Professional Documents
Culture Documents
რბილი ძალა
რბილი ძალა
Gvantsa Abdaladze
Tbilisi 2020
TBILISI 2020
redaqtori: TinaTin xidaSeli
Editor: Tinatin Khidasheli
ISBN 978-9941-31-090-4
nawili I
PART I
1.1. Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
TeoriaSi.................................................................................. 22
Power in International Relations
1.2. jozef nais rbili Zalis Teoria.......................................... 32
Soft Power Theory by Joseph S. Nye
1.3. cifruli revolucia, Zalis difuzia
da tranzicia, axali saxalxo diplomatia................ 50
Digital Revolution, Power Transition and Power Diffusion, New Public
Diplomacy
1.4. dasavleTis rbili Zala............................................................ 76
Western Soft Power
1.5. basri Zala – ruseTi, CineTi.................................................... 90
Sharp Power – Russia, China
1.6. propaganda................................................................................... 105
Propaganda
1.7. dezinformacia da Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba.................... 118
Disinformation and Open Source Intelligence
nawili II
PART II
2.1. ruseTis basri Zala saqarTveloSi...................................... 129
Russia’s Sharp Power in Georgia
2.2. ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi ukrainaSi....................... 150
oleqsandra cexanovska, gvanca abdalaZe
Russia’s Disinformation War in Ukraine
Oleksandra Tsekhanovska, Gvantsa Abdaladze
2.3. CrdiloeT makedonia – rbili da basri Zalebis
zegavlena............................................................................. 164
Soft and Sharp Power influences in North Macedonia
boloTqma – dilemebi da paradoqsebi....................................... 173
Afterwards – Dilemmas and Paradoxes
4
winaTqma
5
ver iqca politikuri mecnierebis da saerTaSoriso ur
TierTobebis kvlevis Temad an saswavlo kursad sauniver
siteto programebSi mcire gamonaklisebis garda.
aRniSnuli tendenciis mizezad ramdenime faqtori
unda dasaxeldes. akademiuri sfero konservatiulia
Tavisi bunebiT da uWirs saerTaSoriso politikis mim
dinare problemebis myisierad asaxva. amasTan, rbili
Zalis sakiTxi interdisciplinuria da rTulia misTvis
konkretuli adgilis miCena tradiciul akademiur mi
marTulebebSi, sadac kvlevebisTvis iyeneben aprobire
bul meTodebsa da meTodologias.
globalizaciis daCqarebuli tempi da rbili Zalis
gavlenis swrafi zrda ar gvitovebs simSvidis uflebas.
ruseTis rbili Zalis gaaqtiurebam saqarTveloSi (gan
sakuTrebiT, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdgom
periodSi) unda ganapirobos rbili Zalis Temis priori
tetuloba saqarTveloSi. 2016 wlis aSS saprezidento
arCevnebSi ruseTis rbili Zalis zegavlenis eqsper
tulma dadasturebam rbili Zalis Tema prioritetulad
aqcia msoflio masStabiT.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo rbili Zalis sakiTxis
akademiur sivrceSi adgilis gansazRvris mokrZalebuli
mcdelobaa. saxelmZRvanelo SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT
ZiriTad an damxmare literaturad sxvadasxva saswavlo
kursebisTvis. aseve, SesaZlebelia saxelmZRvanelom xeli
Seuwyos akademiur diskurss politikuri mecnierebebis
(maT Soris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis) dargSi.
saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis procesSi wavawydiT ramde
nime mniSvnelovan problemas Tematikis gansazRvris da
Teoriuli CarCoebis gamokveTis mimarTulebiT.
saxelmZRvaneloSi rbili Zalis Teoriul CarCod
ganvsazRvreT: jozef nais xedva rbili Zalis (Soft Power),
xisti Zalis (Hard Power), Wkviani Zalis (Smart Power) da
6
Zalis difuziis Sesaxeb; aseve gaviTvaliswineT jesika
ludvigis da qristofer uolkeris `basri Zalis~ (Sharp
Power) termini, romliTac Tavisi specifikuri meqanizme
bisa da mZime Sedegebis gamo calke segmentad gamoiyo
ruseTis da CineTis rbili Zala.
ruseTis da CineTis `rbili Zalis~ aRsaniSnavad
saxelmZRvaneloSi viyenebT termins `basri Zala~, ro
melsac vmijnavT jozef naiseuli `rbili Zalisgan~.
am ukanasknelSi `RirebulebiTi momxibvlelobis Zala~
moiazreba da is dasavluri samyaros maxasiaTeblad mig
vaCnia, rogorc civi omis, aseve mis Semdgom periodSi.
`basri Zalis~ anatomia kidev ufro naklebad aris
Seswavlili, vidre klasikuri `rbili Zala~. rusuli
`bas
ri Zalis~ analizisas daskvnebi umetesad mokle
(mag. civi omis droindeli meTodebis aRorZineba) da
fragmentulia (ZiriTadad dezinformaciis mimarTule
biT). Cven SevecadeT saxelmZRvaneloSi rusuli `basri
Zalis~ elementebad gveCvenebina: sabWoTa propaganda,
dezinformaciis gavrcelebis cifruli SesaZleblobebi
da sainformacio operaciebi.
nais `rbili Zalis~ TeoriaSi yvelaze sayuradReboa
ara imdenad Zalis danawevreba da sxarti terminebis
damkvidreba, aramed msjeloba Zalis difuziis Sesaxeb.
Zalis difuzia, rogorc cifruli revoluciis Tanmdevi
procesi, aris swored is mTavari tendencia, romelic
cvlis Cvens warmodgenaSi damkvidrebul narativebs da
meta-narativebs globalizaciis, saerTaSoriso poli
tikis, diplomatiis, mediis da sxva aqtorebisa Tu faq
torebis Sesaxeb.
amdenad, Zalis difuziaze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso
politikis postmodernuli transformacia mniSvnelovan
komponentad miviCnieT saxelmZRvanelos Tematikis gansa
zRvris dros. saxelmZRvanelos sxvadasxva TavebSi gan
7
vixilavT sakiTxebs, romlebic aqtiuri gansjis sagania
saerTaSoriso wreebSi. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi nakle
bad icnoben am Temebs da aqtualuri ar aris diskursi
mimdinare saerTaSoriso tendenciebis Sesaxeb. maT Soris
iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis da
cifruli Jurnalistikis mzardi politikuri zegavlena,
samTavrobo diplomatiis cifrul diplomatiad gardaqm
nis gamowvevebi da sxv.
qarTulma sazogadoebam, romelic damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis dRidan aqtiuradaa CarTuli saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis da modernizaciis mZime procesSi, Tvali
unda gausworos axal gamowvevebs. dRes samyaro Tviso
brivad icvleba, rac kidev ufro amZimebs Sida transfor
maciis process. bolo periodis gaxmaurebulma skandale
bma (terorizmi, kiberTavdasxmebi, bavSvTa pornografia
da a.S.) kargad aCvena, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo ar aris
mzad Zalis difuziiT gamowveul axal gamowvevebTan ga
samklavleblad.
Teoriuli msjelobis garda, saxelmZRvanelo gTava
zobT sami SemTxvevis analizs: saqarTvelos, ukrainis
da CrdiloeT makedoniis magaliTebze. saqarTvelos
da ukrainis Sida Tu sagareo gamowvevebi metnaklebad
msgavsia da maT xSirad ganixilaven erT konteqstSi. am
ori qveynis magaliTis ganxilva gvaZlevs SedarebiTi
analizis saSualebas. CrdiloeT makedoniis magaliTi
sayuradReboa im mxriv, rom kargad gvaCvenebs Tu ra
gamowvevebis winaSe SeiZleba aRmovCndeT momavalSi,
evrointegraciis procesis finalur etapze.
***
saxelmZRvaneloze muSaobis procesSi gamoikveTa ram
de
nime sayuradRebo tendencia. Cvens mier gamoyenebul
masalebSi saqarTvelo aRar moixsenieba rogorc rusuli
8
`basri Zalis~ safrTxis qveS myofi saxelmwifo. akademiur
statiebsa Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebis angariSebSi
saqarTvelo sul ufro xSirad moiazreba rusuli gavle
nis qveS myof da ara gavlenis safrTxis qveS myof saxel
mwifod. msgavsi tendencia aCvenebs, rom saqarTvelo aRq
mulia SezRuduli suverenitetis qveynad.
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg saqarTvelo gaxda
rusuli politikis erTgvari laboratoria. saqarTve
loSi gamoyenebuli da aprobirebuli meTodebi Semd
gom aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva regionSi. saerTa
Soriso asparezze am Temis wamowevisTvis mniSvnelovnad
migvaCnia akademiuri wreebis meti aqtiuroba, radgan
saerTaSoriso azrs da tendenciebs swored mecnierebi,
politikis mkvlevarebi da eqspertebi qmnian. saWiroa
saerTaSoriso akademiur wreebs vaCvenoT saqarTvelos
problemebis prioritetuloba.
cifruli globalizaciis da Zalis difuziis pro
cesSi axal gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad aucilebelia
miznobrivi centrebis Seqmna. centrebSi vgulisxmobT
rogorc specialur saxelmwifo uwyebas, aseve akademiur
kvleviT centrebs. sakiTxis kompleqsurobidan da mniS
vnelobidan gamomdinare, araracionaluria saxelmwifos
usafrTxoebaze diskusia mivandoT mxolod arasamTa
vrobo seqtors an erTeul mkvlevarebs. Zalis difuziiT
Tu ruseTis `basri ZaliT~ Seqmnili axali gamowvevebis
kvleva moiTxovs mravalmxriv CarTulobas, fundamen
tur kvlevas da interdisciplinuri meTodologiis Se
muSavebas.
specialuri saxelmwifo centris saqmianobis miznad
ganvixilavT rogorc axali tipis safrTxeebis identifi
kacias da prevencias, aseve muSaobas kanonmdeblobis
daxvewis sakiTxebze. ukanasknel wlebSi sxvadasxva saxelm
wifoSi mravlad Camoyalibda msgavsi centrebi. maTi fun
9
qcionirebis modeli SesaZlebelia nimuSad gamodges. sa
mecniero-analitikuri centris saqmianobis mizani unda
iyos axali kvleviTi kiTxvebis, axali Temebis da korela
ciebis dadgena. amisTvis koordinirebul kvlevebSi unda
CaerTon sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevarebi (saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis eqspertebi, samarTlis da saerTaSoriso
samarTlis, politikis mkvlevarebi, fsiqologebi, socio
logebi, usafrTxoebis da kiber-usafrTxoebis mkvleva
rebi, mediis da strategiuli komunikaciis eqspertebi,
samxedro da sadazvervo saqmianobis eqspertebi, Teolo
gebi, praqtikosi diplomatebi da sxva). maTi CarTulobis
gareSe SeuZlebeli xdeba Sedegze orientirebuli kvle
vebis ganxorcieleba Zalis difuziis Tu `basri Zalis~
safrTxeebTan dakavSirebiT. msgavsi kvleviTi centris
Seqmna didi gamowvevaa qarTuli samecniero resursebis
da interdisciplinuri kvlevebis simwiris gamo. saerTa
Soriso eqspertebis procesSi CarTva erTaderTi logi
kuri da racionaluri gamosavalia.
samomavlo kvlevebis TematikasTan dakavSirebiT, Ca
movTvliT ramdenime aspeqts, romelic aSkarad gamorCe
nilia Tanamedrove qarTul akademiur kvlevebSi. sxva
dasxva saerTaSoriso kvlevebis mixedviT, propaganda
da dezinformacia iwvevs narkotikul miCvevas da axal-
axa
li ulufis moTxovnilebas. cifruli globaliza
ciis pirobebSi dezinformaciis zewolisgan Tu piradi
safrTxeebisgan Tavis dacvis uunarobis mTavari mizezia
sazogadoebaSi media-wignierebis dabali done. amasTan,
axali safrTxeebis mimarT gansakuTrebulad mowyvladia
zogierTi jgufi. maT Soris: bavSvebi, moxucebi, socia
lurad daucveli adamianebi da zogadad post-krizisuli
sazogadoebebi. aseve TvalnaTelia korelacia politi
kuri institutebis efeqtur funqcionirebasa da Zalis
difuziiT gamowveuli safrTxeebis daZlevas Soris.
