 16, 2017.https://
www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power
2
ruseTis da CineTis magaliTebis moxseniebisas, monografiaSi nai
ruseTs xisti Zalis ganmaxorcieleblad miiCnevs, xolo CineTs
`Wkviani Zalis~ Seqmnis msurvelad moiazrebs. msjelobis ZiriTa­
di argumentebi mimarTulia teqnologiebis ganviTarebaze. ix. Jo-
seph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. XI; 36.

44
delis (indoeTi) adgilobriv gazeTSi da Semdeg mTeli
msoflio moicva.1
nai yuradRebas amaxvilebs basri Zalis gauvnebe­
lyofis sirTuleebze da mas „demokratiul dilemas“2
adarebs. demokratiuli sistema Tu ecdeba informaciis
SezRudvas da/an cenzuras sakuTari Rirebulebebis da­
sacavad, safrTxe daemuqreba demokratiis mTavar Rire­
bulebas – sityvis Tavisuflebas.
Cven viziarebT rbili Zalis Teoriis axali kontribu­
torebis termins `basri Zala~, radgan ruseTis da Ci­
neTis mier zegavlenis moxdenis mcdeloba `rbili~ da
`xisti~ meqanizmebis erTobliobaa da ara romelime erTi
maTgani. saxelmZRvaneloSi termini `rbili Zala~ dasav­
lur instituciur qmedebebze dafuZnebul `moxibvlis
Zalad~ ganixileba, xolo termini `basri Zala~ gamijnu­
lia rbili Zalisgan da ruseTis da CineTis politikas­
Tan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba.
vinaidan rogorc rbili, aseve xisti Zalis gavrcele­
ba ori mxaris arsebobas moiazrebs, analizis simartiv­
isTvis Semogvaqvs terminebi: `Zalis gamavrcelebeli~ da
`Zalis mimRebi~.

***
sawyis etapze nais rbili Zalis Teorias mimdevar­
ze meti kritikosi gamouCnda. skeptikosebi uars ac­
debdnen nais analizi `Teoriis rangSi~ ganexilaT.
xa­­

1
Nye Joseph S. Jr. How sharp power threatens soft power. The right and wrong
ways to respond to authoritarian influence. Foreign Affairs, January 24, 2018.
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-01-24/how-sharp-power-
threatens-soft-power
2
termini `demokratiuli dilema~ gamoiyenes wignis saTaurad
artur lupiam da meTiu makkubinsma 1998 w. ix. Arthur Lupia, Mathew
D.McCubbins. The Democratic Dilemma. Can Citizens Learn What They Need To
Know? Cambridge University Press.1998.

45
kri­­tikosebma ki Teoriis kritikis mniSvnelovani argu­
mentebi Camoayalibes. maT Soris, erT konkretul qveya­
naze (aSS) morgebuli Teoria ramdenad SesaZlebelia
Seiracxos saerTaSoriso Teoriad da saintereso gaxdes
sxva sazogadoebebisTvisac? aris Tu ara rbili Zalis
Teoria yvelasTvis gamosadegi?
kritikis sxva argumentebi mimarTuli iyo Tavad Teo­
riis Sinaarsze. zogierTi avtorisTvis nais msjeloba
imeorebs neoliberalizmis ideebs da masSi sxarti meta­
forebis garda araferia siaxle. sxva avtorebis azriT,
Teoria araakademiuria – moduri Teoria, romelic
zedmetad amartivebs saerTaSoriso politikis aRqmas.
`rbili Zala – ruseTs surs is, aSS kargavs mas, CineTi
ver yidulobs sakmarisi raodenobiT~1 – aseTia erTi
TeoriiT aRwerili saerTaSoriso politika.
im mkvlevarebma, romlebmac met-naklebad saintere­
sod CaTvales nais msjeloba, xazi gausves Teoriis mTa­
var sisusteebs: sad gadis zRvari rbil, xistsa da Wkvi­
an Zalas Soris? SesaZlebelia rbili Zalis warmoeba
xisti Zalis gareSe? rogoria rbili Zalis gamoyenebis
limiti? rogor gavzomoT rbili da xisti Zalebis ma­
xa­siaTeblebi da miRweuli Sedegebi?
kritikis zogierT arguments drom gasca pasuxi. nais
terminebi swrafad damkvidrda rogorc TeoretikosTa,
aseve praqtikos politikosTa leqsikaSi. dRes inter­
netis saZiebo sistemebSi termin `rbili Zalis~ Cawera
milionobiT Sedegs gvaZlevs. nais terminebs iyeneben
akademiur kvlevebSi, organizaciebis angariSebSi, saer­
TaSoriso da lokalur konferenciebsa Tu forumebSi.
aRniSnuli faqti abaTilebs kritikis argumentebs Teo­
riis validurobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca terminis

1
PS. In Theory: Soft Power. September 27. 2017. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=yV-jAjjrv14

46
mzar­di gamoyeneba aCens axal problemebs – Teoriis im­
provizireba da terminebis zedeterminireba.
dRes rbili Zala xSirad niSnavs yvelafers da gauge­
bari xdeba, konkretulad ras gulisxmobs is. magali­
Tad, naim rbili Zalis mTavar resursad mxolod sami
ganzomileba daasaxela (kultura, politikuri Rireb­
ulebebi, sagareo politika). yoveldRiuri gamoyenebis
dros ki `rbili Zala~ saxelmwifoebrivi Zalis rbili
instrumentebis sinonimad iqca. Tavad naic aRniSnavs,
rom masobrivad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba rbili
Zalis ideis mTavari azri da termini xSirad moiazrebs
yvelafers, rac samxedro Zala ar aris.1
naisTvis rbili da xisti Zala ar aris mxolod ins­
trumenti, is ufro metad Sedegia. Zalis rbili meqa­
nizmebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia xisti miznebisTvis da
piriqiT.
nais Teoriis mTavar sisusted kvlav rCeba analizis
meTodologiis da gazomvadobis problema. Tumca, aqve
unda aRiniSnos, rom raodenobrivi meTodebiT politi­
kuri movlenebisa da ideebis gazomva zogadad iqca dRe­
vandeli, kompleqsuri samyaros gamowvevad. saerTaSo­
ri­ so akademiur wreebSi sul ufro xSirad keTdeba
aq­­­centi meTodologiuri prioritetebis cvlilebis
auci­­ leblobaze, raodenobiTi kvlevebidan Tvisobrivi
kvlevebisken.
gazomvadobasTan dakavSirebiT, aucileblad unda
aRi­ niSnos garkveuli winsvla am mimarTulebiTac. por­
tlen­ dma SeimuSava rbili Zalis gazomvis meTodolo­
gia da Seqmna specialuri platforma, sadac 2015 wli­
dan dawyebuli yoveli wlis bolos xdeba rbili Zalis
indeqsebis angariSebis ganTavseba (sul 5 angariSi).2

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.81.
2
The Soft Power 30. https://softpower30.com

47
portlandis meTodologiis gacnoba da misi angariSe­
bis SedarebiT WrilSi Seswavla-analizi gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa rbili Zalis TematikiT dainteresebuli
mkvlevarebisTvis.
2018 wlis monacemebiT, pirvel xuTeuls Seadgendnen:
didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, aSS da iaponia...
CineTi da ruseTi 27-e da 28-e adgilebs inawilebdnen...1
2019 wlis indeqsis mixedviT, pirvel xuTeuls Seadgenen:
safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, germania, SvedeTi da
aSS. ruseTis federacia mokrZalebul 30-e adgils ika­
vebs, CineTi ki saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli.2

bibliografia:

1. ilfi da petrovi. erTsarTuliani amerika. Tb. 2015

2. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Poli-
tics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004
3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011
4. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Is the American Century Over? Polity. 2015
5. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Responding to my critics and concluding thoughts.
in: Soft Power and Us Foreign Policy. Theoretical and Contemporary
perspectives. Edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox. Routledge.
2010
6. Nye Joseph S. Jr. How sharp power threatens soft power. The right
and wrong ways to respond to authoritarian influence. Foreign Af-
fairs, January 24, 2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/chi-
na/2018-01-24/how-sharp-power-threatens-soft-power
7. Hendrick W. Ohnesorge. Soft Power. The Forces of Attraction in In-
ternational Relations. Springer. 2020
8. Routledge Handbook of Soft Power, edited by Naren Chitty, Li Ji,
Gary D. Rawnsley, Craig Hayden. Abingdon. Oxon. New York, 2017

1
The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland. https://softpow-
er30.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2018.pdf
2
The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland. https://
softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Soft-Power-30-Re-
port-2019-1.pdf

48
9. Colin S. Gray. Hard Power and Soft Power: The Utility of Military
Force as an Instrument of Policy in the 21st Century. SSI. 2011.
https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/hard-power-and-soft-power-the-utility-
of-military-force-as-an-instrument-of-policy-in-the-21st-century
10. Constantin Katsakioris. The Lumumba University in Moscow: higher
education for a Soviet-Third World alliance, 1960-91.Journal of Global
History. Vol. 14. Issue 2. pp. 281-300. Published online by Cam-
bridge University Press on July 08, 2019. https://www.cambridge.
org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/lumumba-univer-
sity-in-moscow-higher-education-for-a-sovietthird-world-alliance-
196091/8720DF55AA0CEBC782EC8B215AC08D47/core-reader
11. Zachary Keck. The Hard Side of Soft Power. The Diplomat. July 24,
2013. https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-hard-side-of-soft-power/
12. Walker Christopher, Ludwig Jessica. The Meaning of Sharp Power.
How Authoritarian States Project Influence. Foreign Affairs, November
16, 2017.https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/
meaning-sharp-power
13. The Soft Power 30. https://softpower30.com
14. The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland.
https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Soft-Pow-
er-30-Report-2019-1.pdf
15. The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland.
https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The-Soft-Pow-
er-30-Report-2018.pdf
16. PS. In Theory: Soft Power. September 27. 2017. https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=yV-jAjjrv14

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „rbili Zala iseve mraval­

gvarad iqna gagebuli da zedeterminebuli, rogorc
bevri sxva sayovelTao termini.“
2. ganmarte terminebi: rbili, xisti, Wkviani Zala.
3. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „rodesac vzomavT Zalas imis
mixedviT, rogor Seicvala sxvebis moqmedeba, pirvel
rigSi unda vicodeT maTi preferenciebis Sesaxeb“.
4. rogor fiqrob, ratom izomeba Zala yovelTvis konte­
qstSi?

49
 5. Seni azriT, rogor SeiZleba kultura da narativi iqces
rbil Zalad? moiyvane magaliTi.
6. rogor fiqrob, legitimuri qmedeba ratom aris
aucilebeli piroba rbili Zalis efeqturad ganxor­
cielebisTvis?
7. imsjele rbili Zalis resursebsa da meqanizmebze.
8. eTanxmebi Tu ara ganmartebas: „ideaTa bazarSi Cveni
survilebi swored rbili Zalis mier formirdeba“.
9. rogor fiqrob, ra tipis rbilma Zalam moaxdina Senze
gavlena cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze?
10. gaecani sidnei lumetis films „12 ganrisxebuli mamak­
aci“, ilia ilfis da evgeni petrovis Txzulebas „erT­
sarTuliani amerika“. rogor fiqrob, ratom moaxdina
aRniSnulma filmma da wignma ganzraxulisgan sapirisp­
iro gavlena sabWoTa moqalaqeze?

1.3. cifruli revolucia, Zalis

difuzia da tranzicia, axali saxalxo
diplomatia

• cifruli revolucia da misi gamowvevebi

• Zalis difuzia da misi zegavlena saerTaSoriso
politikaze
• cifruli globalizacia da kiberfeodalizmi
• axali saxalxo diplomatia

msoflio istoriaSi cnobili kanonzomierebaa, rom

teq­nologiur cvlilebebs yovelTvis mohyveba sazoga­
do­ebrivi transformacia. msoflio istoriografia asa­
xelebs sam industriul revolucias, romelmac Secvala

50
msoflios istoria, saerTaSoriso wesrigis logika da
TiToeuli individis cxovreba.
pirvel industriul revoluciad moinaTla XVIII-XIX
ss. mijna. revolucia daukavSirda axali tipis energi­
is aRmoCenas – orTqlis Zravas, romelmac xeli Seuwyo
warmoebis meqanizacias, swraf urbanizacias, ramac Tavis
mxriv ganapiroba pre-modernuli politikuri sistemebis
da soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis trans­
formacia.
meore industriuli revolucia XIX s-is miwuruls
energiis axali wyaroebis, navTobis da gazis aRmoCe­
nas ukavSirdeba. es epoqa dakavSirebulia metalurgiu­
li da qimiuri mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan, masobriv
warmoebasTan, komunikaciis axali formebis SeqmnasTan
(telefoni, telegrafi...), transportis ganviTarebasTan
(avtomobili, TviTmfrinavi...).
mesame industriuli revolucia ukavSirdeba meore
msoflio omis Semdgom periods: xelovnuri inteleqtis
gamogoneba; cifruli da kompiuteruli sistemebis Se­
qmna-ganviTareba; informaciis Seqmnis, damuSavebis da
gaziarebis axali saSualebebi...
meoTxe industriul revolucias uwodeben uaxles
teqnologiur cvlilebebs – genuri inJineriis ganviTa­
reba, xelovnuri inteleqtis axali formebi, blokCeini,
kriptovaluta...1
Cven viziarebT Tvalsazriss, rom amJamad msoflio
imyofeba meoTxe industriuli revoluciis dasawyiSi da
sa­
zogadoebrivi Tu politikuri transformacia kidev
uf­ro masStaburi iqneba, vidre wina sami revoluciis
SemTxvevaSi.

1
Klaus Schwab. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to re-
spond. World Economic Forum. 14 January, 2016. https://www.weforum.org/
agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-
respond
51
 wina sami revoluciisgan gansxvavebiT, meoTxe indus­
triuli revolucia ukavSirdeba ara axali resursebis
aRmoCenas, aramed axali unarebis ganviTarebas da in­
formaciis daubrkolebel mimocvlas.
internetis gamogonebam da virtualuri realobis Se­
qmnam kacobriobis istoriaSi axali etapi Seqmna. es mim­
dinare procesia da mis Sedegebze jer naadrevia saubari,
Tumca yvelasTvis cxadia misi amJamindeli da momavali
masStabebi. ukve naTelia, rom adamianuri yofierebis
yvela sfero (politika, ekonomika Tu religia) dauka­
vSirda cifrul transformacias. isic gasagebia, rom
uaxloes momavalSi kiberTavdacva da kiberusafrTxoeba
saxelmwifoebis mTavar gamowvevad iqceva, kompiuterul
teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli profesiebi – yvelaze
moTxovnadad, saxelmwifoebis samxedro Zalisa Tu eko­
nomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari safuZveli ki xelovnuri
inteleqtis ganviTarebis unari an uunaroba gaxdeba.
ra cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs cifruli revolucia saer­
TaSoriso politikaSi? rogor gagrZeldeba procesi?
upirveles yovlisa, mimovixiloT rbili Zalis Teo­
riis avtoris, jozef nais argumentebi. garda wina para­
grafSi mimoxiluli terminebisa, XXI saukunis Zalis cva­
lebadobis ganmsazRvrelad naim daamkvidra kidev ori
termini: Zalis tranzicia da Zalis difuzia. Zalis
tranziciaSi (Zalis gadasvla, gadatana) avtori moiaz­
rebs Zalis gadasvlas erTi aqtorisgan meore aqtorze.
amgvari tendencia istoriulad aprobirebuli proce­
sia: erT imperias meore cvlida, hegemonebi Cndebod­
nen, sustdebodnen da qrebodnen.1 fenomens, romelsac
naim Zalis tranzicia daarqva, socialuri mecnierebebis
bevri Teoria Seiswavlis da sxvadasxvagvarad xsnis.

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.113.

52
 naiseuli `Zalis difuzia~1 (Zalis komponentebad daS­
la) uaxlovdeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis post­ mo­
dernul xedvas da gulisxmobs axali aqtorebis gamoCenas
saerTaSoriso politikaSi, maT Soris ise­ Ti aqtorebis,
rac warmoudgeneli iqneboda oriode aTwleulis win.
dRes Zala aRar ukavSirdeba mxolod saxelmwifos, ara­
med organizaciebs, jgufebs da individebsac ki. esa Tu
is saxe­
lmwifo mTeli Tavisi STam­ beWdavi SeiaraRebis
resursiT realuri safrTxis winaSe SeiZleba daaye­ nos
kompiuteriT SeiaraRebulma erTma teroristma, erTma
hakerma Tu xuTiod kacisgan Semdgarma trolebis jgufma.
Tanamedrove globalizebul, teqnologiur saukuneSi,
TviT yvelaze Zlevamosili saxel­ mwifoebic veRar akon­
troleben procesebs srulad. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
niu-iorkis teraqtma swored am epoqis dawyeba gvamcno.
ra aris aseTi mniSvnelovani cifrul revoluciaSi?
erTi saukunis win evropidan aSS-Si darekvis fasi or
aseul dolars aWarbebda (rac im epoqisTvis mTel qone­
bas warmoadgenda), dRes ki ufasoa; sul raRac naxevari
saukunis win pirvel gamomTvlel manqanebs mTeli oTaxis
farTobi eWira, dRes ki im moculobis informaciaze as­
jer da aTasjer meti SeiZleba Cveni smartfonis CipSi
Caetios; dRes xelovnuri inteleqti wuTebSi qmnis da
amuSavebs im moculobis informacias, rasac adamiani
mTel saukunes andomebda... magaliTebi bevria, Tumca
xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom cifruli revoluciis mTa­
var maxasiaTeblad ar unda davasaxeloT mxolod mona­
cemebis raodenobrivi zrda, servisis gaiafeba Tu pro­
cesis gamartiveba da daCqareba. cifrul revolucias
meoTxe industriul revoluciad swored im mizeziT

1
Zalis tranziciasa da difuziaze msjeloba ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The
Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 113-204.

53
movixseniebT, rom is iwvevs Zalis difuzias, rac sru­
liad cvlis adamianuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqts.
teqnologiuri revoluciis pirvel etapze gaCnda
SiSi, rom axali teqnologiebi gaxdeboda iaraRi mTav­
robebis xelSi da gamoiwvevda informaciis srul cen­
tralizebas.1 realurad, procesi ormxrivad warimarTa
da saxeze gvaqvs rogorc Zalauflebis centralizacia,
aseve misi decentralizacia.
arademokratiul reJimebSi kvlav mniSvnelovani adgi­
li uWiravs saxelmwifos mier Zalauflebis centraliza­
ciisTvis axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis tendenciis
zrdas. magaliTad, teqnologiebis borotad gamoyenebi­
sTvis xSirad adanaSauleben CineTs.2 Tumca es procesi
sul ufro da ufro rTuldeba da met da met resurss
moiTxovs.
Zalauflebis decentralizacia bunebrivad Rrmav­deba
gansakuTrebuli resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. cif­ruli
decentralizacia upirveles yovlisa mediaze aisaxa. tra­
di­ciul media saSualebebs (radios, televi­zias, beWdur
pre­sas) yovelTvis akontroleben garkveuli jgufebi,
ma­
Ti produqcia dagegmili da sistemuria. interneti ki
iZleva ulimito da ukontrolo saqmianobis saSualebas.
gaCnda komunikaciis axali formebi da meqanizmebi. inter­
netiT SesaZlebelia komunikacia erTis erTTan (imeili),
erTis bevrTan (veb-gverdi, blogi...), bevris erTTan (viki­
pedia...), bevris bevrTan (socialuri media)...3
media gaxda pirveli indikatori. Tumca procesi
grZel­­deba sxva sferoebSic. cifrul revoluciaze da­

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.115.
2
Paul Mozur. China moves towards ~digital totalitarian state” as surveillance
technology continues to advance. Independent. December 18. 2019. https://
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-technology-surveillance-net-
work-totalitarian-state-spy-a9251971.html
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.116.

54
fuZnebulma globalizaciam moitana gauTvaliswinebeli
gamowvevebi, magaliTad – terorizmi da omis privati­
zacia1, rac swored axali teqnologiebis Seqmnam gaxada
SesaZlebeli...
nai Zalis difuziaze aqcents im mizniT akeTebs, rom
ukeT dagvanaxos rbili Zalis mzardi resursi da gamo­
ye­nebis gardauvaloba: teqnologiebiT aRWurvil te­
ro­ rists verc iaraRiT daamarcxeb da verc birTvuli
iaraRis muqariT. nais azriT, msoflio politika sam
ganzomilebian Wadraks daemsgavsa, sadac mogebisTvis
aucilebelia, rogorc vertikaluri, aseve horizonta­
luri svlebi. politikosebi, vinc ver xedaven Zalis
amgvar difuzias Tanamedrove samyaroSi, `erTganzomile­
bian moTamaSeebad rCebian samganzomilebian TamaSSi~...2
nai Zalis difuziaze msjelobisas mravalgzis amaxvi­
lebs yuradRebas rbili Zalis mniSvnelobis zrdaze
saerTaSoriso politikaSi. Tumca is Zalis difuzias ar
moiazrebs saerTaSoriso politikis Zireuli cvlile­be­
bis gamomwvevad.3 am sakiTxebze bolo wlebSi ufro metad
gaaqtiurda msjeloba. saerTo tendenciiT, Zalis difu­
ziaze dafuZnebul axal realobaSi xisti Zala mTli­
anad Canacvldeba rbili ZaliT, xolo globalizaciis
siswrafe xels Seuwyobs ara unificirebuli warmosax­
viTi msoflios Seqmnas, aramed mzard regionalizms da
msoflios horizontalur daSrevebas.
Zalis difuziaze msjelobisas, aucilebelia SevexoT
globalizaciis process, romelic cifruli revoluciis
safuZvelicaa, Tanmdevi procesic da misi xelSemwyobic.

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 21-25, 132
2
ibid. p. 4-5
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 117.

55
 XXI saukunis globalizacia ar aris msoflio isto­
riaSi erTaderTi globaluri procesi. Rirebulebebis
globaluri gavrcelebis magaliTia msoflio religie­
bi, romis imperiis `yvela gza romSi midis~ imperiuli
doqtrinac da naxevari msoflios gawiTlebac civi omis
dros. ra aris axali da sruliad gansxvavebuli mimdi­
nare globalizaciis procesSi, rac ase aSfoTebT anti­
globalistebs? pasuxi martivia: globalizaciis Serwyma
teqnologiur revoluciasTan.
dRevandeli globalizacia swrafad da iafad midis
ufro Sors da ufro Rrmad, vidre odesme. cnobili mag­
aliTia, rom infeqciuri daavadeba `yvavilis~ msofli­
oSi gavrcelebas dasWirda 300 weliwadi, aiv virusis
gavrcelebas – 30 weli, CineTSi aRmoCenilma axalma ko­
ronavirusma ki prevenciis uprecedento zomebis miuxe­
davad ramdenime dReSi CaaRwia aTasobiT kilometriT
daSorebul qveynebSi.
winare globalizaciebma gaaiafa produqti (is rac
fu­funebis sagani iyo Sua saukuneebSi, momdevno sauku­ne­
ebSi sayovelTao moxmarebis sagnebad iqca). dRevandel­
ma globalizaciam ki yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada
informacia da aseve gaamartiva narativis kulturuli
Targmani. swored amitom, mimdinare globalizaciis
ukeT gasaazreblad Cven mas movixseniebT cifrul glo­
balizaciad.
saxezea cifruli globalizaciis Tanmdevi uaryofi­
Ti aspeqtebic – gamartivda moparva, dahakva... teraqtis
mowyoba... informacia, romelic mxolod saxelmwifos
kuTvnileba SeiZleba yofiliyo, sayovelTao gaxda...
cifruli globalizaciis efeqti gansxvavdeba regio­
nebis mixedviT, rac qmnis uTanasworobis axal safuZvels.
cifruli globalizacia cvlis politikur qmedebebs da
Sedegebs. yvelas gvaxsovs axlo aRmosavleTSi feisbuq­

56
iT mobilizebuli revoluciebi Tu ruseTSi gaqceuli
eduard snoudeni, romelmac 20 wlis asakSi moaxerxa
aSS-is mkacrad klasificirebuli dokumentebis moparva
da gamomzeureba. globalizacia, rogorc msoflio uni­
fikacia – civi omis Semdgomi pirveli Taobis antiglo­
balistebis warmosaxva aRmoCnda.
cifrulma revoluciam pirvel etapze marTlac
Seuwyo xeli msoflio vesternizaciis process, rad­
gan teqnologiebis Semqmneli pirveli qveynebi swored
dasavluri demokratiebia, Tumca cifruli revoluciis
Semdeg etapebze movlenebi sxva kuTxiT warimarTa. an­
tidasavluri Zalebis mier atexili gangaSi, romelic
globalizaciis mTavar safrTxed liberaluri Rirebu­
lebebis gavrcelebiT msoflio kosmopolituri sazo­
gadoebis Seqmnas moiazrebda, fukuiamas istoriis da­
sasrulis erTgvari gagrZelebaa.
istoriulma ganviTarebam aCvena, rom cifruli Sesa­
Zleblobebis gamoyeneba sul male aranaklebi efeqturo­
biT daiwyes arademokratiulma reJimebma, sxvadasxva sa­
xis fundamentalisturma jgufebma da teroristulma
organizaciebmac ki. globalizacias ar aRmoufxvria arc
saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, man msoflio mravalganzomilebi­
ani gaxada: gaizarda uTanasworoba mdidrebsa da Rari­
bebs Soris; gaRrmavda RirebulebiTi sxvaoba asakobriv
da sxvadasxva ideologiur jgufebs Soris... gamarTlda
globalistebis zogierTi varaudi msoflio politikaSi
ekonomikuri sakiTxebis mniSvnelobis zrdaze. ekonomi­
kuri urTierTdamokidebulebis meqanizmebi gaizarda
komunikaciis formebis gaiafebis kvaldakval.
teqnologiurma revoluciam meti mniSvneloba miani­
Wa transnacionalur korporaciebs da daaknina saxelm­
wifoebis da mTavrobebis realizmisTvis Cveuli uzena­
e­soba. uTanasworoba izomeba ara fulis raodenobiT,

57
aramed teqnologiuri unarebis da informaciis raode­
nobiT. axali tendenciiT, damkvidrebuli da yvelaze
Tvladi ekonomikuri maCveneblebic ki Zalas kargavs,
daTvla garTulda cifrebSi radgan produqti da valu­
ta sxvadasxvagvari gaxda. dRes aRar aris imdenad mniS­
vnelovani ra bunebriv resursebs flob, aramed ramden
gigabait informacias flob, ra tipis informacias flob
da am konteqstSi vis informacias meti fasi aqvs dRes...
cifruli globalizacia cvlis politikis yvela
aspeqts da yvela sferos. is zemoqmedebs rogorc saSi­
nao, aseve sagareo politikis warmoebaze. icvleba saSi­
nao da sagareo politikuri qmedebebis korelaciac:
litikuri elitebi veRar grZnoben Tavs daculad
po­­
sa­Sinao politikaSi, rac sagareo agresiisken ubiZgebT.
`RmerTo Cemo, es diplomatiis dasasrulia~ – ganacxa­
da britaneTis premier-ministrma lordma pamerstonma
in­formaciis telegrafiT miRebis Semdeg XIX saukuneSi.1
sinamdvileSi, cifruli globalizaciis pirobebSi kidev
ufro metad gaizarda zogadad diplomatiis, gansa­
kuTrebiT ki saxalxo diplomatiis roli.
ra aris saxalxo diplomatia? Tavad terminis gamo­
goneba ukavSirdeba edmund gulionis saxels, romelmac
termini pirvelad gamoiyena 1965 wels.2 misi ganmarte­
biT, saxalxo diplomatia efeqtur, strategiul komu­
nikaciaze dafuZnebuli diplomatiaa, romlis mizania
saxalxo azris zegavlenis zrda sagareo politikis war­
moebis procesSi.
saxalxo diplomatia (Tavisi yvela formiT) efuZne­
ba gamWvirvale komunikacias da udaod rbili Zalis

1
Digital diplomacy, E-diplomacy, Cyber diplomacy. DiPLO. https://www.diploma-
cy.edu/e-diplomacy
2
Nicholas J.Cull. ~Public Diplomacy” before Gullion: the evolution of a phrase.
USC Center on Public Diplomacy. Apr. 18. 2006. https://www.uscpublicdiplo-
macy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-gullion-evolution-phrase
58
gavrcelebis mTavari meqanizmia. sainformacio omisgan
gansxvavebiT, saxalxo diplomatia (rbili Zala) ar aris
dafuZnebuli konfrontaciaze da miznad ar isaxavs
„Cven-isini“ diqotomiiis Seqmnas.
sainformacio omi (rogorc basri Zalis erT-erTi
mTa­vari meqanizmi) qmnis konfrontaciis safuZvlebs
sazo­gadoebaSi, zegavlenis meqanizmebad iyenebs arale­
galur qmedebebs (kiberTavdasxma, hakeroba, fsiqolo­
giuri operaciebi...). basri Zalis mesijebi axdens nara­
tivis proeqcias da Rirebulebebis gasavrceleblad
iyenebs propagandas. sainformacio oms da rbili Zalis
deviacias basri Zalis saxiT ufro dawvrilebiT momde­
vno paragrafSi SevexebiT.
cifrulma globalizaciam didi zegavlena moaxdina
saxalxo diplomatiasa da zogadad diplomatiaze. 9/11
movlenebis Semdeg sul ufro mzardad gamoiyeneba ter­
mini „axali saxalxo diplomatia“. erT-erTi pirveli aka­
demiuri msjeloba diplomatiis transformaciis Sesaxeb
ukavSirdeba 2001-2002 wlebSi aSS sagareo politikis fo­
rums, romelSic cnobili politikuri liderebi da eqs­
pertebi monawileobdnen. forumis Tavmjdomaris, piter
pitersonis TqmiT, diplomatiia moiTxovs ara ubralod
cvlilebebs, aramed revoluciur cvlilebebs1.
bolo aTwleulSi gamocemuli monografiebi `axal
saxalxo diplomatias~ da `rbil Zalas~ xSirad aigivebs
erT­maneTTan. axali saxalxo diplomatiis diskursSi
xazgasmulia individis rolis zrda, rac sruliad axal
cvlads warmoadgens saerTaSoriso politikaSi. saxel­
mwifoebs mouwevT Seeguon axal realobas – gadawyve­
tilebebis miRebis procesSi axali, arasaxelmwifoebri­

1
Council on Foreign relations. Annual Report. July 1,2001 – June 30, 2002. https://
www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CFR_annual_report_2002_0.pdf

59
vi aqtorebis CarTulobas. saerTaSoriso politikaSi
ara­
saxelmwifoebrivi aqtorebis gamoCenas gavaigivebT
saxalxo diplomatiasTan Tu mxolod mis Semadgenel
nawilebad moviazrebT, orive SemTxvevaSi saxezea axali
tendencia.1
axali Taobis diplomatebs mouwevT iseTi unarebis
daufleba, rasac maTi winamorbedebi ar floben – maTTvis
aravis uswavlebia ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebTan strate­
giuli komunikaciis specifika. axali saxalxo diploma­
tiis mTavari gamowvevaa rbili ZalisTvis damaxasiaTe­
beli procesebis kontrolis SeuZlebloba.
saxalxo diplomatiis reformireba dakavSirebulia
politikuri procesebis gamWvirvalobasTan; politi­
kuri elitebis sazogadoebis winaSe angariSvaldeb­
ulebis zrdasTan; informaciis analizze dafuZnebul
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesTan; politikaze ze­
moq­medebis unaris mqone jgufebis, individebis Tu mov­
lenebis Tvisobrivi meTodebiT Seswavlis sirTuleeb­Tan.
aseve axali saxalxo diplomatiis gamowvevad saxeldeba
dezinformaciasTan da propagandasTan (basri Zalis me­
qanizmebi) gamklaveba.
axali saxalxo diplomatia moiazrebs ormxriv pro­
cess – mosmena da dialogi. am konteqstSi aucilebe­ li
gax­
da klasikuri samTavrobo diplomatiis garda­ qm­
na
cifrul diplomatiad. erTis mxriv, cifruli dip­
lo­ma­tia aadvilebs strategiul komunikacias sxvada­
sxva doneze, magram amave dros, cifruli diplomatia
qmnis axal safrTxeebsa da gamowvevebs: procesebis qao­

Anna Popkova. Non-state Diplomacy Challenges to Authoritarian States: The

1

Open Russia Movement. in: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019.
Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva
and Robert Kelley. BRILL Online Publication Date: 20Jun 2019. https://brill.
com/view/journals/hjd/14/3/article-p250_5.xml

60
turobas; RirebulebiTi buStebis Seqmnas da sxv. Zalis
difuziam rogorc saxalxo, aseve samTavrobo diploma­
tia strategiuli komunikaciis gaaqtiurebis da axali
midgomebis SemuSavebis aucileblobis winaSe daayena.
dezinformaciis gavrcelebis masStabebma da gaxSire­
bulma informaciulma Sturmma bevri saxelmwifo aiZula
ganexorcielebina strategiuli instituciuri cvli­
lebebi. saxalxo diplomatiis mizani gaxda horizonta­
luri RirebulebiTi Sreebis gaCena, radgan cifruli
globalizacia horizontalurad (Rirebulebebis mixed­
viT) hyofs adamianebs da ara saxelmwifo sazRvrebis mi­
xedviT.
paragrafis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom cifruli revo­
luciiT gamowveuli Zalis difuzia mimdinare procesia
da mis politikur Sedegebze jer sruliad warmoudge­
nelia saubari, Tumca dRiTi dRe izrdeba literatura,
romelic msjelobs cifruli revoluciis zegavlenaze
saerTaSoriso politikaSi da Zalis difuziis axal ten­
denciebze.
realistebis azriT, cifruli globalizacia ver mo­
dens raime gardamtex cvlilebas da saxelmwifoebi
ax­
darCebian saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar aqtorebad
cif­ruli globalizaciis pirobebSic, informaciuli
volucia isev Zlierebs gaaZlierebs da Zala kvlav
re­
darCeba politikuri urTierTobebis mTavar safuZvlad.
liberalebi da konstruqtivistebi aqcents akeTeben mso­
flio politikis mzardad kompleqsur xasiaTze, sadac
saxelmwifoebis garda arasaxelmwifoebrivma aqtorebmac
SeiZines Zala. liberalebi ar uaryofen, rom saxelmwi­
foebi kvlav darCebian saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar
aqtorebad, Tumca miaCniaT, rom cifruli revolucia
gaaZlierebs demokratiul qveynebs (rogorc Tanamedrove
informaciis mTavar generatorebs), rac demokratiuli

61
mSvidobis ideas met realobas SesZens. demokratiuli
mTavrobebi miCveuli arian gaxsnilobas da gamWvirvalo­
bas da amitomac Zalis difuziasTan Tavsebadoba maTTvis
ufro martivad misaRwevi iqneba. saerTaSoriso politi­
kaSi rbili Zalis da saxalxo diplomatiis rolis zrdac
aseve liberaluri Teoriebis wisqvilze asxams wyals.
konstruqtivistebi vestfaliuri sistemis dasrulebas
da axali realobis konstruirebas winaswarmetyveleben. 1
cifrul revoluciasTan mimarTebaSi gaCnda axali,
da xSirad gaugebari terminebi: cifruli avtorita­
rizmi, cifruli cenzura, cifruli armia, kiber jeims
bondebi.... eleqtronuli mTavroba, Wkviani qalaqebi da
mowyobilobebi... am konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT saintere­
sod gveCveneba axali terminis kiberfeodalizmis dam­
kvidreba. feodalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena
iyo transnacionaluri kavSirebis damyareba saxelmwi­
fos politikuri sazRvrebis ugulebelyofiT. msgavsi
tendenciebi aRkveTa eri-saxelmwifoebis vestfaliuri
sistemis Seqmnam.2 postmodernistebis azriT, Zalis di­
fuzia gvabrunebs warsul tendenciebTan da politikuri
elitebi ar arian mzad am gamowvevasTan gasamklaveblad.
termini `kiberfeodalizmi~ mzardi popularobiT sarge­
blobs rogorc akademiur, aseve araakademiur sazoga­
doebaSi. heSTegi `kiberfeodalizmi~ gamoiyeneba Tvi­
Ter­sa da sxva socialur qselebSi.