10
aucilebelia kvlevebi, rac daadasturebs an uar
yofs msgavs hipoTezebs saqarTvelos realobaSi. aseve
gavrcelebuli aqsiomaa postsabWoTa adamianis mentalu
ri mzaoba daijeros warmoudgeneli da ar aiRos pasu
mgebloba sakuTar qmedebebze. Tumca konkretulad
xis
saqarTvelos sazogadoebis analizi verasdros gaxdeba
saerTaSoriso mkvlevarTa kvlevis prioritetuli Tema.
qarTuli sazogadoebis maRali mimRebloba rbili da bas
ri meqanizmebis mimarT unda gamyardes kvlevebiT kogni
turi meqanizmebis, politikuri qcevis Tu sxva sakiTxe
bis Sesaxeb.
Zalis difuzias aqvs dadebiTi mxareebic, magaliTad
informaciis xelmisawvdomoba. am saxelmZRvaneloze mu
Sa
obac swored informaciis xelmisawvdomobam gaxada
SesaZlebeli. gacifrebulia iseTi dokumentebic ki, rac
sul raRac aTiode wlis win warmoudgeneli iqneboda.
Zalis difuziis da cifruli revoluciis mTavari
upiratesobaa, rom rbil Zalas qmnian da iyeneben patara
saxelmwifoebi da individebi. saerTaSoriso politika
Si individis rolis zrdasruliad axali movlenaa da
sa
xelmwifoebi eguebian axal realobas. saqarTvelos
saxelmwifom da qarTulma sazogadoebam unda gamoZeb
nos resursi sakuTari rbili meqanizmebis SeqmnisTvis,
rogorc saxelmwifos reintegraciis, aseve mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
am miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli procesia axali teqno
logiuri unarebis daufleba da sxvadasxva dargebis
transformacia. magaliTad, axali saxalxo diplomatiis,
cifruli Jurnalistikis da strategiuli komunikaciis
ganviTareba da sxva.
axali Taobis mkvlevarebs, sajaro moxeleebs Tu dip
lomatebs unda esmodeT, rom maT mouwevT iseTi unare
bis daufleba, rasac maTi winamorbedebi ar flobdnen.
11
rbili Zalis axali meqanizmebis Seqmna saerTo-saxalxo
CarTulobas moiTxovs da scdeba samTavrobo Zalaufle
bisa da gadawyvetilebebis areals. aRniSnul konteqstSi
gadamwyveti iqneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZliereba
da profesionalizmi.
samomavlo tendenciebze saubris da survilebis grZe
li CamonaTvalis garda, cxadi xdeba zogierTi refor
mis aucilebloba, rac saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe ver
ganxorcieldeba. mediawignierebis savaldebulo kursis
CarTva ganaTlebis yvela safexurze is minimumia, rac
uaxloes momavalSi unda gakeTdes saxelmwifos mxridan.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuroba da zewola am mimar
TulebiT gadamwyveti SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
Tanamedrove msoflios swrafi cvlilebebis, ryeve
bisa da revoluciebis xanaSi cxovreba rTulia, rogorc
individisTvis, ise saxelmwifosTvis. gamowvevebisTvis
Tvalis gasworebis gareSe saxelmwifo CamorCeba mimdi
nare saerTaSoriso tendenciebs da dakargavs momavali
ganviTarebis orientirs.
is erebi, romelTac ver SeZles procesebze miyola
wina sami industriuli revoluciis dros, samudamod
an didi xniT CamoSordnen civilizaciis ganviTarebas.
meoTxe industriuli revolucia ar iZleva TviTizola
ciis saSualebas. is bevr sikeTes moutans warmatebulebs
da gadarCenis Sanss ar miscems CamorCenilebs.
***
saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba da gamocema SesaZlebeli
gaxda WEASA-s (varSavis evro-atlantikuri sazafxulo
akademia) 2019 wlis individualuri grantis safuZvelze.
madlobas vuxdiT proeqtis sponsor organizaciebs.
aseve madlobas vuxdiT: saxelmZRvanelos redaqtors,
TinaTin xidaSels, proeqtiT dainteresebisa da gaweuli
12
SromisTvis; proeqtis saerTaSoriso eqsperts oleqsan
dra cexanovskas – ukrainis qeisis TanaavtorobisTvis;
liliana pesova ilieskas, romelmac gagviwia konsulta
cia da mogvawoda masalebi CrdiloeT makedoniis magali
Tis mosamzadeblad.
13
PREFACE
In the 21st century, soft power has become one of the most
commonly used terms worldwide. Internet search engines provide nu-
merous articles, documents, monographs, and other material related
to this term. As with other commonly employed terms, this term has
also lost its precise definition which makes the meaning obscure. The
question is whether we should consider ~soft power”to be a new
theory or just a popular term. What is the attitude to the phenome
non of soft power in either academic or non-academic circles? How
high is the interest in soft power in government circles, the media,
or civil society?
In the last decade, representatives of the non-governmental sec-
tor and academia have often discussed the concept of soft power
at international fora or conferences. Organizations dedicated to the
methodical study of soft power issues were established in Georgia as
well as in the rest of the world. However, there is an obvious wor-
rying trend soft power anatomy is mainly analyzed by international
organizations, NGOs and media research centers. They focus on me-
dia literacy, disinformation dissemination and fact-checking techniques,
detection of disinformation centers and other topics related to these
problems. The issue has not yet penetrated the academic sphere and
therefore has not become a research topic for political science experts
or an academic course in the university curriculum.
Several factors can be identified as the cause of this problem.
The academic sphere is conservative by its very nature and finds it
difficult to reflect immediately on the problems emerging in interna-
tional politics. Moreover, the issue of soft power is interdisciplinary
and not easily found in traditional academic settings where already
proven research methods and methodologies are employed.
14
Sadly, the accelerated rhythm of globalization in international
politics and the rapid increase in the influence of soft power do not
present an opportunity for quiet judgment. Expert confirmation of the
influence of Russia’s soft power in the 2016 US presidential elections
has made this issue a top priority all over the world. The intensive
use of Russia’s soft power in Georgia since the 2008 Russian-Georgian
war has made this issue critical for Georgia as well.
This textbook is a modest attempt to define the issue of soft
power in academia. The textbook can be used as the main or an
additional literature source for various courses. It will also assist in
promoting academic discourse in the field of political science (primarily
concerning international relations).
In the process of writing the textbook we came across some
important issues concerning the definition of the topic and outlining
the theoretical framework.
The theoretical framework of Soft Power employed in the text-
book is based on the theory by Joseph Nye concerning Soft Power,
Hard Power, Smart Power and Power Diffusion; together with Jes-
sica Ludwig’s and Christopher Walker’s contribution to the creation
of the term ~Sharp Power” within the frames of this theory, in
which, Russian and Chinese Soft Power were singled out as separate
segments due to specific mechanisms and severe consequences as-
sociated with them.
To refer to ~Soft Power,” practiced by Russia and China, we use
the term ~Sharp Power”, which we distinguish from the term ~Soft
Power” employed by Joseph Nye. The latter is considered to be ~at-
traction with values” and is a characteristic of the Western world,
both in the Cold War and in the post-Cold War era.
We believe that in Nye’s theory of ~Soft Power”, the most notable
factor is not so much the breaking of power into components and
the introduction of neat terms, but the discussion concerning the dif-
fusion of power. Diffusion of power, as an accompanying process of
the digital revolution, is the main trend that replaces the narratives
15
and meta-narratives fixed in our imagination concerning actors or fac-
tors of globalization, international politics, diplomacy, the media, etc.
Therefore, the post-modern transformation of international politics
based on the diffusion of power, is considered to be an important
component in defining the scope and theme of the textbook. The
Georgian society, which has been actively involved in the critical
process of state-building and modernization since its declaration of
independence, must face new challenges. Today the world is chang-
ing qualitatively, further aggravating the process of internal transfor-
mation of the Georgian state. Various high-profile events of recent
years (terrorism, cyber-attacks, child pornography, etc.) have made it
clear that the Georgian state is not ready to face the difficulties of
the diffusion of power.
The anatomy of ~Sharp Power” is less explored compared to the
classic understanding of ~Soft Power”. The conclusions made as a result
of the analysis of Russian ~Sharp Power” are mostly brief (e.g. Cold
War methods have been revived) and fragmented (mainly concerning
disseminating disinformation). In this textbook, we have attempted
to specify elements of the Russian ~Sharp Power” and outline three
key features: the Soviet propaganda; capabilities and opportunities
of dissemination of digital disinformation; and information operations.
In various chapters of this textbook, crucial issues actively dis-
cussed in international circles are outlined. Unfortunately, these top-
ics are not well-known in Georgia and there is no active discussion
concerning current international trends. These include the growing
political influence of open-source investigations and digital journalism
on international politics and the challenges of transforming govern-
ment diplomacy into digital diplomacy, etc.
In addition to the theoretical part, the textbook encompasses the
analysis of three cases: examples of Georgia, Ukraine, and Northern
Macedonia. The internal and external challenges faced by Georgia and
Ukraine are similar and they are often discussed in the same context.
Considering the examples of these two countries once again presents
16
an opportunity for comparative analysis. The example of North Mace-
donia is noteworthy in that it illustrates the challenges we are going
to face shortly at the final stage of the European integration process.
***
Several problems and nuances emerged while working on the text-
book. In international studies or reports reviewed, Georgia is no longer
referred to as a state at high risk by the Russia’s ~Sharp Power”. In
our opinion, in academic articles or reports of international organiza-
tions, Georgia is described to be a Russian-influenced state and not
a state threatened by this country. Such a trend shows that Georgia
is perceived as a country of limited state sovereignty. Therefore, it is
vital to intensify the discussion in this direction.
After restoring independence, Georgia became a kind of labora-
tory of Russia’s politics. The methods utilized and tested in Georgia
were then actively applied in different regions. To bring this topic
now for discussion into the international arena, we consider it crucial
for the academic community to become more active, as scholars and
experts of politics create international opinion and trends. It is also
critical to show the priority of the issues connected with Georgia to
international academic circles.
Special centers need to be created to meet new challenges in
the process of digital globalization and power diffusion. Under such
centers, we mean both specialized state agencies and academic re-
search centers. Given the complexity and importance of the issue,
it is unreasonable to assume that the responsibility for the security
of the state lies only with the non-governmental sector or individual
researchers. Exploring new challenges created by either the diffusion
of power or by the Russia’s ~Sharp Power” requires the involvement
of many scholars, multidisciplinary research and the development of
interdisciplinary methodologies.