1
Joseph S. Nye Jr., David A. Welch. Understanding Global Conflict and Coopera-
tion. An Introduction to Theory and History. Tenth Edition. Pearson. 2017. p.
336-337
2
naim kiberZalauflebas mTeli Tavi miuZRvna monografiaSi (Jo-
seph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 113-151). man
pirvelma Seadara Zalis difuzia feodalizmis periods (ibid.
p.118-119). momdevno wlebSi samecniero diskusia aRniSnul ten­
denciebze intensiuri gaxda da gamoCnda axali terminebi da ar­
gumentebi.

62
 informaciuli revolucia rbili Zalis Seqmnis da ga­
mo­yenebis saSualebas aZlevs patara saxelmwifoebsa da
individebsac. Sesabamisad, patara saxelmwifoebs eZle­
vaT Sansi axali adgili ipovon saerTaSoriso poli­ ti­
kaSi. msgavsi tendencia mzardia da uprecedento. ra­
sakvirvelia, saxelmwifos teqnologiuri winsvla da
cifruli revoluciis gamowvevebis gamklavebis unari
aucilebeli winapirobaa am konteqstSi.
sxva produqtisgan gansxvavebiT, teqnologiuri pro­
duq­ ti droSi iafdeba da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi
xde­ba. ekonomistebi iyeneben termins `qselis efeqti~
– mo­biluri/smartfoni, interneti Tu kriptovaluta
Tanabrad gamouyenebelia, Tu is mxolod Tqven gaqvT.
teqnologiis gamomgonebeli qveynebi Tu jgufebi Tavad
arian dainteresebuli sakuTari teqnologiuri gamo­
gonebebis gavrcelebaSi da dRes yvelasTvis yvelaferi
xelmisawvdomi gaxda. globalistebis terminiT rom
vTqvaT, msoflio gaxda `globaluri sofeli~, sadac
qveynebis siZliere naklebad gaizomeba sididis da
resursebis mixedviT.
istoriuli gamocdilebiT, saxelmwifoebi, romleb­
mac ver moaxerxes cvlilebebisTvis fexis awyoba wina
in­dustriuli revoluciebis dros, samudamod an xangrZ­
livad CamorCnen istoriis svlas. meoTxe industriuli
revolucia kidev ufro sastiki iqneba drosTan Camor­
Cenilebis mimarT.

bibliografia:

1. Joseph S. Nye Jr., David A. Welch. Understanding Global Conflict and

Cooperation. An Introduction to Theory and History. Tenth Edition.
Pearson. 2017
2. Joseph S. Nye Jr. Power in a Global Information Age. From Realism
to Globalization. Routledge. 2004

63
 3. The New Public Diplomacy. Soft Power in International Relations.
edited by Jan Melissen. palgrave macmillan. 2005
4. James Pamment. New Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century: A Com-
parative Study of Policy and Practice. Routledge. 2013
5. Andreas Sandre. Twitter for Diplomats. DiploFoundation and Istitu-
toDiplomatico. 2013. https://www.diplomacy.edu/resources/books/
twitter-diplomats
6. Jeremy Rifkin. The Third Industrial Revolution. Palgrave MacMillan.
2011
7. Craig Hayden. The Rhetoric of Soft Power. Public Diplomacy in Global
Contexts. Lexington Books. 2012
8. Anna Popkova. Non-state Diplomacy Challenges to Authoritarian
States: The Open Russia Movement. in: The Hague Journal of Di-
plomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019. Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state
Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. BRILL
Online Publication Date: 20Jun 2019. https://brill.com/view/journals/
hjd/14/3/article-p250_5.xml
9. Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. Introduction: Non-state Diplo-
macy from Non-Western Perspectives. in: The Hague Journal of Di-
plomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019. Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state
Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. BRILL On-
line Publication Date: 20 Jun 2019. https://brill.com/view/journals/
hjd/14/3/article-p199_1.xml
10. Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2001-June 30,
2002. NY. https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CFR_an-
nual_report_2002_0.pdf
11. Bridget Verrekia. Digital Diplomacy and its effects on International
Relations. SIT Graduate Institute. ISP Collection 2596. 2017. https://
digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2596
12. USC center on Public Diplomacy https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org
13. USC Center on Public Diplomacy. Annual report 2018-2019. https://
www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/story/cpd-releases-annual-report-2018-19
14. USC center on Public Diplomacy. CPD Blog. https://www.uscpublicdi-
plomacy.org/newswire/cpdblog_main
15. Bruce’s List. Latest Must-Reads in Public Diplomacy: August 2019.
USC center on Public Diplomacy. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/
story/latest-must-reads-public-diplomacy-august-2019
16. Trump Administration Diplomacy. C-SPAN. September 30, 2019. https://
www.c-span.org/video/?464831-1/trump-administration-diplomacy

64
17. Digital diplomacy, E-diplomacy, Cyber diplomacy. DiPLO. https://www.
diplomacy.edu/e-diplomacy
18. Jovan Kurballja. 25 Points for Digital Diplomacy. HUFFPOST. Nov.7,
2016. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/25-points-for-digital-diplomacy
_b_581c78bae4b0334571e099ec
19. Corneliu Bjola. Digital Diplomacy: From Tactics to Strategy. The Ameri-
can Academy in Berlin.2018. https://www.americanacademy.de/digital-
diplomacy-tactics-strategy
20. Corneliu Bjola. The ~Dark Side” of digital diplomacy. SPD Blog. Jan
22, 2019. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/dark-side-digital-
diplomacy
21. Paul Mozur. China moves towards ~digital totalitarian state” as surveil-
lance technology continues to advance. Independent. December 18.
2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-technol-
ogy-surveillance-network-totalitarian-state-spy-a9251971.html

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. eTanxmebi Tu ara mosazrebas, rom mimdinare cifruli

revolucia SeiZleba meoTxe industriul revoluciad
Sefasdes? Seni azriT, riTi gansxvavdeba meoTxe indus­
triuli revolucia winare samisgan?
2. ganmarte terminebi: `Zalis tranzicia~, `Zalis difu­
zia~. imsjele Zalis difuziis negatiur da pozitiur
aspeqtebze. rogor fiqrob, ras niSnavs omis privati­
zacia? moiZie informacia.
3. imsjele cifruli globalizaciis Taviseburebebze.
ra gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs saxelmwifoebs cifruli
globalizacia?
4. ganmarte terminebi: `RirebulebiTi buStebi~, `hori­
zontaluri RirebulebiTi Sreebi~.
5. ganmarte winadadeba: `konstruqtivistebi vestfali­
uri sistemis dasrulebas da axali realobis konstru­
irebas winaswarmetyveleben~.
6. ras gulisxmobs termini `axali saxalxo diplomatia~?
ratom aigiveben axal saxalxo diplomatias rbil Za­
lasTan?

65
 7. ras gulisxmobs termini `kiberfeodalizmi~? ra gavle­
na aqvs kiberfeodalizms saerTaSoriso politikaze?
8. ganmarte winadadeba: msoflio gaxda `globaluri
sofeli~, sadac qveynebis siZliere naklebad gaizomeba
sididis da resursebis mixedviT.
9. imsjele `progresis paradoqsze~.
10. SearCie magaliTi (qeisi) da imsjele cifruli globali­
za­ciis zegavlenaze saerTaSoriso Tu saxelmwifo po­
litikaSi.

Ø es sainteresoa:

TviTeris diplomatia
cifrul diplomatiaSi sxva mraval axal terminTan
erTad, damkvidrda termini TviTeris diplomatia (Twiplo-
macy). sxvadasxva statistikuri monacemebiT, msoflios
politikuri liderebis ori mesamedi TviTeris aqtiuri
momxmarebelia. cifruli diplomatiis momxreebis argu­
mentebiT, socialuri qselebiT amomrCevelTan urTier­
Toba politikosebs saSualebas aZlevs Tavisi ideebi da
politikuri gadawyvetilebebi efeqturad miitanos ri­
giT moqalaqemde, amomrCevels (Tu nebismier moqalaqes
msoflios nebismieri qveynidan) ki saSualeba eZleva pirda­
piri kavSiri qondes politikur liderebTan. zogierTi
eqsperti politikur liderebs mouwodebs kidec, ukeT
daeuflon socialuri qselebis efeqturad gamoyenebas.
strategiuli komunikaciis politikaSi TviTeris rolis
zrdasTan erTad dRiTi dRe mravldeba organizaciebi,
romlebic ikvleven cifruli diplomatiis (Tu konkre­
tulad, TviTeris diplomatiis) fenomens da gvTavazoben
sxvadasxva saintereso statistikur monacemebs. tradici­

66
ulma media saSualebebma daiwyes blogebis warmoeba ci­
fruli diplomatiis Sesaxeb, universitetebma saganmana­
Tleblo programebSi CarTes cifruli diplomatiis da
strategiuli komunikaciis saswavlo kursebi.
vebgverdis `TviTeris diplomatia~ (https://twiplomacy.
com/) 2019 wlis statistikis mixedviT, TviTeris yvelaze
aqtiur momxmareblad saxeldeba aSS prezidenti donald
trampi (66 milioni mimdevari); meore adgils ikavebs in­
doeTis premier ministri narendra modi (51 milioni mim­
devari); xolo mesame adgilzea papi franciske (49 milioni
mimdevari). ruseTis saprezidento TviTeri 26-e adgils
ikavebs 3 mln. mimdevriT. saqarTvelo indeqsSi saerTod
ar aris warmodgenili, rac sulac ar niSnavs, rom saqa­
rTveloSi politikuri elita socialur mediasTan ar
megobrobs. saqarTvelos Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos
feisbuqis gansakuTrebuli popularoba sxva socialur
mediebTan SedarebiT.
TviTeris diplomatiaSi politikuri liderebis garda
CarTulni arian diplomatiuri misiebi da warmomadgenlo­
bebi, samTavrobo uwyebebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi...
TviTeris momxmarebelia iseTi organizaciac ki, rogori­
caa aSS centraluri sadazvervo saagento (CIA). 2014 wlis
6 ivniss Tavisi pirveli TviTiT saagentom gamoaqveyna
saxumaro teqsti: `arc vuaryofT da arc vadasturebT,
rom es aris Cveni pirveli TviTi~. saagentos TviTs mo­
hyva bevri saintereso komentari da gaziarda 280 aTasjer.
magaliTad, politikurma korespondentma da analitikosma
hovard fainmenma sapasuxo TviTSi Tavadac moswrebulad
ixumra: `dRes gavxdi sadazvervo saagentos mimdevari,
Tumca vfiqrob saagento aqamdec iyo Cemi mimdevari~.
prezident donald trampis TviTerTan urTierToba
mudmivi ganxilvis sagania. is cnobilia Tavisi eqscen­
truli da skandaluri TviTebiT. davasaxeloT ramdenime
gaxmaurebuli skandaluri TviTi.

67
 2019 wels prezidents gamouqveynes 2012 wlis skanda­
luri TviTi qeiT midltonis Sesaxeb: `vis ar unda qeiTis
foto gadaiRos da bevri fuli iSovos, Tu qeiTi mzeze
SiSveli irujeba. midi qeiT!~
2018 wels trampma iranis winaaRmdeg sanqciebi daaanon­
sa TviTerSi cnobili serialis, `samefo karis TamaSebis~
sareklamo posteris stilSi gadaRebuli sakuTari foto­
suraTiT (warweriT `sanqciebi axlovdeba~). iranis gener­
alma kasem suleimanim msgavsive posteriT upasuxa insta­
gramSi (warweriT `Sen ver gamtexav~). serialis mflobeli
amerikuli telearxi HBO aseve TviTiT gamoexmaura movle­
nebs da Tavis xumrobaSi xazi gausva saavtoro uflebebis
sakiTxs.
2018 wlis noemberSi trampi stumrad imyofeboda pariz­
Si pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis 100 wlis iubiles­
Tan dakavSirebiT. vizitidan dabrunebis Semdeg trampma
TviTiT gaakritika safrangeTis mTavroba: `emanuel mak­
roni sakuTari armiis Seqmnas apirebs evropis dasacavad
aSS-s, CineTisa da ruseTisgan. frangebi pirvel da meore
msoflio omebSic icavdnen Tavs, magram sanam aSS jarebma
parizamde miaRwies, frangebi ukve germanuls swavlobdnen.
gadaixade nato-Si an gadi!~ makronma tradiciulad Tavi
Seikava trampis TviTze pasuxis gacemisgan.
2020 wlis 6 Tebervals, aSS senatSi prezidentis impiC­
mentis sakiTxis Cavardnis Semdeg, trampma gamoaqveyna
saxu­maro video TviTerze, romlis mixedviT prezidento­
bas samudamod apirebs.
trampis TviTebis mimoxilva kargad aCvenebs axali sa­
xa­lxo diplomatiis specifikas. samTavrobo diplomatiis
mier gakeTebuli msgavsi gancxadebebi aucileblad gax­
deboda konfliqtis an omis mizezi. klasikuri diplo­
matiisgan gansxvavebiT, TviTeris diplomatia saSualebas
iZleva iTqvas yvelaferi gulwrfelad, TviTis adresats

68
ki utovebs arCevans gasces msgavsi pasuxi, an saerTod ar
gasces pasuxi. axali saxalxo diplomatia cvlis diplo­
matiis istoriulad Camoyalibebul da SeTanxmebul Car­
Coebs.
axali saxalxo diplomatia gamowvevaa politikosebisT­
vis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis procesSic. 2017 wels
kolumbiis universitetis sityvis Tavisuflebis damcvelma
institutma sarCeli Seitana trampis administraciis wi­
naaRmdeg, romelmac dabloka trampis TviTeris ramdenime
mimdevari kritikuli postebisTvis. sarCelis ganxilva ori
wlis manZilze mimdinareobda sxvadasxva instanciaSi da mo­
qalaqeebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. federaluri sasamarT­
los mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, prezidentis TviTeri sa­
jaro sivrcea, sadac sakuTari azris gamoTqmis ufleba aqvs
rogorc prezidents, aseve mis mimdevrebsac. prezidents
aqvs ufleba sakuTari survilis mixedviT SearCios TviTi
sapasuxod an gasaziareblad, magram ar aqvs azris SezRud­
vis da TviTis dablokvis ufleba.
TviTeris diplomatia, iseve rogorc zogadad cifru­
li diplomatia, gamowvevad iqca politikis mkvlevarebi­
sTvisac. socialur qselebSi ganTavsebuli informaciis
Tavmoyra da klasifikacia rTulia da xSirad SeuZlebel­
ic socialuri qselebis specifikidan gamomdinare.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:

1. Twiplomacy. https://twiplomacy.com
2. Twitter.com https://twitter.com/cia/status/474971393852182528
3. donald trampis skandaluri tviti qeiT midltonze. es
persona. 4 ivnisi. 2019 https://espersona.ge/article/957
4. trampis tviti da iraneli generlis pasuxi ~samefo karis
TamaSebis” stilSi. NeWposts.11-04-2018 https://www.newposts.
ge/?l=G&id=188514
5. Twitter.com https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/sta-
tus/1062311785787744256

69
 6. Trump slams Macron, France in burst of tweets after Paris visit.
France24. 13/11/2018 https://www.france24.com/en/20181113-usa-
trump-macron-france-burst-tweets-paris-visit-twitter-wwi-wwii-germa-
ny-wine
7. Dan Mangan. Read the Tweets that got these people blocked on Twit-
ter by President Donald Trump. CNBC. May 23, 2018. https://www.
cnbc.com/2018/05/23/read-the-tweets-that-got-these-people-blocked-
on-twitter-by-president-donald-trump.html
8. Rebecca Pilar Buckwalter-Poza, Philip Cohen, Eugene Gu, Holly
Figueroa, Nicholas Pappas, Brandon Neely. I was Blocked by @re-
alDonaldTrump. March 25, 2019. Knight First Amendment Institute
at Columbia University. https://knightcolumbia.org/content/i-was-
blocked-realdonaldtrump
9. Grace Panetta. Trump tweets a video implying he’ll be president
‘4EVA’ as his first official response after impeachment-trial acquittal.
Business Insider. Feb.6, 2020 https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-
tweets-video-showing-him-president-forever-after-acquittal-2020-2
10. Andreas Sandre. 2018 in Review: top 10 digital diplomacy mo-
ments. Digital Diplomacy. December 10, 2018. https://medium.com/
digital-diplomacy/2018-in-review-top-10-digital-diplomacy-moments-
ce9e2745035a

Ø es sainteresoa:

Zalis difuziis gavlena saerTaSoriso politikaze

aisaxa sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi. gansa­kuT­
rebiT im tipis angariSebSi, sadac momavlis tendenciebis
gansazRvra xdeba. msgavs angariSebs amzadebs ramdenime
cnobili saerTaSoriso saeqsperto-kvleviTi organizacia
Tu saerTaSoriso organizacia. aSS dazvervis erovnuli
sabWos mier momzadebuli angariSi – „progresis parado­
qsi“ erT-erTi saintereso nimuSia am konteqstSi.
aSS dazvervis erovnuli sabWo (NIC) Seiqmna 1979 wels.
misi mizania farTo sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomi sae­

70
qsperto dokumentebis momzadeba. sabWosTan TanamSrom­
loben eqspertebi samTavrobo, akademiuri da arasamTav­
robo wreebidan. 1997 wlidan sabWom daiwyo axali tipis
dokumentebis – `globaluri tendenciebi~ gamoqveyneba.
dokumenti qveyndeba yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel aSS
saprezidento arCevnebis Semdgom vidre prezidentis in­
auguraciamde da warmoadgens erTgvar sakonsultacio
rCevebs axlad arCeuli prezidentebisTvis. dokumenti
warmoadgens momavali 15-20 wlis globaluri tendenciebis
strategiul mimoxilvas. organizacias aqvs damoukidebe­
li vebgverdi sxvadasxva qveganyofilebebiT, reportebis
arqiviT, sasargeblo bmulebiTa da danarTebiT. special­
uri seqcia bavSvebisTvisac ki aris gamoyofili. nebismier
internet momxmarebels msoflios nebismieri regionidan
SeuZlia komentarebis gakeTeba da interaqcia sxvadasxva
formiT.
aSS dazvervis erovnuli sabWom pirveli 100-gverdiani
angariSi `globaluri tendenciebi 2015: dialogi momavlis
Sesaxeb arasamTavrobo eqspertebTan~ gamoaqveyna 2000 wlis
dekemberSi. 125-gverdiani angariSi `2020-globaluri moma­
vlis ruka~ gamoqveynda 2004 wlis dekemberSi. 120-gverdia­
ni dokumenti – `globaluri tendenciebi 2025: transfor­
mirebuli msoflio~ gamoqveynda 2008 wlis noemberSi.
166-gverdi­ani dokumenti `globaluri tendenciebi 2030: al­
ternatiuli samyaroebi~ gamoqveynda 2012 wlis dekemberSi.
mas wamZRvarebuli aqvs jon meinard qeinsis citata: `azri,
rom momavali iqneba gansxvavebuli awmyosgan iseTi au­
tanelia Cveni standartuli azrovnebisa da qcevisTvis,
rom umravlesoba CvenTagani uars vambobT masze~. do­
kumenti iwyeba sityvebiT: 2030 wels msoflio radikalurad
gansxvavebuli iqneba dRevandelobisgan. dokumentSi mega­
trendebad gamoyofilia: individualuri SesaZleblobebis
zrda; Zalis difuzia; demografiuli cvlilebebi; sakvebis,

71
wylisa da energo resursebis nakleboba. globaluri wes­
rigis TamaSis wesebis cvalebadobaSi gansakuTrebuli adg­
ili aqvs miCenili globalizebuli ekonomikis krizisisadmi
midrekilebas da gamowvevebs im saxelmwifoebisTvis, ro­
melic fexs ver uwyobs daCqarebul globalur cvlilebebs.
aseve saxeldeba konfliqtebis gazrdili albaToba; mzardi
regionaluri arastabiluroba; axali teqnologiebis ze­
gavlena saerTaSoriso politikaze...
tradiciisamebr, 2016 wlis dekemberSi unda gamoqvey­
nebuliyo 2035 dokumenti. Tumca 2017 wlis ianvarSi gamo­
qveynda 235 gverdiani angariSi: „globaluri tendenciebi,
progresis paradoqsi~. angariSis momzadebis procesSi
analitikosebs konsultaciebi hqondaT 35 qveynis mTav­
robebsa da interes jgufebTan: analitikur centrebTan,
studentebTan, mewarmeebTan, qalTa organizaciebTan... an­
gariSi gamoirCeva Temebis simravliT da farTo geografi­
uli arealiT.
angariSSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba Zalauflebis Tvi­
sobriv cvlilebebze (Zalis tranzicia da Zalis difu­
zia). Zala da Zalaufleba, romelic Sedgeboda Tvladi
komponentebisgan (samxedro, ekonomikuri, demografiuli
maCveneblebi) ufro metad gaxdeba damokidebuli aramate­
rialur ganzomilebebze (ideebi, urTierTobebi...) angari­
Sis ZiriTadi daskvnebidan gvinda gamovarCioT ramdenime
sakiTxi.
1. axlo momavalSi gaizrdeba daZabuloba rogorc
qveynebs SigniT, aseve qveynebs Soris. interesTa SeuTavse­
bloba civi omis droindel masStabebs miaRwevs. sxvaoba
sazogadoebebis RirebulebaTa Soris gaizrdeba. gaCndeba
TanamSromlobis da konfrontaciis axali geopolitikuri
sivrceebi da e. w. `geopolitikuri ruxi zonebi~. savaWro
Tu samxedro TanamSromloba naklebad gaxdeba damokide­
buli geografiul siaxloveze. teqnologiur inovaciebze

72
dafuZnebuli axali produqtebis gaCena gaarTulebs saqon­
lis Rirebulebis, patentebisa da sabaJo gadasaxadebis
tradiciulad arsebul Tvladobas, xarisxis kontrols...
2. demografiuli problemebi axal ganzomilebas mi­
aRwevs – mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba, samuSao adgi­
lebi ki mcirdeba teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mize­
ziT. dasavleTis teqnologiurad ganviTarebul qveynebs
muSaxe­liT veRar Seavsebs aradasavluri sazogadoebebi,
radgan maT amis unar-Cvevebi ar eqnebaT. dasavleTis qvey­
nebSi gagrZeldeba demografiuli dabereba da mosaxleo­
bis raodenobis kleba, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki piriqiT,
moxdeba demografiuli afeTqeba. 25-35 wlis perspeqtivaSi
TiTqmis yvela afrikuli qveyana gaormagdeba mosaxleo­
bis raodenobiT. aucilebeli gaxdeba afrikis kontinentis
problemebis aqtualizacia.
3. globalizaciis procesi uprecedento gaRrmave­
bas ganicdis. teqnologiuri revolucia da xelovnuri
inteleqtis farTo gamoyeneba axal masStabebs iZens. am
procesSi mogebulebi da wagebulebi axali konfiguraciT
gadanawildebian did saWadrako doneze. wagebulTa mxares
SesaZloa aRmoCndnen Tavad dasavluri sazogadoebebi.
mar­Talia, swored isini floben teqnologiebs, magram
teqnologiuri revolucia xels Seuwyobs saSualo fenis
ekonomikur stagnacias, rac dasavluri sazogadoebebis
politikur-ekonomikuri safuZvelia. sagareo faqtorebic
ar iqneba momgebiani dasavleTisTvis. axali geopoliti­
kuri ambiciebi ruseTis, CineTisa da sxva saxelmwifoe­
bis mxridan daasustebs aSS gavlenebs. wagebulTa banakSi
arian postsabWoTa qveynebic. maT ver moaxerxes sruli
transformacia da civi omis droindeli CamorCenilobis
daZleva, uTanasworoba ki mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba Sem­
dgom wlebSi. post-komunisturi ruseTi ekonomikuri da
demografiuli problemebis gaRrmavebas nacionalizmis

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zrdiTa da sagareo eqspansiis gaaqtiurebiT upasuxebs.
mogebulTa mxares aRmoCndeba mzardi ekonomikis qveynebi,
gansakuTrebiT CineTi.
4. progresi ekologiis winaaRmdeg: Tu XX saukunis
mTavari Temebi iyo saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti da
adaminis uflebebi, XXI saukuneSi mTavar problemad kli­
matis cvlileba da resursebis simwire moiazreba.
5. usafrTxoebis sferoSi axal masStabebs miiRebs am­
Jamad arsebuli safrTxeebi: teqnologiuri winsvla xels
Seuwyobs terorizmis da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis
gavrcelebas da narkogadazidvebs; gamartivdeba geografi­
ulad daSorebul teritoriebze saomari moqmedebebis war­
moeba. aqtualuri gaxdeba usafrTxoebis arasamxedro
aspeqtebi, gansakuTrebiT kiberusafrTxoeba.
6. saxelmwifoebis paralelurad individebi da mcire
interes-jgufebi SeZleben imoqmedon saxelmwifoebis ms­
gavsad. tradiciuli politikuri Temebi dakargavs aqtu­
a­
lobas da gaCndeba axali Temebi, romelic gagvaocebs
Tavisi kompleqsurobiTa da sakiTxTa simravliT. Tanam­
Sromlobis tradiciuli formebi Seicvleba da garTul­
deba. icvleba realizmze dafuZnebuli 1945 wlis wesri­
gi, sadac saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar aqtorebs
sa­xel­mwifoebi warmoadgenda. msoflio gaxdeba post-mo­
dernuli meta-narativebisa da mega-aqtorebis gareSe, rac
Tvisobrivad Secvlis omis, mSvidobis, mmarTvelobis, kon­
fliqtis, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro Zlierebis Cveul aRq­
mas. informaciis simravle da urTierTgamomricxavi xasi­
aTi Seqmnis mraval realobas. zRvari omsa da mSvidobas
Soris gaxdeba sruliad bundovani.
7. individi, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis aqto­
ri, sruliad uprecedentoa kacobriobis istoriaSi.
gamoikveTeba axali tendenciebi – koordinacia da Tanam­
Sromloba individebs, interes-jgufebsa da saxelmwifoe­

74
bs Soris. zesaxelmwifoebis metoqeoba Semcirdeba da as­
parezze gamoCndeba rogorc regionaluri saxelmwifoebi,
aseve arasaxelmwifoebrivi Zalebi.
8. qveynis Sida politikaSi met mniSvnelobas SeiZens
axa­li gamowvevebi. mag. populizmis zrda. gaizrdeba
propagandis da dezinformaciis masStabebi. erovnuli
xelisuflebebi da politikuri institutebi mzad unda
Sexvdnen axal gamowvevebs. qveynis usafrTxo arsebobisT­
vis gadamwyveti gaxdeba mTavrobis unari miiRos swrafi
gadawyvetilebebi myisieri safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg da
akontrolos kanonis uzenaesoba. fuli veRar iqneba mmarT­
velobis mTavari instrumenti. is sazogadoebebi, romlebic
miCveulni arian kanonis uzenaesobas, politikuri proce­
sebis gamWvirvalobas da politikur Tu socialur plu­
ralizms, ufro advilad gauZleben mzard turbulentobas.
Tumca, politikuri liderobis deficiti mniSvnelovnad
gaarTulebs axal gamowvevebTan brZo­lis SesaZleblobas.
`progresis paradoqsi~ gvTavazobs rekomendaciebsac
CamoTvlili gamowvevebis dasaZlevad.
didi investireba unda moxdes diplomatiis da ganaT­
lebis sferoebSi, radgan ganaTleba da teqnologiuri ino­
vaciebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gardauvali safuZveli
gaxdeba. rac Seexeba diplomatias, unda moxdes strategi­
uli komunikaciis gaRrmaveba. unda vaRiaroT cvlilebebi
romelic moxda da moxdeba momavalSi. gamoviCinoT poli­
tikuri moqniloba da velaparakoT yvelas. unda Seiqmnas
axali aliansebi da koaliciebi sxvadasxva Temis garSemo.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:
1. National Intelligence Council. Global Trends. https://www.dni.gov/
index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=398&Itemid=776
2. Global Trends 2015: A dialogue about the future with nongovern-
ment experts. A publication of the National Intelligence Council.

75
 December 2000. https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Global%20
Trends_2015%20Report.pdf
3. Mapping the Global Future. Report of the National Intelligence
Council’s 2020 Project. December 2004. https://www.dni.gov/files/
documents/Global%20Trends_Mapping%20the%20Global%20Fu-
ture%202020%20Project.pdf
4. Global Trends 2025: A transformed world. A publication of the
National Intelligence Council. November 2008. https://www.dni.
gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Reports%20and%20Pubs/2025_Glob-
al_Trends_Final_Report.pdf
5. Global trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. A publication of the Na-
tional Intelligence Council. December 2012. https://globaltrends2030.
files.wordpress.com/2012/11/global-trends-2030-november2012.pdf
6. Global Trends. Paradox of Progress. A publication of the National
Intelligence Council. January 2017. https://www.dni.gov/files/docu-
ments/nic/GT-Full-Report.pdf
7. Global Trends. Paradox of Progress. Global Trends Release even – live
from the Newseum in Washington DC. January 9, 2017. https://www.
dni.gov/index.php/digital-extras/newseum-launch-presentation

1.4. dasavleTis rbili Zala

• aSS rbili Zala

• evrokavSiris rbili Zala
• „kargi da cudi policieli“
• gaeros globaluri proeqtebi

dasavluri rbili Zala instituciur qmedebebze da

universaluri Rirebulebebis gavrcelebazea dafuZ­ ne­
buli. rbili Zalis gamavrceleblad unda ganvixiloT
rogorc calkeuli qveynebi, aseve saerTaSoriso orga­
nizaciebi. rbili Zalis mimRebad – saxelmwifoebi da ase­
ve saxelmwifoSi moqmedi calkeuli institutebi, poli­
tikuri partiebi da sxvadasxva interes-jgufebi.

76
 dasavlur rbil Zalaze msjelobisTvis sailustra­
ciod da gansaxilvelad SevarCieT sami magaliTi – aSS,
evrokavSiri da gaero. aSS-sa da evrokavSiris rbili Za­
lis Taviseburebebis SedarebisTvis veyrdnobiT jozef
nais analizs. 1

***
jozef nai ara mxolod mecnieri da Teoretikosi,
aramed aSS politikis praqtikosia. Sesabamisad, misi
naSromebis upirvelesi mizani aSS sagareo politikis
Sefaseba da Sesabamisi uwyebebisTvis rekomendaciebis
micemaa. rbili, xisti, Wkviani Zalis da Zalis tranzi­
ciis da difuziis magaliTebic upirveles yovlisa aSS
realobazea dafuZnebuli. mimovixiloT, rogor gansaz­
Rvravs nai rbili, xisti da Wkviani Zalebis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebsa Tu gamowvevebs amerikis SeerTebuli
StatebisTvis.
prezident jorj buSis administraciis dauRalavi
kritikosi jozef nai aSS sagareo politikis analizis
dros gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs 2003 wlis
erayis kampanias. buSis saomari kampaniis dawyebas nai da
sxva eqspertebic ukavSireben aSS-is rbili momxibvlelo­
bis Semcirebas omis wina periodSi. Tumca omma Sedegi ver
gamoaswora da piriqiT – erayis kampaniis Semdeg msofli­
oSi anti-amerikuli ganwyobebi mkveTrad gaizarda. nais
analizis mcireodeni improvizireba rom movaxdinoT,
rbili Zalis dasustebam aucilebeli gaxada xisti Za­
lis gamoyeneba, ramac kidev ufro daasusta rbili Zala,
da kidev ufro gaizarda xist Zalaze damokidebuleba.
Sedegad miviReT erTgvari mankieri wre, romlis garRve­

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs. in:Hard Power,
Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L.Ilgen.
ASHGATE. 2006. p.25-38.

77
vas prezidenti obama uSedegod Seecada. aSS politikuri
sistema erTgvari `gadatvirTvis~ aucileblobis winaSe
dadga, ramac donald trampis gaprezidenteba gamoiwvia.
rasakvirvelia, respublikelTa mmarTvelobis momxre
eqspertebi (gansakuTrebiT neokonservatiuli skola) ar
eTanxmebodnen da arc dRes eTanxmebian nais analizs.
maTi azriT, `aSS-s ar sWirdeba aplodismentebi~1 saku­
Tari saxelmwifo interesebis gasatareblad, politikaSi
ar arsebobs mudmivi mtrebi da megobrebi, garkveuli
sakiTxebis garSemo ki yovelTvis SesaZlebelia koali­
ciis Semokreba. neokonservatorebis azriT, aSS-ma upir­
veles yovlisa sakuTari interesebis dacvaze unda izru­
nos. Tu xalxi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi fiqrobs,
rom amerika imperiaa, dae ifiqron... rbili Zalis skep­
tikosebis azriT, popularoba efemerulia da is ar unda
gaxdes sagareo politikis mimarTulebis ganmsazRvre­
li.2 omis momxreTa azriT, aSS-s arapopularuloba war­
sulSic unaxavT da gamosworebadia.
respublikelebis amgvar argumentebs nai dRevandel,
Zalis difuziaze damyarebul postmodernul samyaroSi
civi omis magaliTebis ararelevanturobiT pasuxobs.3
misi zriT, rbili momxibvlelobis kleba da imijis Se­
laxva politikurad da ekonomikurad Zviri ujdeba
aSS-s da adamianur msxverpls moiTxovs. 9/11-is Semdeg
mTelma msofliom dauWira mxari aSS-s antiteroristul

1
ibid: p.29.
2
neokonservatiuli ideologia dakavSirebulia stanfordis
universitetis huveris institutTan. institutis veb-gverdi
gvTavazobs kvlevebs, publikaciebs da sxv. saintereso masalebs
rogorc rbili Zalis diskursTan mimarTebiT, aseve saerTaSor­
iso politikis yvela aqtualur sakiTxze. https://www.hoover.org
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs.Hard Power, Soft
Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L.Ilgen.ASH-
GATE. 2006. p.27

78
kampaniebSi, magram erayis omis Semdegom aSS-is antiter­
oristulma mowodebebma sruliad dakarga legitimacia.1
undobloba gadamdebia, msoflioSi antiamerikuli
sentimentebis zrda cud gavlenas axdens Tavad ameri­
kul sazogadoebaze – Cndeba fobiebi da Rrmavdeba
izolacionizmisken swrafva. garda amisa, aSS-is imijis
Selaxva zogadad dasavluri Rirebulebebisa da dasav­
leTis dakninebas uwyobs xels.
transnacionaluri terorizmi aSS-isa da msoflios
umravlesi qveynebis usafrTxoebis analizsa da stra­
tegiul dokumentebSi saxelmwifos mTavar safrTxedaa
dasaxelebuli. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi teroristeb­
Tan/teroristul organizaciebTan raime tipis urTier­
Toba/kompromisi sruliad gamoricxulia da amoralo­
bis tolfasia. nai ar akninebs terorizmis safrTxes. is
acnobirebs, rom terorizms verc mxolod rbili ZaliT
daamarcxeb da verc mxolod xistiT. naisTvis teroriz­
mis winaaRmdeg brZola gulisxmobs aliansebis Seqmnas
da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, risi miRwevac SeuZ­
lebelia rbili Zalis gareSe2. dRevandel msoflioSi,
sadac TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi Seqmnilia faruli
teroristuli organizaciebi (maT Soris, aSS-Sic) rbil
Zalas gadamwyveti roli aqvs teroristebis momxreTa
rekrutirebisTvis xelis SesaSlelad.3
nais azriT, globalur sainformacio xanaSi efeqtu­
ri Tavdacva aRar aris Zalauflebis eqskluziuri wyaro,
aramed es ukanaskneli Rirebulebebis efeqtur da glo­
balur gaziarebas efuZneba, rac mxolod tradiciuli
real-politikiT veRar miiRwev. aSS amerikuli samxedro

1
ibid.p.26
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.204.
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004 p.21-25

79
bazebi ganlagebulia msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi,
inglisuri ena (swored aSS-s damsaxurebiT) iqca ling­
va frankad, amerikuli ekonomika udidesia msoflioSi,
amerikuli pop-kultura msoflios yvela kuTxe-kun­
WulSia damkvidrebuli, magram msoflios yvelaze Zli­
er qveyanas ar Seswevs unari sxvaTa Tanadgomis gareSe,
damoukideblad daicvas sakuTari sasicocxlo intere­
sebi. aRniSnul movlenas naim „amerikuli Zalauflebis
paradoqsi“ 1 daarqva, da problemis gamosavlad rbili
Zalis gaaqtiureba dasaxa.
saqarTveloSi da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, dasav­
leTi (aSS da evropa) xSirad erTian kulturul sivrced
aRiqmeba, rac civi omis sabWoTa xedvis inerciaa da re­
alobas ar Seesabameba. kulturuli siaxlovis miuxeda­
vad, amerikul da evropul xedvebSi sxvaoba didia da
metic, es ori kultura mudmiv zegavlenas axdens erT­
maneTze. civi omis Semdgom periodSi, rbili momxibvl­
elobis gavrcelebis procesSi, aSS da evrokavSiri meto­
qeebadac ki iqcnen.
nai mijnavs evropaSi aSS rbil Zalas da evrokavSiris
rbil Zalas msoflioSi. aSS rbili Zalis meqanizmebad
evropaSi nai ganixilavs finansur daxmarebas (marSalis
gegma), Zireuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis eqsports
(federalizmi, demokratia, Tavisufali bazari...), ameri­
kuli maskulturis zegavlenas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
wesze (individualizmi, araformaluri qceva, axalgazr­
dobis rolis wamoweva, progresis rwmena...).2
amerikuli rbili zegavlena evropaze ar niSnavs Rire­
bu­lebebis srulad gaziarebas da brma mimbaZvelobas. mag­
aliTad, evropaSi sifrTxiliT ekidebian zogierT ame­ri­

1
naim amerikuli Zalauflebis paradoqss miuZRvna monografia:
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Super-
power Can’t Go It Alone. Oxford University Press. 2002
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.p.97.
80
kul models (sityvis Tavisuflebis modeli; ekonomikuri
modeli).1 aseve sruliad gansxvavebulia mSvi­ dobisa da
usafrTxoebis mimarT damokidebuleba ara mxolod am­
Jamad, aramed civi omis periodSic. sxvaoba evropul da
amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris gansakuTrebiT Tvalsa­Ci­
no xdeba saerTaSoriso politikis mniSvnelovan etapebze.
evrokavSiris rbili Zala Tavisi masStabiT ar Camou­
vardeba aSS rbil Zalas. evrokavSiris arseboba Tavad
aris rbili Zala. evrokavSiris Seqmnam warmoudgeneli
gaxada omi im qveynebs Soris, romlebic saukuneebis man­
Zilze samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebSi iyvnen Cabmuli
da maT Soris interesTa SeuTavseblobam samyaro or
msoflio omSi gaxvia.
evropis rbili Zalis resursebis ganxilvisas nai
asaxelebs kulturas da xelovnebas (literatura, musi­
ka, dizaini, moda, sakvebi...), evropul enebs (inglisuri,
franguli, espanuri, portugaliuri...), politikur Ri­
re­bulebebs (sikvdiliT dasjis ar arseboba, iaraRis
kont­roli, adamianis uflebebi...), ekonomikur modelebs
(sayovelTao keTildReobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika)...2
Rirebulebebis garda, evropuli rbili Zalis momxibvle­
lobas zrdis misi sagareo politikuri prioritetebi da
politikuri qmedebebis legitimuroba (ganviTarebadi
qveynebis finansuri daxmareba, samSvidobo operaciebSi
monawileoba, saxalxo diplomatiis ganviTarebisTvis
daxarjuli resursebi...).3

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs.Hard Power, Soft
Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L. Ilgen. ASH-
GATE. 2006. p.28
2
ibid. p.30
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs.
NY. 2004. p.19-20; 75-83. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Af-
fairs. Hard Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by
Thomas L.Ilgen.ASHGATE. 2006. p.30-33

81
 rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes aSS da evrokavSiris meto­
qeoba msoflioSi rbili zegavlenis mosapoveblad? ra
aris TiToeulis sisuste da gamowveva? konkurencia ufro
momgebiania TiToeuli maTganisTvis Tu TanamSromloba?
aradasavluri sazogadoebebisTvis evrokavSiris rbi­
li Zala xSirad amerikulze ufro momxibvleli da mis­
aRebia. ruseTi da CineTic ki swored evrokavSirTan cdi­
loben daaxloebas da saerTo interesebis povnas, xolo
aSS-s mTavar mtrad acxadeben.
zogierTi is Rirebuleba (socialuri kapitalizmis
Tanmdevi ekonomikuri da demografiuli problemebi,
migraciuli politika, da sxva), rac evropis rbili Zalis
upiratesobas ganapirobebs, SesaZloa axlo momavalSi
gamowvevad eqces Tavad evropul qveynebs, rac daasus­
tebs evropis rbili Zalis momxibvlelobas da Seamci­
rebs rbili Zalis politikis warmoebisTvis aucilebel
resursebs.
evrokavSiris rbili Zalis kleba ar niSnavs aSS-is
rbili Zalis zrdas da piriqiT. nais xatovani metafo­
riT, evropa da aSS xSirad asrulebs `kargi da cudi
policielis~ rols saerTaSoriso politikaSi, magram es
TamaSi mxolod maSin aris efeqturi, Tu orive poli­
cieli SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs.1

***
saerTaSoriso politikis sakiTxebze diskusia xSirad
dafuZnebulia saxelmwifoebis qmedebebis ganxilvaze,
rac realizmis Teoriul CarCoSi jdeba. Tumca bolo
aTwleulebSi meti yuradReba eqceva saerTaSoriso po­
litikis sxva sistemur aqtorebs da upirveles yovlisa,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. rasakvirvelia, esa Tu is

1
ibid. p.34

82
saerTaSoriso organizacia eri-saxelmwifoebis SeTanxme­
bis produqtia da politikis warmoebis procesSi gaTva­
liswinebulia wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebi, magram
saxelmwifoebis mier Seqmnil saerTaSoriso organiza­
ciebSi calkeuli saxelmwifoebi veRar axerxeben domi­
nirebas da esa Tu is gadawyvetileba interesTa Sejerebis
Tu saxelmwifoTa Soris miRweuli konsensusi Sede­
gia. saxelmwifoebi qmnian organizaciebs, organizaciebi
qmnian sistemur wesebs da Semdeg es wesebi zemoqmedebs
saxelmwifos politikur qmedebaze (rogorc uolciseuli
neorealizmi aRniSnavs, sistema zemoqmedebs aqtorebze).
rbil ZalasTan mimarTebaSi, saerTaSoriso orga­
nizaciebi udaod eqceva yuradRebis qveS, radgan maTi
moqmedebis xasiaTi yvelaze metad aris dakavSirebuli
rbili Zalis meqanizmebTan: saerTo Rirebulebebsa da
konsensusze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi, saxalxo
diplomatiis aqtiuri roli, strategiuli komunikacia,
normebis da Rirebulebebis gavrceleba... swored saer­
TaSoriso organizaciebi gansazRvraven ra aris legalu­
ri, kulturulad da socialurad misaRebi globalur
doneze.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis komunikaciis tipebad
gansazRvraven: Sida komunikacias organizaciis sistemu­
ri SenarCunebisTvis; komunikacias saerTaSoriso arenaze
organizaciis imijis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad;
organizaciis gafarToebis politikas; safrTxeebis da
riskebis menejments. CamoTvlili punqtebidan, sxvadasx­
va saerTaSoriso organizacia sxvadasxva tipis komuni­
kacias Tvlis ufro prioritetulad. zogierTisTvis ki
komunikaciis yvela tipi Tanabrad prioritetulia.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier axali cifruli
SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT strategiuli komunika­
ciis axali masStabebisa da rbili Zalis meqanizmebis

83
ganxilvis magaliTad SevarCieT gaerTianebuli erebis
organizacia, da konkretulad misi erTi proeqti, ro­
melic imdenad globaluria, rom SeuZlebelia misi war­
moeba rbili Zalis meqanizmebis gareSe.
2015 wlis 25-27 seqtembers mdgradi ganviTarebis
istoriul samitze, gaeros wevrma qveynebma miiRes do­
kumenti `mdgradi ganviTarebis dRis wesrigi 2030~ ro­
melic ZalaSi Sevida 2016 wlis 1 ianvridan. masSi monawi­
leobaze Tanxmoba ganacxada gaeros wevri 193 qveynis
meTaurma. dokumenti erTgvari gagrZeleba da gaRrmave­
baa aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis (MDGs) romelic
miRebul gaeros aTaswleulis samitze 2000 wels miiRes.
igi Sedgeboda 8 miznisgan, romelic miRweul unda yo­
filiyo 2015 wlisTvis. 2030 dokumenti (SDGs) upreceden­
toa gaeros arsebobis istoriaSi, radgan is CarTulo­
bisken mouwodebs yvela qveyanas miuxedavad sididisa da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa.1
globaluri miznebi, rogorc SemoklebiT uwodeben
am dokuments, Sedgeba 17 miznisgan da moicavs glo­
baluri gamowvevebis mTel speqtrs: siRaribis, SimSilis,
uTanasworobis daZleva; ekologiuri problemebi; jan­
dacvis gaumjobeseba; energousafrTxoeba; genderuli
Tanasworoba; xarisxiani ganaTleba; infrastruqturisa
da ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba; mdgradi
ganviTareba; instituciebis ganviTareba; mSvidoba da
sa­marTlianoba; TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba qveynebs So­
ris globaluri miznebis misaRwevad...
globaluri miznebis miRwevaSi saxelmwifoebs daxma­
re­bas uwevs gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP), ro­
melic xelmZRvanelobs globaluri miznebis erovnuli

1
Sustainable Development Goals. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/
development-agenda/

84
angariSebis momzadebis process da daxmarebas uwevs
msoflios qveynebs sami mimarTulebiT: globaluri
miznebis miRwevis xelSewyoba; gaeros gamocdilebis
gaziareba da eqspertuli konsultaciebi globaluri
miznebis miRwevis procesSi; globaluri miznebis asaxva
erovnul gegmebsa da politikaSi.
gaeros globaluri miznebis politikis SemuSave­
bis Semdeg saeqsperto wreebSi ar wydeba msjeloba am
yovlismomcvel da grZelvadian politikaze. Seqmnilia
globaluri miznebis damoukidebeli vebgverdi, sadac
mocemulia informacia aRniSnul proeqtsa da mis far­
glebSi mimdinare movlenebze. vebgverdi nebismier vizi­
tors sTavazobs calke ganyofilebas – `ra SemiZlia gava­
keTo me~, sadac qveganyofilebebad gvxvdeba ra SeiZleba
gakeTdes socialuri mediiT, rogor SeiZleba CaerTos
arasamTavrobo seqtori, biznes seqtori...
amgvari masStaburi kampania marTlac uprecedentoa
kacobriobis istoriaSi da globalizaciis axal etapze
gadasvlas gvauwyebs. saZiebo sistema guglSi `globalu­
ri miznebis~ mxolod inglisur enaze Cawera 33 milionze
met veb-gverds gvTavazobs. iuTubi gvTavazobs 3 milio­
namde videos, sadac globaluri miznebis ganmartebas
da popularizacias gvTavazoben cnobili adamianebi,
eqspertebi, moxaliseebi, axalgazrdebi, bavSvebi... robo­
tebi da animaciuri gmirebic ki. magaliTad, bavSvebisa da
didebisTvis Tanabrad cnobili da sayvareli komediuri
Janris inglisuri animaciuri serialis `mister bini~
mTavari gmiri bini daTunia tedisTan erTad Cveuli dab­
neulobiT cdilobs gaakras globaluri miznebis pla­
kati. Semdeg is iRebs satelefono Setyobinebas: mister
bin, CamotvirTe globaluri miznebis satelefono apli­
kacia, CaerTe proeqtSi, heSTegiT `ukeTesi momavali~.1

1
Mr. Bean and Global Goals. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8cWM-TFZwM
85
humanoidi roboti sofiac swored globaluri miznebis
farglebSi estumra saqarTvelos.
globaluri miznebis qolgis qveS imarTeba sxvadasxva
tipis RonisZiebebi, maT Soris msoflio Cempionatebi ama
Tu im sportul saxeobebSi. Seqmnilia specialuri kli­
pebi da simRerebi. miznebis popularizaciaSi gardacv­
lili liderebic ki monawileoben. magaliTad, 17 mizni­
dan pirveli gaxlavT `ara siRaribes~. kampania `mizani 1
– ara siRaribes~gvTavazobs nelson mandelas istoriul
gamosvlas londonSi trafalgaris moedanze 2005 wels,
romlis slogani iyo – `gaxade siRaribe istoria~.1
gaeros istoriuli samiti kidev ufro istoriuli
gaxada papi franciskes Tanadgomam.2 is vrceli gamos­
vliT miesalma gaeros samits da xazi gausva mdgradi
ganviTarebis 2030 programas. isaubra programis iseT
miznebze, rogoricaa siRatakisa da uTanasworobis aRmo­
fxvra, ekologiuri problemebi (am Temebs papi Tavadac
xSirad ganixilavs Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSi). gaeros
imdroindelma generalurma mdivanma ban ki munma aRniS­
na, rom gaeros arsebobis 70 wlian istoriaSi, es pirveli
SemTxvevaa, rodesac gaeros generaluri asambleis gaxs­
nis ceremonialSi monawileoba miiRo romis papma.

bibliografia:

1. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics.
Public Affairs. NY. 2004
2. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs. Hard
Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited
by Thomas L.Ilgen.ASHGATE. 2006.

1
Nelson Mandela Speech in Trafalgar Square on February 3, 2005. https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=1NennMCLG7A
2
Pope Francis, decries global ~culture of waste”, urges action sustainable devel-
opment. Sustainable Development Goals. Sep. 25. 2015. http://www.un.org/
sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/09/at-un-pope-francis-decries-global-
86
3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011
4. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s
Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. Oxford University Press. 2002
5. The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations. Edited by Jacob
Katz Gogan, Ian Hurd, Ian Jonstone. Oxford University Press. 2016
6. Soft Power and US Foreign Policy. Theoretical, historical and contem-
porary perspectives. Edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox.
Routledge. 2010
7. Hoover Institution. https://www.hoover.org
8. Sustainable Development Goals. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevel-
opment/development-agenda/
9. Mr. Bean and Global Goals. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=s8cWM-TFZwM
10. Nelson Mandela Speech in Trafalgar Square on February3, 2005.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NennMCLG7A
11. Pope Francis, decries global ~culture of waste”, urges action sustain-
able development. Sustainable Development Goals. Sep. 25. 2015.
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/09/at-un-pope-
francis-decries-global

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. Seni azriT, ra saerTo da gansxvavebuli Rirebule­

bebi udevs safuZvlad aSS da evrokavSiris rbil
Zalas?
2. Seni azriT, aradasavlur sazogadoebebSi aSS-is
rbili Zala ufro efeqturia Tu evrokavSiris rbi­
li Zala? daasabuTe pasuxi.
3. imsjele rbili Zalis meqanizmebze terorizmTan
mimarTebaSi.
4. ganmarte termini `amerikuli Zalauflebis parado­
qsi~.
5. rogor gesmis winadadeba: evropa da aSS xSirad as­
rulebs `kargi da cudi policielis~ rols saerTa­
Soriso politikaSi, magram es TamaSi mxolod maSin
aris efeqturi, Tu orive policieli SeTanxmebu­
lad moqmedebs.

87
 6. moiZie damatebiTi informacia saerTaSoriso orga­
nizaciebis strategiuli komunikaciis Sesaxeb.
7. moiZie damatebiTi informacia gaeros globa­ lu­ri
miznebis Sesaxeb. rogor fiqrob, SesaZle­be­lia gae­
ros politika rbil ZalasTan dava­ka­v­SiroT? daasa­
buTe pasuxi.
8. Sea­rCie saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier inicirebu­
li erTi konkretuli proeqti da imsjele rbili Za­
lis meqanizmebze aRniSnul proeqtTan mimarTebaSi.

Ø es sainteresoa:

legitimaciis maRali xarisxis (yvela wevri saxelmwi­

fos Tanxmoba) da mxolod rbili Zalis meqanizmebis ga­
mo­ye­
nebis miuxedavad, gaeros globaluri miznebis wina­
aRm­deg mimarTuli antiglobalistebis kritika 2030 dRis
wesrigis gamoCenisTanave daiwyo. mravalricxovan li­
teraturaSi magaliTisTvis gamovarCieT amerikeli blo­
ge­rebis, maikl snaiderisa da maik adamsis statiebi, rom­
lebic 2015 wlis seqtembris pirvelive dReebSi (gaeros
istoriul samitis Catarebamde) gamoCnda.
maikl snaideri 15-mde blogis avtoria. antiglobali­
ti blogeri globalizacias akritikebs ekonomikuri da
s­
religiuri argumentebiT. snaiderma Tavis erT-erT blog­
ze `amerikuli ocnebis dasasruli~ 2015 wlis 2 seqtem­
bers gamoaqveyna statia `2030 dRis wesrigi: gaero, papis
TanadgomiT, axali msoflio wesrigis proeqts qmnis~. misi
azriT, globaluri elitebisTvis saSiSroebas warmoad­
gens xalTa Tavisufleba da maT globaluri kontrolis
axal doneze ayvana surT. statiis dasasruls avtori
mouwodebs mxardamWerebs moqmedebisken, rom globaluri
elitebis xelSi ar aRmoCndes uprecedento Zalaufleba.
2015 wlis 4 seqtembers snaideris statiis erTgvar gagr­

88
Zelebas gvTavazobs kidev erTi blogeri maikl adamsi, ro­
melic Tavis blogze – `realuri ambebi~ aqveynebs statias:
`gaeros 2030 programa gaSifrulia: globaluri monobis
proeqti sayovelTao mmarTvelobis Ceqmis qveS~. adamsi
gvTa­vazobs 17 miznis miseul `Targmans~. magaliTisaTvis,
davasaxelebT ramdenimes: mizani 2 – SimSilis aRmofxvra,
misi azriT gulisxmobs genmodificirebuli produqtis
warmoebis waxalisebas. mizani 5 – genderuli Tanasworo­
ba, gulisxmobs qristianobis kriminalizebas, heterose­
qsualizmis marginalizebas, maskulinobis demonizebas.
mizani 9 – infrastruqturuli proeqtebis xelSewyoba, in­
dustrializacia da inovaciebi, niSnavs erebis gaxlarTvas
msoflio bankis kreditebSi da korumpirebuli amerikuli
korporaciebis kidev ufro met CarTulobas msoflio in­
frastruqturul proeqtebSi, da sxva.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:

1. Michael Snyder. The 2030 agenda: This Month the UN Launches A

Blueprint for a new World Order with the help of the Pope. End of the
American Dream. Sep.2. 2015. http://endoftheamericandream.com/
archives/the-2030-agenda-this-month-the-un-launches-a-blueprint-for-
a-new-world-order-with-the-help-of-the-pope
2. Mike Adams. The United Nations 2030 Agenda decoded: It’s a blue-
print for the global enslavement of humanity under the boot of cor-
porate masters. Natural News. Sep. 4, 2015. https://www.naturalnews.
com/051058_2030_Agenda_United_Nations_global_enslavement.html
3. Xinhua Interview: Liu Zhenmin, UN under-secretary-general for
economic and social affairs. Aug. 2017. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=xiqTjROwubA

89
 1.5. basri Zala – ruseTi, CineTi

• basri Zalis komponentebi

• demokratizacia da avtoritarizmis gavrceleba
• ruseTis basri Zalis safrTxeebi saerTaSoriso
politikaSi
• CineTis basri Zalis safrTxeebi saerTaSoriso
politikaSi

ruseTis basri Zala Tavisi arsiT sruliad gansxvavde­

ba naiseuli rbili Zalisgan da Cveni azriT, rbili da
xisti Zalebis sxvadasxva meqanizmebis erTgvari nazavia:
1. moxibvlaze dafuZnebuli rbili Zala; 2. dezinforma­
ciaze dafuZnebuli civi omis droindeli propaganda; 3.
profesionalizmze dafuZnebuli samxedro fsiqologi­
uri operaciebis teqnika; 4. demokratizaciis procesis
teqnikis gamoyeneba avtoritarizmis gasavrceleblad.
civi omis propagandistuli manqanis Taviseburebebs
da dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebs dawvrile­
biT Semdeg paragrafebSi mimovixilavT. amjerad ki yura­
d­Rebas SevaCerebT mesame da meoTxe aspeqtebze.
`samxedro fsiqologiuri operacia~ (PSYOP) samxedro
terminia da gulisxmobs mowinaaRmdegis demoralizebas
mowyvladi informaciis gavrcelebiT, fsiqologiuri
zemoqmedebiT, mtris banakSi Sida konfliqtebis gaR­
vivebiT da sxv. msgavsi qmedeba istoriulad aprobire­
buli teqnika iyo Sua saukuneebSic. istoriis modernul
periodSi, rodesac samxedro Zalebi institutad Camoya­
libda, fsiqologiuri operaciebis teqnika daixvewa da
profesionalebis saqmed iqca. samxedro fsiqologiuri
operaciebis teqnikas met-naklebad flobs yvela saxel­
mwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi (gansakuTrebiT ki didi
sa­xelmwifoebis armiebi), Tumca teqnikis gamoyeneba

90
sxva­­dasxva masStabiT xdeba demokratiul da arademokra­
tiul qveynebSi.
arademokratiul reJimebSi urTierTSekavebis da
Sewonasworebis sistema (check and balance system) sustia
an saerTod ar arsebobs: ar xdeba mmarTveli elitis
instituciuri kontroli da politikis warmoebis pro­
cesSi minimalizebulia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTu­
loba; ar arsebobs saidumlo dokumentaciis garkveuli
vadis gasvlis Semdgom gasajarovebis valdebuleba. Se­
sabamisad, ama Tu im politikis gatarebis legitimuroba
ar xdeba gansjis da Sefasebis sagani, ver kontroldeba
mTavrobebis mier ama Tu im meTodis gamoyenebis lega­
luroba da martivdeba saerTaSorisod SeTanxmebuli
qcevis wesebis darRveva. amasTan, arademokratiul (da
gan­sakuTrebiT, totalitarul) reJimebs axasiaTebs fsi­
qologiuri operaciebis ara mxolod mowinaaRmdegis, ar­
amed sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebac.
araliberaluri Rirebulebebis gasavrceleblad de­
mokratizaciis procesis meTodologiur analogad gamo­
yenebis faqts, erT-erTma pirvelma akademiur sivrceSi
yuradReba miaqcia reiCel vanderhilma. vanderhilma
dasva kvleviTi SekiTxva: xom ar iyeneben avtoritaruli
qveynebi demokratizaciis procesis meqanizmebs avto­
ritarizmis gasavrceleblad? avtorma Tavis monogra­
fiaSi qeisad SearCia sami qveyana: ruseTi, venesuela da
irani. Tumca am qveynebis qmedebis miznebi da masStabebi
maTive regionebiT gansazRvra da ar daukavSira saer­
TaSoriso politikas.1 vanderhilis msjeloba sruliad
jdeba rbili Zalis mimdinare akademiur diskurSi, rac
kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom nais rbili Zalis Teoria

1
R. Vanderhill. Promoting Authoritarianism Abroad. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
2013.

91
amartivebs im problemebis aRweras da klasifikacias,
razec manamdec keTdeboda aqcentebi.
ra msgavsebaa demokratizaciis processa da avtori­
tarizmis gavrcelebis process Soris? orive SemTxve­
vaSi saxezea ramdenime gamocdili meTodi: 1. mmarTvel
eli­tasTan urTierTobebis damyareba; 2. mokavSire poli­
ti­kuri partiebis da interes-jgufebis daxmareba; 3.
ekono­mikuri zegavlena; 4. metoqeTa SezRudva.
msgavsebasTan erTad TvalsaCinoa sxvaobac: 1. demok­
ra­tizaciis procesSi mmarTvel elitaze gavlenas axde­
nen sxvadasxva institutebis mxridan sanqciebiT an/da
waxalisebiT. avtoritaruli reJimi ki mokavSire po­
litikur elitasTan urTierTobas amyarebs pirdapi­
ri dafinansebis gziT. 2. demokratizaciis procesSi
aqcenti keTdeba politikuri partiebisa da interes-
jgu­febis teqnikur-finansur, aseve instituciur dax­
marebaze, arCevnebis monitoringsa da politikuri
kon­­kurentunarianobis gazrdaze. avtoritaruli reJi­
mebi ki Tavis sayrden elitebs mxolod mizanmimarTul
dafinansebas sTavazoben. 3. demokratizaciis procesi
miznad isaxavs ekonomikuri da monetaruli reformebis
meSveobiT mTli­ ani ekonomikis gajansaRebas. avtorita­
ruli reJimebi ekonomikis calkeul sferoebze zemoq­
medeben pirdapiri dafinansebis gziT. 4. demokratiuli
sistema gulisxmobs metoqeebTan politikur-samarTle­
briv brZolas metoqeTa gauvnebelyofiT an ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, metoqeTa marginalizaciiT. avtoritariz­
misTvis ki mniSvnelovania metoqeebis gaqroba politi­
kuri asparezidan, rac xSirad represiebis gziT xdeba.
demokratizaciis process bevri gamowveva axlavs
Tan: masStaburi reformebi gaTvlilia grZelvadian
perspeqtivaze da sawyis etapze Sokuri Terapiis efeqts
axdens sazogadoebaze; ama Tu im mniSvnelovani segmentis

92
waxaliseba xdeba sxvadasxva moklevadiani proeqtebiT,
rac arastabilurobis SegrZnebas aCens sazogadoebaSi;
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis politikuri elitebi
damokidebulni arian sakuTar amomrCevelze, rac xSi­
rad iwvevs dagegmili politikuri kursis cvlilebas...
ganzogadebas Tu mivmarTavT, Cveni azriT, or ZiriTad
daskvnamde mivalT: 1. demokratiuli reformebi masS­
taburia da Sesabamisad, mouqneli; 2. demokratiuli
mTavrobebi ver iyeneben arademokratiul meTodebs.
demokratizaciis procesisgan gansxvavebiT, avtori­
ta­rizmis gavrceleba basri ZaliT swraf efeqtzea
orientirebuli. basri Zalis Sedegebi moklevadianad
iTv­leba iseT saxelmwifoebSi, romlis institutebi mya­
ria da efeqturi. saqarTvelos msgavsi axali demokra­
tiebisTvis ki basri Zalis zegavlena grZelvadiani da
Seuqcevadi Sedegebis momtani SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
ruseTis rbili (basri) Zala ukve wlebia ganixileba
akademiur Tu araakademiur wreebSi. sakiTxi gansa­kuT­
rebiT gaaqtiurda 2016 wlis aSS saprezidento arCev­
nebSi ruseTis rbili (basri) Zalis kvalis aRmoCenis
Semdeg. dRes guglis saZiebo sistemaSi mxolod ingli­
sur enaze terminis `ruseTis rbili Zala~ akrefa mil­
ionobiT Sedegs gvaZlevs. ruseTis basri Zalis samizned
aRar saxel­ deba mxolod postsabWoTa sivrce. masTan
sabrZolvelad sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebSi Seiqmna anal­
itikuri centrebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi ki spe­
cia­luri programebi. dRes saerTaSoriso akademiuri
Sexvedrebis Tu axalgazrduli saswavlo programebis
did nawilSi warmodgenilia ruseTis basri Zalis Tema
da aqcenti keTdeba masTan brZolis aucileblobaze.
im mraval angariSs Soris, romelic bolo wlebSi
Seiqmna sxvadasxva saxelmwifo uwyebis Tu saerTaSori­
so organizaciis farglebSi, sailustracio magaliTad

93
moviyvanT evropuli Rirebulebebis centris (CexeTis re­
spublika) da konrad adenaueris fondis 2019 wlis usa­
frTxoebis strategiebis programis farglebSi momzade­
bul angariSs, romlis mixedviT, qveynebi dayofilia sam
kategoriad maTive TviTSefasebis safuZvelze.1
gansakuTrebuli safrTxis qveS mqof qveynebad moiaz­
reba: baltiis qveynebi, CexeTis respublika da dania.
qveynebi, sadac acnobiereben basri Zalis safrTxeebs:
belgia, xorvatia, safrangeTi, germania, niderlandebi,
SvedeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, aSS, kanada... qveynebi, sa­
dac ruseTis basri Zala naklebad ganisazRvra safrTxed
an/da ar gatarebula masTan brZolis gansakuTrebuli
RonisZiebebi: avstria, fineTi, irlandia, portugalia,
italia, bulgareTi, slovenia, poloneTi.
ruseTis basri Zalisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis basri
Zala naklebad aris Seswavlili, Tumca masze msjeloba
bolo wlebis trendad iqca. rogorc eqspertebi aRniS­
naven, CineTis basri Zalis analizisTvis unda moxdes
ruseTis basri Zalis Seswavlis dros SemuSavebuli
meTodologiis da dagrovili gamocdilebis gamoyeneba.
am konteqstSi aseve gansakuTrebiT sainteresod Cans ev­
ropuli Rirebulebebis centris da konrad adenaueris
fondis 2019 wlis angariSi, sadac mocemulia ruseTis
da CineTis evropuli zegavlenebis SedarebiTi analizi.2

1
Russia and China through eyes of NATO and EU intelligence agencies. How do
EU member states’, Canadian and the United States intelligence agencies as-
sess Russian and Chinese influence activities? Security Strategies Program 2019
report. European Values, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. https://www.european-
values.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Russia-and-China-through-eyes-of-
NATO-and-EU-intelligence-agencies.pdf
2
Handbook on Countering Russian and Chinese Interference in Europe. Konrad-
Adenauer-Stiftung. European Values Center for Security Policy. Report 2019.
https://www.europeanvalues.net/vyzkum/handbook-on-countering-russian-
and-chinese-interference-in-europe

94
 angariSis winasityvaoba gvamcnobs mis miznebs: `kon­
kretuli incidentebis (ZiriTadad ruseTis Carevis Se­
saxeb evropasis qveynebsa da aSS-Si) Sesaxeb monacemebis
mzardi raodenobis da ruseTis da CineTis mier sagareo
po­litikuri miznebis misaRwevad aralegaluri meTode­
bis (dezinformaciis gavrceleba, informaciis mopar­
va...) gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis mzardi raodenobis
mi­uxedavad, ar arsebobs zusti aRwera Tu ra miznebs
isaxavs msgav­si qmedeba da rogor gansxvavdeba ruseTis
da CineTis basri Zalis zegavlena regionebis da qveyne­
bis mixedviT. mkvlevarebisTvis aseve xelmiuwvdomelia
in­formacia, evropuli Tu aSS sadazvervo da saxelmwi­
fo usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis mier SemuSavebuli meqa­
nizmebis Sesaxeb~.1
angariSi sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis Sejerebis
safuZvelze gamoyofs safrTxeebis sxvadasxva aspeqts: 1.
ruseTis samxedro operaciebi ukrainaSi (rac saerTo
ev­
ropuli usafrTxoebis gamowvevaa); 2. ruseTis mier
evropis, rogorc memarjvene, aseve memarcxene popu­
listuri partiebis finansuri da ideologiuri mxar­
daWera; 3. ruseTis da CineTis kiber-Tavdasxmebi da ki­
ber-SpionaJi; 4. ruseTis da CineTis dezinformaciuli
kampaniebi; 5. ruseTisa da CineTis mzardi ekonomikuri
zegavlena da SantaJi; 6. ruseTisa da CineTis spec-sam­
saxurebis qmedebis gaaqtiureba ucxo qveynebSi.
CamoTvlili gamowvevebidan yvela punqti, pirveli
aspeqtis garda (xisti Zalis gamoyeneba ukrainaSi), war­
moadgens basri Zalis moqmedebis areals.
aRniSnuli angariSis da sxva literaturis Sejerebis
safuZvelze, SegviZlia visaubroT ruseTis da CineTis
basri Zalis saerTo da gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebze.