The main purpose of the special State Centre will be to identify
and prevent threats, as well as to refine existent legislation to deal
17
with new types of threats. In recent years, similar centers have been
established in various countries. The model these centers employ can
serve as a working model. The purpose of the work of the Scientific-
Analytical Centre should be to identify new research questions, new
topics and correlations. To achieve these goals, coordinated research
should involve researchers from various fields (international relations,
policy and security experts; cyber security experts; law and international
law specialists; psychologists, sociologists, theologians; media and strate-
gic communication experts; practicing diplomats; military and intelligence
experts, etc.). Without their involvement, it is impossible to carry out
results-oriented research related to the dangers of Power Diffusion or
~Sharp Power”. Creating such a Research Centre is a major challenge
due to the scarcity of scientific resources and interdisciplinary research
in Georgia. Engaging international experts in the process of is the only
logical and rational solution to this problem.
Concerning the topics of future research, several aspects can be
named that are currently missing in contemporary Georgian academic
research. According to various international studies, propaganda and
disinformation lead to addiction and the longing for new portions
of similar information. The main reason for the inability to protect
against the pressure of disinformation or personal threats in the face
of digital globalization is at the low level of media literacy in society.
As well as this, some groups of society are particularly vulnerable to
new threats. Amongst these are children, the elderly, socially vulner-
able, unprotected people and generally post-crisis societies. There is
also a clear correlation between the effective functioning of political
institutions and the dangers posed by the diffusion of power.
Further research is needed to confirm or disprove such hypotheses
in Georgian reality. There is also a widespread axiom characteristic of the
post-Soviet person’s mental readiness to believe in the unthinkable and
not to take responsibility for his or her actions. However, the analysis
of Georgian society, in particular, will never be a scorching research
topic for international researchers. The high acceptance of Georgian
18
society of soft and sharp mechanisms should be supported by research
on cognitive mechanisms, political behavior or other critical issues.
The diffusion of power also has advantages, such as access to
information. Working on this textbook was made easy by the infor-
mation being accessible. Even documents that were unthinkable to
access just a decade ago have been digitized today.
The main advantage of Power Diffusion and the digital revolu-
tion is that both small states and individuals create and utilize Soft
Power. The emerging role of the individual in international politics is
a completely new phenomenon, and states are gradually adapting to
a new reality. Georgia and Georgian society should find resources to
create their soft mechanisms to reintegrate as the State and improve
relations with neighboring countries. The factors critical to achiev-
ing this goal are the acquisition of new technological skills and the
transformation of various fields. For example, the development of new
public diplomacy, digital journalism and strategic communication, etc.
The new generation of researchers, civil servants, or diplomats
must realize that they will have to master skills that their predecessors
did not possess. Creating new Soft Power mechanisms requires general
public engagement and goes beyond the scope of governmental power
and decision-making. Strengthening of civil society and professionalism
will be crucial in this context.
In addition to discussing future trends and a long list of wishes,
there is a clear need for certain reforms that cannot be implemented
without State intervention. The mandatory media literacy course at
all levels of education is the least that should be initiated soon by
the State. Activism and pressure from civil society can become crucial
in this regard.
Life is difficult for both the individual and the State in the condi-
tions of rapid changes, instabilities and revolutions so common in the
modern world. Due to this, without facing the challenges posed by
the modern age, the State lags behind current international trends
and loses the guidelines of future development.
19
Nations that failed to follow the processes of the previous three
industrial revolutions were removed from the development of civiliza-
tion forever or at least for a considerable time. The Fourth Industrial
Revolution does not allow for self-isolation. It will bring a lot of ben-
efits to the victorious states but will not give retrospective chances
of survival to those out of step.
***
The preparation and publication of the textbook was made pos-
sible through an 2019 individual grant from WEASA (Warsaw Euro-
Atlantic Summer Academy), for which we thank the project managers
and sponsors.
Our special thanks go to Tinatin Khidasheli, Editor of the textbook
for her interest in the project and hardwork; Oleksandra Tsekhanovska,
International Expert of the Project and Co-author of the Ukrainian Case;
Liljana Pesova Ilieska for consultations and provision of materials to
prepare the text related to North Macedonia case.
20
nawili I
1.1.Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
TeoriaSi
1
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
definition/english/power_1?q=power
2
Stefano Guzzini. Max Weber’s Power. in: Max Weber and International Rela-
tions. Edited by Richard Ned Lebow. Cambridge University Press. 2017. p.
97-118
22
lis cnobili definiciis mixedviT, rodesac A aiZulebs
B-s gaakeTos is, ris gakeTebasac B sxva SemTxvevaSi ar
ecdeboda, es aris Zalis gamovlineba.1 devid bolduini
Zalas komponentebad yofs – Zala, rogorc saxelmwifo
Zliereba da Zala, rogorc potenciuri TanamSromloba.
Sesabamisad, Zala SesaZloa gulisxmobdes Tavs moxveul
Zalauflebas an sasurvel Zalauflebas.2 endriu heivudi
aqcents akeTebs Zalis definiciaze saerTaSoriso poli
tikaSi da Zalas ganmartavs, rogorc saxelmwifoebis da
supranacionaluri organizaciebis SesaZleblobas gaa
taros sakuTari interesebi sxva aqtorebis TanxmobiT
an maTi Tanxmobis gareSe.3
sxvadasxva ganmartebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia
SevTanxmdeT Zalis martiv definiciaze – Zala SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT rogorc resursebis, aqtorebis, movle
nebisa da Sedegebis kontroli, risi miRwevac SesaZle
belia Tavs moxveuli ZalauflebiT an nebayoflobiTi
TanamSromlobiT. Zala da Zalaufleba politikuri cxo
vrebis safuZvelia, rogorc saxelmwifos Sida politi
kur asparezze, aseve sagareo politikasa da saerTaSo
riso urTierTobebis warmoebis procesSi.
Zalis sxvadasxva gagebas emyareba saerTaSoriso ur
TierTobebis klasikuri Tu neo-Teoriebi da Sesabamisad,
meqanizmebis, miznebisa Tu Sedegebis ganmartebasac sxva
dasxvagvarad axdens.4
1
Robert A.Dahl. The Concept of Power. Behavioral Science. v.2. Issue 3. 1957. p.
201-215
2
David A.Baldwin. Power and International Relations. A conceptual approach.
Princeton University Press. 2016. p. 1-10
3
Andrew Heywood. Global Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. p. 17-18.
4
Zalis koncefciis mimoxilva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sx
vadasxva skolebTan da avtorebTan mimarTebiT ix. bibliogra
fiaSi miTiTebul monografiebSi.
23
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis liberaluri
skola (politikuri idealizmi) sruliad SesaZleblad
miiCnevs omis (rogorc saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTo
bis saukunovani instrumentis) Canacvlebas koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebiT. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba
saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dasamyareblad realur SesaZ
leblobad miiCneva, radgan mSvidoba erTaderT raciona
lur qmedebad ganixileba rogorc individisTvis, aseve
saxelmwifoebisTvis. racionalizmi, saerTo interesebis
gamoZebna da calkeuli agresiis saerTo ZalisxmeviT aR
mofxvra politikuri idealizmis Teoriebis safuZvelia.
aq Zala aRiqmeba TanamSromlobad, xolo TanamSromlo
bis instrumentebad miCneulia diplomatia, Tavisufali
vaWroba da politikuri morali. diplomatia ar unda
iyos faruli da aqtiurad iyenebdes saxalxo diploma
tiis SesaZleblobebs, xolo politikuri morali gani
xi
leba Zalaze dafuZnebul racionalur qmedebad da
saxelmwifoTa (gansakuTrebiT, did saxelmwifoTa) val
debulebad.
klasikuri realizmi (Tukidide, makiaveli...) da aseve
omTaSoris periodSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso urTierTo
bebis realisturi skola saerTaSoriso politikas Za
lauflebisTvis dausrulebel brZolad miiCnevs.
liberalizmis pirveli mxurvale kritikosi, eduard
qari TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso poli
tikas warmosaxviT realobas da utopias uwodebs. qaris
Tvis Zala zegavlenis Tavs moxvevis da omSi gamarjvebis
unaria, xolo saerTaSoriso politikuri wesrigi omSi ga
marjvebuli saxelmwifoebis (`kmayofili Zalebis~) wesri
gi, romelic stabiluria axal omebSi gamovlenil axali
gamarjvebulebis gamoCenamde. qarisTvis, iseve rogorc
realizmis sxva avtorebisTvis, konfliqti individebs,
jgufebs Tu saxelmwifoebs Soris gardauvali realobaa.
24
realizmSi Zala gaigivebulia saxelmwifoebis unar
Tan sakuTari interesebis dasacavad sxva saxelmwifoebs
Tavs moaxvios sakuTari survilebi da zegavlena. racio
nalur qmedebad miiCneva Zalis floba, misi maqsimizacia
da ara moralis kategoriebiT politikis warmoeba. rea
lizmSi saerTaSoriso politika dausrulebeli brZolaa
Zalauflebis mosapoveblad (hobsiseuli `yvelas omi
yvelas winaaRmdeg~), saerTaSoriso sistema ki anarqiuli.
saerTaSoriso anarqia ganpirobebulia msoflio mTavro
bis ararsebobiT, saxelmwifoTa mier srulyofili in
for maciis flobis SeuZleblobiT, didi da patara sa
xelmwifoebis asimetriuli SesaZleblobebiT.
realizmi aqcents akeTebs adamianis Zaladobriv
bunebasa da politikis warmoebis procesSi politikur
liderTa rolze. is Zalas aigivebs samxedro resursTan.
nai Segvaxsenebs, rom adreuli realistebi gvTava
zobdnen msjelobas Zalis sxvadasxva ganzomilebaze, rac
SemdgomSi sxva Teoretikosebma daiviwyes. magaliTad,
eduard qaris azriT, Zala SesaZloa daiyos samxedro
Zalad, ekonomikur Zalad da Cvens azrebze gabatonebul
Zalauflebad (propaganda), Tumca, samxedro Zalaufleba
yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponentia saerTaSoriso poli
tikaSi omis wamowyebis mudmivi safrTxis gamo.1
morgenTau ZalaSi gulisxmobs, rogorc materialur,
aseve aramaterialur resursebs da aRwers saxelmwifo
Ta Soris brZolis sam ZiriTad models: Zalis Senar
Cuneba (status quo), Zalauflebis gazrda (revizionizmi,
imperializmi), Zalauflebis demonstrireba (prestiJi).
morgenTausTvis saerTaSoriso politika dausrulebeli
brZolaa status-qvo da revizionist Zalebs Soris. Ti
Toeuli saxelmwifos mcdeloba daicvas sakuTari inte
resebi gavlenas axdens sxva saxelmwifoTa qmedebaze.
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.82
25
gansxvavebuli aqcentebia dasmuli jon merSaimeris
TavdasxmiT realizmSi. misi azriT, saerTaSoriso anar
is daZlevis erTaderTi gza globaluri hegemoniis
qi
damyarebaa. es realurad SeuZlebelia, magram didi sa
xelmwifoebi mas mainc mieswrafvian. Sesabamisad, yvela
didi qveyana revizionistia da awarmoebs eqspansionis
tur politikas.1
klasikuri liberalizmis da realizmis Teoriebis
Sedarebisas unda aRiniSnos, rom am orma msoflmxedv
elobam moaxdina erTurTis sisusteTa identificireba
da mxileba, riTic xeli Seuwyo neo-Teoriebis Seqmnas
da ufro srulyofil analizs.
skot burCilis azriT, realizmma liberaluri uto
piis gulubryviloba Seaswora da amxila politikuri
utopizmi privilegirebulTa da ZlevamosilTa intere
sebis gatarebaSi. Tumca utopianizmis arseboba aucile
belia realizmis `unayofobis~ saCveneblad. utopizmi
uar yofs altruizmis iluzorul xasiaTs da kargad
war moaCens realizmis sisusteebs: realizmi verafers
gvTavazobs ZalauflebisTvis gamudmebuli brZolis
garda, rac SeuZlebels xdis nebismieri saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebis mSeneblobas. liberalur TeoriebSi (idea
listebi, utopistebi) Zaladoba iracionaluri deviaciaa
da zians ayenebs saxelmwifoTa grZelvadian interesebs.2
neoliberalizmi (liberaluri institucionalizmi)
iziarebs realizmis zogierT postulats (saerTaSoriso
sistemis anarqiuloba; saerTaSoriso sistemaSi saxelm
wifos roli), Tumca ar iziarebs mudmivi omis da Za
1
brus jentlesoni. amerikis sagareo politika. ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti. Tb. 2015. gv. 252-254.
2
Scott Burchill. Liberalism. in.: Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak,
Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True. Theories
of International Relations. Third edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. p.55-83
26
ladobis Sesaxeb realistebis pesimizms da SesaZleblad
miaCnia saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromloba. neoliber
aluri Teoriebis mixedviT demokratiuli mTavrobebis
Seqmna (demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria), ekonomikuri
globalizacia (kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
Teoria), saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso in
stituciebi daZlevs usafrTxoebis dilemas, rasac re
alizmi mudmiv saSiSroebad ganixilavs.
qeneT uolciseuli neorealizmi iziarebs realizmis
ZiriTad ideebs, Tumca struqturuli realizmi ar izia
rebs rwmenas, rom ZalauflebisTvis brZola adamianuri
bunebis Semadgeneli nawilia da mas xsnis saerTaSoriso
politikis anarqiuli bunebiT. qeneT uolcis azriT, saer
TaSoriso politikis instrumentebia ara mxolod Zala
da brZola, aseve kompromisic. morgenTausgan gansxvave
biT, uolcisTvis saxelmwifos mTavari interesi ar aris
Zalis maqsimizacia, aramed usafrTxoebis maqsimizacia.
robert gilpinis azriT, realizmis eqstremizmze ze
gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso sistemaSi mimdinare eko
nomikuri cvlilebebi, maT Soris samxedro Zalis mudam
mzardi Rirebuleba, warmoebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomi
kis momsaxurebaze dafuZnebul ekonomikad transfor
macia, sazogadoebis socialur saWiroebebze gazrdili
danaxarjebi da sxv.
neorealisturi Teoriebi aqcents akeTebs saerTa
Soriso sistemis mzard gavlenaze Zalasa da Zalauf
lebis mopovebaze dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso politikaSi
da asaxelebs Zalis transformaciis mizezebs. neoreal
isturma Teoriebmac, realisturi skolis msgavsad, ver
SemogvTavaza Zalis gazomvis kriteriumebi.
konstruqtivizmSi Zala (iseve, rogorc sxva yvela
idea) socialurad konstruirebuli mocemulobaa, xolo
konfliqti struqturuli krizisi da struqturuli
cvlilebis SesaZlebloba.
27
marqsistebis da neomarqsistebisTvis Zala, iseve ro
gorc politikis sxva yvela aspeqti dakavSirebulia kla
sobriv dapirispirebasTan. klasikuri marqsistebisgan
gansxvavebiT, axali Taobis marqsistebi (aseve daqvemde
barebis Teoretikosebi da anarqistebi) ufro metad in
teresdebian saerTaSoriso politikiTa da Tavisufali
vaWrobiT, Tumca mdidrebis mier (am SemTxvevaSi, mdidari
saxelmwifoebis da transnacionaluri sazogadoebebis)
Raribebis ekonomikuri Cagvra kvlav mTavari Temaa.
postmodernizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teo
riaSi civi omis dasasruls gamoCnda. sxva yvela wina
morbedi Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, postmodernizmi ar
aRiarebs erT simarTles da ebrZvis metanarativebs. rea
lizmis msgavsad, Zala fundamenturi koncefciaa post
modernizmSic, magram saxezea mniSvnelovani sxvaoba.
realistebisTvis Zala warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifoebis
mflobelobaSi akumulirebul iaraRs. Zala TvalsaCinoa
da zedapirze tivtivebs, Zala xilulia (bombebi, fuli
Tu institutebi). postmodernSi Zala obobis qselia,
romelic yvela tipis urTierTobaSi aRwevs.
Zala yovlismomcvelia realizmSic da postmoderniz
mSic: is saSualebacaa, mizanic da Sedegic. Tumca, sxvaoba
mniSvnelovania: realizmi fokusirebulia saxe lmwifos
gadarCenasa da usafrTxoebaze. postmodernistebisTvis
mniSvnelovania individebi, xalxi da maTi usafrTxoeba.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvela Teoriuli
skola (realistebi, liberalebi, marqsistebi, konst
ruqtivistebi, struqturalistebi, daqvemdebarebis
Teoretikosebi, postmodernistebi, globalistebi, fe
ministebi...) saerTaSoriso politikis safuZvlad Zalas
ganixilavs. Tumca Zalis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli
diskursi ver gvTavazobs srulyofil pasuxs kiTxvebze:
ra aris Zala? rogor gavzomoT Zala? aRniSnul kiTxve
28
bze pasuxis gacemis yvela mcdeloba axal da axal Se
kiTxvebs aCens.
klasikur da kritikul Teoriebze dayrdnobiT mixeil
barnets da reimond diuvals Zala or ganzomilebamde
dahyavs: 1. erT aqtors SeuZlia samxedro an ekonomiku
ri meqanizmebiT meore aqtoris pirdapiri kontroli. 2.
aqtori axorcielebs arapirdapir kontrols sxva aqto
rebze. maT Soris, zemoqmedebs struqturiT, romelic
TanxvedraSia aqtoris interesebTan da uzrunvelyofs
mas sxva aqtorebze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebiT.1
praqtikosi politikosebisTvis Zalis mraval ganzo
milebaSi warmodgena zedmetad Teoriuli da bundovania.
praqtikaSi Zalas xSirad ganmartaven rogorc unaris da
resursis flobas. qveyana flobs Zalas, Tu mas gaaCnia
didi teritoria, mosaxleobis didi raodenoba, bunebri
vi resursebi, ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, samxedro Zala
da socialuri stabiluroba. Zalis amgvari ganmarteba
amartivebs gavzomoT Zala da viwinaswarmetyveloT Se
degebi.2
politikuri realoba gacilebiT rTuli da komple
qsuria vidre statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze
saSualo maCveneblebis gamoyvana. esa Tu is globaluri
movlena xSirad Tavdayira ayenebs Teoriebs da praqti
kaSi damkvidrebul qcevis wesebs. magaliTad, civi omis
dasrulebam realizmis skolis xedvebis krizisi gamoiw
via. 1989-91 wlis movlenebi aranairad ar Tavsdeboda maT
warmodgenebSi saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis Sesaxeb (saxel
mwifo interesebis prioriteti, samxedro da terito
riuli usafrTxoeba...). realizmis skolis progno ziT,
1
Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall. Power in International Politics. Interna-
tional Organization, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2005. p. 39-75
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p.3
29
bipolaruli samyaro unda dasrulebuliyo erTi super-
Zalis mier meoris damarcxebiT an dausrulebel brZo
laSi orives dasustebiT.
kritikuli Teoriebi, romlebic komunistur sam ya
ros kapitalizmis realur alternativad ganixilavda
(ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da moqalaqeebis socialuri
usafrTxoebis arakapitalisturi modeli), ganacvifra
90-iani wlebis masobrivma antikomunisturma gamosvle
bma da movlenebi istoriis ukusvlad Seafases.
civi omis dasrulebam optimizmis safuZveli misca
liberalebs. gaCnda iluzia, rom saerTaSoriso poli
tikis warmmarTveli samxedro Zalis nacvlad gaxdeboda
politikuri morali, Rirebulebebi da TanamSromlobis
survili, vaWrobis ormxrivi sargebeli ki gadawonida
saxelmwifoTa mxridan urTierT agresiis survils.
fukuiamam civi omis dasruleba `istoriis dasasru
lad~ gamoacxada. misi azriT, samyaroSi dasrulda ideo
logiuri dapirispireba da momavalSi yvela saxelmwifo
gamarjvebuli ideologiis (Tavisufal vaWrobasa da ada
mianis uflebebze dafuZnebuli liberalizmis) modelis
mixedviT ganviTardeboda. liberalur optimizms wyali
gadaasxa civi omis Semdeg ganviTarebulma movlenebma
da msoflio politikis axalma gamowvevebma – maT So
ris semiuel hanTingTonis mier nawinaswarmetyvelebma
civilizaciurma konfliqtma da misgan gamomdinare te
rorizmma.
post-bipolarul samyaroSi dadga Zalis ideis axle
burad gaazrebis da axal ganzomilebebze aqcentis gake
Tebis aucilebloba. swored amgvari mcdelobaa jozef
nais `rbili Zalis Teoria~. nais metaforuli ganmarte
biT, `Zala aminds hgavs – yvela damokidebulia masze,
magram cotas Tu SeuZlia misi ganWvreta. rogorc fer
merebi da meteorologebi cdiloben iwinaswarmetyve
30
lon amindi, aseve politikuri liderebi da eqspertebi
cdiloben aRweron da iwinaswarmetyvelon cvlilebebi
ZalasTan mimarTebaSi. Zala hgavs siyvaruls – ufro
iolia gamoscado, vidre aRwero an gazomo~.1
bibliografia:
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 1
31
3. moiZie informacia da ganmarte termini: „meta-narativi“.
4. ganmarte fraza: „Zaladoba iracionaluri deviaciaa“.
5. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „postmodernSi Zala obobis
qselia, romelic aRwevs yvela tipis urTierTobaSi“?
6. rogor gesmis winadadeba: „konstruqtivizmSi Zala so
cialurad konstruirebuli mocemulobaa“?
7. rogor fiqrob, ra sxvaobaa saxelmwifos usafrTxoe
basa da adamianebis usafrTxoebas Soris?
8. rogor fiqrob, rogor unda gavzomoT Zala?
9. imsjele Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebze unipolarul,
bipolarul, multipolarul saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.
10. SearCie magaliTi (qeisi) da imsjele Zalis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sxvadasxva para
digmis mixedviT.