1
ibid.p. 3

95
 saerTo maxasiaTeblad saxeldeba ruseTis da CineTis
mxridan sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebze ekonomikuri zegav­
lenis mcdeloba. evropis sxvadasxva qveynebis (safran­
geTi, germania, xorvatia, niderlandebi, baltiis qvey­
nebi...) safrTxeebis analizSi rig SemTxvevaSi saubaria
ruseTis da CineTis mxridan pirdapir investiciebze,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki Suamaval investorebze (nider­
landebis SemTxveva).
CineTis da ruseTis mxridan ganxorcielebul ekono­
mikur zewolaSi CarTuli arian maTi diplomatebi (Cexe­
Tis magaliTi), romlebic sxvadasxva xrikebiT axerxeben
adgilobrivi politikosebis korufciul garigebaSi
CaTrevas da qveynis imijis Selaxvas. CineTTan msgavsi
problemis identificirebas axdens lietuvac: piradi
urTierTobebis damyareba, ZviradRirebuli saCuqrebiT
da dafinansebuli vizitebiT adamianebze zemoqmedeba
(aziuri diplomatiis axali masStabebi) CineTis basri
Zalis Semadgenel nawilad iqca. basri Zalis qmedeba­
ze reagireba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
Sem­TxvevaSi. magaliTad, estoneTma gaamkacra kanonmde­
bloba investorebTan mimarTebiT da rus oligarqebs
SeuzRuda investirebis meqanizmebi. germania da safran­
geTi ki tradiciulad mxolod frTxili da politkoreq­
tuli gancxadebebiT dakmayofilda.
gaerTianebul samefoSi skripalis skandalis Semdeg
(rasac daerTo kiber-jaSuSobis da kiber-Tavdasxme­
bis problemac), gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen specsam­
saxurebi. sapasuxod bevrma saxelmwifom erovnuli
usafrTxoebis programebSi prioritetad dasaxa kiber-
usafrTxoeba, gaamkacra kanonmdebloba da sakiTxis eqs­
pertuli kvleva. gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gveCveneba
ori magaliTi: 1. niderlandebis gancxadeba ruseTis
spec-samsaxurebis mier samecniero-teqnologiuri gamo­

96
gonebis qurdobis mcdelobaze; 2. germaniis gancxadeba,
CineTis mier evrokavSiris Sida moxmarebis dokumentebis
da G20 samitis masalebis qurdobis mcdelobaze.1
orive qveynis SemTxvevaSi keTdeba aqcenti, rom spec-
sam­
saxurebis saqmianobis safarvelad gamoyenebulia
sxvadasxva diplomatiuri da kulturuli centrebi,
xolo jaSuSobaSi Cabmas da spec-samsaxurebTan Tanam­
Sromlobas sxvadasxva meTodebiT aiZuleben sakuTari
diasporebis warmomadgenlebs. amasTan, CineTi eTniku­
robas aigivebs moqalaqeobasTan da aSS-Si mcxovreb eT­
nikur Cinelebs uzRudavs CineTSi Casvlas, xolo Casvlis
SemTxvevaSi ukrZalavs aSS-Si dabrunebas.
ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalis SedarebiTi ganxil­
visas saxezea msgavsi interesebi.2
orive qveynis xelisufleba reJimis legitimacias da
politikuri Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas, aseve saSinao
problemebis gadafarvas cdilobs sagareo politikis
frontze gaaqtiurebiT da sakuTari mosaxleobisTvis
sagareo gamarjvebebis iluziebis SeqmniT.
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi erovnuli usafrTxoeba
niSnavs riskebis menejments, avtoritaruli mTavrobebis
aRqmiT ki usafrTxoeba niSnavs safrTxeebis ararsebo­
bas da warmoqmnamde maT neitralizebas. am tipis mmarT­
veloba sakuTari reJimis safrTxed ganixilavs regionsa
Tu msoflioSi mimdinare yvela misTvis araxelsayrel
movlenas. cifruli revolucia da Zalis difuzia ki mxo­
lod amZafrebs amgvar SiSebs.
orive qveynis sagareo politikis prioritetia civi
omis droindeli `dasavluri blokis~ erTianobis rRveva
da aSS-is gandevna evropuli sivrcidan. aSS-sa da evroka­

1
ibid. p.6,8.
2
ibid. p. 9-16

97
vSirs Soris ganxeTqilebam (an minimum, araefeqturma da
arakoordinirebulma TanamSromlobam) ruseTs da CineTs
sxvadasxva sargebeli SeiZleba moutanos, Tumca orive
SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania tendencia, rom bipolaruli
msofliosgan (sadac `dasavleTi~ erTian polusad moiaz­
reboda) gansxvavebiT multipolarul samyaroSi aSS da
evrokavSiri sxvadasxva polusebad yalibdeba.
evropasTan ruseTis da CineTis damokidebulebis
narativic gansxvavebulia da mosalodneli sargebelic.
ruseTisTvis mniSvnelovania Tavad evropa. is axdens
evrokavSiris qveynebis zonebad da jgufebad dayofas: a)
aRmosavleT evropaSi ruseTi cdilobs gavlenis dabru­
nebas; b) dasavleT evropis qveynebTan ruseTi cdilobs
erTgvari warmosaxviTi garigebis miRwevas: energousa­
frTxoebis da zogadad, usafrTxoebis sanacvlod, `bebe­
ri evropis~ mier `regionis Sida saqmeebze~ (post-sabWoTa
sivrce) Tvalis daxuWva, centralur evropaSi (avstria,
slovakeTi, CexeTi, ungreTi) neitraluri mTavrobebis
arseboba, didi britaneTis instituciuri, xolo polo­
neTis strategiuli izolacia, evrokavSirisa da natos
gafarToebis SezRudva, ruseTis winaaRmdeg evropuli
sanqciebis (maT Soris, ruseTis oligarqiuli elitis
da maTi ojaxis wevrebis SeuzRudavi mimosvla/cxovreba
dasavleT evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi) gauqmeba.
ruseTis basri Zala iyenebs narativs: `evropa ar aris
aSS-s ukana ezo~, riTic kvebavs evropul populis­ tur
ideologiebs da sxva anti-dasavlur Zalebs. strate­
giuli miznebis miRwevis gzaze ruseTi urigdeba mcire
taqtikur danakargebs (magaliTad, montenegros nato-Si
gawevrianebas). ruseTs realurad miaCnia sakuTari mizne­
bis miRweva, radgan icis, rom evropa ver/ar gamoiyenebs
sadamsjelo meqanizmebs mis winaaRmdeg. ruseTis mizne­
bis miRweva faqtiurad gulisxmobs ruseTis de-faqto

98
vetos uflebas evrokavSirisa da natos gadawyvetile­
bebze, aseve dasavleT evropis ganviTarebuli qveyne­
bis resursebiT ruseTis politikuri reJimis finansur
uzrunvelyofas.
CineTis, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis axali
mzar­di Zalis miznebi yofil dasavlur blokTan mimar­
TebiT sruliad gansxvavebulia. CineTisTvis mTavari
samiznea aSS (da ara evropa), xolo mizani aSS strate­
giuli izolacia.
ruseTis msgavsad, evrokavSiris qveynebTan mimar­
TebiT CineTic geografiul zonalobas mimarTavs: a)
centraluri evropis qveynebisgan is cdilobs Seqmnas
gamtari zona sakuTari produqciis evropul bazarze
gasatanad. b) dasavleT evropis qveynebisgan CineTi elis
minimalur mxardaWeras: adamianis uflebebis darRvevis
sakiTxSi CineTis kritikis Sewyvetas, evropul qveynebSi
Cinuri warmoebis teqnologiebis danergvisTvis xelis
SeSlis prevencias; evrokavSiris gulgrilobas afrikis
kontinentze CineTis mzardi gavlenis mimarT...
CineTma, iseve rogorc ruseTma, kargad icis rom evro­
kavSiri ver SeZlebs misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas, ami­
tom ar erideba axali agresiuli kampaniebis dagegmvas.
mravali msgavsebis miuxedavad, ruseTis da CineTis
miznebsa da mosalodnel SedegebSi, aseve moqmedebis
(gansakuTrebiT, basri Zalis formebTan dakavSirebiT)
teqnikaSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. ruseTis basri Zala
bevrad warmatebulia informaciuli Sturmisa da dezin­
formaciis gavrcelebis masStabebiT. CineTi ar cdilobs
evropis qveynebSi populisturi da eqstremistuli Zale­
bis Seqmna-xelSewyobas. amiT is inarCunebs garkveul re­
putacias da ruseTze „ukeTesi policielis“ imijs.
CineTi aqtiurad iyenebs rbili Zalis instrumenteb­
sac. aTiode welia CineTma aSS mibaZviT Seqmna saganmanaT­

99
leblo programebis masStaburi gacvliTi qseli (bevri
qarTveli studentic sargeblobs aRniSnuli SesaZle­
blobiT). ruseTi axalgazrduli inteleqtis mizidvas
ver axerxebs regionuli masStabiTac ki.
gansxvavebulia is ZiriTadi resursic, rasac eyrd­
noba es ori qveyana basri zegavlenis mosaxdenad. pirve­
lis SemTxvevaSi mTavari resursia energoseqtori, meoris
SemTxvevaSi ki teqnologiebi da sakomunikacio sistemebi.
rogoria sapasuxo reaqcia evrokavSiris an aSS mxri­
dan? evropul qveynebSi ufro metad ruseTis basr Zalaze
xdeba reagireba, aSS-Si ki CineTis basri Zala gaxda aka­
demiuri Tu uwyebrivi ganxilvebis prioritetuli Tema.
sailustracio magaliTad gamogvadgeba aSS kongre­
sis dazvervis mudmivmoqmedi komitetis1 sajaro foru­
mi2. forumSi monawileoben aSS cnobili eqspertebi da
saxelmwifo moxeleebi. aq xazgasmiT iTqva, rom CineTi
safrTxea ara mxolod aSS-sTvis, aramed mTeli libera­
luri samyarosTvis da aSS liderobiT Seqmnili saer­
TaSoriso wesrigisTvis. CineTis mizani ar aris mxolod
ekonomikuri gavlenis mopoveba sxvadasxva regionSi,
aramed sabazro ekonomikis ideis damaxinjeba da adamia­
nis uflebebis dacvis, rogorc faseulobis damarcxeba
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi.
CineTi ar egueba demokratiul saxelmwifoebTan Ta­
naarsebobas arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigis fargleb­
Si da cdilobs sakuTari reJimis eqsports, xels uwyobs
sxva avtoritarul reJimebs da axangrZlivebs maT arse­

1
US House of Representatives Permanent select committee on Intelligence.
https://intelligence.house.gov
2
China’s Foreign Influence and Sharp Power Strategy to shape and Influence
Democratic Institutions. NED. Published on  May 16, 2019. https://www.ned.
org/chinas-foreign-influence-and-sharp-power-strategyto-shape-and-influ-
ence-democratic-institutions/

100
bobas investiciebiT da sakuTari iafi teqnologiebiT.
Cinur investiciasa da CineTis saxelmwifo interess
Soris zRvaris gavleba am etapze SeuZlebelia, xolo
arademokratiuli mTavrobebisTvis ekonomikuri daxma­
rebis miReba CineTisgan momgebiania – es maT politikur
elitebs korufciis met saSualebas aZlevs.
aSS eqspertebis gancxadebiT, drouli da aucilebelia
axali Sekavebis politikis wamowyeba. Tumca rogorc kris­
tofer uolkeri (basri Zalis terminis erT-erTi avtori)
acxadebs, demokratia nela iRviZebs da nela reagirebs.
ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalis Taobaze mwvave poli­
tikuri diskursis miuxedavad, rogorc oficialur aseve
araoficialur doneze aSS politikuri liderebi da eqs­
pertebi CineTs da ruseTs gamowvevad moixsenieben da
ara mtrad. ruseTis da CineTis usafrTxoebis doqtri­
nebSi ki aSS pirvel mtrad aris gamocxadebuli.
aRwerili movlenebi saerTaSoriso politikis prizma­
Si warmoadgens modernizebul civ oms, sadac ruseTma da
CineTma jerjerobiT moaxerxa erT mxares dadgoma, xolo
aSS da evrokavSiri veRar axerxebs saerTo interesebis
gamonaxvas. amgvari gadajgufeba saxifaTod gamoiyureba,
Tumca analizisas ar unda gamogvrCes sxva tendenciebic.
cifruli globalizaciis da Zalis difuziis pirobebSi
ruseTis geopolitikuri svlebi aRar ganixileba rele­
vanturad. interesebis garkveuli Tanxvedris miuxedavad,
arc ruseT-CineTis TanamSromlobas aqvs myari safuZveli
da perpeqtiva. ruseT-CineTis saerTo interesebis garSe­
mo gaerTianebis tendencia naimac iwinaswarmetyvela da
aSS Zalauflebis dabalansebis mcdelobad Seafasa. nais
azriTac, amgvar alianss ar aqvs momavali.1
ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTi pragmatuli moTama­
Sea da politikur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs situaciis da

1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.171-172.
101
mogebis perspeqtivis mixedviT. CineTis TamaSis wesebic
(geoekonomika) da misi resursic (teqnologiebi) srulad
Seesabameba cifruli epoqis moTxovnebs da mzardi mniS­
vnelobisaa. sxvadasxva eqspertebis analiziT, axlo moma­
valSi swored CineTi Seuqmnis ruseTs mTavar safrTxes
da ara aSS an evrokavSiri.
saerTaSoriso wesrigis prizmidan Cans bipolaruli
wesrigis multipolarul wesrigad transformaciis xan­
grZlivi da mtkivneuli procesi. CineTs aqvs yvela wina­
piroba da resursi, sxva saxelmwifoebTan kavSiris gareSe,
Camoyalibdes multipolaruli samyaros erT-erT mZlavr
damoukidebel polusad. msoflios mTavari gamowvevaa
misi TamaSis wesebi moaqcios garkveul sazRvrebSi da
uzrunvelyos polusebis mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba.
ruseTis basri Zala SesaZloa ufro intensiurad
moqmedebs vidre CineTis (gansakuTrebiT regionSi da
gan­
sakuTrebiT 2013 wlis Semdeg), Tumca mis teqnika­
Si araferia axali da civi omis propagandis erTgvar
reinkarnacias warmoadgens axal narativebze aqcentiT.
komunizmis ideologia Canacvlda konservatizmiT da
pre-modernuli RirebulebebiT: religiuri misticizmi
progresis winaaRmdeg; istoriuli samarTlianobiT mani­
pulacia saerTaSoriso samarTlis winaaRmdeg...
CineTis basri Zalis narativi met kiTxvebs badebs.
ekonomikuri saswauli da teqnologiuri winsvla ori
saukunea liberalur Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli po­
litikuri sistemebis prerogativad iTvleba. CineTi
cdilobs aCvenos, rom totalitarul reJimsac ZaluZs
ekonomikuri saswauli da teqnologiuri garRveva. amg­
vari precedenti gamowvevaa saerTaSoriso wesrigisTvis,
radgan axalisebs sxva arademokratiul reJimebs. Cine­
Tis swrafi ekonomikuri zrda grZelvadiania Tu mxo­
lod droebiTi warmateba, amas dro gviCvenebs. amJamad

102
CineTSi mimdinare ekonomikuri daRmasvla SesaZlebelia
simptomaturia.
ruseTis da CineTis `basri momxibvleloba~ did po­
litikur miznebzea dafuZnebuli. basri zemoqmedebis
Seswavla da analizi sasicocxlod aucilebeli gaxda
saxelmwifo interesebis da usafrTxoebis dasacavad. sam­
wuxarod, basri zegavlenis meqanizmebis Seswavla xSirad
mxolod Sedegebis dadgomis Semdeg xdeba SesaZlebeli.
aSS-is yuradReba ZiriTadad CineTidan momdinare
safrTxeebzea gadatanili. Tumca saqarTveloSi mTavari
gamowveva ara CineTis, aramed ruseTis basri Zalaa. sa­
muSaod Tu saswavleblad CineTSi wasul axalgazrdobas
Camoaqvs teqnologiebis codna da ara totalitaruli
komunisturi partiis pativiscema. `stalinizmis bacila~
erTaderTia, rac Cveni dakvirvebiT qarTvels CineTidan
SeiZleba Camohyves.

bibliografia:

1. gvanca abdalaZe. ideologiuri brZola `axal civ omSi~.

ssu Sromebi. humanitarul da socialur-politikur mec­
nierebaTa seria, XIII, 2015.
2. PSYOP. Military Psychological Operations Manual. U.S.Army. 2009
3. R. Vanderhill. Promoting Authoritarianism Abroad. Lynne Rienner
Publishers. 2013.
4. Handbook on Countering Russian and Chinese Interference in Europe.
Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. European Values Center for Security Policy.
Report 2019. https://www.europeanvalues.net/vyzkum/handbook-on-
countering-russian-and-chinese-interference-in-europe
5. European Values Centre for Security Policy. https://www.european-
values.net
6. Russia and China through eyes of NATO and EU intelligence agen-
cies. How do EU member states’, Canadian and the United States
intelligence agencies assess Russian and Chinese influence activities?
Security Strategies Program 2019 report. European Values, Konrad
Adenauer Stiftung. https://www.europeanvalues.net/wp-content/up-

103
 loads/2019/06/Russia-and-China-through-eyes-of-NATO-and-EU-intelli-
gence-agencies.pdf
7. China’s Foreign Influence and Sharp Power Strategy to shape and
Influence Democratic Institutions. NED. Published on  May 16, 2019.
https://www.ned.org/chinas-foreign-influence-and-sharp-power-strate-
gyto-shape-and-influence-democratic-institutions/
8. Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States. Com-
petition and Cooperation in the Developing World. Edited by Carola
McGiffert. A report of the CSIS Smart Power Initiative. 2009. https://
csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/
pubs/090403_mcgiffert_chinesesoftpower_web.pdf
9. US House of Representatives Permanent select committee on Intel-
ligence. https://intelligence.house.gov
10. St. Levitsky, L.A.Way. Elections Without Democracy. The rise of competi-
tive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy. Vol. 13, #2, April, 2002
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/levitsky/files/SL_elections.pdf

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. imsjele basri Zalis komponentebze. eTanxmebi Tu ara

SemoTavazebul klasifikacias? daasabuTe pasuxi.
2. moiZie informacia samxedro fsiqologiuri opera­
ciebis teqnikis Sesaxeb.
3. ra aris saerTo maxasiaTeblebi da mTavari sxvaoba de­
mokratizaciisa da avtoritarizmis gavrcelebis pro­
cesebs Soris?
4. imsjele ruseTis basri Zalis savaraudo safrTxeebze
saerTaSoriso politikaSi.
5. imsjele CineTis basri Zalis savaraudo safrTxeebze
saerTaSoriso politikaSi.
6. imsjele ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalebis savaraudo
miznebze SedarebiT WrilSi.

104
 1.6. propaganda

• konstruqciuli da destruqciuli propaganda

• propagandis meTodebi da Sedegebi
• propaganda: rbili Zala Tu xisti Zala
• cifruli revoluciis gavlena propagandaze

propaganda Sexedulebebis da rwmena-warmodgenebis

gavrcelebis sistemuri da sistematuri mcdelobaa. pro­
paganda SesaZloa gulisxmobdes rogorc zepir narativs,
aseve simboloebis da vizualuri produqciis Seqmnas,
rac gacilebiT efeqtur Sedegs iZleva. propagandis
kvali SesaZloa aRmovaCinoT ara mxolod mediaSi, aramed
mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.
propaganda SesaZlebelia davyoT konstruqciul da
destruqciul propagandad. konstruqciuli propaganda
sakuTar upiratesobebs warmoaCens arsebul mokavSireeb­
Tan urTierTobebis SesanarCuneblad, axali mokavSireebis
SesaZenad an maTTan konfrontaciis dasaZlevad. konstru­
qciuli propaganda ar cdilobs `Cven-isini~ diqotomiis
gamoyenebas da aqcents akeTebs saerTo identobis auci­
leblobaze. konstruqciul propagandas SesaZloa iye­
nebdes rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve sxvadasxva politikuri
Tu sazogadoebrivi jgufebi saxalxo diplomatiis daxma­
rebiT, aseve xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebi.
konstruqciuli propaganda SesaZlebelia gavaigiv­
oT nais `rbil ZalasTan~, radgan konstruqciuli pro­
paganda axdens sakuTari upiratesobebis warmoCenas da
misi mizania sxvaTa moxibvla sakuTari Rirebulebebis
gavrcelebiT.
destruqciuli propaganda erTgvari `Savi fiaria~.
misi safuZvelia `Cven-isini~ diqotomia, sadac aqcenti
gadatanilia sxvebis diskreditaciasa da sazogadoebrivi

105
azris manipulirebaze. destruqciuli propagandistuli
manqana axdens ara realuri informaciis sasurvelad
warmoCenas, aramed dezinformaciis Seqmna-gavrcelebas
da aralegalurad mopovebuli informaciis (maT Soris,
piradi informaciis) mimoqcevas.
konstruqciuli propagandisgan gansxvavebiT, rome­
lic SesaZloa farTo saxalxo CarTulobas gulisxmobdes
da ar iyos marTuli politikuri jgufebis mier, destru­
qciuli propagandis warmoeba moiTxovs centralizebul
midgomas. is xelisuflebis da politikuri jgufebis mier
gamoyenebuli meTodia mimarTuli rogorc sakuTari mo­
qalaqeebis, aseve sxva sazogadoebebis da saxelmwifoebis
winaaRmdeg. mniSvnelovani Sedegebis misaRwevad aucile­
belia procesebis efeqturi sinqronizacia.
sakuTari moqalaqeebis motyuebis da sakuTari sa­­
zogadoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli destruqciu­li
propagandis miznebad SesaZlebelia moviazroT: kon­
kretuli politikuri jgufis gaZliereba da misi qmede­
bebis (maT Soris, represiebis gatarebis SemTxvevaSic)
legitimacia; metoqe politikuri jgufebis diskredita­
cia da politikuri velidan CamoSoreba; `mtris xatis~
Seqmna Sida politikuri krizisebis gadasafarad da ara­
legitimuri qmedebebis gasamarTleblad; `uZlevelobis
miTis~ Seqmna metoqeebze zegavlenis mosaxdenad da sxv.
am mimarTulebiT yvelaze mZime Sedegad unda CaiTvalos
totaluri marTvis danergva da totalitaruli poli­
tikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba.
sxva sazogadoebebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli de­
st­ruq­ciuli propagandis miznebad SesaZlebelia da­
va­­saxeloT: garkveuli jgufebis da Rirebulebebis
diskreditaciiT adamianebis daeWveba sakuTar Rirebu­
lebebSi (RirebulebiTi gaoreba da kulturuli Soki);
sazogadoebis gaxleCa da siZulvilis gaRviveba (sazoga­

106
doebrivi Tanxmobisa da masze dafuZnebuli pozitiuri
mSvidobis SeuZlebloba); konfliqtebis da samoqalaqo
dapirispirebis provocireba (politikur, eTnikur, re­
ligiur, socialur niadagze); saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mi­
marTuli ideologiuri Tu kriminaluri jgufebis Seqmna,
waxaliseba, legitimacia (e. w. `mexuTe kolonis Canergva~)
da sxv. am viTarebaSi mZime Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
saxelmwifo institutebis funqcionirebis SeuZlebloba
da saxelmwifos CamoSla, rasac SesaZloa moyves xan­
grZlivi arastabiluroba da okupacia sxva saxelmwifos
(saxelmwifoebis) mxridan.
destruqciuli propagandis mizani saerTaSoriso
politikis doneze SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ro­
gorc: arsebuli samxedro, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri
koaliciebis diskreditacia maTi funqcionirebis dasa­
susteblad; axali koaliciebis Seqmnis mcdeloba; saer­
TaSoriso konfliqtebis an terorizmis provocireba
sakuTari saxelmwifos sagareo politikis gaaqtiu­re­bi­
sTvis da prestiJis ierarqiaSi adgilis mosapoveblad.
sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli destruq­
ciuli propaganda emsaxureba sakuTari geopolitikuri
Tu geoekonomikuri interesebis gatarebas saerTaSo­
riso politikaSi da arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigis
gadasinjvas. am mimarTulebiT mZime Sedegad unda Cav­
TvaloT msoflio omis dawyeba da masobrivi saerTaSo­
riso destruqcia.
destruqciuli propagandis klasikur formebad gani­
xileba nacisturi da sabWoTa propaganda. am orma tota­
litarulma reJimma destruqciuli propaganda erTgvar
xelovnebad aqcia, Seqmna propagandis specialuri ins­
tituciebi da sazogadoebis inteleqtualuri resursi
(mecniereba, ganaTleba, xelovneba) Caayena propagandis
samsaxurSi. propagandis virtuozis, iozef gebelsis saq­

107
mianobis analizis safuZvelze, leonard dubma 1948 wels
dawera wigni, sadac gebelsis propagandistuli ideebis
aRwera-sistematizacia SemogvTavaza. gebelsis propagan­
dis proncipebidan gvinda yuradReba SevaCeroT ramde­
nime aspeqtze1:
1. propagandis warmoeba unda moxdes centralize­
bulad. propagandis mwarmoebels unda hqondes wvdoma
dazvervis mier mopovebul masalebze. propagandas mxari
unda auban politikurma liderebmac.
2. Savi propagandis gamoyeneba unda moxdes, Tu Te­
Tri propaganda ar muSaobs. propagandam unda daaswros
mtris propagandas.
3. mowinaaRmdegis propagandis analizis safuZvel­ze,
unda moxdes informaciis nawilis ignorireba, na­wi­lis mx­
ileba, nawilis sakuTari propagandisTvis gamoye­neba.
4. propagandistuli slogani unda iyos mkafio,
mokle, gasagebi da dasamaxsovrebeli. movlenebs da ada­
mianebs unda mivaweboT `iarliyi~. propagandistuli me­
sijebi unda SemuSavdes ise, rom man gamoiwvios maRali
sazogadoebrivi interesi da uzrunvelyos mesijebis
inerciiT gavrceleba.
5. propaganda ver moitans dauyovnebliv Sedegebs.
man momavalSi unda gamoiwvios tendenciebis da mowi­
naaRmdegis qmedebaTa cvlileba. politikuri qmedebebis

1
Leonard W. Doob. Goebbels’ Principles of Propaganda. The Public Opinion Quarter-
ly, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1950. Online publication by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the
American Association for Public Opinion Research. 2009. https://s3.amazonaws.
com/academia.edu.documents/53319490/Goebbels-Principles-of-Propagan-
da.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAmerican_
Association_for_Public_Opinion.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-
SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200228%2F
us-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200228T120502Z&X-Amz-
Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=de8b3e216ec-
c8add23fdcdd6b38429b780cb87e1633063c7c85b2c6aede885c8

108
dagegmvisas winswrebiT unda gaviTvaliswinoT propagan­
dis Sedegebic.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi destruqciuli propagandis
iden­tificireba martivia. gansakuTrebiT misi xangrZ­
livad gamoyenebisas. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo
aTwleulSi arc erT sabWoTa moqalaqes aRar sjeroda
ssrk narativebis. Tumca es ssrk dasustebis da dasa­
vluri rbili Zalis gazrdis Sedegi ufro iyo, vidre
samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRlebis. propagandas qmnian
profesionalebi da adamianebi umetes SemTxvevaSi eqce­
vian misi zemoqmedebis qveS. rac meti adamiani daije­
rebs propagandistul narativs, miT ufro noyieri xdeba
garemo axali propagandisTvis.
destruqciuli propaganda zvaviviTaa, Tovlis erTi
patara gunda did damangrevel masad iqceva procesis
bolos. mas verc erT SemTxvevaSi ver gavaigivebT naiseul
`rbil ZalasTan~ da `xisti Zalis~ komponentad miviCnevT.
propagandis warmoebis teqnikas da mis meTodebs sxva­
dasxva dargis mecnierebi swavloben. rasakvirvelia, me­
Todebi cvalebadia drosa da sivrceSi, xolo meTodebis
klasifikacia mravalferovani da mravalwaxnagovani. aq
moiazreba rogorc totalitaruli politikuri siste­
mis Seqmnis istoriulad gamocdili sistemuri meTodebi
(mag. pirovnebis kultis Seqmna), aseve samxedro Zalebis
mier mtris winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli fsiqologiuri ze­
moqmedebis teqnika (mag. demoralizacia) Tu individze
ze­moqmedebis sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri meqanizmi (mag.
ref­leqsia). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom lite­ raturaSi
mi­­
moxiluli propagandis klasikuri Tu Tanamedrove
me­­
Todebi xSir SemTxvevaSi emTxveva dezinformaciis
gavrcelebis meTodebs, romelsac momdevno TavSi Se­ve­
xebiT.
destruqciuli propagandis sailustraciod Sevar­
CieT ori saintereso meTodi, romelic aqtiurad ga­

109
moiyeneboda totalitaruli mTavrobebis (nacisturi
germania, sabWoTa kavSiri) mier da romlebic, rogorc
Cans dResac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba basri Zalis mier.
oqsfordis universitetis profesori korneliu bio­
la propagandis erT-erT efeqtur meTodad refleqsuri
kontrolis doqtrinas asaxelebs1. doqtrina SemuSavda
civi omis dros, 1960-ian ww-Si sabWoTa uSiSroebis sis­
temebSi da sainformacio omis erT-erTi cnobil da xan­
grZlivad gamoyenebad doqtrinad iTvleba. mis SemuSa­
vebaSi monawileobda rusi mecnieri vladimer lefevri,
romelmac aSS-Si sacxovreblad gadasvlis Semdeg meTodi
aRwera Tavis publikaciebSi2. meTodi mdgomareobs Sem­
degSi: samizne adamians an jgufs unda miewodos infor­
macia imgvarad, rom man Secvalos Tavisi dagegmili
qmedeba da miiRos sxva gadawyvetileba sakuTari nebiT,
iZulebisa da zegavlenis Tavsmoxvevis gareSe. procesis
dros mniSvnelovania `swori informaciis~ `swor dros
miwodeba~ samizne piris fsiqotipis gaTvaliswinebiT (an
samizne institutis sistemuri funqcionirebis Tavise­
burebebis gaTvaliswinebiT). aRniSnuli procesis mTava­
ri mizani da Sedegi SesaZloa sulac ar iyos konkretuli
gadawyvetileba, aramed identificireba – samizne piri
(Tu uwyeba) rogor iRebs gadawyvetilebebs an rogor
reagirebs krizisul viTarebaSi. es erTgvari testia
da msgavsi codna gamoiyeneba sxva ufro mniSvnelovan
SemTxvevaSi. rasakvirvelia, am procesSi mniSvnelovania
samizne piris (jgufis) fsiqotipis da susti mxareebis
winaswari codna, aseve variaciis da interaqciis unari
zegavlenis ganmaxorcieleblis mxridan.