1
jozef semiuel nai umcrosi (d. 1937 w. 19 ianvars) – saerTaSori
so urTierTobebis Teoriis neoliberalizmis skolis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli, harvardis universitetis emeretusi, harvardis
jon ficjerald kenedis saxelobis marTvis skolis yofili
dekani, harvardis universitetis mecnierebisa da saerTaSoriso
32
bil diskursSi amerikis hegemoniis dasrulebis Sesaxeb,
naim daasabuTa, rom aSS uZlieresi saxelmwifoa ara
mxolod Tavisi samxedro da ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT,
aramed kidev erTi kriteriumiT – „moxibvlis ZaliT“,
rasac „rbili Zala“ uwoda.1
sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT (romlebic aSS hegemo
niis dasasruls sxvadasxva argumentebiT winaswarmetyve
leben), nai saerTaSoriso asparezze aSS zegavlenis da
sustebas aSS `rbili Zalis~ SemcirebasTan akavSirebs da
dRemde aqtiurad msjelobs am sakiTxze Tavis statiebsa
da monografiebSi. demokratiuli partiis ideologiis
mxardamWeri nai am process respublikuri partiis mmar
Tvelobis sisusted aRiqvams. is aqtiurad akritikebda
jorj buSis mmarTvelobas da akritikebs trampis admi
nistracias, baraq obamas ki mouwodebda gamoesworebina
respublikelebis daSvebuli Secdomebi.
momdevno wlebSi naim gaagrZela msjeloba `rbili Za
lis~ Sesaxeb da rbili Zalis idea srulyofil Teoriad
aqcia. Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmebi (samxedro agresia,
muqara, mosyidva, TanamSromloba...) daajgufa da kompo
nentebad daSala: rbili Zala (Soft Power), xisti Zala (Hard
Power), Wkviani Zala (Smart Power).2
33
xist ZalaSi moiazreba yvela tipis agresia (muqara,
ekonomikuri zegavlena, mosyidva) da mas naim `stafi
los da wkeplis~ (carrots and sticks) politika uwoda1, rac
Cveni azriT, kargad cnobili `maTraxis da Taflakveris~
politikis msgavsia.
rbili Zala dakavSirebulia TanamSromlobis survil
Tan, romlis safuZveli A-s mier B-s dayoliebaa da ara
iZuleba. rbili Zala aris unari, moaxdino sxvisi arCe
vanis formireba xisti meTodebis gareSe. rbili Zalis
mizani ar aris zegavlena, romelic xisti ZaliT ufro
efeqturad miiRweva. rbili Zala arc mxolod darwmune
bis unaria – is ufro metia, vidre darwmuneba argumente
biT. rbili Zala moxibvlis Zalaa da misi iaraRi Tanam
S
romlobis survilia tankis an fulis nacvlad. rbili
la hgavs qorwinebas, romelic efuZneba urTierTobis
Za
ormxriv survils da ormxriv sargebels...2 `rbili Zala
hgavs cekvas, sadac partnioris yola aucilebelia~...3
`rbili Zalis gamoyeneba TiTqos nakleb sariskoa, vidre
ekonomikuri da samxedro meqanizmebis, magram rTulia
si gamoyeneba, martivia dakargva da ZviradRirebulia
mi
aRdgena~.4
rbili an xisti Zalis gamoyenebis efeqturobisTvis
naim aqcenti gaakeTa iseT klasikur ideaze, rogoricaa
legitimacia da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa
axal cvlads – konteqsts.5
The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. Joseph S. Nye, Jr.
The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. avtori Tavis argumentebs
sxvadasxva magaliTebze dayrdnobiT imeorebs sxva statiebsa da
sajaro gamosvlebSi.
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 5
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 20-24; 81-109.
3
ibid. p. 84
4
ibid. p. 83
5
ibid. p. 20-24; 81-109. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in
World Politics. Public Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 5-18
34
legitimacia rbili Zalis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli
winapirobaa. Tu B aqtors sjera, rom A aqtoris qmedebebi
legitimuria, is TanamSromlobas ganixilavs racionalu
rad da Sedegi miiRweva A aqtoris mier ganxorcielebuli
iZulebis Tu mosyidvis gareSe. rbili Zalis efeqturo
bisTvis aucilebelia instituciebi. britaneTma XIX s-Si
da aSS-ma XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sakuTari Rireb
ulebebis gavrceleba saerTaSoriso wesebisa da efeqturi
instituciebis SeqmniT moaxerxes.1 nais msjeloba kidev
erTxel usvams xazs, rom rbili ZaliT moqmedeba sistemu
robas da profesionalizms moiTxovs.
rbili Zalis SeqmnaSi SesaZloa saxelmwifoebi erTma
neTs daexmaron. nais mixedviT, am konteqstSi saintereso
magaliTia kanadis da aSS-is TanamSromloba. kanada mona
wileobs aSS-is mier inicirebul zogierT saerTaSoriso
operaciaSi, rac legitimurobas matebs aSS qmedebebs,
sanacvlod ki iRebs aSS-ze zemoqmedebis garkveul meqa
nizmebs. 2
`rbili Zalis Sedegi SesaZloa aRmoCndes nulovanic
(zero-sum) da urTierTmomgebianic (positive-sum). rbili Za
la Zalauflebaa sxvebTan erTad, nacvlad sxvebze Zala
uflebisa.~3
rbili da xisti Zalis gazomvisa da miRebuli Sede
gebis Sefasebis procesSi aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT
konteqsti. Tu gvinda gavaanalizoT rogor axdens A ze
gavlenas B-ze C Sedegis misaRebad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT
A da B aqtorebis preferenciebi, mzaoba da interesTa
Tanxvedra an Seusabamoba. Tu Zalas gavzomavT mxolod
imis mixedviT, rogor Seicvala aqtoris qmedeba da ar
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 10
2
ibid. p.10
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.90
35
gaviTvaliswinebT sxva cvladebs, ar SevafasebT saw
yis poziciebsa da konteqsts, analizi arasrulyofili
iqneba. Zala icvleba konteqstis cvlilebasTan erTad
da amitomac Zala yovelTvis izomeba konteqstSi.
konteqstis analizis gareSe yvinCilasaviT gvegoneba,
rom diliT mze Cvens yivils amohyavs. `Zala ar aris
konvertirebadi valuta. rac imarjvebs erT TamaSSi,
usargebloa sxvagan. erTi SexedviT martivad Tvladi
resursebic ki damokidebulia konteqstze. navTobi ar
iTvleboda mniSvnelovan resursad industriul eramde.
urani ki birTvuli iaraRis gamogonebamde...~1
nais msjelobidan da mis mier moyvanili sxvadasxva
magaliTebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
xisti Zala SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes damoukide
blad, an rbil ZalasTan erTad an masTan monacvleo
biT. rbil Zalas SesaZlebelia aZlierebdes xisti Zala
(gansakuTrebiT misi ekonomikuri komponenti, radganac
rbil Zalas sWirdeba resursebi). `rbili momxibvlelo
ba~ SesaZleblia ganxorcieldes xisti Zalis daxmarebiT
an xisti Zalis sruli gamoricxviT. rbili Zala SesaZle
belia ganvixiloT xisti Zalis danamatad an xisti Zalis
alternativad.
zogierTi aqtori rbili ZaliT aRwevs im masStabebs,
rasac ver miaRwevda xisti Zalis gamoyenebiT. xisti Za
lis sruli gamoricxviT ganxorcielebuli rbili mom
xibvlelobis magaliTia vatikani.
rbilma da xistma Zalam SesaZlebelia erTmaneTi daa
zianos an xistma Zalam srulad gaanadguros rbili mom
xibvleloba. sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad dakarga rbili
momxibvleloba aRmosavleT evropis okupaciisa da bru
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 3-4
36
taluri saSinao politikis gamo. eraySi oTx kvirianma
omma 2003 wels (amerikuli xisti Zalis gamarjveba) didi
ziani miayena amerikul rbil Zalas da Searyia amerikuli
momxibvleloba im qveynebSic ki, romlebic mxars uWerd
nen aSS-s terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.1
xist Zalasac aqvs momxibvleloba – uZlevelobis mi
2
Ti. mravali magaliTiT dasturdeba, rom sust aqtorebs
`mitmasnebis~ survili uCndeba im aqtorebTan, romlebic
Tavs `uZlevelad~ warmoaCenen da xisti (Tundac arale
gitimuri) ZaliT cdiloben prestiJis ierarqiaSi dawi
naurebas. aRniSnul konteqstSi udaod kargi magaliTia
ruseTis politika postsabWoTa sivrceSi.
rbili da xisti Zalebis gamoyenebis racionaluro
basTan dakavSirebiT, nai xazs usvams rbili Zalis upi
ratesobas. misi azriT, TanamSromloba ufro efeqturi
meqanizmia sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad, vidre iZuleba.
TanamSromlobis safuZvelia RirebulebebiT moxibvla
da dayolieba TanamSromlobis savaraudo sasikeTo Sede
gebiT. ideaTa bazarSi Cveni survilebi swored rbili
Zalis mier formirdeba.
xisti Zalis meqanizmebs mxolod mTavrobebi flobs.
mTavrobis qmedebebi did zegavlenas axdens rbil Zala
zec, magram rbili Zala ar aris mxolod mTavrobis
sakuTreba. misi warmoeba saerTo saxalxo CarTulobas
gulisxmobs, rac kidev ufro arTulebs rbili Zalis ga
moyenebis teqnikas.3
ra SeiZleba CavTvaloT rbili Zalis mTavar resursad
an meqanizmad? nais mixedviT, ama Tu im qveynis rbili Za
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 14
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 86
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p.14-15
37
la sam resurszea damyarebuli: kultura (im adgilebSi,
sadac is momxibvlelia); politikuri Rirebulebebi (Tu
gaziarebulia sazRvrebs miRma); sagareo politika (Tu
miCneulia legitimurad).1
kultura, romelic efuZneba universalur Rirebule
bebs, advilad iqceva rbil Zalad. nais azriT, amgvari
universaluri politikuri Rirebulebebia – demokratia,
adamianis uflebebi, individualizmi... swored es Rire
bulebebi gaxda mimzidveli bevri adamianisa da sazoga
doebisTvis civi omis dros Tu mis Semdeg periodSi. uni
versalurma Rirebulebebma aSS rbili Zalis generirebis
mTavar instrumentad aqcia msoflioSi.
kulturas bevri ganzomileba aqvs. literatura, xe
lovneba, ganaTleba – kulturaa elitebisTvis. kultu
ris zogierTi aspeqti universaluria, zogi nacionalu
ri, zogierTi ki socialuri klasebis da mcire jgufebis
kuTvnileba.2
nai erT-erTi mZlavr instrumentad ganaTlebas moia
zrebs rbili momxibvlelobis Sesaqmnelad. cnobili faq
tia, rom aSS-Si yovelwliurad asiaTasobiT ucxoeli
studenti swavlobs da msoflios mraval politikur
liders (maT Soris, moqmed da yofil saxelmwifo me
Taurebs) amerikuli ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli da maTi
um
ravlesoba moxiblulia amerikuli RirebulebebiT.
gvinda daveTanxmoT nais ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis Sefa
sebaSi, Tumca Sedegebi ver iqneba erTgvarovani sxva
dasxva konteqstSi.
sabWoTa kavSiri aseve cdilobda ucxoeli studente
bis mozidvas. magaliTad, moskovSi funqcionirebda pa
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.84
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public
Affairs. NY. 2004. p. 11; 44-72. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2011. p.84
38
tris lumumbas saxelobis saerTaSoriso instituti Zi
riTadad afrikidan Camosuli studentebisTvis. Tumca
sabWoTa momxibvleloba afrikis kontinentze mokleva
diani aRmoCnda.1 aT welze metia saganmanaTleblo rbili
Zalis gamoyeneba daiwyo CineTmac, sadac saerTaSoriso
studentebis raodenobam bevrad gadaaWarba aSS-Si arse
bul studentTa raodenobas, magram Sedegebi gansxvave
bulia.
sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is da CineTis saganmanaTle
blo politikis Sedegebis Sefaseba erT sibrtyeSi SeuZ
lebelia. mTavar mizezad isev legitimacia, konteqsti
da ganaTlebis universalur Rirebulebebze dafuZneba
migvaCnia.
Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis procesSi arcTu umniS
vneloa maskulturis roli. nais magaliTad mohyavs ada
mianis uflebaTa damcveli axalgazrda Cineli aqtivis
tis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba: `rodesac holivudur
filmebSi vxedavT, rogor dadian rigiTi amerikelebi
sasamarTloSi, davfiqrdiT imaze, rom sasamarTlo Cveni
cxovrebis iseTive gardauvali nawilia, rogorc sxva mo
vlenebi~. nais daskvniT, amgvari magaliTi imis mauwyebe
lia, rom holivudma SesaZlebelia ufro metad Seuwyos
xeli adamianebis cnobierebis gazrdas universaluri Ri
rebulebebis mimarT, vidre amerikeli elCebis gamosvlam
sasamarTlo reformebis mxardaWeris rekomendaciiT.2
1
Constantin Katsakioris. The Lumumba University in Moscow: Higher Education
for a Soviet-Third World alliance, 1960-91. Journal of Global History. Vol. 14.
Issue 2. p. 281-300. Published online by Cambridge University Press on July 08,
2019. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/ar-
ticle/lumumba-university-in-moscow-higher-education-for-a-sovietthird-world-
alliance-196091/8720DF55AA0CEBC782EC8B215AC08D47/core-reader
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p.12
39
nais azriT, swored universaluri Rirebulebebis ar
sebobis Sedegia aSS rbili Zalis efeqturoba. nai imow
mebs germaneli Jurnalistisa da mecnieris jozef jofis
sityvebs, rom aSS rbili Zala aSS tankebze Sors midis
(rac ar ganisazRvreba mxolod holivuduri produq
ciis, koka-kolas Tu big-makis moxmarebiT), xolo romis
imperiis da sabWoTa kavSiris rbili Zala maT sazRvre
bTan mTavrdeboda.1
rbili Zalis meqanizmebia vaWroba, piradi kontaq
tebi, vizitebi.2 CamoTvlili aspeqtebi saxalxo diplo
matiis Semadgeneli nawilebia. politikis dokumentebsa
Tu angariSebSi swored saxalxo diplomatia moixsenieba
rbili Zalis gavrcelebis mTavar meqanizmad. saxalxo
diplomatias da mis transformacias XXI saukuneSi Sem
deg paragrafSi mimovixilavT, amjerad ki davubrundeT
nais msjelobis logikas.
rbili Zalis resursebis efeqturoba fardobiTia da
konteqstSi unda davinaxoT da SevafasoT: tankiT ver
iomeb Waobsa da junglebSi; rkinis da qvanaxSiris saba
doebi ver gagamdidrebs, Tu industria ar gaqvs; holivu
dis filmebma SesaZloa amerikuli cxovrebis wesi momxib
vleli gaxados CineTsa Tu laTinur amerikaSi, magram
ara saudis arabeTSi; koka-kolas daleva ver aiZulebs
islamur qveynebs amerikis siyvaruls; franguli Rvino
da yveli Tu giyvars, aucilebeli ar aris safrangeTiT
iyo moxibluli... SesaZloa erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi
sxvadasxva jgufebs gansxvavebuli mimRebloba hqondeT
universaluri Rirebulebebis mimarT, rac jgufebs Soris
socialuri konfliqtis albaTobas warmoSobs...3
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p.11
2
ibid. p 13-14
3
ibid. p. 12
40
universaluri Rirebulebebis gavrcelebis procesSi,
didi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben Seqmnan RirebulebiTi
narativebi. narativi ver gamodgeba rbili Zalis meqaniz
mad, Tu sityvebi da simboloebi Seusabamoa realobasTan.
moxibvlis mcdeloba SeiZleba gadaiqces antipatiad, Tu
saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli `rbili qmedeba~ qed
maRluria an ormag standartebs eyrdnoba. `rbili Zalis
narativi~ saWiroebs legitimurobas da misi aralegitimu
roba xSirad pirdapir kavSirSia rbili Zalis gamavrcele
blis Sida politikur problemebTan. nais mixedviT, XX
saukunis rasizmis problemam sruliad araefeqturi
gaxada amerikuli rbili Zala afrikis kontinentze, xolo
sikvdiliT dasjisa da iaraRze susti kontrolis gamo
aSS-s dResac akritikeben evropuli qveynebi.1
mcireoden interpretacias Tu movaxdenT, erTi sa
xelmwifos rbili Zalis dasustebam an araefeqturobam
SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos metoqe saxelmwifos rbili
zegavlenis zrdas gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis ga reSe.
ssrk warmatebebi civi omis dasawyisSi swored am konte
qstSi SegviZlia gaviazroT. afrikisa da aziis qveynebis
mosaxiblad, sabWoTa kavSirma gamoiyena martivi nara
tivi – marqsistul socialur Tanasworobasa da eTni
kur kosmopolitizmze dafuZnebuli sabWoTa ideologia
warmoaCina upiratesad `rasizmiT daavadebuli~ ameri
kisa da yofili kolonizatorebis (evropuli saxelmwi
foebi) kapitalisturi uTanasworobis ideis winaaRmdeg.
rogorc istoriam gvaCvena, Sedegi efeqturi aRmoCnda,
Tumca ara grZelvadiani. ssrk narativi darCa narativad
misi qmedebebis ormagi standartis gamo.
rbili Zalis narativma SesaZloa sapirispiro Sede
gic moitanos. nais mohyavs lumetis filmis magaliTi.2
1
ibid. p. 13
2
ibid. p. 17
41
aSS diskreditaciis mizniT da ssrk sasamarTlo sistemis
upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad, sabWoTa moqalaqeebs aC
venes sidnei lumetis `12 ganrisxebuli mamakaci~. Sedegi
sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda – sabWoTa moqalaqe ga
TviTcnobierda amerikuli samarTlis warmoebis speci
fikaSi (kerZod, nafic msajulTa instituti) da aRfrTo
vanda misiT. am konteqstSi sainteresoa cnobili sabWoTa
mwerlebis, ilia ilfis da evgeni petrovis Txzulebis
`erTsarTuliani amerikis~1 magaliTic. wigni daiwera sa
bWoTa mTavrobis dakveTiT aSS diskreditaciis mizniT,
magram gamoqveynebisTanave aikrZala, vinaidan efeqti
ganzraxulisgan sruliad sapirispiro aRmoCnda.
rbili momxibvlelobis mTavar sirTuled swored is
migvaCnia, rom SeuZlebelia misi Sedegebis zusti gaTvla
da movlenebze sruli kontroli rbili Zalis gamavrce
lebeli jgufis Tu saxelmwifos mxridan. rogori iqneba
Semdegi nabiji: agresia (xisti Zala), rbili Zalis samiz
nis da/an meqanizmebis Secvla (rbili Zalis konteqstze
morgeba) Tu sruliad axali tipis prioritetebis dasax
va (Wkviani Zala)?
nais ganmartebiT Wkviani Zala arc xistia da arc rbi
li, is orivea da maTi komponentebis erTdroulad an
monacvleobiT racionalurad gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.2
`Zala da Zalaufleba arc kargia Tavisi arsiT da arc
cudi. is kalorias hgavs kvebis racionSi – meti ar
niSnavs ukeTess...~3 Wkviani Zala „liberaluri realiz
mia“ – liberalizmis da realizmis erTgvari sinTezi.4
Wkviani Zala strategiuli azrovnebis unaria: prio
ritetebis gansazRvra da konteqstze morgeba, survi
1
ilfi da petrovi. erTsarTuliani amerika. Tb. 2015.
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 3-24; 207-234
3
ibid. p. 207
4
ibid. p. 231
42
lebis da interesebis strategiuli ierarqiis Seqmna...
procesis strategiulad dasagegmad pasuxi unda gavceT
Semdeg SekiTxvebs: romel miznebs vaniWebT upiratesobas
da ra tipis Sedegebis molodini gvaqvs? TamaSis romeli
wesebi iqneba adeqvaturi ama Tu im miznis misaRwevad?
ra tipis konsteqstSi iqneba gamarTlebuli Zalauf
lebis sxvebze Tavs moxveva da ra SemTxvevaSi ajobebs
Zalauflebis sxvebisTvis ganawileba? Sedegze nulovani
TamaSis wesi (zero-sum game) gagviyvans Tu mogeba-mogeba
(win-win game) strategia? ra resursebia xelmisawvdomi
da ra konteqstSia SesaZlebeli maTi gamoyeneba? ra aris
samizne sazogadoebis pozicia da preferencia? ra alba
Toba aqvs warmatebas?1
Cveni SejamebiT, Wkviani Zala gulisxmobs diploma
tiis, Tavdacvis, mdgradi ganviTarebis da sxva msgavsi
instrumentebis integrirebul gamoyenebas, kompleqsur
da koordinirebul qmedebas konteqstis Sesabamisad.
nais Teoriis mimarT Tavdapirveli skepsisis miuxeda
vad rbili Zalis Teorias bevri mimdevari, mimomxilveli
da gamgrZelebeli gamouCnda bolo wlebSi.
2017 wels gamocemul rbili Zalis saxelmZRvaneloSi
erT-erTma avtorma da saxelmZRvanelos redaqtorma na
ren Citim rbili da xisti Zala pasiur da aqtiur katego
riebad dahyo: mizanmimarTuli xisti an rbili zegavlena
aqtiur kategoriad Seafasa, aramizanmimarTuli xisti an
rbili zegavlena ki pasiurad.2 amgvar dayofas rbili Za
lis Teoriis diskursSi Semoaqvs axali aspeqtebi: rbili
moxibvla SesaZlebelia rbili Zalis gamcemis Tu rbili
Zalis mimRebis winaswar ganzraxulobis gareSec. rbili
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 208-209
2
Naren Chitty. Soft Power, Civic Virtue and World Politics. in: Routledge Hand-
book of Soft Power, edited by Naren Chitty, Li Ji, Gary D. Rawnsley, Craig
Hayden. Abingdon. Oxon. New York, 2017. p.26
43
Zalis mwarmoebeli mzad unda iyos gauTvaliswinebeli
SedegebisTvis, man SesaZloa ver miaRwios mizans samizne
jgufTan, magram ganxorcielebuli Zalisxmevis Sedegad
`moxiblos~ sxva jgufi, romelic Tavdapirvel priori
tets ar warmoadgenda.
2017 wels, qristofer uolkerma da jesika ludvigma
rbili/xisti/Wkviani Zalebis kategorias miamates axali
ganzomileba – basri Zala (Sharp Power). maTi ganmarte
biT, iseTi avtoritaruli qveynebi, rogoric ruseTi da
CineTia, rbil Zalas iyeneben sakuTari avtoritarizmis
gasavrceleblad da zegavlenis gasazrdelad sxva qvey
nebSi, rac scildeba rbili Zalis naiseul definicias.1
jozef nai gamoexmaura axali terminis Semqmnelebs da
daeTanxma axali terminis validurobaSi. Tumca, misi az
riT, basri Zala xisti Zalis qvesaxeobaa da ara calke
kategoria.2 ideebiT manipulacia da ideologizirebuli
mesijebi politikuri procesebis Sesacvlelad civi omis
droindeli cnobili teqnikaa. Tu basr ZalaSi vigulisx
mebT mtruli miznebis ganxorcielebisTvis mizanmimar
Tul dezinformacias, es xist qmedebad unda Sefasdes
da ara rbil zegavlenad. nais mohyavs magaliTi civi
omis droindeli propagandidan. 1980-ian wlebSi sabWo
Ta uSiSroebam (КГБ) gaavrcela xmebi, rom Sidsis virusi
aSS mTavrobam xelovnurad gamoiyvana laboratoriebSi
da gaavrcela msoflioSi, rogorc biologiuri iara
Ri. statia aRniSnuli informaciiT pirvelad daibeWda
1
Walker Christopher, Ludwig Jessica. The Meaning of Sharp Power. How Au-
thoritarian States Project Influence. Foreign Affairs, November 16, 2017.https://
www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power
2
ruseTis da CineTis magaliTebis moxseniebisas, monografiaSi nai
ruseTs xisti Zalis ganmaxorcieleblad miiCnevs, xolo CineTs
`Wkviani Zalis~ Seqmnis msurvelad moiazrebs. msjelobis ZiriTa
di argumentebi mimarTulia teqnologiebis ganviTarebaze. ix. Jo-
seph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. XI; 36.
44
delis (indoeTi) adgilobriv gazeTSi da Semdeg mTeli
msoflio moicva.1
nai yuradRebas amaxvilebs basri Zalis gauvnebe
lyofis sirTuleebze da mas „demokratiul dilemas“2
adarebs. demokratiuli sistema Tu ecdeba informaciis
SezRudvas da/an cenzuras sakuTari Rirebulebebis da
sacavad, safrTxe daemuqreba demokratiis mTavar Rire
bulebas – sityvis Tavisuflebas.
Cven viziarebT rbili Zalis Teoriis axali kontribu
torebis termins `basri Zala~, radgan ruseTis da Ci
neTis mier zegavlenis moxdenis mcdeloba `rbili~ da
`xisti~ meqanizmebis erTobliobaa da ara romelime erTi
maTgani. saxelmZRvaneloSi termini `rbili Zala~ dasav
lur instituciur qmedebebze dafuZnebul `moxibvlis
Zalad~ ganixileba, xolo termini `basri Zala~ gamijnu
lia rbili Zalisgan da ruseTis da CineTis politikas
Tan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba.
vinaidan rogorc rbili, aseve xisti Zalis gavrcele
ba ori mxaris arsebobas moiazrebs, analizis simartiv
isTvis Semogvaqvs terminebi: `Zalis gamavrcelebeli~ da
`Zalis mimRebi~.
***
sawyis etapze nais rbili Zalis Teorias mimdevar
ze meti kritikosi gamouCnda. skeptikosebi uars ac
debdnen nais analizi `Teoriis rangSi~ ganexilaT.
xa
1
Nye Joseph S. Jr. How sharp power threatens soft power. The right and wrong
ways to respond to authoritarian influence. Foreign Affairs, January 24, 2018.
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-01-24/how-sharp-power-
threatens-soft-power
2
termini `demokratiuli dilema~ gamoiyenes wignis saTaurad
artur lupiam da meTiu makkubinsma 1998 w. ix. Arthur Lupia, Mathew
D.McCubbins. The Democratic Dilemma. Can Citizens Learn What They Need To
Know? Cambridge University Press.1998.
45
kritikosebma ki Teoriis kritikis mniSvnelovani argu
mentebi Camoayalibes. maT Soris, erT konkretul qveya
naze (aSS) morgebuli Teoria ramdenad SesaZlebelia
Seiracxos saerTaSoriso Teoriad da saintereso gaxdes
sxva sazogadoebebisTvisac? aris Tu ara rbili Zalis
Teoria yvelasTvis gamosadegi?
kritikis sxva argumentebi mimarTuli iyo Tavad Teo
riis Sinaarsze. zogierTi avtorisTvis nais msjeloba
imeorebs neoliberalizmis ideebs da masSi sxarti meta
forebis garda araferia siaxle. sxva avtorebis azriT,
Teoria araakademiuria – moduri Teoria, romelic
zedmetad amartivebs saerTaSoriso politikis aRqmas.
`rbili Zala – ruseTs surs is, aSS kargavs mas, CineTi
ver yidulobs sakmarisi raodenobiT~1 – aseTia erTi
TeoriiT aRwerili saerTaSoriso politika.
im mkvlevarebma, romlebmac met-naklebad saintere
sod CaTvales nais msjeloba, xazi gausves Teoriis mTa
var sisusteebs: sad gadis zRvari rbil, xistsa da Wkvi
an Zalas Soris? SesaZlebelia rbili Zalis warmoeba
xisti Zalis gareSe? rogoria rbili Zalis gamoyenebis
limiti? rogor gavzomoT rbili da xisti Zalebis ma
xasiaTeblebi da miRweuli Sedegebi?
kritikis zogierT arguments drom gasca pasuxi. nais
terminebi swrafad damkvidrda rogorc TeoretikosTa,
aseve praqtikos politikosTa leqsikaSi. dRes inter
netis saZiebo sistemebSi termin `rbili Zalis~ Cawera
milionobiT Sedegs gvaZlevs. nais terminebs iyeneben
akademiur kvlevebSi, organizaciebis angariSebSi, saer
TaSoriso da lokalur konferenciebsa Tu forumebSi.
aRniSnuli faqti abaTilebs kritikis argumentebs Teo
riis validurobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca terminis
1
PS. In Theory: Soft Power. September 27. 2017. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=yV-jAjjrv14
46
mzardi gamoyeneba aCens axal problemebs – Teoriis im
provizireba da terminebis zedeterminireba.
dRes rbili Zala xSirad niSnavs yvelafers da gauge
bari xdeba, konkretulad ras gulisxmobs is. magali
Tad, naim rbili Zalis mTavar resursad mxolod sami
ganzomileba daasaxela (kultura, politikuri Rireb
ulebebi, sagareo politika). yoveldRiuri gamoyenebis
dros ki `rbili Zala~ saxelmwifoebrivi Zalis rbili
instrumentebis sinonimad iqca. Tavad naic aRniSnavs,
rom masobrivad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba rbili
Zalis ideis mTavari azri da termini xSirad moiazrebs
yvelafers, rac samxedro Zala ar aris.1
naisTvis rbili da xisti Zala ar aris mxolod ins
trumenti, is ufro metad Sedegia. Zalis rbili meqa
nizmebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia xisti miznebisTvis da
piriqiT.
nais Teoriis mTavar sisusted kvlav rCeba analizis
meTodologiis da gazomvadobis problema. Tumca, aqve
unda aRiniSnos, rom raodenobrivi meTodebiT politi
kuri movlenebisa da ideebis gazomva zogadad iqca dRe
vandeli, kompleqsuri samyaros gamowvevad. saerTaSo
ri so akademiur wreebSi sul ufro xSirad keTdeba
aqcenti meTodologiuri prioritetebis cvlilebis
auci leblobaze, raodenobiTi kvlevebidan Tvisobrivi
kvlevebisken.
gazomvadobasTan dakavSirebiT, aucileblad unda
aRi niSnos garkveuli winsvla am mimarTulebiTac. por
tlen dma SeimuSava rbili Zalis gazomvis meTodolo
gia da Seqmna specialuri platforma, sadac 2015 wli
dan dawyebuli yoveli wlis bolos xdeba rbili Zalis
indeqsebis angariSebis ganTavseba (sul 5 angariSi).2
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.81.
2
The Soft Power 30. https://softpower30.com
47
portlandis meTodologiis gacnoba da misi angariSe
bis SedarebiT WrilSi Seswavla-analizi gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa rbili Zalis TematikiT dainteresebuli
mkvlevarebisTvis.
2018 wlis monacemebiT, pirvel xuTeuls Seadgendnen:
didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, germania, aSS da iaponia...
CineTi da ruseTi 27-e da 28-e adgilebs inawilebdnen...1
2019 wlis indeqsis mixedviT, pirvel xuTeuls Seadgenen:
safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, germania, SvedeTi da
aSS. ruseTis federacia mokrZalebul 30-e adgils ika
vebs, CineTi ki saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli.2
bibliografia:
1
The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland. https://softpow-
er30.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2018.pdf
2
The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland. https://
softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Soft-Power-30-Re-
port-2019-1.pdf
48
9. Colin S. Gray. Hard Power and Soft Power: The Utility of Military
Force as an Instrument of Policy in the 21st Century. SSI. 2011.
https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/hard-power-and-soft-power-the-utility-
of-military-force-as-an-instrument-of-policy-in-the-21st-century
10. Constantin Katsakioris. The Lumumba University in Moscow: higher
education for a Soviet-Third World alliance, 1960-91.Journal of Global
History. Vol. 14. Issue 2. pp. 281-300. Published online by Cam-
bridge University Press on July 08, 2019. https://www.cambridge.
org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/lumumba-univer-
sity-in-moscow-higher-education-for-a-sovietthird-world-alliance-
196091/8720DF55AA0CEBC782EC8B215AC08D47/core-reader
11. Zachary Keck. The Hard Side of Soft Power. The Diplomat. July 24,
2013. https://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-hard-side-of-soft-power/
12. Walker Christopher, Ludwig Jessica. The Meaning of Sharp Power.
How Authoritarian States Project Influence. Foreign Affairs, November
16, 2017.https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/
meaning-sharp-power
13. The Soft Power 30. https://softpower30.com
14. The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2019. Portland.
https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Soft-Pow-
er-30-Report-2019-1.pdf
15. The Soft Power 30. A global Ranking of Soft Power 2018. Portland.
https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/The-Soft-Pow-
er-30-Report-2018.pdf
16. PS. In Theory: Soft Power. September 27. 2017. https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=yV-jAjjrv14
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
49
5. Seni azriT, rogor SeiZleba kultura da narativi iqces
rbil Zalad? moiyvane magaliTi.
6. rogor fiqrob, legitimuri qmedeba ratom aris
aucilebeli piroba rbili Zalis efeqturad ganxor
cielebisTvis?
7. imsjele rbili Zalis resursebsa da meqanizmebze.
8. eTanxmebi Tu ara ganmartebas: „ideaTa bazarSi Cveni
survilebi swored rbili Zalis mier formirdeba“.
9. rogor fiqrob, ra tipis rbilma Zalam moaxdina Senze
gavlena cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze?
10. gaecani sidnei lumetis films „12 ganrisxebuli mamak
aci“, ilia ilfis da evgeni petrovis Txzulebas „erT
sarTuliani amerika“. rogor fiqrob, ratom moaxdina
aRniSnulma filmma da wignma ganzraxulisgan sapirisp
iro gavlena sabWoTa moqalaqeze?
50
msoflios istoria, saerTaSoriso wesrigis logika da
TiToeuli individis cxovreba.
pirvel industriul revoluciad moinaTla XVIII-XIX
ss. mijna. revolucia daukavSirda axali tipis energi
is aRmoCenas – orTqlis Zravas, romelmac xeli Seuwyo
warmoebis meqanizacias, swraf urbanizacias, ramac Tavis
mxriv ganapiroba pre-modernuli politikuri sistemebis
da soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis trans
formacia.
meore industriuli revolucia XIX s-is miwuruls
energiis axali wyaroebis, navTobis da gazis aRmoCe
nas ukavSirdeba. es epoqa dakavSirebulia metalurgiu
li da qimiuri mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan, masobriv
warmoebasTan, komunikaciis axali formebis SeqmnasTan
(telefoni, telegrafi...), transportis ganviTarebasTan
(avtomobili, TviTmfrinavi...).
mesame industriuli revolucia ukavSirdeba meore
msoflio omis Semdgom periods: xelovnuri inteleqtis
gamogoneba; cifruli da kompiuteruli sistemebis Se
qmna-ganviTareba; informaciis Seqmnis, damuSavebis da
gaziarebis axali saSualebebi...
meoTxe industriul revolucias uwodeben uaxles
teqnologiur cvlilebebs – genuri inJineriis ganviTa
reba, xelovnuri inteleqtis axali formebi, blokCeini,
kriptovaluta...1
Cven viziarebT Tvalsazriss, rom amJamad msoflio
imyofeba meoTxe industriuli revoluciis dasawyiSi da
sa
zogadoebrivi Tu politikuri transformacia kidev
ufro masStaburi iqneba, vidre wina sami revoluciis
SemTxvevaSi.