1
Corneliu Bjola. Propaganda as reflexive control: the digital dimension. in: Coun-
tering online propaganda and extremism. The dark side of digital diplomacy.
Edited by Corneliu Bjola and James Pamment. Routledge. 2019. p.13-27
2
ibid.p.15

110
 sabWoTa kvlevebis eqspertis, timoTi tomasis kvle­
vebma aCvena, rom doqtrinam ganicada evolucia da dRe­
sac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ruseTis samxedro da sadaz­
vervo samsaxurebis mier sainformacio omis warmoebis
procesSi1. cifrulma revoluciam axali masStabebi Ses­
Zina meTods. civi omis pirobebSi ar iyo martivi saWiro
informaciis mopoveba samizne piris (pirebis, jgufebis,
uwyebis) Sesaxeb piradi informaciis CaTvliT. dRes Za­
lian martivia gavigoT informacia umcires detalebamde
adamianis Tu organizaciis Sesaxeb maT mierve onlain-
sivrceSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis da atvirTuli
masalebis (maT Soris, fotoebis) saSualebiT.
aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebiT, SesaZlebelia ama Tu
im sazogadoebaSi gaavrcelo informacia, romelic saku­
Tari moqalaqeebis TvalSi mmarTveli politikuri eli­
tis diskreditacias moemsaxureba da ganapirobebs Sida
politikur cvlilebebs. sagareo politikuri miznebis­
Tvis, SesaZloa sxvadasxva Ria Tu faruli wyaroebiT
gaavrcelo didi raodenobiT urTierTsawinaaRmdego in­
formacia, raTa ver moxdes informaciis swori klasifi­
kacia da analizi (teqnologiur saukuneSi informaciis
mopovebaze ufro rTuli gaxda mravalmxrivi informa­
ciis klasifikaciis da analizis unari).
timoTi tomasi refleqsuri kontrolis safuZvelze
ganxorcielebul qmedebad miiCnevs mcdari analogiebis
mzard gavrcelebas (mag. kosovos magaliTiT manipuli­
reba ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omis da 2014 wlis
yirimis aneqsiis wina periodebSi; an dasavluri struq­
turebis refleqsuri dadanaSauleba ruseTis winaaRm­
deg dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi...). aseve, gaxmaurebul
`lizas saqmesac~ aRniSnul meTods ukavSirebs.

1
ibid.p.16

111
 propagandistuli meTodi 40/60 – gebelsis saxels
ukavSirdeba. meTodi gulisxmobs iseTi media saSualebis
Seqmnas, romelic moaxerxebs mowinaaRmdege qveynis
sazogadoebis ndobis mopovebas. Seqmnili da gavrcele­
buli informaciis 60 % sandoa, relevanturi da asa­
xavs samizne sazogadoebis interesebsa da molodinebs.
dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad xdeba darCenili 40
%-is gamoyeneba. amgvari proporcia gacilebiT efeqtu­
ria vidre sruli dezinformacia, radgan sazogadoeba
media-saSualebas aRiqvams rogorc sandos da profesio­
nalers. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis dros gebel­
sis miTiTebiT da aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebiT fun­
qcionirebda inglisurenovani radio, romelsac didi
interesiT ismenda antifaSistur brZolaSi Cabmuli sam­
yaro da britanul mauwyeblobad miiCnevda. simarTle ki
mxolod omis dasrulebis Semdeg gairkva.
40/60 meTodi ar gamqrala nacizmis damarcxebis Sem­
deg da misi aqtiuri gamoyeneba daiwyo sabWoTa kavSirma
civi omis dros. iseve rogorc civi omis sxva meqanizmeb­
ma, meTodma 40/60 post-sabWoTa periodSic SeinarCuna
popularoba da efeqturad gamoiyeneba hibriduli omis
warmoebis procesSi.
da mainc, ratom aris propaganda aseTi mimzidveli
adamianebisTvis? saxeldeba bevri mizezi, romlebic
amgvarad SeiZleba davajgufoT:
1. propaganda martivad gasagebi mza produqtia da
mo­qalaqisgan ar moiTxovs zedmet Zalisxmevas, moiZios
informacia da Tavad gaakeTos analizi.
2. propaganda im socialuri fenis adamianebs, vi­
sac ar aqvs Sesabamisi ganaTleba da unarebi, garkveuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb warmoadginos kvalifikaciuri anali­
zi, mza `inteleqtualuri sarCos~ miwodebiT exmareba
aimaR­ los TviTSefaseba da ipovos Rirseuli adgili
sazogadoebaSi.

112
 3. propaganda xangrZliv qmedebas gulisxmobs da
Se­sabamisad, droTa ganmavlobaSi is iwvevs ara mxolod
SeCvevas da mimReblobas, aramed narkotikul damokide­
bulebas da meti `dozis~ miRebis survils.
4. propaganda qmnis saerTo RirebulebebiT gaje­re­
bu­li jgufis identobas. erTis mxriv, individi gani­cdis
Temis zegavlenas da amave dros individi Tavad miis­
wrafvis Temis srulfasovani wevrobisken. propaganda
elitizmiT daRlil sazogadoebebSi elitizmis daZle­
vis iluzias aCens da Tavad qmnis axal elitebs. sabWo­
Ta elitebze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom amgvari jgufebi
gamoirCeva maRali sicocxlisunarianobiT da TviTga­
darCenis instinqtiT. sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevidan 30
wlis Semdegac ki sabWoTa propagandiT gamokvebili jgu­
febi ar gamqralan, maT ganicades transformacia da kv­
lavac axerxeben sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlenas.
rogor unda moxdes propagandis identificireba da
misgan sazogadoebis dacva? mravalricxovan litera­
turasa da winaaRmdegobriv diskusiebze dayrdnobiT
warmovadgenT martiv klasifikacias.
individisa da sazogadoebis doneze: 1. individis
una­rebis gaumjobeseba (kritikuli azrovneba, media
wig­niereba, cnobierebis amaRleba); 2. sazogadoebrivi
azris sistemuri kvleva sazogadoebis molodinebisa
da moTxovnebis identificirebisTvis; 3. fsiqologiuri
analizi (mowyvladi jgufebis Rirebulebebis da qcevis
Seswavla); 4. informaciis analizi da propagandis iden­
tificireba. propagandis Sedegebze dakvirveba.
saxelmwifos doneze: 1. saxelmwifo institutebis
koordinirebuli qmedeba, saxelmwifo interesebis wi­
naaRmdeg mimarTuli propagandistuli arxebis gamovle­
na da akrZalva. 2. sakuTar moqalaqeebTan strategiuli
komunikaciis gaumjobeseba.

113
 amgvarad, daskvnis saxiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom si­
tyva `propaganda~ ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba uaryofiT kon­
teqstSi da `destruqciul propagandas~ moiazrebs. is
ar Seefardeba arc rbili da arc xisti Zalis naiseul
ganmartebas. mas Cven basri Zalis Semadgenel nawilad
moviazrebT.
cifruli revoluciis epoqaSi propagandam ganicada
transformacia da cifrul propagandad iqca, romlis
sazRvrebi da efeqturoba gacilebiT masStaburia, vidre
civi omis droindeli proklamaciebi Tu posterebi. ci­
fruli propaganda ereva saerTaSoriso gadawyvetile­
bebis miRebis procesSi da izrdeba diplomatiuri Tama­
Sis `dahakvis~ safrTxe. cifruli propaganda cifruli
diplomatiis `bneli mxarea~.

bibliografia:

1. Countering online propaganda and extremism. The dark side of digital

diplomacy. Edited by Corneliu Bjola and James pamment. Routledge
new diplomacy studies. 2019
2. Michael Erbschloe. Extremist propaganda in social media. A threat
to homeland security. CRC press. 2019
3. The propaganda model today. Filtering perception and awareness.
Edited by Joan Pedro-Caranana, Daniel Broudy, and Jeffery Klaehn.
University of Westminster Press. 2018
4. Marcel H. Van Herpen. Putin’s Propaganda Machine; Soft Power and
Russian Foreign Policy. Rowman and Littlefield. 2016
5. The Oxford handbook of propaganda studies. Edited by Jonathan
Auerbach, Russ Castronovo. Oxford University Press. 2013
6. Nicholas J. Cull, David Culbert, David Welch. Propaganda and Mass per-
suasion. A historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present. ABC CLIO. 2003
7. GuityNovin. A history of Graphic Design. The online textbook. Chap-
ter 29. Propaganda Posters. http://guity-novin.blogspot.com/2010/05/
chapter-29-propaganda-posters.html#SixteenP
8. Leonard W. Doob. Goebbels’ Principles of Propaganda. The Pub-
lic Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1950. Online publication
by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Asso-

114
 ciation for Public Opinion Research. 2009. https://s3.amazonaws.
com/academia.edu.documents/53319490/Goebbels-Principles-
of-Propaganda.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20
filename%3DAmerican_Association_for_Public_Opinion.pdf&X-
Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAI
WOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200228%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_
request&X-Amz-Date=20200228T120502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-
A m z - S i g n e d H e a d e rs = h o st & X- A m z - S i g n at u re = d e 8 b 3 e 2 1 6 e c -
c8add23fdcdd6b38429b780cb87e1633063c7c85b2c6aede885c8

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. gsmenia TeTri, Savi, ruxi propagandis Sesaxeb? moiZie

damatebiTi informacia da ganmarte, ra gansxvavebaa
maT Soris.
2. moiZie informacia nacisturi germaniis da sabWoTa ka­
vSiris propagandistuli qmedebebis Sesaxeb. moiyvane
magaliTebi.
3. gaecani da Seadare nacisturi germaniis da civi omis
droindeli propagandistuli posterebi.
4. moiZie informacia propagandis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
daasaxele da ganmarte romelime maTgani.
5. daakavSire propaganda rbili da xisti Zalis Teorias­
Tan.
6. SearCie sxvadasxva epoqis da Tematikis ori propagan­
distuli posteri. ratom SearCie es ori? ris propagan­
das eweva posteri da rogor aRwevs mizans vizualiza­
ciiT? Sen rom Segxeboda es propaganda, imoqmedebda
Tu ara da ratom?

Ø es sainteresoa:

`lizas saqme~ bolo wlebis erT-erT skandalur Sem­T­

xvevad iqca.

115
 2016 wlis axalwlis dReebSi, berlinis mcxovrebi ru­
suli warmoSobis 13 wlis gogona liza moulodnelad gau­
Cinarda 30 saaTis manZilze. saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg, man
ganacxada, rom arabuli garegnobis mamakacebma gaitaces
da gaaupatiures. arc policiam da arc gogonas mSoblebma
gogonas moyolili ambavi simarTled ar CaTvales. erT-er­
Ti adgilobrivi gazeTis cnobiT, gogonas hyavda 19 wlis
Turqi Tayvanismcemeli da swored masTan erTad iyo gapa­
ruli. saxlSi iZulebiT dabrunebis Semdeg gogonam scada
ambis SeTxzva Tavis gasamarTleblad. lizas ambavi darCe­
boda ojaxur konfliqtad, rom ara misi gamoyeneba poli­
tikuri miznebisTvis.
rusulma da prorusulma mediam (ruseTis pirveli
arxi, ruseTi dRes, sputniki) ambavi sensaciad aqcia da
so­cialuri qselebis saSualebiT sazogadoebis yuradReba
miipyro. ambavs gamoexmaurnen rusi maRalCinosnebi (maT
Soris, ministri lavrovic), romlebic aqcents akeTebd­
nen germaniaSi rusulenovani mosaxleobis daucvelobaze.
germaniaSi mcxovrebi mravalricxovani rusulenovani
jgufebis diskriminaciis msxverplad gamocxadeba niSna­
vda adamianis uflebebTan mimarTebaSi germaniis dadana­
Saulebas ormagi standartis gamoyenebaSi.
skandalma gamoiwvia sxvadasxva tipis jgufebis gaaqti­
ureba da mravalricxovani saxalxo demonstraciebi germa­
niis qalaqebSi. neo-nacisturi jgufebi aqcents akeTebdnen
migraciis problemebze. rigiTi germanelebi aRaSfoTa ger­
maniis policiis uunarobam, daecva germaniis moqalaqeebis
usafrTxoeba. rusulenovani jgufebi iTxovdnen uflebebis
dacvas da pativiscemas germanuli sazogadoebis mxridan.
lizas skandalis gasaanalizeblad, aucilebelia mimo­
vixiloT politikuri konteqsti. ruseTis mier ukrainis
nawilis okupacias germaniis maRalCinosnebis mkveTri
gancxadebebi mohyva. wlebis manZilze naSenebi germania-

116
ruseTis konstruqciuli urTierTobebi safrTxis winaSe
dadga. evropaSi swored germania gaxda ruseTis winaaRm­
deg sanqciebis gamkacrebis erT-erTi iniciatori. germane­
li maRalCinosnebi aRniSnavdnen, rom pirvelad civi omis
Semdeg safrTxe Seeqmna evropul usafrTxoebas. germaniis
mTavrobam da obamas administraciam dagegmes erToblivi
qmedebebi. germaniis jarebi natos egidiT ganTavsda lie­
tuvaSi, natos jari miuaxlovda ruseTis sazRvars.
rusulma propagandam lizas skandali Seqmna kancler
merkelis dasaSantaJeblad da politikuri realobis Se­
sacvlelad. migraciis Tema gamoiyenes didi migraciuli
krizisis pirobebSi, rodesac germaniaSi moqmedi sxvadasx­
va politikuri Tu samoqalaqo jgufebi aqtiurad akriti­
kebdnen merkelis saemigracio politikas.
angela merkeli ar ahyva SantaJs. 2016 wlis noemberSi
merkelis saparlamento jgufma Seqmna specialuri do­
ku­menti, sadac aRniSnulia, rom ruseTi postsabWoTa
sivr­ces ganixilavs sakuTari gavlenis sferod, Seqmna
`ru­seTis samyaros ideologia~ riTac arRvevs xalxTa
Ta­visufali arCevanis uzenaes principebs, manipulirebs
gayinuli konfliqtebiT, mxars uWers asadis reJims siri­a­
Si, riTac arRvevs saerTaSoriso samarTals. ruseTi cdi­
lobs sxvadasxva qveynebis Sida politikaze zegavlenas
(maT Soris, germaniaSi lizas skandaliT). sapasuxo nabiji
un­da iyos evrokavSiris da natos TavdacviTi meqanizmebis
gaZliereba.
erTi wlis Semdeg, 2017 wlis TebervalSi msgavsi faqti
moxda lietuvaSi. gavrcelda informacia, rom germanelma
jariskacma, romelic natos egidiT gaagzavnes lietuvaSi,
Tineijeri gaaupatiura. ambavi iyo sruli sicrue. dezin­
formaciis mizani iyo rogorc natos jarebis diskredita­
cia, aseve SiSis danergva lietuvas sazogadoebaSi (meore
msoflio omis droindeli SiSebis dabruneba da antiger­

117
manuli sentimentebis gaCena). `axalma sensaciam~ ver moax­
dina efeqti. lietuvas sazogadoeba aramc Tu ar ahyva
provokacias, aramed sapasuxod lietuvaSi ganxorcielda
axali zomebi sazogadoebrivi cnobadobis amaRlebisa da
propagandis dasamarcxeblad.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:

1. Stefan Meister. The ~Lisa case”: Germany as a target of Russian

di­sinformation. NATO REVIEW. 25 July 2016. https://www.nato.int/
docu/review/articles/2016/07/25/the-lisa-case-germany-as-a-target-of-
russian-disinformation/index.html
2. Positionspapier Russland. Positionspapier der CDU/CSU-Fraktionim-
Deutschen Bundestag Beschlussvom 29. November 2016.https://www.
cducsu.de/sites/default/files/positionspapier_russland_final_clean.pdf

1.7. dezinformacia da Ria wyaroebiT

gamoZieba

• dezinformaciis tipebi
• dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebi
• trolingi
• Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba

yvelaze martivi klasifikaciiT, dezinformacia Se­

g­­­vi­­Zlia gavyoT or saxeobad: misinformacia (Misinforma-
tion) da dezinformacia (Disinformation). pirvel SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZloa mcdari informacia an mcdari interpretacia
gavrceldes uneblied, viRacis xumrobis, Secdomis an
araprofesionalizmis gamo. dezinformacia ki gamiznu­
li tyuilia ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu sxva miznebis

118
misaRwevad. misinformaciis Sedegi SesaZloa iseTive mZime
aRmoCndes, rogorc dezinformaciis SemTxvevaSi. dezin­
formaciis, anu cru narativis, tyuilis Seqmnis pro­
cesSi xdeba faqtebiT manipulireba an faqtebis sruli
falsifikacia sxvadasxva meTodebiT. TiToeuli maTgani
SesaZloa Seexos Sinaarss an konteqsts.1
Sinaarsze manipulaciis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva rea­
lu­ri faqtebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan mcdari
war­modgenebis Sesaqmnelad. konteqstze manipulacia
gu­­
lisxmobs faqtis konteqstidan amoglejas, konteqs­
tis mcdar interpretacias an movlenebis sruliad sxva
kon­teqstSi gadatanas.
falsifikacia anu gayalbeba SesaZlebelia iyos nawi­
lobrivi an sruli. informaciis nawilobrivi falsifi­
kacia SesaZloa gulisxmobdes konteqstis gamogonebas,
yalbi wyaroebis Seqmnas, realur faqtebTan erTad ga­mo­
gonili faqtebis aRweras, damabneveli saTaurebis, heS­
Tegebis da fotoebis gamoyenebas.
informaciis sruli falsifikacia gulisxmobs gamo­
gonil, yalb informacias romelic gamiznulad Seiqmna
zianis misayeneblad. mas xSirad `yalb ambebs~ (Fake News)
uwodeben. manipulaciac da falsifikaciac SesaZlebelia
ganxorcieldes rogorc teqstSi, aseve foto da video ma­
salaze. gansakuTrebiT popularuli meTodia fotomasa­
lis falsifikacia, radgan martivia rogorc Sesaqmnelad,
aseve gasavrceleblad da efeqturia zemoqmedebisTvis.
martivi aplikaciebiT falsificirebuli foto-video
ma­
salis amocnoba SesaZloa martivi aRmoCndes, Tumca
pro­fesionalebis Seqmnili falsifikaciis dadgena SeuZ­
lebeli xdeba specialuri eqspertizis gareSe.

1
Claire Wardle. Fake news. It’s complicated. FIRST DRAFT. February 16, 2017.
https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated

119
 arc ise didi xania gamoCnda dezinformaciis axali da
saxifaTo tipi – „Rrma feiqi“ (Deep Fake), romelic Za­
lian hgavs namdvils. is gulisxmobs xelovnuri intele­
qtis gamoyenebiT yalbi video an audio-Canaweris Seqm­
nas. martivi video-manipulacia (xmis da gamosaxulebis
amoWra, gadafarva, sxvadasxva dros realurad naTqvami
frazebis Sekowiweba...) advili gamosacnobia faqtCekin­
gis mcireodeni gamocdilebis mqone pirisTvis. `Rrma
feiqi~-is SemTxvevaSi ki msaxiobis mier wakiTxul teqsts
xelovnuri inteleqti sinqronSi ameorebinebs samizne
pirs misi gamosaxulebis, mimikis da xmis gamoyenebiT.
Rrma feiqis eqspertiza rTulia da axali saeqsperto
meTodebis Seqmnas moiTxovs. Rrma feiqma ukve daazarala
aSS prezidentebi baraq obama da donald trampi, feis­
buqis damfuZnebeli mark cukerberki da sxva cnobili
adamianebi.1
dezinformaciis Seqmna-gavrcelebis procesSi gamo­
i­
yeneba sxvadasxva teqnika. evropuli politikis anali­
zis centri (CEPA)  CamoTvlis da ganmartavs zogierT
maT­­gans:  ping-pongi (sxvadasxva veb-gverdebis koordi­
rebuli gamoyeneba internetSi narativis gasaaqti­
ni­­
u­reblad);  „yvavma yvavs uTxrao...“  (sxva pirebisa da
organizaciebis mxileba im saqmianobaSi, raSic Tavad
bral­mdebelic CarTulia. Sesabamisad, detalebis aRwera
xdeba meti damajereblobiT);  faqtebis uaryofa (SesaZ­
lebelia sxvadasxva formiT, maT Soris, realuri faqtebis
aRwera maTi uaryofis, interpretirebis, diskreditaciis
da a. S. mizniT);  fragmentireba an ganzogadeba (nawilis
mTlianad warmoCena an mTlianis nawilad Sefaseba);  faq­
tebis emociebiT gadafarva (emociuri metaforebiT teqs­

1
Joseph Foley. 9 deepface examples that terrified and amused the internet. CB
(CREATIVE BLOG). November 15, 2019. https://www.creativebloq.com/fea-
tures/deepfake-examples

120
tis gadavseba; emociebis wina planze wamoweva);  ganqiqeba,
dacinva, iarliyebis miwebeba;  „voTebauTizmi“ (mcdari
Sedarebebis moyvana, Cven cudebi varT, magram sxvebic
cudebi arian stilSi); „narativis gaTeTreba“ (narati­
vis miwera daukonkretebeli eqspertebisTvis. magali­
Tad, qarTul internet mediaSi xSirad xmarebuli fraza
`rogorc britaneli eqspertebi amboben~...); balansis
cvlileba (damaxasiaTebelia ZiriTadad satelevizio
sivrcisTvis: tele-debatebSi propagandistuli Zalebis
mowveva meore mxares aiZulebs gadavides TavdacviT re­
JimSi, riTic garkveuli problemis ganxilvisas iqmneba
disbalansi);  „vagonze Sextoma“ (mcdeloba garkveuli
narativi warmoCindes umravlesobis Sexedulebad da
amiT zegavlena moaxdinon individze, romelsac surs `ar
CamorCes meinstrimul tendenciebs~); SeTqmulebis Teo­
riebi (Worebis gavrcelebiT da miTebis SeqmniT `faruli
SeTqmulebis~ gamoaSkaraveba an piriqiT, arsebuli rea­
lobis SeTqmulebad monaTvla); mcdari dilemebi (war­
mosaxviTi gamouvali mdgomareobis aRweriT individze
zemoqmedeba, rom man mxari dauWiros `erTaderT swor
gadawyvetilebas~) da sxv.1
dezinformaciis da propagandis meTodebi xSi­
rad msgav­ sia da SeuZlebelia maTi mkveTri gamijv­
na.  dezinfor­maciis gavrcelebaSi monawileoben trole­bi
da botebi.
boti igivea, rac aplikacia, romelic xelovnur in­
teleqtze dayrdnobiT da specialurad misTvis Seqmnili
algoriTmebiT, asrulebs micemul davalebas. magaliTad:
konkretul komentars ganaTavsebs asobiT da aTasobiT
gverdebze, tiraJirebs mowonebis (`laiqis~) an emociis
Rilakebs da a. S. botisgan gasxvavebiT, troli adamiania,

1
Disinformation Techniques. The Center for European Policy Analysis
(CEPA). https://www.cepa.org/disinfo-techniques

121
Tumca yoveldRiur slengSi xSirad trolebs da botebs
erTmaneTTan aigiveben.
troli iRebs mza gzavnils da direqtivas samizne
individebis an jgufebis Sesaxeb. trolisTvis trolin­
gi anazRaurebadi samsaxuria. trolebi mesijebs arge­
ben konteqsts da axdenen mesijebis diversificirebas,
iwyeben diskusiebs internet momxmarebelTan... troli
moqmedebs specialurad Seqmnili sxvadasxva saxele­
biT (`eqaunTebiT~). rig SemTxvevebSi trolis amocnoba
martivia socialur mediaSi (yavs cota megobari, axal
Seqmnili gverdia, ar aCens pirad da ojaxur fotoebs,
profilisTvis iyenebs moparul fotos da identobas
da sxv.) trolis gamoaSkaraveba mis profesionalizm­
zea damokidebuli – xelovnuri inteleqtiT Seqmnili
fotoebi, IP misamarTebiT manipulireba da sxva msgavsi
meTodi arTulebs trolis amocnobas. maRalanazRaure­
badi trolebi profesionalebi arian da qaosi SeaqvT
internet-sivrceSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani amocanis SemTxvevaSi
iqmneba e. w. `trolebis qarxana~ – adamianTa jgufi kon­
kretuli amocanebiT. erTeuli trolisgan gansxvavebiT,
romelic SesaZlebelia sakuTari saxlidan muSaobdes sa­
kuTari smartfoniT an kompiuteriT, trolebis qarxana
organizaciaa da mas infrastruqtura esaWiroeba. `tro­
lebis qarxana~ xSirad daregistrirebulia media-saagen­
tos, holdingis an sxva msgavsi saxeliT da oficialur
saqmianobas safarad iyenebs trolingis procesSi.
2016 wels, aSS prezidentis donald trampis saarCe­
vno kampaniis dros mniSvnelovan ambad iqca trolebis
gavlena amomrCevelTa ganwyobaze. Seiqmna specialuri
komisia, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda aSS gamoZiebis fe­
deraluri biuros (FBI) yofili xelmZRvaneli, robert
miuleri. gamoZiebam gamoaqveyna e. w. `miuleris angari­Si~,

122
romlis Tanaxmad, trolebis qarxnis funqcias as­ru­lebda
rus oligarq evgeni prigoJinis mier sankt-pe­terburgSi
daregistrirebuli internet kvlevebis saa­gento.1
trolingisTvis individebis da jgufebis piradi mo­­
nacemebis moZieba xdeba Ria wyaroebiT, moparviT (`dahak­
viT~), aplikaciebis daxmarebiT (sxvadasxva saxis onlain
testebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romelic fotosuraTis
atvirTvas moiTxovs momxmareblisgan), kompiuteruli
virusebis gavrcelebiT da sxva.
politikuri trolingis mizania sazogadoebis war­
modgenebisa da Rirebulebebis formireba, sasargeb­
lo idiotebad (misi informaciis gamavrceleblad) da
koleqtiur trolebad (misi Rirebulebebis matareble­
bad) gadaqceva.
dezinformaciis gavrceleba SesaZlebelia yvela
me­­dia-saSualebiT, magram dezinformaciis gavrcele­
bis masStabi uprecedentod maRalia yviTeli mediis,
internet-mediis da socialuri qselebis gamoyenebiT.
socialuri qselebi, internet-jgufebi da internet-ga­
mocemebi amartivebs botebis da trolebis saqmianobas.
amgvari operaciebi imdenad masStaburia, rom feisbu­
qma maT amosacnobad SeimuSava specialuri algoriTmi.
aplikaciebi kargad muSaobs botebis winaaRmdeg, Tumca
jer-jerobiT ver amarcxebs trolings.
dezinformaciis mizanmimarTulma gavrcelebam da
po­­litikurma trolingma SesaZloa daazianos nebismieri
saxelmwifo. Tumca iq, sadac politikuri institutebi da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sustia, xolo media-wignierebis
xarisxi dabali, Sedegi xangrZlivi da damangreveli Sei­
Zleba aRmoCndes.

1
Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential
Election. V. I. Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. US Department of Justice.
Washington. March 2019. https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf

123
 Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba (OSINT) zogadi ganmartebiT
gulisxmobs nebismieri tipis gamoZiebas Ria informaciaze
dayrdnobiT da sxvadasxva aplikaciebis gamoyenebiT. Ria
wyaroebSi SesaZloa moviazroT internetSi ganTavsebuli
nebismieri informacia – samTavrobo dokumentebi, media-
kontenti, socialur qselebSi ganTavsebuli statusebi
Tu komentarebi... cifruli gamomZieblis Tu cifruli
Jurnalistis profesiis gaCenis aucilebloba ganapiroba
cifrulma revoluciam da misma Tanmdevma gamowvevebma
(informaciis siuxve, dezinformaciis gavr­ celebis si­
martive, informaciis klasifikaciis sirTule da sxv.)
Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis eqspertebze moTxovna
mzar­dia da momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. am meTods
iyeneben rogorc usafrTxoebis da uSiSroebis uwyebebi,
aseve Jurnalistebi, mkvlevarebi da nebismieri msurve­
li. saerTaSoriso dokumentebis da angariSebis didi
nawilic Ria wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mzaddeba.
Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis teqnikasa da SesaZleblobe­
bze mravali saxelmZRvanelo Seiqmna (zogierTi maTgani
bestseleradac ki iqca). saxelmZRvaneloebsa da trening-
kursebze aqcenti keTdeba Semdeg sakiTxebze: saZiebo
sistemebSi efeqturi Zebna; socialuri qselebidan da
sxva platformebidan informaciis Sekreba da analizi
TiToeuli socialuri qselis Tu platformis Tavise­
burebebis, specifikis da regulaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
veb-gverdebisa da socialuri mediis gverdebis teqni­
kuri monacemebis (mag. IP misamarTebi) dadgena; mflob­
elobasTan da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli detalebis
identifikacia; faktCekingis procesSi onlain rukebis
gamoyeneba da monacemTa Sejereba; foto-video masalis
gadamowmeba aplikaciebiT; mobiluri aplikaciebis da
radio signalebis analizi da sxv.1

1
Michael Bazzell. Open Source Intelligence Techniques. Resources for Searching
and Analysing Online Information. Sixth Edition. 2018
124
 Jurnalisturi gamoZieba yovelTvis iTvleboda de­
mok­­
ratiis safuZvlad da politikuri sistemis gajan­
saRebis meqanizmad. cifrulma SesaZleblobebma es
mimarTulebac axal simaRleze aiyvana. profesionali
Tu damoukidebeli gamomZieblebis saqmianoba didi
gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs samTavrobo uwyebebs da poli­
tikis warmoebis procesSi individis Zalauflebis zrdis
kargi magaliTia.
dRes yvela cnobili media-saSualeba cdilobs gansa­
kuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmos cifruli Jurnalisti­
kis ganviTarebas. msoflios masStabiT imarTeba cifru­
li Jurnalistikis konferenciebi da forumebi, iqmneba
damoukidebeli organizaciebi, Cndeba axali nominaciebi
da sakonkurso jildoebi.

bibliografia:

1. Michael Bazzell. Open Source Intelligence Techniques. Resources for

Searching and Analysing Online Information. Sixth Edition. 2018
2. Ginger Gorman. Troll Hunting: Inside the World of Online Hate and
its Human Fallout. Hardie Grant Books. 2013
3. Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Cyber-War. How Russian Hackers and Trolls
Helped Elect a President. What we don’t, can’t, and do know. Oxford
University Press. 2018
4. Brian McNair. Cultural Chaos. Journalism and Power in a Globalised
World. Routledge. 2006.
5. Text Mining and Visualization. Case Studies Using Open-Source Tools.
edited by Markus Hofmann, Andrew Chisholm. CRC Press. 2016.
6. Disinformation Techniques. The Center for European Policy Analy-
sis (CEPA). https://www.cepa.org/disinfo-techniques
7. European Union EXTERNAL ACTION. Countering Disinformation.
https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/countering-disinformation_en
8. Joseph Foley. 9 deep fake examples that terrified and amused the
internet. CB (CREATIVE BLOG). November 15, 2019. https://www.cre-
ativebloq.com/features/deepfake-examples
9. Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016
Presidential Election. V. I. Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. US

125
 Department of Justice. Washington. March 2019. https://www.justice.
gov/storage/report.pdf
10. Claire Wardle. Fake news. It’s complicated. FIRST DRAFT. February 16,
2017. https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated

kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. ra gansxvavebaa dezinformaciasa da misinformacias

So­ris?
2. CamoTvale dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebi.
3. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris dezinformaciis da propa­
gandis meTodebi msgavsi?
4. gsmenia trolebis da trolebis qarxnebis Sesaxeb? gamx­
darxar trolingis msxverpli?
5. rogor fiqrob, socialuri media ratom amartivebs
dezinformaciis gavrcelebas da trolings?
6. eTanxmebi mosazrebas, rom trolingma SesaZloa sax­
elmwifo usafrTxoebas Seuqmnas safrTxe? moiyvane
magaliTi.
7. ras gulisxmobs Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba?
8. SearCie internetidan statia, romelic Seni azriT Sei­
cavs dezinformacias. dezinformaciis ra teqnikas iy­
enebs statia? gadaamowme faqtebi Ria wyaroebiT.
9. gaecani informacias 2016 wlis aSS prezidentis don­
ald trampis saarCevno kampaniaze trolebis qarxnis
zegavlenis Sesaxeb.

Ø es sainteresoa:

2018 wels socialur qselebSi gamoCnda video, sadac

samxedro formaSi Cacmuli mamakacebi kameris win xvretd­
nen qalebs da bavSvebs. kameraSi msxvili xediT Canda dedis
zurgze mikruli mcirewlovani bavSvis saxe sikvdilis win.
videoSi ismoda xma: `sakmarisia canga~. video BBC Jurnali­
stebis yuradRebis qveS moeqca da daiwyo Jurnalisturi

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gamoZieba. Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba ar aRmoCnda martivi,
radgan videoze ar fiqsirdeboda adgilmdebareobis an
vinaobis damadasturebeli detalebi. Semzaravi video
uamrav kiTxvas badebda: sad moxda masobrivi mkvleloba?
rodis moxda? vin arian mkvlelebi? vin arian msxverplebi?
Jurnalistebs ramdenime Tve dasWirdaT gamoZiebisTvis
da miuxedavad sirTuleebisa, maT SeZles rogorc adgilm­
debareobis, aseve mkvlelebis identificireba. geografi­
uli mdebareoba ganisazRvra satelituri rukebiT (videos
fonze gamosaxul landSaftur informaciaze dayrdno­
biT). gadaRebis savaraudo dro dadginda mzis Crdilis
mi­xedviT. mkvlelTa vinaoba dadginda saxis amomcnobi
ap­likaciebiT socialuri qselebis monacemebTan da ofi­
cialur dokumentebTan Sejerebis safuZvelze.
Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis Sedegad dadginda, rom `boko
haramis~ teroristuli dajgufebis winaaRmdeg antiteror­
istuli operaciis dros, teroristebTan TanamSromlobis
braldebiT, kamerunis saxelmwifo armia sikvdiliT sjida
soflis mSvidobian mosaxleobas. kamerunis mTavrobam sca­
da pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan arideba, Tumca uSedegod.

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:
1. Anatomy of a Killing (BBC). PEABODY. http://peabodyawards.com/
award-profile/anatomy-of-a-killing
2. Cameroon: Anatomy of a Killing. Documentary. BBC Africa Eye. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbnLkc6r3yc

127
nawili II
 2.1.ruseTis basri Zala saqarTveloSi

ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi gansa­

ku­TrebiT 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg gaaq­
tiurda ramdenime savaraudo mizezis gamo: xisti Zalis
gamoyenebam (omi) Seamzada safuZveli basri me­ To­de­bis
ufro martivad gamoyenebisTvis; basri Zalis ga­ mo­
yeneba
aucilebeli gaxda omis Sedegebis legitima­ciisTvis; saqa­
rTvelo-ruseTs Soris diplomatiuri ur­ TierTobebis
Sewyvetis da saqarTvelos mier dsT-s da­ tovebis Semdeg
diplomatia basri meqanizmebiT Canacvlda.
saqarTveloSi ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyenebis meqa­
nizmebia sxvadasxva fondebis, arasamTavrobo organiza­
ci­ebis, kulturis centrebis Seqmna da dafinanseba;
Ser­Ceuli media saSualebebis da politikuri partiebis
mxardaWera; populisturi dajgufebebis mxardaWera da
sa­
xalxo areulobebis waxaliseba; saxelmwifo institu­
tebze ganxorcielebuli zewola; dezinformaciis da
pro­­pagandis gavrceleba sxvadasxva media-saSualebebiT;
kiber-Tavdasxmebi1 da sxv. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi
mwi­ria kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT. ruseTis basri Zalis

1
2008 wlis omis win ruseTis federaciis mier ganxorcielebuli
kiberTavdasxva saqarTveloSi mravalgzis gaxda saerTaSor­
iso gansjis sagani. aRniSnul faqts ixseniebs jozef naic. (ix.
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.p.139). 2019
wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos serverebze ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxmis ukan kvlav ruseTis federacia moiazreba saerTa­
Soriso diskusiebSi (magaliTad, ix. David E. Sanger, Marv Santora. U.S.
and Allies Blame Russia for Cyberattack on Republic of Georgia. The New York
Times. Feb.20, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/europe/
georgia-cyberattack-russia.html) samwuxaro tendenciaa, rom kiberu­
safrTxoebis sakiTxebze ar mimdinareobs aqtiuri diskusia saqa­
rTveloSi.

129
sxvadasxva ganzomilebebis kompleqsuri Seswavla Seusru­
lebeli amocanaa erTeuli mkvlevarebisTvis da farTo
CarTulobas moiTxovs. kvlevas arTulebs oficialur
dokumentebze SezRuduli wvdoma, xolo sadazvervo masa­
lebze wvdomis SeuZlebloba.
Ria wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gTavazobT ruseTis basri
Zalis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentis – ruseTis
dezinformaciisa da propagandis gavrcelebis mcireo­
den analizs.
ruseTis dezinformaciisa da propagandis mesijebi
garkveulwilad msgavsia sxvadasxva qveynebSi, Tumca yve­
la SemTxvevaSi SeimCneva mesijebis variacia lokaluri
konteqstidan gamomdinare. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi
gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia propagandis konteqst­
Tan adaptirebis unari, rac dafuZnebulia saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo institutebis Tu qarTuli sazogadoebis
RirebulebiTi sisusteebis codnasa da analizze.
propagandis da dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad ru­
seTi media seqtorSi eyrdnoba rogorc adgilobriv, qar­
Tul media-saSualebebs, aseve rusuli mediis filialebs
saqarTveloSi (mag., sputniki) da socialur qselebs.
ruseTis federaciis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sa­
qarT­ veloSi SesaZlebelia davyoT ramdenime jgufad:
sab­WoTa nostalgia; izolacionizmi globalizaciis
safrTxeebTan gasamklaveblad; religiuri Temebi da
erTmorwmuneoba; ultranacionalisturi argumentebi;
antidasavluri da antiTurquli sentimentebi; qarTuli
sazogadoebis rusofobiaSi dadanaSauleba; evroatlan­
tikuri integraciisadmi skepticizmi..
sabWoTa nostalgiis narativi aqcents akeTebs so­
cialuri usafrTxoebisa da Tanasworobis sikeTeebze
dRe­ vandeli socialuri uTanasworobis sapirispirod.
iqmneba miTebi `kargad daviwyebuli Zveli sikeTeebis~

130
Sesaxeb, rac gansakuTrebiT abnevs axalgazrda Taobas.
socialuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis garda, sabWouri
nostalgiis erT-erT mTavar Temad iqca stalinizmis
reabilitacia, rac gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi aRmoCnda
qarTuli sazogadoebis zogierTi jgufisTvis. sabWoTa
totalitarizmi da represiebi cxaddeba miTad da dasav­
luri Zalebis mier SeTxzul dezinformaciad. am tipis
narativebis martivad damkvidreba migviTiTebs rogorc
qarTuli sazogadoebis araerTgvarovan damokidebule­
baze saxelmwifo interesebis mimarT (saxelmwifo suve­
renitetis pativiscema; saxelmwifo interesebis gaaz­
reba; qarTveli eris identobis realuri safuZvlebis
aRqma...), aseve instituciur problemebze da inteleq­
tualuri elitebis pasiurobaze.
qarTulma samecniero sazogadoebam ver SeZlo sazo­
gadoebisTvis kompleqsuri akademiuri kvlevebis SeTa­
vazeba sabWoTa warsulis Sesaxeb (arsebuli naSromebi
fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ver axdens totalitariz­
mis srul gadafasebas); reformebis miuxedavad, ver
moxerxda saganmanaTleblo sistemis sruli transfor­
macia da axal Rirebulebebze dafuZneba (am SemTxvevaSic
Sedegebi fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ver cvlis saerTo
suraTs); politikur elitebs ar eyoT sabWoTa warsu­
lis gasamarTlebis Zala da gambedaoba (mag.: lustraciis
kanoni, stalinis kultis dagmoba da sxva).
antidasavluri propaganda xSirad eyrdnoba erTi
SexedviT urTierTgamomricxav or mimarTulebas: da­sav­
leTi moZaladea, Tavs gvaxvevs sakuTar mentalitets da
safrTxes uqmnis erovnul identobas; dasavleTi zedme­
tad sustia imisTvis, rom dagvicvas realuri regionuli
safrTxeebisgan (maT Soris omebisa da konfliqtebisgan).
urTierTSeusabamoba ar aris SemTxveviTi da emsaxure­
ba sazogadoebis dabnevas, sazogadoebaSi saerTo saxelm­

131
wifoebrivi Rirebulebebis damkvidrebisTvis xelis SeS­
las. antidasavluri narativebi aqtiurdeba reformebis
Tu evrointegraciis procesis mniSvnelovani etapebis
dros. magaliTad, vizaliberalizaciis ZalaSi Sesvlis
wina periodSi aqcenti keTdeboda evrokavSiris qveyneb­
Tan uvizod mimosvlis `gardauval safrTxeebze~ (mag.:
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis masobrivi emigracia evropaSi,
masobrivi migracia azia-afrikidan saqarTveloSi, `qarT­
velobis dakargvis~ safrTxe evropaSi mogzaurobis dros,
da sxva). dezinformaciuli wyaroebi mouwodebdnen sazo­
gadoebas aqtiurobisken gadawyvetilebis gadavadebis
mizniT. sazogadoebaSi antidasavluri narativebis mar­
tivad gavrceleba migviTiTebs rogorc sazogadoebaSi
damkvidrebuli socialur-politikuri Rirebulebebis
qaoturobaze, aseve saqarTvelos saxelmwifo institute­
bis sisusteze. saqarTveloSi politikur elitebs Soris
ver Sedga RirebulebiTi Tanxmoba saxelmwifo interese­
bis Taobaze: ra aris saxelmwifos mTavari gamowvevebi, vin
aris mteri da sad unda veZeboT perspeqtiva. institutebi
ver uzrunvelyofen moqalaqeebis srulyofil informi­
rebas ras niSnavs evrointegracia da ra konkretul sar­
gebels moutans rigiT moqalaqes (amis dasturia yovel­
wliuri sociologiuri kvlevebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebic).
evroatlantikuri integraciisadmi skepticizmi
aqcents akeTebs geopolitikaze, xazs usvams saqarTve­
los evropul struqturebSi gawevrianebis SeuZleblo­
bas, saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mTavar arealad
gansazRvravs regions, regionaluri mSvidobis mTavar
garantad ki ruseTs warmoaCens.
globalizacia aseve warmoCenilia rogorc dasavle­
Tis saxelmwifoebis mxridan ganxorcielebuli vester­
nizaciis mcdeloba da erovnuli identobis dakargvis
safrTxe, romelsac mxolod izolacionizmiT (politi­

132
kuri, samxedro, kulturuli...) gavumklavdebiT. globa­
li­ zaciis narativi imeorebs XX saukunis miwurulis
an­ti-globalistebis pirveli Taobis ritorikas. sazoga­
doe­ baSi am narativis aqtualoba amxels sazogadoebis
si­susteebs: digitalizaciis dabal dones, informaciis
ar qonas cifruli revoluciisa da misi Tanmdevi Zalis
difuziis Sesaxeb da sxv.
ultra-nacionalisturi populizmi aRvivebs qseno­
fobias, homofobias, islamofobias, rasizms da seqsizms.
am tipis mesijebi manipulirebs emociebiT da individs
ayenebs `mcdari dilemis~ pirobebSi – arCevani saxelm­
wifo suverenitetsa da individis identobis SenarCune­
bas Soris. populisturi jgufebis mzardi raodenoba da
zegavlena aCvenebs sazogadoebis uunarobas daskvnebis
gamotanisas daeyrdnos faqtebs da statistikas, gamij­
nos emocia da realoba, Tavi aaridos siZulvilis eniT
gajerebul emociur dapirispirebas... populistu­ri
jgufebis momZlavreba ar aris mxolod qarTuli sa­
zo­ gadoebis problema, Tumca populisturi ideebis
gavrcelebis masStabi qarTul sazogadoebaSi kidev erTi
indikatoria ganaTlebis sistemis mouqnelobisa da ara­
sistemuri xasiaTis dasafiqsireblad.
religiuri Temebi Tavis mxriv ramdenime segmentad
SegviZlia davyoT: marTlmadidebluri erTianoba ruseT­
Tan (rogorc istoriulad aprobirebuli arCevani); se­
ku­larizmi, rogorc erovnuli identobis safrTxe;
marTl­ madidebloba rogorc qristianobis upiratesi
mim­dinareoba; msoflio masStabiT marTlmadideblobis
dac­vis aucilebloba; moaxloebuli meored mosvla (mo­
tivacia ar vizrunoT dReis problemebze); saswaulebis
brmadmorwmuneoba da sxv.
aRniSnuli narativebi dayofilia sxvadasxva mesije­
bad: eklesiis politikuri uflebebis zrdis aucileblo­

133
ba; eSmakis niSnebis fanatikuri Zieba saxelmwifo sim­
boloebsa Tu dokumentebSi; sxvadasxva tipis SiSebis
danergva; religiuri moralis upiratesoba saero samar­
Talze da sxv. msgavsi mesijebis nawili gamokveTilad
antisaxelmwifoebrivi ideis Semcvelia. magaliTad, 2008
wlis omis `codvebis gamosyidvis~ mcdelobad Sefaseba,
an piradobis mowmobebis boikoti masSi `eSmakis niSnebis~
arsebobis sababiT.
antiTurquli narativi aqcents akeTebs TurqeTidan
momdinare safrTxeebze, istoriul mtrobasa da senti­
mentebze, TurqeTis mxridan ekonomikuri zegavlenis
safrTxeebze, islamofobiaze, qsenofobiaze da sxv.
qarTuli sazogadoebis rusofobiaSi dadanaSaule­
ba SedarebiT axali Temaa da e.w. `gavrilovis Ramis~ Sem­
deg gamoCnda. Tema aseve gaaqtiurda `rusuli kulturis
centrebis~ saqarTveloSi Seqmnis Sesaxeb informaciis
gavrcelebis periodSi (rasac mohyva sazogadoebrivi
diskusia Tanmdevi safrTxeebis Sesaxeb).
ruseTis basri narativebi saqarTveloSi iyenebs pro­
pagandis da dezinformaciis yvela im SesaZlo teqnikas,
rac Sesabamis paragrafebSia aRwerili. qarTuli sazoga­
doebis RirebulebiT Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos
SeTqmulebis Teoriebis da mcdari dilemebis gansa­
kuTrebuli popularoba da efeqturoba.
SeTqmulebis Teoriebi mravalmxrivi, mravalricxova­
ni da xSirad sruliad fantastiuria (mag. miTebi masonTa
loJis saswaulebrivi unarebis Sesaxeb; aSS uSiSroebis
organoebis zebunebrivi unari daCipos yvela moqalaqe
da gadaaqcios zombad...). mcdari dilemebi sagonebelSi
agdebs inteleqtualur jgufebsac ki.
mcdari dilemis magaliTad unda moviyvanoT miTi
`yarsis xelSekrulebis~ Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT 2021
wels TurqeTi baTumis dapyrobas apirebs. miTis tira­
JirebaSi akademiuri wreebic ki aRmoCndnen CarTulni.

134
vfiqrobT, am konkretul magaliTSi gansakuTrebul
efeqts axdenda yarsis xelSekrulebis realuroba, xolo
sakiTxisadmi emociurma damokidebulebam gadafara sru­
liad martivi WeSmariteba: amJamad ararsebul samarT­
lebriv subieqtebs Soris (ruseTis sabWoTa respublika,
saqarTvelos ssr, osmaleTis imperia) dadebuli xelSek­
ruleba (sadac erT-erTi muxli saqarTvelos ssr-is
SemadgenlobaSi aWaris avtonomiis statuss exeba) ver
ganxorcieldeba dRes, rodesac aRar arseboben xelSek­
rulebis xelmomweri subieqtebi (maT nacvlad: ruseTis
federacia, TurqeTi, saqarTvelo). saqarTvelos sazRv­
rebi saerTaSorisod aRiarebulia, xolo TurqeTsa da
saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebi efuZneba 1992 wels
miRebul CarCo-xelSekrulebas.
SeTqmulebis Teoriis udavo Sedevria lugaris labo­
ratoriis miTi, romelic aSS senatis angariSSic ki mox­
vda.1 riCard lugaris saxelobis laboratoria sarge­
blobs uryevi reputaciiT saerTaSoriso asparezze da
erTaderTi maRalteqnologiuri centria regionSi, rom­
lis arsebobamac SesaZlebeli gaxada sxvadasxva samedi­
cino kvlevebis saqarTveloSi Catareba. miTis mixedviT,
lugaris laboratoria qmnis da avrcelebs virusebs mo­
saxleobaSi. miTi zustad imeorebs sabWoTa uSiSroebis
zemoT xsenebul miTs Sidsis Seqmna-gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.
braldebis absurdulobis miuxedavad, miTi advilad
gavrcelebadi aRmoCnda sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT
sezonuri virusebis periodSi. rigiTi moqalaqis mar­
tiv SekiTxvaze, ra unda vqnaT Tu Tavad ar SegviZlia
maRalteqnologiuri kvlevebis warmoeba, sxvis kvlevebs
ki ar vendobiT, populisturi organizaciebi gvTavazo­

1
Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for
U.S. National Security. U.S. Senate. January 10, 2018.p.80. https://www.foreign.
senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf

135
ben `amomwurav pasuxs~: `locva gadagvarCens~, `Cvens wi­
naprebs wamali ar hqondaT...~ saxelmwifo institutebis
sisuste jandacvis sferoSi (gadamdebi daavadebebis pre­
vencia da kontroli, kanonmdeblobis daxvewa, samedi­
cino momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRleba da xelmisawvdo­
moba...) am SemTxvevaSic erT-erTi mTavari indikatoria.
SeTqmulebis Teoriebis da mcdari dilemebis popu­
laroba gansakuTrebiT kargad axdens qarTuli post­
sabWoTa sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani sisusteebis iden­
tificirebas: mediawignierebis da zogadad, wignierebis
dabali done; saxelmwifo institutebisadmi undobloba;
problemebis mogvarebaze pasuxismgeblobis aRebisTvis
Tavis arideba da sxva.
saqarTveloSi (iseve, rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebis
SemT­xvevaSi), internet media yvelaze xSirad gamoiye­
neba dezinformaciis (da ara mxolod ruseTis mxridan)
gasavrceleblad. Cveni dakvirvebiT, internetSi ruse­
Tis propagandistuli mesijebi dayofilia Temebisa da
samizne jgufebis mixedviT. rusi eqimebis saswaulebrivi
unarebi kibo gankurnon sodiT; miTebi bananiT gavrce­
lebuli Sidsis, hepatitis da koronavirusebis Sesaxeb;
RrublebSi gamosaxuli religiuri simboloebis foto-
manipulaciebi; sizmrebze da horoskopebze dafuZnebu­
li winaswarmetyvelebebi da sxva gaTvlilia Sesabamisi
wignierebis donis mosaxleobaze. sazogadoebis inteleq­
tualuri nawilisTvis gansxvavebuli `paketebi~ mzad­
deba samecniero citatebiT daxunZluli `eqspertuli~
statiebis saxiT.
saqarTveloSi dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi CarTu­
lia sxvadasxva internet gamocemebi, gasarTobi por­
talebi da rasakvirvelia, socialuri media. socialuri
mediis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, martivia sxvadasxva
mesijis gavrceleba dadasturebis Tu wyaros miTiTebis

136
gareSe. mesijebis gavrcelebaSi aqtiurad arian CarTuli
trolebi da botebi informaciis gaaqtiurebis Tu diver­
sifikaciis mizniT. trolingisTvis da sazogadoebriv az­
rze zegavlenis mosaxdenad aseve gamoyenebulia social­
uri qselebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli komentarebis sistema.
ra SeiZleba davasaxeloT ruseTis propagandis­
tuli dezinformaciis gavrcelebis Taviseburebad
saqarTveloSi?
upirveles yovlisa, ruseTis dezinformaciis gasavr­
celeblad qarTuli media-saSualebebis gamoyenebis
masSta­bi. sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTis mixedviT, ruse­
Tis propagandistuli mesijebis gasavrceleblad Ziri­
Tadad ruseTis federaciis mier pirdapir kontroli­
rebadi media gamoiyeneba: rusuli satelevizio arxebi,
inglisurenovani `Russia Today~, mravalenovani `sputniki~
da socialuri qselebi. postsabWoTa qveynebSi ZiriTadi
aqcenti rusulenovan mediasa da socialur qselebze
keTdeba, rusulenovani mosaxleobis da sxva erTguli
jgufebis mobilizaciisTvis (romelTac ruseTis maRal­
Cinosnebi `Tanamemamuleebs~ uwodeben).
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, ver xdeba `Russia Today~-s ga­
moyeneba (sociologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, mosaxleo­
bis mxolod 1% smenia mis Sesaxeb)1. saqarTveloSi rusi/
rusulenovani mosaxleobis raodenoba mcirea da sxva
postsabWoTa qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, politikurad
yvelaze neitralur jgufs warmoadgens. aseve, Zalian
umniSvneloa rusuli socialuri qselebis (`odnoklasni­
ki~ da `v kontakte~) gamoyeneba da dabalia rusuli enis
codnis donec, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda TaobaSi. ru­
seTis arxebis yurebadoba kvlav maRalia, Tumca ZiriTa­
dad gasarTobi miznebisTvis. aseT konteqstSi icvleba

1
Public Attitudes in Georgia. NDI Georgia. December 2017.p.76 https://www.ndi.
org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%202017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf

137
mizanic (samizne xdeba mTeli sazogadoeba) da meTode­
bic.
qarTulenovani mediidan ruseTis propagandis gavr­
celebaSi yvelaze aqtiurad CarTulia beWduri `yviTe­
li~ media da ramdenime tele-media saSualeba. socialu­
ri qselebidan dezinformaciis gavrceleba ZiriTadad
feisbuqiT xdeba.
amerikuli feisbuqis dezinformaciis mTavar meqa­
nizmad gamoyeneba konteqstis specifikidan gamomdi­
nareobs. feisbuqis moxmarebis masStabi uprecedentoa
saqarTveloSi da procentulad aWarbebs yvela sxva
qveynis monacemebs. saqarTveloSi feisbuqi gamoyenebu­
lia yvela SesaZlo miznisTvis: sakomunikaciod, biznesis
warmoebisTvis, informaciis gansaTavseblad da misaRe­
bad, saswavlo miznebisTvis... saqarTveloSi sajaro da
kerZo organizaciebi, saswavlo dawesebulebebi, media da
politikuri liderebi feisbuqs iyeneben komunikaciis
mTavar saSualebad.
sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi ruse­
Tis dezinformaciuli narativebi ar aris `rusuli~ – ar
axdens rusuli kulturis, rusuli enis, rusuli cxovre­
bis wesis popularizacias. narativebi safuZvlad iyenebs
populizmiT gajerebul `namdvil qarTul” an sabWoTa
qarTul Rirebulebebs, istoriul sentimentebs da kul­
turul Taviseburebebs. koduri sityvebia: `patriotiz­
mi~ `rwmena~... istoriuli da religiuri sentimentebiT
manipulacia sxva sazogadoebebSic erT-erTi mTavari
mimarTulebaa, Tumca saqarTveloSi dominantur mi­
marTulebad iqca.
ruseTis basri Zalis zemoqmedebis gansaxilvelad
calke unda gamovyoT okupirebuli teritoriebis saki­
Txi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, saerTaSoriso organi­
zaciebis Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis mravalgzis mcdelo­

138
bis miuxedavad, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ver
moxerxda saxalxo diplomatiis meqanizmebis amuSaveba,
kontaqtebis damyareba da pirdapiri dialogi. 2008 wlis
omis Semdeg Sewyda manamde arsebuli TanamSromlobis mwi­
ri SesaZleblobebic da wvdoma SeezRudaT saerTaSoriso
organizaciebsac. mavTulxlarTebiT gavlebuli `axali
rkinis fardis~ sxvadasxva mxares mcxovrebma adamianebma
bevri araferi ician erTmaneTis problemaTa Sesaxeb.
erT-erTi media, romelic Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia
rkinis fardis orive mxares aris kremlis mier dafuZ­
nebuli `sputniki~. sputniki saqarTvelos teritoriaze
warmodgenilia sami mauwyeblobiT: `sputnik gruzia~,
`sputnik abxazia~, `sputnik osetia~.
`sputnik gruzia~ veb-portalia, sadac informacia gan­
Tavsebulia qarTul da rusul enebze. veb-gverdi Sedgeba
ramdenime ganyofilebisgan: informacia, sa­qarTve­lo, ru­
seTi, kavkasia, pozitivi, sporti, multimedia, analitika.
`sputnik abxazia~ operirebs rusul da afxazur enebze.
warmodgenilia ramdenime ganyofileba: afxazeTi, repa­
triacia, analitika, turizmi afxazeTSi, radio sputniki,
multimedia, pres-centri. `sputnik osetia~ funqcioni­
rebs rusul da osur enebze da dayofilia or nawilad
– samxreT oseTi, CrdiloeT oseTi. qveganyofilebebi war­
modgenilia Semdegi saTaurebiT: informacia, analitika,
sporti, pres-centri, multimedia, radio sputniki.
sputnikis vebgverdebis mxolod saTaurebis doneze
ganxilvac ki gviqmnis naTel warmodgenas ruseTis in­
teresebis Sesaxeb: sputniki ar aRiarebs saqarTvelos sa­
xel­mwifos saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebs, xolo
samxreT oseTs da CrdiloeT oseTs erTian sivrced ga­
nixilavs... sputniki qmnis iluzias, rom ssrk ar dangreu­
la da qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi da sxva xalxebi kvlav
Tanacxovroben erTiani rusuli sivrcis qveS.

139
 vebgverdebis Sinaarsobriv ganxilvas Tu Sevecdeb­
iT, TvalSi mogvxvdeba garkveuli saerTo ideologiuri
safuZvlebi samive gverdis SemTxvevaSi: saxelmwifos cne­
ba da saxelmwifo patriotizmi Canacvlebulia eTnikuri
jgufis kulturuli siamayiT; aqcenti keTdeba istori­
ul warsulze da ara momavalze; kulturuli izolacia
ganixi­leba identobis SenarCunebis da arastabilur glo­
balizebul samyaroSi gadarCenis mTavar meqanizmad...
sputnikis vebgverdebis gasarTobi qve-gverdebi sa­
gangebo ganxilvis sagania. magaliTad, horoskopebis
nawili gvTavazobs tradiciul astrologiur kompi­
lacias, magram prognozze pasuxismgebeli astrologi
drogamoSvebiT avrcelebs `astrologiur gafrTxile­
bebs~ rusul sivrceSi dabrunebis sikeTeebis Sesaxeb
an TurqeTis mxridan mosalodnel agresiaze planetaTa
ganlagebis mixedviT... sputnikis gasarTobi nawilebi
aseve uxvad iyenebs fsiqologiur testebs da on-lain
qvizebs, rac kargi saSualebaa momxmarebelTa piradi
informaciis Sesagroveblad.
rac Seexeba sputnikis teqnikas, is Zalian hgavs
pro­pagandis 40/60 zemoT aRweril meTods. manipula­
cia SeimCneva ara imdenad informaciis SinaarsTan, ara­
med informaciis SerCevasTan mimarTebiT. informaciis
nawili didwilad imeorebs sxva mediebSi gavrcelebul
oficialur informacias da mxolod garkveuli period­
ulobiT gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi – ruseTis mier
dafinansebuli organizaciebis Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis
saqmianobis aRwera da popularizacia. vebgverdze pro­
pagandistuli da antisaxelmwifoebrivi mesijebis siux­
viT gamoirCeva informaciaze darTuli `eqspertuli~
analizi da komentarebi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom beWduri
yviTeli mediisgan gansxvavebiT, sputniki met-naklebad
inarCunebs `seriozuli mediis~ imijs.

140
 sputnikis vebgverds ar hyavs bevri momxmarebeli
saqarTveloSi, Tumca misi statiebis didi nawili vr­
celdeba da ziardeba socialuri mediiT rac arTu­
lebs dezinformaciis mimRebi jgufebis raodenobriv
daTvlas. Sesabamisad, sputnikis mesijebis sazogadoe­
baSi gavrcelebis masStabi didia miuxedavad imisa, rom
sputniki ar saxeldeba popularul mediad sociologi­
uri kvlevebis dros.
rogoria ruseTis dezinformaciis miznebi saqarT­
veloSi?
saqarTveloSi ruseTis dezinformaciis miznebi er­
Tis mxriv msgavsia dezinformaciis zogadi miznebisa
(Ri­
rebulebebis gabundovaneba da RirebulebiTi qaosi,
tyuil-marTals Soris zRvaris waSla, yvelasa da yve­
lafris mimarT ndobis dakargva, saxelmwifo insti­ tu­
tebis diskreditacia...), meores mxriv, SesaZloa gamovyoT
konkretuli, lokaluri miznebi.
magaliTad, antidasavluri propaganda miznad isa­xavs
ara mxolod dasavluri rbili Zalis diskreditacias,
aramed prodasavluri politikuri Zalebis, arasamTav­
robo seqtoris, libe­ raluri demokratiis da zogadad,
modernizaciis ideis ganqiqebas. sxva postsabWoTa saxel­
mwifoebTan SedarebiT saqarTvelom miaRwia garkveul
warmatebas dasavluri tipis instituciur reformebSi.
Catarebuli reformebis mudmivi diskreditacia gana­
pirobebs momavali reformebis warumateblobas. basri
Zalis mesijebi mimarTulia civilizaciuri progresis
winaaRmdeg da mosaxleobas arwmunebs Suasaukuneobrivi,
premodernuli cxovrebis upiratesobaSi. sabWoTa nos­
talgia xels uwyobs pirovnebis kultis aRorZinebas
(`Zlieri xelis~ moTxovnileba), rac xels uSlis saqa­
rTvelos suverenuli saxelmwifos ideis Camoyalibebas
da mis evropul momavals. `globalizaciiT daSineba~

141
qarTul sazogadoebas ubiZgebs Tavi aaridos saerTa­
Soriso CarTulobasa da partniorebTan urTierTobebis
ganmtkicebas. ultranacionalisturi populizmiT xdeba
qarTuli nacionalizmis (romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi
Seupovari brZoliT suverenitetis mosapoveblad ruse­
Tis imperiis Tu sabWoTa periodSi) samiznis cvlileba
da misi dasavleTis rbili Zalis winaaRmdeg mimarTva.
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili miznis gaerTianebiT kidev
erTxel gveqmneba warmodgena ruseTis mTavar miznebze
saqarTveloSi: evrointegraciis procesis Sewyveta an
ga­davadeba; demokratizaciis procesis Cavardna; saqa­
rTvelos arSemdgar saxelmwifod gadaqceva.
gansakuTrebul miznebs isaxavs antiTurquli mowo­
debebi. termini – `TurqeTi okupantia~ damkvidrebiT
xdeba rusuli okupaciis gadafarva an minimum ruseTis
da TurqeTis gaigiveba. `istoriuli samarTlianobis~ aR­
dgenis Sesaxeb iluziebis SeqmniT xdeba saerTaSorisod
aRiarebul sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos teritoriebis rein­
tegraciisTvis brZolis xelis SeSla, da sxva..
ruseTis antiqarTuli dezinformaciis samizne ar
aris mxolod qarTuli sazogadoeba. qarTuli saxelmwi­
fos da qarTuli sazogadoebis simyifes ruseTi xSirad
iyenebs saerTaSoriso asparezze (upirveles yovlisa,
evrokavSiris qveynebis winaSe) imis warmosaCenad, rom
qarTuli sazogadoeba `tomobrivia~ da ganviTarebuli
samyaros interesebs ar Seesabameba saqarTvelos evro­
integracia. ruseTi `gulmowyaled Tanxmdeba~ Tavad ai­
Ros pasuxismgebloba `tomobriv mezoblebze~, romlebic
kanonis nacvlad adaTebs eyrdnobian, saxelmwifo insti­
tutebs ki `Tamadis institutiT~ anacvleben.1

1
nais SefasebiT, 2008 wels ruseTma daipyro saqarTvelo, magram
miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, ver moaxerxa xisti ZaliT miRweu­
li warmatebis rbili ZaliT legitimacia saerTaSoriso asparez­

142
 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, basri zegavlenis (Tu misi
erTi komponentis – dezinformaciis gavrcelebis) Sede­
gebis gazomva rTulia. ra kriteriumebiT unda gavzo­
moT ruseTis basri Zalis zegavlena saqarTveloSi? ra
unda CavTvaloT indikatorad?
CRRC, NDI da sxva sociologiuri kvleviTi centrebis
monacemebze dayrdnobiT, qveyanaSi evrointegraciis
mom­xr
­ eTa ricxvi mzardia, Tumca imavdroulad izr­deba
evraziul kavSirSi gawevrianebis, neitralitetis da
ruseT­Tan urTierTobis normalizebis msurvelTa ricx­
vi. sxva statistikur monacemTagan aseve yuradsaRebia,
rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis mier ganxor­
cielebuli okupacia aRar saxeldeba qveynis mTavar
gamowvevad, xolo ruseTi da TurqeTi Tanabrad saxel­
deba okupant qveynad.
erT-erTi gamokiTxvis SedegebiT respodentTa 41-55 %
(regionis mixedviT) miiCnevs, rom ruseTi aSS-ze Zlieri
saxelmwifoa.1 msgavsi monacemi didi albaTobiT gamoxa­
tavs erTis mxriv ucodinarobas, meores mxriv ki basri
Zalis gaaqtiurebis naTeli magaliTia da misi Sedegebis
gazomvis indikatorad gamodgeba.
basri Zalis zemoqmedebis indikatorad unda miviC­
nioT deklarirebulad prorusuli partiis `patriotTa
aliansis~ saparlamento warmateba 2016 wels, rac sru­
liad axali realobaa damoukidebeli saqarTvelos isto­
ri­aSi. samomavlod mniSvnelovani indikatori iqneba am
par­tiis reitingis cvlileba (zrda an kleba).

ze (ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.99).
ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg regio­
nis qveynebsa Tu saerTaSoriso asparezze calke kvlevis sagania.
mniSvnelovania gakeTdes analizi, ra Seicvala am mimarTulebiT
2013 wlis Semdeg, rodesac gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda ruseTis
dezinformaciuli manqana.
1
Public Attitudes in Georgia. NDI Georgia. December 2017.p.64 https://www.ndi.
org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%202017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf
143
 aseve basri zegavlenis Sedegad unda miviCnioT sa­
zogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris fobiebze dafuZ­
nebuli konfliqtebis raodenobis zrda. aratolerantu­
loba umciresobebis mimarT arasdros yofila qarTuli
identobis safuZveli.
mniSvnelovania dezinformaciis mzardi gavlena
axal­gazrda Taobaze. Cvens mier sami wlis manZilze Cata­
rebulma interviuebma studentur fokus-jgufebTan da
aseve, sxva ufro masStaburma kvlevebmac aCvena, rom
axal­gazrdebs sjeraT dezinformaciuli gzavnilebis da
ar floben informacias dezinformaciisa Tu propagan­
dis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
rusuli basri Zalis paralelurad, saqarTveloSi
muSaobs aSS da evrokavSiris rbili Zalis meqanizmebi.
Tumca zogierTi regioni (raionebi internetis da sxva
media saSualebebis SezRuduli wvdomiT, saxelmwifo
enis ar mcodne eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli
raionebi, okupirebuli da misi mimdebare teritoriebi)
umetesad basri Zalis gavrcelebis arealia. aq ver aR­
wevs verc qarTuli saxelmwifos oficialuri narativi
(magaliTad, evrointegraciis saxelmwifo kursis Sesaxeb)
da verc evrokavSiris rbili Zala, romelic ZiriTadad
institutebis ganviTarebaze, reformebze, saganmanaTle­
blo programebzea orientirebuli. saxezea asimetriuli
zegavlena ruseTis basri Zalis sasargeblod.
qarTul sazogadoebaze dasavluri rbili da ruse­
Tis basri Zalebis erToblivi zemoqmedeba iwvevs Rire­
bulebaTa konfliqts da elitaTa Soris dapirispirebas.
pozitiur mSvidobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis Seqmna
SeuZlebeli xdeba awmyoSi da axlo momavalSi.
Cveni azriT, ruseTis basri zegavlenis Sesafaseblad
mniSvnelovani indikatoria strategiuli proeqtebis
mimarT sazogadoebis damokidebulebac. amis saukeTeso

144
magaliTia sazogadoebis gulgriloba anakliis proeqtis
mimarT da misi warmoCena viwro jgufis politikur in­
teresad nacvlad saerTo saxalxo da saxelmwifoebrivi
interesisa.
ra SeiZleba dasaxeldes mTavar problemebad saqa­
rTveloSi basri Zalis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi?
saqarTveloSi ar xdeba basri Zalis kompleqsuri ana­
lizi da basri zegavlenis ganxilva ZiriTadad dezinfor­
maciuli faqtCekingiT Semoifargleba (am saqmianobiTac
ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo seqtori da erTeuli mkvleva­
rebi arian dakavebuli). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis didi
Zalisxmevis (ruseTidan dafinansebuli mediis identi­
fikacia, gavrcelebuli miTebis faqtCekingi, treningebi
mediawignierebis sakiTxebze Jurnalistebisa da axal­
gazrdebisTvis, erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso forumebi
basri Zalis gamowvevebis Sesaxeb...) miuxedavad, Sedegi
am mimarTulebiTac mokrZalebulia ramdenime mizezis
gamo: 1. erTis mxriv, saxezea ruseTis basri Zalis Sedegi
– demonizebulia arasamTavrobo seqtori, meores mxriv
ki `gafrenil sityvas ver daewevi~ – konkretuli `feiqi~
ramdenime saaTSi axdens emociur zemoqmedebas, arasam­
TavroboTa angariSebSi mocemuli faqtCekingi ki dagvia­
nebuli, kompleqsuri, da eqspertulia. Sesabamisad, rTu­
lad wasakiTx-gasageb angariSebs cota hyavs mkiTxveli
sazogadoebaSi. garda amisa, msgavsi organizaciebis re­
sursi (rogorc finansuri, aseve adamianuri) SezRudulia.
Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi arastabi­
luria. 2. mediawignierebis dabali done saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebSi da mTlianad sazogadoebaSi. 3. ruseTis
basri Zalis Tu zogadad, Zalis difuziiT gamowveuli
safrTxeebis arakompleqsuri da araakademiuri kvleva.
axlo momavalSi unda vivaraudoT ruseTis basri
Zalis intensivobis kleba Tu mateba? saerTaSoriso

145
gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom basri Zala intensiuri xde­ba
politikurad mniSvnelovan periodebSi. saarCevno perio­
dis moaxloeba udavod unda ganvixiloT intensifikaciis
safrTxed. garda sxva faqtorebisa, politikur brZolaSi
Cabmuli partiebi ver uZleben cdunebas gamoiyenon ru­
seTis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sakuTari politikuri
dividendebisTvis. 2019 wels feisbuqis gamoZiebis Sede­
gad saqarTvelosTan afilirebuli samasze meti dezin­
formaciuli feisbuq-gverdis dablokva da maTi kavSirebi
politikur partiebTan am problemis naTeli magaliTia.
ra unda gakeTdes dezinformaciisgan sazogadoebis
dasacavad? sainformacio saSualebebis dablokva qmnis
`demokratiul dilemas~ da amitomac mkacri media-re­
gulaciebi arasasurvelad migvaCnia. Tumca aucilebe­
lia garkveuli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da amoqmedeba am
mimarTulebiT ise, rom safrTxis qveS ar dadges Tavad
sityvis Tavisuflebis idea.
ufro siRrmiseulad Tu vimsjelebT, gamosavali er­
TaderTia: postsabWoTa sazogadoebrivi mentalitetis
cvlileba masobrivi da radikaluri reformebiT. amg­
vari masStaburi procesebisTvis arc politikuri eli­
tebia mzad da arc sazogadoebis mimReblobaa maRali.
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesis fundaments war­
moadgens yvela politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi jgu­
fis konsensusi Semdeg Temebze: ra aris saxelmwifos
mTavari interesi? ra aris mTavari gamowveva? vin aris
mteri? Zalis difuziaze dafuZnebul postmodernul
samyaroSi, sadac metanarativebi Caanacvla mravalTa
narativebma da post-narativebma, mteri xSirad mesi­
jia da ara jariskaci. unda Sedges Sida politikuri
konsensusi saxelmwifos interesebTan mimarTebaSi. sa­
zogadoebam unda gaiTavisos demokratiis martivi ana-
bana: Sida politikurma dapirispirebam Tu momxreobam

146
ar unda daazaralos saxelmwifo interesi. saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis fundamentur sakiTxebze sazogadoebrivi
Tanxmoba politikuri sistemis realuri Camoyalibebis
safuZveli gaxdeba.

bibliografia:
1. Abdaladze Gvantsa. ~Soft Insecurity”- Russian Soft Power in Georgia.
Post-Soviet Studies. Vol. 1. #1, 2019. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University
Institute of Post-Soviet Studies.
2. Javakhishvili Darejan Jana. ~The Soviet Legacy in Contemporary Geor-
gia: A Psycho traumatological Perspective”. Journal of Identity Studies
in the Caucasus and the Black sea Region, # 5. 2014. http://ojs.iliauni.
edu.ge/index.php/identitystudies/article/view/196/130
3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.

angariSebi da vebgverdebi:
4. CRRC-is monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdi. https://cau-
casusbarometer.org/ge
5. mediis ganviTarebis fondi. kvleva da angariSi. http://www.
mdfgeorgia.ge/geo/research
6. antidasavluri propaganda. media monitoringis angariSi.
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library/65/file/Antidasavluri-GEO-web_(1).pdf
7. kremlis gavlenis indeqsi, 2017. mediis ganviTarebis fon­
di. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/geo/view_research/5
8. antidasavluri propaganda 2017. mediis ganviTarebis
fondi. 2018. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/89/file/anti_
dasavluri_propaganda_2017_-_GEO.pdf
9. antidasavluri propaganda 2018. mediis ganviTarebis
fondi. 2019. http://mdfgeorgia.ge/uploads/library/119/file/Anti-
West-2018-GEO.pdf
10. ruseTis xisti da rbili Zalis safrTxeebi saqarTvelo­
Si. evropuli iniciativa -liberaluri akademia Tbilisi.
2016. http://www.ei-lat.ge/images/doc/politikis%20dokumenti.pdf
11. kremlis sainformacio omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg: pro­
pagandasTan brZolis saxelmwifo politikis aucileblo­
ba. informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis instituti
(IDFI). politikis dokumenti. 22 agvisto, 2016.

147
 https://idfi.ge/public/upload/Meri/Russian%20Propaganda%20in%20
Georgia%20-%20Policy%20Paper.PDF
12. andRulaZe ana. rusuli rbili Zala da strategiuli ko­
munikacia. gamowvevebi da rekomendaciebi. samarTliani
arCevnebisa da demokratiis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
(ISFED). politikis dokumenti. maisi, 2017. http://old.isfed.ge/
main/1220/geo
13. qarTuli neonacizmis anatomia. saerTaSoriso gamWvir­
valoba saqarTvelo. 17 maisi, 2018. https://www.transparency.
ge/ge/blog/kartuli-neonacizmis-anatomia
14. qarTuli marSi. miTebis deteqtori. https://www.mythdetec-
tor.ge/ka/profile/kartuli-marshi
15. Library of NDI Georgia Public Opinion Research. NDI. 2019. https://
www.ndi.org/georgia-polls
16. Thornton Laura, Turmanidze Koba. Public attitudes in Georgia. Results
of December 2017 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia
https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%20
2017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf
17. Thornton Laura, Turmanidze Koba. Public attitudes in Georgia. Results
of March 2018 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia https://
www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI_March_2018_Public%20Presenta-
tion_English_final.pdf
18. Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by
Andrei Yeliseyeu, Volha Damarad. Kyiv. 2018. http://prismua.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/06/DRI_CEE_2018.pdf
19. Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Im-
plications for U.S. National Security. U.S. Senate. January 10, 2018.
https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf
20. sputniki saqarTvelohttps://sputnik-georgia.com
21. Sputnik Абхазия http://sputnik-abkhazia.ru
22. SputnikОсетия http://sputnik-ossetia.ru
23. qarTuli marSi/Georgian March. https://www.facebook.com/Qar-
tuliMarshiGeorgianMarch
24. Русский Марш http://rmarsh.info

onlain publikaciebi:
25. kupataZe bondo. saqarTvelo da TurqeTi. yarsis xelSek­
ruleba – istoriuli dokumenti Tu safrTxis Semcvleli

148
 SeTanxmeba? saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli. 16
ianvari, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TE1EnQK_g8U
26. kupataZe bondo. diskusia stalinizmze. .niderlandebis
instituti mravalpartiuli demokratiisTvis (NIMD). 6
oqtomberi, 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWCVnBuAgGE
27. kupataZe bondo, cucqiriZe levan. 13 miTi stalinis
Sesaxeb. niderlandebis instituti mravalpartiuli de­
mokratiisaTvis (NIMD) Tb. 2016. http://13mythsaboutstalin.ge
28. kopaleiSvili nina. patriotTa aliansis saarCevno gazeTi:
da mainc, ratom aujanyda satana RmerTs? NEWS.On.ge. 29
seqtemberi. 2016. https://on.ge/story/3971-patriotTa-aliansi
29. maWaraSvili Tamuna. ganmeorebiTi konspiraciebi yarsis
xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb. miTebis deteqtori. 18 aprili,
2019. https://www.mythdetector.ge/ka/myth/ganmeorebiti-konspir-
atsiebi-qarsis-khelshekrulebis-shesakheb
30. menabde luka. qadagebebSi Cadebuli naRmebi, `nakurTxi
rusuli bombebi~ da mesame msoflio omi... Droni.ge.
11.09.2011. https://www.droni.ge/?m=3&AID=4076
31. kibos mkurnaloba SevCenkos meTodiT – mxolod zeTi
da arayi. ojaxis mkurnali. 13.02.2015. https://mkurnali.ge/
onkologia/5750-kibos-mkurnaloba-shevchenkos-methodith-mkho-
lod-zethi-da-arayi.html
32. `erTaderi, rac dRes TurqeTs aCerebs, ruseTis faqto­
ria~ – mixeil cagareli. sainformacio saagento `sivaisi~.
maisi 4, 2017. http://cyc.ge/erTaderTi-rac-dRes-Turq/
33. cucqiriZe elene. konspiraciebi adamianebis `masobriv
daCipvaze~ rusul da qarTul mediasaSualebebSi. miTebis
deteqtori. 30 oqtomberi, 2017. http://www.mythdetector.ge/
ka/myth/konspiratsiebi-adamianebis-masobriv-dachipvaze-rusul-da-kar-
tul-mediasashualebebshi
34. barak obamas coli – kacia! Sokismomgvreli gancxadeba.
noemberi 26, 2014. My Video. https://www.myvideo.ge/v/2458579
35. kremlis propagandistebi TbilisSi mediaforums mar­
Taven – ra mesijebs aJRerebs putinis warmomadgeneli.
sainformacio saagento `sivaisi~. ivnisi 30, 2017. http://cyc.
ge/kremlis-propagandistebi
36. Ali Braland. Facebook will let users see Russian content they’ve in-
teracted with. The Hill.

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 October 11, 2017. http://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/361557-face-
book-will-let-users-see-russiancontent-theyve-interacted-with
37. Datishvili Sophie. Viral photo with hash tag #TurkeyIsOurAnamy is
Fake. Journalismania. April 16, 2018. http://journalismania.blogspot.
com/2018/04/viral-photo-with-hashtag.html
38. Sputnik protests arrest of Turkish editor in Istanbul. The Arab Weekly.
01/03/2020. https://thearabweekly.com/sputnik-protests-arrest-turk-
ish-editor-istanbul
39. Sputnik ends operations in Estonia. ERR. 01.01.2020. https://news.
err.ee/1019231/sputnik-ends-operations-in-estonia
40. David E. Sanger, Marv Santora. U.S. and Allies Blame Russia for
Cyberattack on Republic of Georgia. The New York Times. Feb.20,
2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/europe/georgia-
cyberattack-russia.html

2.2.ruseTis dezinformaciuli
omi ukrainaSi

oleqsandra cexanovska, gvanca abdalaZe

ukrainaSi ruseTis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sxva­

dasxva tipis sakomunikacio saSualebebiT vrceldeba.
basri propagandis kvali gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia ru­
sulenovan media-mauwyeblobaSi, ruseTis mediasTan da­
kavSirebul ukrainul media-saSualebebSi da socialur
mediaSi.
ukrainaSi ruseTis basri zemoqmedebis ukeT gasaa­
zreblad, mniSvnelovania ukrainis media-sivrcis mokle
analizi. `evraziis monitoris~ da sxva kvlevebis mixed­
viT, ukrainelebis 99 %flobs rusuli enas, rac noyier
niadags qmnis ruseTis basri Zalis gamoyenebisTvis.
sxvadasxva kvlevebis Tanaxmad, ukrainis mosaxleobis

150
74%-sTvis informaciis miRebis mTavar wyarod kvlav
televizia rCeba, Tumca adgilobrivi telemauwyeblobis
mimarT ndoba dabalia. 2019 wlis sociologiuri gamoki­
TxvebiT, ukrainis mosaxleobis 5%-dan-13 %-mde dRemde
iyenebs rusul sainformacio wyaroebs informaciis mi­
sa­Rebad. es maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRali iyo 2014 wels,
yirimis, doneckis da luhanskis regionebis okupaciamde.
yirimis omis wina periodis (2014 w.) monacemebiT, mo­
saxleobis 45,4 % ar endoboda ukrainul televiziebs.
es maCvenebeli ukrainis aRmosavleT nawilSi (donbasSi)
68,3%-s aRwevda. aRniSnul monacemebs Tu davakavSirebT
mediawignierebis dabal xarisxTan ukrainaSi, cxadi gax­
deba ruseTis dezinformacia-propagandis mimarT mowyv­
ladi mosaxleobis raodenoba.1
ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac media-sivrce umete­
sad centralizebulad imarTeba, ukrainaSi media ho­
rizontalurad fragmentirebulia. media-saSualebebs
flo­ben oligarqebi sakuTari politikuri Tu klanu­
ri interesebis popularizaciisTvis.maTi garkveuli
nawili cnobilia Tavisi kavSirebiT ruseTis mTavrobas­
Tan. magaliTad, gacxadebuli prorusuli opoziciuri
dajgufebis – `ukrainuli arCevanis~ lideris viqtor
medvedCukis saxeli dakavSirebulia 3 ukrainul media-
saSualebasTan: erovnuli tele-media `ZIK~; kerZo tele-
kompania `ukraina 112~ (112 Ukraine); onlain sainformacio
saagento `niuzona~ (NEWSONE). medvedCuki vladimer pu­
tinis piradi megobaria (dakavSirebuli naTel-mirono­
biT) da aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegeba ukrainis evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebas. dasaxelebuli media-saSualebebi aqtiu­
rad ewevian medvedCukis ideebis propagandas da ruseTis

1
https://detector.media/doc/images/news/archive/2016/164308/AReport_Me-
dia_Feb2019_v2.pdf Survey by KIIS for Detector of media , March 2018

151
basri mesijebis gavrcelebas. am sami media-saSualebis
jamuri reitingi ki 50 %-s aWarbebs (20.9%; 14.6%; 14.4%).
ukrainis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli media `1+1~
dakavSirebulia oligarq igor kolomoiskisTan. med­
vedCukisgan gansxvavebiT, misi politikuri programa
ar aris Riad prorusuli. Tumca kolomoiski medias iy­
enebs sakuTari politikuri miznebisTvis da politikur
oponentebTan sabrZolvelad xSirad imeorebs ruseTis
basri Zalis argumentebs.
ruseTis media-sivrcis centralizacia amartivebs
ruseTis basri propagandis koordinirebul gamoyene­
bas. ukrainis media-sivrcis decentralizacia ki (rac
xels unda uwyobdes qveynis demokratizaciis process)
ukrainaSi qmnis erTgvar qaoss da zrdis erovnuli me­
dia-saSualebebis mimarT mosaxleobis undoblobas. ar­
sebuli mdgomareoba noyier niadags qmnis media-sivrceSi
(Sesabamisad, sazogadoebaSi) ruseTis propagandis gas­
avrceleblad.
ukrainis media-kvlevebis centris Tanaxmad, ruseTis
basri Zalis mier gavrcelebul mesijebSi gamoyenebulia
dezinformaciis da propagandis gavrcelebis yvela Ses­
aZlo teqnika: manipulacia kontentze, manipulacia kon­
teqstze, gamogonili konteqsti, gamogonili faqtebi,
sruli feiqebi...
propagandistuli narativebi SesaZloa dajgufdes
Semdegnairad: ukrainaSi mimdinareobs samoqalaqo omi
(da ara okupacia ruseTis mxridan); ukraina – arSemdgari
saxelmwifoa, romelic Tavs ver arTmevs Sida politikur
problemebs; ruseTi exmareba omSi gaxveuli regionebis
mosaxleobas gadarCenasa da TviTgamorkvevaSi; ukraina
dasavleTis marionetia (aSS, evrokavSiri...); faSistebi
da radikalebi angreven ukrainas; ukrainis mosaxleobaSi

152
gaRvivda rusofobia; ukrainis mosaxleobas mouwodeben
marTlmadideblobasTan brZolisken da sxv.
narativis TiToeuli jgufi Tavis mxriv moicavs ur­
TierTdakavSirebul mesijebs, romelic cvalebadia droi­
sa da konteqstis mixedviT. magaliTad, termini `rusofo­
bia~ ruseTis mediam da rusma politikosebma daamkvidres
2014 wlis samxedro kampaniis Semdeg kremlis agresiaze
dasavluri kritikis sapasuxod. narativi Sedgeba Sem­
degi dominanturi mesijebisgan: ukraina awarmoebs `bin­
Zur TamaSs~ ruseTis winaaRmdeg (rogorc qveynis SigniT,
aseve qveynis gareT); ukraina Slis saerTo warsuls da
istorias ruseTTan; ukraineli radikalebi Tavs esxmian
yvelafers, rac rusulia (maT Soris, rusul kulturas);
ukraina daadga media-cenzuris gzas (ukrainaSi ruseTis
arxebis da socialuri mediis dablokva ganxilulia ara
rogorc dezinformaciisgan Tavdacvis gadawyvetileba,
aramed, rogorc cenzuris damkvidreba da sazogadoebaSi
antirusuli ganwyobis Seqmnis mcdeloba); ukraina qmnis
anti-rusuli ganaTlebis sistemas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis mier dezinformaciis gavr­
ce­lebis procesSi aRiniSneba propagandis adaptaciis
una­ri – mesijebi da iarliyebi cvalebadia situaciis
mixedviT, morgebulia politikur konteqsts da qveyana­
Si mimdinare procesebs. magaliTad, 2019 wlis aprilSi
ukrainaSi ZalaSi Sevida enis kanoni romelic icavs uk­ra­
inuli enis, rogorc konstituciiT gansazRvruli saxel­
mwifo enis statuss. kanonis mixedviT, saxelmwifo moxe­
leebs da servisis sferos warmomadgenlebs (medicinis
muSakebi da sxv.) moeTxovebaT ukrainul enazec SeZlon
saqmis warmoeba. kanonis srulad amoqmedebisTvis gaTva­
liswinebulia 3 wliani periodi kanonis ZalaSi Sesvli­
dan. gardamaval periodSi saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs
ufaso ukrainuli kursebis funqcionirebas.

153
 ukrainaSi enis axal kanonze diskusiis dawyebisTanave
gamoCnda terminebi: `enis inspeqtorebi~, `enis inkvizi­
cia~... miuxedavad imisa, rom enis kanoni ar iTvaliswi­
nebs raime sanqciebs (da miT umetes, ar akontrolebs
sakomunikacio saSualebebs da ar uwevs diskriminacias
umciresobebis enebs) rusulma propagandam miaRwia mi­
zans – SeaSina rusulenovani mosaxleoba.
ukrainis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam, ukrainis ter­
itoriaze daebloka zogierTi rusuli media-saSualeba
da socialuri qseli qveynis usafrTxoebis interesi­
dan gamomdinare, ruseTis da prorusuli mediis gansa­
kuTrebuli gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. gaCnda axali mesi­
jebi: `Tavisufali sityvis~ CaxSoba, media-cenzura... am
mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda medvedCukis
politikuri moZraoba da masTan dakavSirebuli media-
saSualebebi.
dRes ukrainaSi dablokilia ruseTis 70-ze meti media-
saSualeba, 450 kompania da 1200 persona. maT Soris, ru­
seTis tele-arxebi, veb-gverdebi da socialuri qselebi
(https://www.kaspersky.com; https://mail.ru;https://vk.com; https://
ok.ru da sxv.) media-saSualebebis umetesoba daibloka
2014 wels, yirimis omis dawyebis Semdeg. 2014-dan 2017
wlamde sia gafarTovda. (gadawyvetileba miiRo ukrainis
erovnulma usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sabWom, ZalaSi
Sevida prezidentis specialuri dekretiT (№ 133/2017)
da aRasrula ukrainis tele-radio mauwyeblobis sabWom).
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mier ukrainis marT­
lmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis (tomo­
sis gadacema) periodSi gaCnda sruliad axali narativi,
romelmac male dominanturi adgili daikava ruseTis
sainformacio omSi – `brZola marTlmadideblobasTan~.
ruseTis media-sivrceSi daiwyo erTgvari kampania `anti-
tomosi~. ruseTis sainformacio saSualebaTa mier gavr­

154
celebuli narativebi gaimeores medvedCukis telearxe­
bma da sxva ukrainulma mediebma.
sainformacio omis warmoebis procesSi gansaku­
Trebuli adgili uWiravs `feiqebis~ (yalbi informa­
cia) fenomens. feiqis erT-erTi mTavari mizania Seqm­
nas iseTi ambavi, romelic martivad moaxdens qveynis
Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisemociur manipulirebas.
yalbi narativis erT-erTi TvalsaCino nimuSia `jvarc­
muli biWunas~ ambavi, romelic Tavdapirvelad ruseTis
pirvelma arxma gaavrcela. propagandistuli narativis
mixedviT, slavianskidan (doneckis olqi) devnilebma
`gamoaaSkaraves~ Tavzardamcemi ambavi: ukrainis Seia­
raRebuli Zalebis (AFU) jariskacebma jvarze gaakres
3 wlis adgilobrivi macxovrebeli biWuna. rasakvir­
velia, aRniSnuli feiqis mizani iyo nebismieri socia­
luri jgufisTvis yvelaze mgrZnobiare TemiT (bavSve­
bze Zaladoba) manipulireba da ukrainis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis diskreditacia da demonizeba.
dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi udaod gansakuTrebu­
li adgili ukavia internet-medias da socialur qselebs.
maTi nawili Riad aris dakavSirebuli ruseTTan an ruse­
Tis dafinansebiTaa Seqmnili, meore nawils ki e. w. `janq
eqaunTebi~ warmoadgens. internetTan dakavSirebuli me­
diis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurdeba botebis da
trolebis Temac.
Riad prorusuli an ruseTis mier mxardaWerili wya­
ro­ebis amocnoba martivia ritorikiT da jgufebis ad­
ministratorebis lokaciis gansazRvriT. sakiTxi ufro
rTuli da kompleqsuria im gverdebis mimarT, rom­
lebic Seqmnilia ukrainaSi, magram farulad imarTeba
ruseTidan da awarmoebs partizanul saqmianobas qvey­
nis teritoriaze. am tipis gverdebis gamoaSkaravebaSi
didi wvlili Seitana Tavad feisbuqis mier Catarebul­

155
ma gamoZiebam, romlis mixedviT dadasturda sxvadasxva
ukrainuli gverdebis da eqaunTebis kavSirebi moskovsa
da peterburgSi ganTavsebul organizaciebTan. maT So­
ris, putinis partniorisa da cnobili rusi oligarqis
evgeni prigoJinis peterburgSi ganTavsebul internetis
kvlevebis saagentosTan, romlis saxelTan bevri saerTa­
Soriso skandalia dakavSirebuli.
partizanul vebgverdebze ZiriTadi aqcenti gada­ta­
nilia lokalur ambebsa da yoveldRiur yofiT faq­teb­ze
ukrainis regionebis mosaxleobis ndobis mosapoveblad.
gasarTobi ambebisa da lokaluri niusebis gverdiT,
drodadro Cndeba politikurad aqtiuri kontenti an
vrceldeba dezinformacia arasando wyaroebidan (maT
Soris, dumpster-is gamoyenebiT). amasTan, msgavsi gverde­
bi moipoveben momxmarebelTa personalur monacemebs
onla­in testebis, qvizebis da sxva msgavsi cnobili saSu­
alebebiT. (2016 wlis aSS saprezidento arCevnebis maga­
liTma daadastura, rom personaluri monacemebis bazebi
efeqturad gamoiyeneba saarCevno periodebSi samizne
jgufebis Sesaqmnelad da maTze zegavlenis gansaxorcie­
leblad).
calkea aRsaniSnavi `janq~ veb-gverdebis gamoyeneba
kremlis dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad. iqmneba ms­
gavsi gverdebis mTeli ekosistema, sadac vrceldeba
bulvaruli informacia da sruli feiqebi. samwuxaroa,
rom am tipis gverdebis vizitorTa raodenoba 50 mln.
aRwevs yovelTviurad. informaciis gaaqtiureba xdeba
socialuri qselebiT gaziarebis meTodiT.
internet-mediis masStabebi ver iqneboda aseTi STam­
beWdavi botebis da trolebis saqmianobis gareSe. maTi
ZiriTadi funqciaa konkretuli mesijis gaaqtiurebis da
cirkulaciis xelSewyoba. analitikuri kvlevebis orga­
nizacia `voqs ukrainam~ (VoxUkraine) 8 wlis manZilze 1369

156
trol-eqaunTis mier marTuli 774  957 TviTis identifi­
cireba moaxdina.
kvlevis mixedviT, `trolebis qarxnis~ aqtiuro­
bis piki emTxveva malaiziuri aviaxazebis MH17 reisis
tragediis periods (2014 wlis ivlisi). narativis ZiriTa­
dimesijebi pasuxismgeblobas ukrainas akisrebs ruseTis
nacvlad. aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT, 6 200 heSTe­
giT gavrcelda sxvadasxva tipis SeTqmulebis Teoria da
kompilaciuri `foto-mtkicebuleba~. am da sxva mraval
SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia dezinformaciis efeqturi
meTodi: mediis gajereba urTierTsawinaaRmdego mesi­
jebiT. magaliTad, avia-katastrofis narativSi vrcel­
deboda sxvadasxva versiebi (ukrainis mTavrobam Camoag­
do TviTmfrinavi mizanmimarTulad; ukrainis mTavrobam
Camoagdo TviTmfrinavi SecdomiT, radgan putinis pira­
di jeti egona...); `mtkicebulebebis~ aRwerisas xdeboda
sxvadasxva tipis iaraRis `identificireba~, SeTqmulebis
Teoriebi xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi iyo...
msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneboda skripalis saqmesTan
dakavSirebiTac. ruseTis media avrcelebda urTierTga­
momricxav aRwerebs Tavdasxmis saxis Tu damblis gamomw­
vevi sawamlavis saxeobasTan dakavSirebiT... SeTqmulebis
TeoriaTa erTi versiis mixedviT, skripalis mkvleloba
ganaxorciela didi britaneTis mTavrobam breqsiTis
problemebidan yuradRebis sxva sakiTxze gadasatanad ...
narativis `ukraina dasavleTis marionetia~ dasam­
kvidreblad xSirad xdeba xazgasma, rom ukraina iRebs
mudmiv daxmarebas dasavleTisgan, rac `niSnavs~ rom
iRebs samxedro daxmarebasac, rac `niSnavs~ rom dasav­
leTi xels uwyobs qveynis `samoqalaqo omSi~ CaTrevas
da sazogadoebaSi `rusofobiis~ danergvas, ukrainis
`partniori~ ruseTisgan CamoSorebas. mesijebis meore
jgufis Tanaxmad, ukrainis mTavrobis imedi omSi gamar­

157
jvebis Sesaxeb iluziaa, radgan ukraina verasodes mii­
Rebs dasavleTisgan evro-struqturebSi gawevrianebis
realur SeTavazebas Tu pirdapir samxedro daxmarebas...
dezinformaciuli mesijebis urTierTsapirispiro
Sinaarsi da gavrcelebis procesis qaoturoba ar aris
SemTxveviTi an dezinformaciis gamavrcelebelTa mier
daSvebuli Secdoma. aRniSnuli tendencia dezinforma­
ciis gavrcelebis kargad gaazrebuli teqnikaa da misi
mizania informaciuli qaosis Seqmna, sazogadoebis dab­
neva, ndobis dakargva yvela tipis informaciis mimarT
(maT Soris, profesionaluri mediis mimarT, romelic in­
ternet-mediisgan gansxvavebiT eyrdnoba Jurnalistikis
standartebs da eTikas)... sazogadoebis mxridan ndo­
bis dakargva yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT asustebs
kritikuli azrovnebis unars da zrdis sazogadoebis
mimReblobas sagareo Carevebis mimarT.
dezinformaciis gavrcelebis mizani ara mxolod sa­
zogadoebis demoralizacia, aramed realuri politi­ku­
ri qmedebebisTvis safuZvlis Semzadebaa. ruseTis mier
yirimis naxevarkunZulis aneqsiis garda yoveldRiurad
izrdeba ukrainis saSinao politikaSi Carevis preceden­
tebi ruseTis mxridan.
magaliTad, ukrainaSi rusuli hibriduli omis mTa­
varma arqiteqtorma vladislav surkovma 2014-2015 wleb­
Si warmoadgina `novorosiis~ proeqti, romlis mixedviT,
okupirebuli doneckis da luhanskis garda ruseTma
unda gaakontrolos samxreT-aRmosavleT ukrainis sxva
teritoriebic.
ukrainis sxvadasxva regionebSi xdeba federalizmis
ideis gaaqtiureba da ruseTis mxridan sxvadasxva tipis
saprotesto moZraobebis Seqmna-waxaliseba. magaliTad,
odesaSi separatistuli jgufi `porto-franko~ iTxovs
odesisTvis specialuri ekonomikuri zonis statusis

158
miniWebas. zaporoJies saprotesto moZraoba `specialu­
ri statusis~ ideas asabuTebs regionis mZime ekologiuri
mdgomareobiT...
moqmedebis sqemebi gansxvavebulia regionuli proble­
me­bis specifiurobis da istoriuli sentimentebis Ta­vi­
seburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca msgavsia dezinfor­
maciis gavrcelebis teqnika: media-sivrceSi trolebi da
botebi avrceleben dakveTil statiebs, igegmeba Suamava­
li organizaciebis mier dafinansebuli demonstraciebi.
sxva mraval negatiur SedegTan erTad, aRniSnuli
pro­ cesi iwvevs tradiciuli mediis rolis Sesustebas
da mis Cabmas sainformacio omSi – mediis pirdapiri
valdebulebaa gaaSuqos sazogadoebaSi mimdinare yvela
mniSvnelovani ambavi. Sedegad, media-sivrce gadaivso ra­
dikaluri jgufebis moTxovnebisa da demonstraciebis
Sesaxeb informaciiT.
ratom aris ukrainis sazogadoeba aseTi mowyvladi
ruseTis dezinformaciis mimarT? rusuli enis gamoye­
nebis masStabi, rusulenovani sainformacio wyaroebis
farTo gamoyeneba, sazogadoebis undobloba saxelmwifo
institutebis Tu ukrainuli mediis mimarT – es mizeze­
bis mcire CamonaTvalia...
mowinaaRmdegis sainformacio Seteva dafuZnebulia
sazogadoebis `aqilevsis quslis~ codnasa da analizze.
ukrainulma sazogadoebam mowinaaRmdegeze ukeT unda
gaicnobieros sakuTari sisusteebi. saxelmwifos mier
gatarebuli reformebis Sedegi rom marTlac TvalSi­
sacemi iyos, xolo sazogadoebis mxridan saxelmwifo in­
stitutebis mimarT ndoba maRali, narativi arSemdgari
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb ver damkvidrdeboda ase swrafad.
samwuxaroa, rom ruseTis sainformacio omis msxver­
plia axalgazrda Taobac. isini dezinformacias ZiriTa­
dad socialuri mediebidan iReben.

159
 saintereso simptomia, rom ukrainis berZnul-kaTo­
likuri mosaxleoba naklebad eqceva dezinformaciuli
zegavlenis qveS radgan rusul eklesias ar aqvs berZ­
nul-kaTolikur eklesiaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi. es
faqti kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom ruseTis marTl­
madidebeli eklesia da moskovis patriarqatis Semadgen­
lobaSi myofi ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavad
aris CarTuli dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi. religiu­
ri institutebis politizireba da sainformacio omis­
Tvis gamoyeneba ruseTis sainformacio omis erT-erTi
yvelaze mZime aspeqtia.
ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos ruseTis sainformacio omis
mTavar miznad ukrainaSi da ukrainis winaaRmdeg?
ukrainaSi mimdinare ruseTis sainformacio omis
samizne ar aris mxolod ukrainis mTavroba da ukrai­
nis sazogadoeba. dezinformacia mimarTulia ukrainis
megobari qveynebis, sruliad saerTaSoriso sazogadoe­
bis da aseve, rusuli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. nara­
tivis Seqmnis procesSi mniSvnelovania pozitiuri da
negatiuri mesijebis Tanafardoba. ukrainis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli dezinformaciuli mesijebis 90% negatiuria
da siZulvilis enis, emociurad datvirTuli mesijebis
erTgvar kombinacias warmoadgens. am xerxiT martivad
gadaifareba informaciis alogikuroba da Seusabamobebi
narativis detalebs Soris.
ruseTis basri Zalis mTavari mizania samizne jgu­
fis (ukrainis sazogadoebis) dehumanizacia sxva­Ta
TvalSida dasavleTis darwmuneba kievisTvis mxar­da­
We­ris SewyvetaSi; `moraluri argumentebis~ Seqmnaru­
seTis agresiuli politikis gasamarTleblad rogorc
ru­sul, aseve saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi; rusul sa­
zogadoebaSi politikuri dividendebis mopoveba da Sida
politikuri mxardaWeris zrda.

160
 ra SeiZleba gakeTdes ruseTis sainformacio omis
winaaRmdeg?
upirveles yovlisa, unda gaimijnos Jurnalistika
da propaganda. propagandistul da dezinformaciaze
dafuZnebul media saSualebebs unda SeezRudoT me­
diisTvis gankuTvnili privilegiebi. ukrainaSi ruse­
Tis tele-arxebis da socialuri qselebis (В контакте;
Одноклассники) dablokva dasavleTSi bevrma eqspertma
sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad aRiqva. SesaZloa, me­
diis dablokva ar aris idealuri gadawyvetileba, magram
aucilebeli zomaa ukrainis erovnuli usafrTxoebis­
Tvis mimdinare omis pirobebSi. sociologiuri kvlevebi
adasturebs, rom im respodentTa umetesoba, vinc 2014
wels ruseTTan SeerTebas dauWira mxari, informaciis
misaRebad ruseTis sainformacio saSualebebs iyenebda.
rusuli socialuri media ki ara mxolod avrcelebda
dezinformaciul narativs, aramed xels uwyobda sazo­
gadoebis gaTiSvas da konfliqtebis provocirebas sxva­
dasxva jgufebs Soris. ukrainaSi dafuZnebuli da ruse­
Tidan marTuli gverdebis mizani aseve destabilizaciis
xelSewyoba iyo. amasTan, msgavsi gverdebi personalur
informacias agrovebda ukrainis moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb da
gadascemda ruseTis uSiSroebis federalur samsaxurs.
rusuli socialuri qselis `В контакте~ damaarsebelma
da xelmZRvanelma pavel durovma Tanamdeboba datova
ruseTis mier ukrainaSi ganxorcielebuli aneqsiis Sem­
deg. misi gancxadebiT, ruseTis uSiSroebis federaluri
samsaxuri iTxovda socialur platformaze dayrdnobiT
miewodebina evromaidnis momxreTa da maTi ojaxis wevr­
Ta Sesaxeb piradi informacia. es informacia gamoiyenes
sainformacio SturmisTvis. kerZod, saprotesto aqcie­
bis CasaSlelad damamcirebeli da muqaris Semcveli me­

161
sijebi egzavneboda ukrainis armiis samxedroebs da maTi
ojaxis wevrebs.
media kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebi kvlav unda gagr­
Zel­des. Tumca safrTxiloa mtruli propagandisgan
Tavdacva ar gadaiqces cenzurad da opoziciuri azris
CasaxSob Sida politikur meqanizmad. cifruli revo­
luciis gamowvevebTan gamklaveba unda moxdes: gamWvir­
vale kanonmdeblobiT; lokaluri, mcire da damoukide­
beli mediis waxalisebiT; „mediis deoligarqizaciiT“;
poziti­uri, konstruqciuli, faqtebze dafuZnebuli
nara­tivebis gavrcelebiT, romliTac unda ganeitraldes
de­
zinformaciis negatiuri, destruqciuli, faqtebis
ugulebelyofaze dafuZnebuli narativi.
cifruli revoluciis intensiurobis zrdasTan er­
Tad, yoveldRiurad izrdeba axali unarebis flobis
aucilebloba. mediawignieri Taobis aRzrdasa da mosax­
leobisTvis faqt-Cekingis unarebis ganviTarebaSi gadam­
wyveti sityva unda Tqvas sajaro ganaTlebis sistemam.

bibliografia:

1. How Russian “Troll factory” tried to effect on Ukraine’s agenda.

Analysis of 755 000 tweets. https://voxukraine.org/longreads/twitter-
database/index-en.html
2. Image of Ukraine on Russian TV – http://ucmc.org.ua/wp-content/
uploads/2018/02/Image-of-Ukraine-on-Russian-TV_ENG.pdf
3. “Russophobia” mentions 2001-2017-https://miro.medium.com/
max/1920/1*Pk51VpS69_cshUmqPzuoXw.jpeg
4. PUTIN’S INFORMATION WARFARE IN UKRAINE: SOVIET ORIGINS OF
RUSSIA’S HYBRID WARFARE
http://www.understandingwar.org/report/putins-information-warfare-
ukraine-soviet-origins-russias-hybrid-warfare
5. The Gerasimov Doctrine. It’s Russia’s new chaos theory of political
warfare. And it’s probably being used on you. By Molly K. Mckew.

162
 September/October 2017 -https://www.politico.com/magazine/sto-
ry/2017/09/05/gerasimov-doctrine-russia-foreign-policy-215538
6. The Surkov Leaks The Inner Workings of Russia’s Hybrid War in Ukraine
Alya Shandra and Robert Seely. Occasional Paper Royal United Services
Institute for Defence and Security Studies. July 2019. – https://rusi.
org/sites/default/files/201907_op_surkov_leaks_web_final.pdf
7. We’ve got bad news-http://texty.org.ua/d/2018/mnews/eng/
8. ДЖЕРЕЛА ІНФОРМАЦІЇ, МЕДІАГРАМОТНІСТЬ І РОСІЙСЬКА ПРО­
ПА­ГАНДА: РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ВСЕУКРАЇНСЬКОГО ОПИ­ТУ­ВАННЯ ГРО­
МАДСЬКОЇ ДУМКИ АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ЗВІТ-https://detector.media/doc/
images/news/archive/2016/164308/AReport_Media_Feb2019_v2.pdf
9. Дуров продал свою долю во «В контакте» из-за конфликта в ФСБ
https :// www . vedomosti . ru / technology / articles / 2014 / 04 / 16 / durov-
prodal-svoyu-dolyu-vo-v-kontakte-iz-za-konflikta-s-fsb
10. Присоединиться к России в основном хотят те украинцы, кто
смотрит российское телевидение, – опрос –
https://ipress.ua/ru/news/prysoedynytsya_k_rossyy_v_osnovnom_
hotyat_te_ukrayntsi_kto_smotryt_rossyyskoe_televydenye__
opros_53761.html
11. Сколько украинцев смотрят российскую пропаганду: инфографика
https://news.liga.net/society/news/skolko-ukraintsev-smotryat-rossi-
yskuyu-propagandu-infografika
12. СТАВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНЦІВ ДО ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ НА УКРАЇН­
СЬКИХ ТЕЛЕКАНАЛАХ-HTTPS://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=rus&cat=repor
ts&id=794&page=1
https://www.stopfake.org/en/kremlin-watch-briefing-who-is-behind-
the-top-5-russian-channels/
13. Шойгу рассказал о российских войсках информационных операций
-https://www.rbc.ru/politics/22/02/2017/58ad78cd9a794757f3c80ece
14. Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by
Andrei Yeliseyeu, Volha Damarad. Kyiv. 2018. http://prismua.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/06/DRI_CEE_2018.pdf

163
 2.3. CrdiloeT makedonia – rbili da
basri Zalebis zegavlena1

iugoslaviis federaciis daSlis Semdeg, yofil­

ma respublikebma umZimesi gza ganvles damoukidebel
saxelmwifoebad CamoyalibebisTvis brZolaSi. omi, qaosi,
humanitaruli krizisi, siRaribe, sazRvrebis demarka­
ciis da aRiarebis sirTule – es regionis warsuli Tu
amJamindeli problemebis mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia.
balkaneTis regionis geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis
gamo, regioni dRemde sxvadasxva qveynebis (aSS, ruse­
Ti...) da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (evrokavSiri, na­
to) interesTa dapirispirebis arealia. Tumca swored
geopolitikuri mniSvnelobisa da evropuli mdebareo­
bis wyalobiT, regionis evrointegracia daCqarebuli
tempiT mimdinareobs. slovenia evrokavSiris da natos
wevri gaxda pirveli didi gafarToebis dros, 2004 wels,
xolo xorvatia natoSi 2009 da evrokavSirSi 2013 wels
gawevrianda. 2017 wels natoSi Sevida montenegro, xolo
CrdiloeT makedoniis gawevrianebis procesi 2020-Si
dasruldeba. natoSi gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegma aqvs
bosnia hercegovinas. dawyebulia CrdiloeT makedoniis
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis procesi, xolo serbeTsa da
montenegros kandidati qveynebis statusi aqvT.
CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikas, regionis sxva
qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, damoukideblobis gzaze gan­

1
CrdiloeT makedoniis SemTxvevis analizis mosamzadeblad vey­
rdnobiT internetis, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi mmarTv­
elobis centris (IMPETUS ) 2019 w. kvlevas: Liljana Pecova-Ilieska, Kire
Babanovski. Monitoring the Media Content from Foreign Influence over the EU/
NATO Accession Process in Macedonia. kvlevis masalebze wvdomisT­
vis da gaweuli konsultaciisTvis madlobas vuxdiT centris
xelmZRvanels, q-n liliana pesovas.

164
sakuTrebuli problema Seuqmna misma saxelma `makedo­
nia“. aTwleulebis manZilze saberZneTi aprotestebda
Tavisi istoriuli regionis, makedoniis saxelis gamoye­
ne­
bas axalSeqmnili saxelmwifos mier. Sesabamisad, sa­
berZneTi gaxda mTavari Semakavebeli faqtori qveynis
saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gawevrianebas gzaze.
`usa­xelod~ darCenil qveyanas, oficialur Tu sxva
dokumentebSi, pirobiTad `yofili iugoslaviis respub­
lika makedoniad~ moixseniebdnen. saxelisTvis mraval­
wliani brZolisa da SeuTanxmeblobis Semdeg, saerTa­
Soriso Zalisxmevisa da mediaciis wyalobiT 2019 wels
procesi saerTaSoriso asparezze axali `CrdiloeT
makedoniis respublikis~ gamoCeniT dasrulda, rasac
myisierad mohyva xelovnurad SeCerebuli procesis aR­
dgena da natom da evrokavSirma CrdiloeT makedonias
gawevrianebis mowveva gaugzavnes.
makedoniis saxelis cvlilebis (da Sesabamisi konsti­
tuciuri cvlilebebis misaRebad) dainiSna referendumi
2018 w. 30 seqtembers. ivlis-seqtemberSi, makedonia ga­
reSe gavlenebis uCveulo gaaqtiurebis momswre gaxda
rogorc evrokavSiris, aseve ruseTis mxridan. qveyana
rbili da basri Zalebis Sejaxebis arealad iqca.
makedoniis arasamTavrobo organizacia `impetusma~
Caatara specialuri media kvleva aRniSnul periodSi
informaciis Tu dezinformaciis gavrcelebis Sesaswav­
lad da evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb
qveyanaSi mimdinare diskursze gareSe gavlenebis iden­
tificirebisTvis. organizaciam Seiswavla media komuni­
kaciis sxvadasxva formebi: niusebi, videoebi, samTavro­
bo gancxadebebi, pres-relizebi, tele-debatebi, svetebi,
blogebi da a. S. momzadda siRrmiseuli interviuebi fo­
kus-jgufebTan – JurnalistebTan, universitetebis pro­
fesorebTan (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, politikis,

165
samarTlis, usafrTxoebis dargebSi), studentebTan da
makedoniaSi natos specialur warmomadgenelTan.1
politikuri konteqstis ukeT gasaazreblad, kvlevis
Sedegebis da kvlevaSi mocemuli interviuebis ganxil­
vamde, aucilebelia CamovTvaloT aRniSnul periodSi
ganviTarebuli ramdenime tendencia da movlena.
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis asa­
maRleblad evrokavSirma Seqmna specialuri programa
`erToblivi momavali~. am programis farglebSi evrokav­
Siris moxeleebi xvdebodnen makedoniis mosaxleobas;
evro­ kavSirma gasca dapireba momdevno wlebSi make­
doniis adgilobrivi municipalitetebis dafinansebis
Sesaxeb; evrokavSiris specialurma komisiam moamzada
gadaudebeli reformebis paketi (kanonis uzenaesoba,
sajaro seqtorisa da mediis depolitizacia, gamoxat­
vis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa, saarCevno reforma da
sxv.); sxvadasxva rangis diplomatiuri SexvedrebisTvis
qveyanas estumra 50-ze meti maRalCinosani...
aRniSnul periodSi gaaqtiurdnen ruseTis diploma­
tiuri samsaxurebic (rogorc makedoniaSi, aseve saber­
ZneTSi). berZnuli mediis Tanaxmad, saberZneTSi rusi
diplomatebi sajaro moxeleebisTvis qrTamis SeTava­
zebiT cdilobdnen quCis protestebis organizebas
prespas2 SeTanxmebis winaaRmdeg. opoziciur Zalebze
zegavlenis mcdelobisTvis saberZneTidan oTxi rusi
diplomati gaaZeves. aRniSnuli faqti ruseTis sagareo
saqmeTa ministrma ruseTis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad gamo­

1
fokus-jgufebidan mxolod akademiuri wreebis warmomadgen­
lebma ganacxades Tanxmoba sakuTari vinaobis gamxelaze.
2
2018 wlis 17 ivniss saberZneTSi, prespas tbis mimdebared, xeli
moewera istoriul SeTanxmebas (prespas SeTanxmeba). xelSek­
rulebis mixedviT, saberZneTma da makedoniam gadawyvita isto­
riuli dava da SeTanxmda makedoniisTvis axali saxelis miniWe­
baze.

166
acxada da vaSingtoni saberZneTis mTavrobaze zewolaSi
daadanaSaula.
makedoniaSi ruseTis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlo­
bebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad Seiqmna xalxTa megobrobis
sxvadasxva asociaciebi da rusuli kulturis centrebi.
axalSeqmnili organizaciebi saTaveSi Caudgnen refe­
rendumis boikotis kampanias. daiwyo referendumis
sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebi, romelSic radikaluri orga­
nizaciebi, opoziciuri politikuri partiebi da spor­
tuli klubebis wevrebi monawileobdnen. saerTaSoriso
asparezze ruseTi aprotestebda makedoniis natosa da
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas. rusi diplomatebi mouwo­
debdnen rogorc makedonias, aseve evrokavSirs `mcdari
gadawyvetilebis~ gauqmebisken.
evrokavSirisa da ruseTis gazrdili zegavlenis Se­
darebisTvis, unda aRiniSnos mTavari sxvaoba am ori
mxa­­
ris komunikaciis stilTan mimarTebaSi. evrokavSi­
ris `rbili momxibvleloba~ strategiuli komunikaci­
is saxed ZiriTadad iyenebda sajaro gamosvlebs, tele-
debatebs, saxalxo Sexvedrebs da sxv. ruseTma sakuTari
`basri zegavlena~ araoficialuri kavSirebiT da medi­
aSi dezinformaciis gavrcelebiT scada. evrokavSiris
moTxovniT dawyebulma mediis reformam reformebis
sawyisi etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qaosi gamoiwvia, rac
xelSemwyob faqtorad iqca dezinformaciis da propa­
gandis gasavrceleblad. gamavrceleblad ZiriTadad
gamoiyenes adgilobrivi media-saSualebebi, romlebT­
anac aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen regionSi ruseTis
interesebis gatarebis momxre serbi eqspertebi. momrav­
lda opoziciuri partiebis gancxadebebi evrokavSirisa
da natos winaaRmdeg. `erTiani makedoniis~ lideri ianko
basevi mosaxleobas arwmunebda ruseTis keTili zrax­
vebis da makedoniis evraziul kavSirSi gawevrianebis

167
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva tipis preskonferen­
ciebze makedoniis mosaxleobas mouwodebdnen ar dahyo­
lo­da dasavleTis moTxovnebs da ar daeTmo istoriuli
saxeli. aRniSnul periodSi makedoniaSi SeiniSneboda
korespondentebis raodenobis mkveTri zrda sxvadasxva
qveynebidan. gamoCndnen trolingiT cnobili ruseTis
sain­formacio saagentoebis (maT Soris `Russia Today~) war­
momadgenlebi.
dezinformaciis da feiqebis mimarTulebiT Crdilo­
eT makedoniaSic, yvela sxva SemTxvevis msgavsad, dawi­
naurda socialuri media. socialuri mediis sxvadasxva
`niusebi~ da mravalricxovani komentarebi sazogadoeba­
Si amkvidrebda garkveul Sexedulebebs: ruseTis intere­
sebis legitimurobis dacva; istoriuli sentimentebis
gaRviveba saberZneTis winaaRmdeg; sazogadoebis daSineba
cru dilemebiTa da SeTqmulebis TeoriebiT (eri gaqro­
bis saSiSroebis winaSe dgas... prespas xelSekrulebis Sem­
deg saberZneTi gadawers makedoniis istorias da sxva);
saberZneTis mTavrobis dadanaSauleba nacionalisturi
gamosvlebis organizebaSi... dezinformaciuli mesijebis
gasavrceleblad gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen botebi
da trolebi. Seiqmna da gavrcelda heSTegebi refer­
endumis boikotis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli periodis socia­
luri qselebis mTavar tendenciebad iqca: siZulvilis
ena, eTnikur da politikur niadagze Seuracxyofa,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebze Tavdasxma, sazogadoebis
polarizacia. media polarizacia referendumis Semd­
gomac gagrZelda. makedoniis damoukideblobis mTeli
istoriis manZilze, am periodis media garemo yvelaze
arajansaRad Sefasda media eqspertebis mier.
JurnalistebTan Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad
gamoikveTa media-analizis saintereso aspeqtebi. CamovT­
vliT zog maTgans. pasuxebis mixedviT, dezinformaciis

168
gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo internet platformebis ra­
odenobis mkveTrma zrdam. dezinformaciis mTavar mimar­
Tulebad am SemTxvevaSic dasaxelda nacionalur grZno­
bebze TamaSi. Jurnalistebis azriT, problemebis winaSe
aRmoCnda tradiciuli media saSualebebic, maTi mflo­
belebisgan momdinare zewolis, finansebis simwirisa da
JurnalistTa TviT-cenzuris gami. iseve, rogorc sxva
yofil totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, makedoniaSic me­
dia SeCveuli iyo Zalauflebis vertikalis arsebobas da
informaciis gavrcelebaze saxelmwifo monopolias, ami­
tomac Jurnalistebs gansakuTrebiT gauWirdaT politi­
kurad mniSvnelovan periodSi profesionalizmis gamov­
lena. Jurnalistebis azriT, media saSualebebis mwiri
profesionalizmis maCvenebelia sazogadoebis emociebze
TamaSis gareSe informaciis gadmocemis uunaroba; medi­
am verc mosaxleobis kvalificiuri informireba SeZlo
prespas istoriuli SeTanxmebis pliusebis da riskebis
Sesaxeb. saxeze iyo balansis dakargva, pasuxismgeblobis
da profesionalizmis nakleboba da eTikis principebis
ugulebelyofa. es ki mediis qaosis iaraRad qcevis
saukeTeso gzaa.
evrokavSiris mxridan ganxorcielebul zegavlenas
Jurnalistebi pozitiur zegavlenad ganixilaven. me­
dia seqtorSi ganxorcielda evrokavSirisTvis damaxa­
siaTebeli wamaxalisebeli mxardaWera: sxvadasxva tipis
treningebi, vizitebi msoflios wamyvan media-saSuale­
bebSi, teqnikisa da aparaturis saCuqrad gadacema...
Tumca, msgavsi CarTuloba yvelasTvis ar iyo gamiznuli.
media bazarze kvlavac didia dabalanazRaurebadi Jur­
nalistebis raodenoba, rac maT advilad mowyvlad jgu­
fad mosyidvisTvis aqcevs sxvadasxva jgufebis mxridan.
miuxedavad mravali problemisa, mediis warmomad­
genlebs ar sjerodaT, rom garedan ganxorcielebuli

169
sainformacio operaciebi realur Sedegs gamoiRebda
seqtembris referendumSi.
Jurnalistebis msgavsad, arc akademiuri wreebis war­
momadgenlebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTis basri Zala rea­
lurad imoqmedebda referendumis Sedegebze. isini xazs
usvamdnen qveynis Sida sisusteebs, rogorc mTavar faq­
tors arasasurveli zegavlenebis ganxorcielebisTvis.
sxvadasxva respodentis azriT, makedoniis xelisufle­
ba da opozicia erTiania evrointegraciis TemasTan
dakavSirebiT, magram sazogadoebas cudad esmis ras
niSnavs evropuli momavali. totalitarulma warsul­
ma adamianebi miaCvia upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebas
qveynis momavlis mimarT, daukarga realuri saWiroebebis
gansazRvris unari da daamkvidra rwmena, rom Cveni gasa­
keTebeli saqme viRac sxvam unda gaakeTos. sazogadoeba
movlenebs uyurebs infantilurad da piradi sargeblis
molodinis reJimSi.
studentebis interviuebSic gamoikveTa sayuradRebo
aspeqtebi. maTi azriT, geopolitikuri mdebareobidan
momdinare, makedonia yovelTvis iyo sxvadasxva mxa­
ga­
reebis interesTa Sejaxebis areali. studentebis dak­
virvebiT, ruseTis interesebis zrda qveyanaSi gamoixata
diplomatiuri misiebis gaaqtiurebiT. studentebi so­
cialur mediaSi gavrcelebul dezinformaciaze didad
ar amaxvilebnen yuradRebas, radgan maTi umravlesoba
acxadebda, rom informaciis misaRebad iyenebda sando
wyaroebs. studentebs Rrmad swamdaT, rom ar aris ad­
vili raime saxis negatiuri zemoqmedeba makedoniel
xalxze. maT sjerodaT sakuTari qveynis da misi evro­
puli momavlis.
dasavleTisa da ruseTis zegavlenis xasiaTisa da
masStabebis Sedarebisas, sxvadasxva interviuSi aRniSnu­
lia gavlenebis asimetriuloba. evrokavSiris da natos

170
warmomadgenlobebi qveyanaSi funqcionirebs oficialu­
rad da legaluri diplomatiuri saqmianobis farglebSi,
xolo ruseTis zegavlenis meqanizmebi araoficialuri,
aralegaluri da Znelad gasakontrolebelia.
makedoniis premierma zoran zaevma 2018 wlis ivlisSi
briuselSi ganacxada, rom misi informaciiT quCis pro­
testebis ukan ruseTis kvali ikveTeba, magram yvelafers
gaakeTebs konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad. saintere­
soa zoran zaevis 2017 wlis gancxadebac, romlis mixed­
viT evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianeba skopiesTvis
erTaderTi SesaZlo arCevania, Tumca SiSobs, rom ru­
seTs eqneba mkveTri reaqcia.
ruseTis oficialuri wreebi uaryofdnen makedoniis
saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis raime mcdelobas, Tumca aseve
xSirad acxadebdnen, rom natoSi gawevrianeba ar Sedis
balkaneTis qveynebis interesSi.
30 seqtembers Catarebuli referendumi moulodneli
SedegebiT dasrulda. referendumze mivida amomrCev­
elTa mxolod 36.9 %. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTgan 90%
Semoxaza `diax~, referendumi Cavarda. makedoniis kon­
stituciis mixedviT, referendumis Sedegebis cnobis
aucilebeli pirobaa 50%-iani monawileoba. prespas Se­
Tanxmebis ratificirebisgan Tavi Seikava zoran zaevmac.
makedoniis referendumze ruseTis basri Zalis zemo­
qmedebis realuri Sedegis miuxedavad, basrma Zalam ver
miaRwia mTavar mizans: istoriuli procesis CaSla, eT­
nikuri konfliqtebis gaRviveba, politikuri da ekono­
mi­kuri ganviTarebis minimum erTi TaobiT gadavadeba...
re­ferendumis Sedegebis miuxedavad, 2019 wlis ianvarSi
ma­kedoniis parlamentma moaxdina prespas xelSekrulebis
ratificireba da makedonias Seecvala oficialuri sa­
xeli.

171
 CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikam 2019 wlis Teber­
valSi daiwyo natoSi gawevrianebis procesi da saxelm­
wifoebis absoluturi umravlesobis parlamentebSi
sa­ratifikacio procesi dasrulebulia. CrdiloeT make­
doniis respublika aseve elodeba evrokavSirSi gawevri­
anebas evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg raundze.

bibliografia:

1. Liljana Pecova-Ilieska, Kire Babanovski. Monitoring the Media Con-

tent from Foreign Influence over the EU/NATO Accession Process in
Macedonia. IMPETUS. 2019.
2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. https://www.nato.int
3. European Union. https://europa.eu
4. Prespa Agreement. Balkan History. Encyclopedia BRITANNICA. https://
www.britannica.com/event/Prespa-Agreement
5. North Macedonia Ratifies NATO Protocol, Raises Alliance Flag. Radio-
FreeErope. RadioLiberty. February 11, 2020. https://www.rferl.org/a/
north-macedonia-ratifies-nato-protocol-raises-alliance-flag/30429203.
html
6. Greece Orders Expulsion of Two Russian Diplomats. BBC NEWS. July
11, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44792714

172
 boloTqma – dilemebi da paradoqsebi

cifruli revolucia da misi Tanmdevi Zalis difuzia

Tvisobrivad cvlis saerTaSoriso politikis aqtorTa
qmedebebs da TamaSis wess. axali gamowvevebi cvlis Cvens
Cveul warmodgenebs samyaroze. ra Seicvleba uaxloesi
5-10 wlis manZilze? iqneb sjobs vikiTxoT, ra ar Seicv­
leba?
mimdinare movlenebs sul ufro xSirad uxameben
metaforebs dilema, paradoqsi: demokratiuli dilema,
ideologiuri dilema, Zalauflebis paradoqsi, ameri­
kuli Zalauflebis paradoqsi, progresis paradoqsi,
globalizaciis paradoqsi...
demokratiis arsi TanamonawileobaSia, rac Tavis­
Tavad gulisxmobs azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvas da
komunikacias sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris. Tavisuflebas
safuZvlad udevs ramdenime martivi wesi, maT Soris,
sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba tyuilis amoralurobis Sesa­
xeb. amgvari SeTanxmeba drom da gamocdilebam, aseve so­
cialuri mSvidobis prioritetma da Rirebulebebze da­
fuZnebulma ganaTlebis sistemam moitana. informaciuli
revolucia arRvevs Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul sazoga­
doebriv wesrigs, mowyvlads xdis politikur sistemas,
moqalaqes ki atyuebs da aCvevs tyuilis moralurobas.
amgvari zegavlena aralegitimuria, Tumca ar aris ara­
legaluri. sistemuri pasuxi manipulaciis mimarT rTu­
li mosafiqrebelia.
sabWoTa moqalaqes tyuilis amoraluroba verc poli­
tikurma sistemam aswavla da verc religiam. sistemaSi,
sadac tyuili xSirad adamianebis gadarCenis erTader­
Ti piroba iyo, tyuilis fenomenma erTgvari moralu­

173
ri gamarTlebac ki hpova. cifruli revoluciis piro­
bebSi postsabWoTa sazogadoebebisTvis sasicocxlod
aucilebelia TviTgajansaRebis meqanizmebis mofiqreba
da amuSaveba, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis miRweva moralsa
da amoralurobaze, axali unarebis daufleba sakuTari
uflebebis dasacavad.
Sua saukuneebSi yvela adamians moeTxoveboda iara­
Ris xmarebis codna, radganac Tavdamsxma yoveldRiuri
realoba iyo. XX saukuneSi, msoflio omebisa da civi omis
gamo, moqalaqeebs bavSvobidanve aswavlidnen samoqalaqo
Tavdacvis elementarul saSualebebs, radganac xmlis da
revolveris moxmareba veRar dagvicavda sahaero dabom­
bvebisgan.
dRes Tavdasxma xSirad informaciul Sturms niS­
navs. odesRac saqarTvelo imperiaTa armiebis manevri­
rebis geopolitikuri derefani iyo, dRes ki inter­
net qselebis gadakveTis geopolitikuri derefania da
Cveni unarebic Sesabamisi unda gaxdes.

174
damkabadonebeli
ირინე სტროგანოვა
garekanis dizaineri
ილია ხელაია
garekanis ilustratori
რატი კუპატაძე

wigni dakabadonda gamomcemloba `inteleqtSi~

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