1
Klaus Schwab. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to re-
spond. World Economic Forum. 14 January, 2016. https://www.weforum.org/
agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-
respond
51
wina sami revoluciisgan gansxvavebiT, meoTxe indus
triuli revolucia ukavSirdeba ara axali resursebis
aRmoCenas, aramed axali unarebis ganviTarebas da in
formaciis daubrkolebel mimocvlas.
internetis gamogonebam da virtualuri realobis Se
qmnam kacobriobis istoriaSi axali etapi Seqmna. es mim
dinare procesia da mis Sedegebze jer naadrevia saubari,
Tumca yvelasTvis cxadia misi amJamindeli da momavali
masStabebi. ukve naTelia, rom adamianuri yofierebis
yvela sfero (politika, ekonomika Tu religia) dauka
vSirda cifrul transformacias. isic gasagebia, rom
uaxloes momavalSi kiberTavdacva da kiberusafrTxoeba
saxelmwifoebis mTavar gamowvevad iqceva, kompiuterul
teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli profesiebi – yvelaze
moTxovnadad, saxelmwifoebis samxedro Zalisa Tu eko
nomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari safuZveli ki xelovnuri
inteleqtis ganviTarebis unari an uunaroba gaxdeba.
ra cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs cifruli revolucia saer
TaSoriso politikaSi? rogor gagrZeldeba procesi?
upirveles yovlisa, mimovixiloT rbili Zalis Teo
riis avtoris, jozef nais argumentebi. garda wina para
grafSi mimoxiluli terminebisa, XXI saukunis Zalis cva
lebadobis ganmsazRvrelad naim daamkvidra kidev ori
termini: Zalis tranzicia da Zalis difuzia. Zalis
tranziciaSi (Zalis gadasvla, gadatana) avtori moiaz
rebs Zalis gadasvlas erTi aqtorisgan meore aqtorze.
amgvari tendencia istoriulad aprobirebuli proce
sia: erT imperias meore cvlida, hegemonebi Cndebod
nen, sustdebodnen da qrebodnen.1 fenomens, romelsac
naim Zalis tranzicia daarqva, socialuri mecnierebebis
bevri Teoria Seiswavlis da sxvadasxvagvarad xsnis.
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.113.
52
naiseuli `Zalis difuzia~1 (Zalis komponentebad daS
la) uaxlovdeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis post mo
dernul xedvas da gulisxmobs axali aqtorebis gamoCenas
saerTaSoriso politikaSi, maT Soris ise Ti aqtorebis,
rac warmoudgeneli iqneboda oriode aTwleulis win.
dRes Zala aRar ukavSirdeba mxolod saxelmwifos, ara
med organizaciebs, jgufebs da individebsac ki. esa Tu
is saxe
lmwifo mTeli Tavisi STam beWdavi SeiaraRebis
resursiT realuri safrTxis winaSe SeiZleba daaye nos
kompiuteriT SeiaraRebulma erTma teroristma, erTma
hakerma Tu xuTiod kacisgan Semdgarma trolebis jgufma.
Tanamedrove globalizebul, teqnologiur saukuneSi,
TviT yvelaze Zlevamosili saxel mwifoebic veRar akon
troleben procesebs srulad. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
niu-iorkis teraqtma swored am epoqis dawyeba gvamcno.
ra aris aseTi mniSvnelovani cifrul revoluciaSi?
erTi saukunis win evropidan aSS-Si darekvis fasi or
aseul dolars aWarbebda (rac im epoqisTvis mTel qone
bas warmoadgenda), dRes ki ufasoa; sul raRac naxevari
saukunis win pirvel gamomTvlel manqanebs mTeli oTaxis
farTobi eWira, dRes ki im moculobis informaciaze as
jer da aTasjer meti SeiZleba Cveni smartfonis CipSi
Caetios; dRes xelovnuri inteleqti wuTebSi qmnis da
amuSavebs im moculobis informacias, rasac adamiani
mTel saukunes andomebda... magaliTebi bevria, Tumca
xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom cifruli revoluciis mTa
var maxasiaTeblad ar unda davasaxeloT mxolod mona
cemebis raodenobrivi zrda, servisis gaiafeba Tu pro
cesis gamartiveba da daCqareba. cifrul revolucias
meoTxe industriul revoluciad swored im mizeziT
1
Zalis tranziciasa da difuziaze msjeloba ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The
Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 113-204.
53
movixseniebT, rom is iwvevs Zalis difuzias, rac sru
liad cvlis adamianuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqts.
teqnologiuri revoluciis pirvel etapze gaCnda
SiSi, rom axali teqnologiebi gaxdeboda iaraRi mTav
robebis xelSi da gamoiwvevda informaciis srul cen
tralizebas.1 realurad, procesi ormxrivad warimarTa
da saxeze gvaqvs rogorc Zalauflebis centralizacia,
aseve misi decentralizacia.
arademokratiul reJimebSi kvlav mniSvnelovani adgi
li uWiravs saxelmwifos mier Zalauflebis centraliza
ciisTvis axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis tendenciis
zrdas. magaliTad, teqnologiebis borotad gamoyenebi
sTvis xSirad adanaSauleben CineTs.2 Tumca es procesi
sul ufro da ufro rTuldeba da met da met resurss
moiTxovs.
Zalauflebis decentralizacia bunebrivad Rrmavdeba
gansakuTrebuli resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. cifruli
decentralizacia upirveles yovlisa mediaze aisaxa. tra
diciul media saSualebebs (radios, televizias, beWdur
presas) yovelTvis akontroleben garkveuli jgufebi,
ma
Ti produqcia dagegmili da sistemuria. interneti ki
iZleva ulimito da ukontrolo saqmianobis saSualebas.
gaCnda komunikaciis axali formebi da meqanizmebi. inter
netiT SesaZlebelia komunikacia erTis erTTan (imeili),
erTis bevrTan (veb-gverdi, blogi...), bevris erTTan (viki
pedia...), bevris bevrTan (socialuri media)...3
media gaxda pirveli indikatori. Tumca procesi
grZeldeba sxva sferoebSic. cifrul revoluciaze da
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.115.
2
Paul Mozur. China moves towards ~digital totalitarian state” as surveillance
technology continues to advance. Independent. December 18. 2019. https://
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-technology-surveillance-net-
work-totalitarian-state-spy-a9251971.html
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.116.
54
fuZnebulma globalizaciam moitana gauTvaliswinebeli
gamowvevebi, magaliTad – terorizmi da omis privati
zacia1, rac swored axali teqnologiebis Seqmnam gaxada
SesaZlebeli...
nai Zalis difuziaze aqcents im mizniT akeTebs, rom
ukeT dagvanaxos rbili Zalis mzardi resursi da gamo
yenebis gardauvaloba: teqnologiebiT aRWurvil te
ro rists verc iaraRiT daamarcxeb da verc birTvuli
iaraRis muqariT. nais azriT, msoflio politika sam
ganzomilebian Wadraks daemsgavsa, sadac mogebisTvis
aucilebelia, rogorc vertikaluri, aseve horizonta
luri svlebi. politikosebi, vinc ver xedaven Zalis
amgvar difuzias Tanamedrove samyaroSi, `erTganzomile
bian moTamaSeebad rCebian samganzomilebian TamaSSi~...2
nai Zalis difuziaze msjelobisas mravalgzis amaxvi
lebs yuradRebas rbili Zalis mniSvnelobis zrdaze
saerTaSoriso politikaSi. Tumca is Zalis difuzias ar
moiazrebs saerTaSoriso politikis Zireuli cvlilebe
bis gamomwvevad.3 am sakiTxebze bolo wlebSi ufro metad
gaaqtiurda msjeloba. saerTo tendenciiT, Zalis difu
ziaze dafuZnebul axal realobaSi xisti Zala mTli
anad Canacvldeba rbili ZaliT, xolo globalizaciis
siswrafe xels Seuwyobs ara unificirebuli warmosax
viTi msoflios Seqmnas, aramed mzard regionalizms da
msoflios horizontalur daSrevebas.
Zalis difuziaze msjelobisas, aucilebelia SevexoT
globalizaciis process, romelic cifruli revoluciis
safuZvelicaa, Tanmdevi procesic da misi xelSemwyobic.
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004. p. 21-25, 132
2
ibid. p. 4-5
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 117.
55
XXI saukunis globalizacia ar aris msoflio isto
riaSi erTaderTi globaluri procesi. Rirebulebebis
globaluri gavrcelebis magaliTia msoflio religie
bi, romis imperiis `yvela gza romSi midis~ imperiuli
doqtrinac da naxevari msoflios gawiTlebac civi omis
dros. ra aris axali da sruliad gansxvavebuli mimdi
nare globalizaciis procesSi, rac ase aSfoTebT anti
globalistebs? pasuxi martivia: globalizaciis Serwyma
teqnologiur revoluciasTan.
dRevandeli globalizacia swrafad da iafad midis
ufro Sors da ufro Rrmad, vidre odesme. cnobili mag
aliTia, rom infeqciuri daavadeba `yvavilis~ msofli
oSi gavrcelebas dasWirda 300 weliwadi, aiv virusis
gavrcelebas – 30 weli, CineTSi aRmoCenilma axalma ko
ronavirusma ki prevenciis uprecedento zomebis miuxe
davad ramdenime dReSi CaaRwia aTasobiT kilometriT
daSorebul qveynebSi.
winare globalizaciebma gaaiafa produqti (is rac
fufunebis sagani iyo Sua saukuneebSi, momdevno saukune
ebSi sayovelTao moxmarebis sagnebad iqca). dRevandel
ma globalizaciam ki yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada
informacia da aseve gaamartiva narativis kulturuli
Targmani. swored amitom, mimdinare globalizaciis
ukeT gasaazreblad Cven mas movixseniebT cifrul glo
balizaciad.
saxezea cifruli globalizaciis Tanmdevi uaryofi
Ti aspeqtebic – gamartivda moparva, dahakva... teraqtis
mowyoba... informacia, romelic mxolod saxelmwifos
kuTvnileba SeiZleba yofiliyo, sayovelTao gaxda...
cifruli globalizaciis efeqti gansxvavdeba regio
nebis mixedviT, rac qmnis uTanasworobis axal safuZvels.
cifruli globalizacia cvlis politikur qmedebebs da
Sedegebs. yvelas gvaxsovs axlo aRmosavleTSi feisbuq
56
iT mobilizebuli revoluciebi Tu ruseTSi gaqceuli
eduard snoudeni, romelmac 20 wlis asakSi moaxerxa
aSS-is mkacrad klasificirebuli dokumentebis moparva
da gamomzeureba. globalizacia, rogorc msoflio uni
fikacia – civi omis Semdgomi pirveli Taobis antiglo
balistebis warmosaxva aRmoCnda.
cifrulma revoluciam pirvel etapze marTlac
Seuwyo xeli msoflio vesternizaciis process, rad
gan teqnologiebis Semqmneli pirveli qveynebi swored
dasavluri demokratiebia, Tumca cifruli revoluciis
Semdeg etapebze movlenebi sxva kuTxiT warimarTa. an
tidasavluri Zalebis mier atexili gangaSi, romelic
globalizaciis mTavar safrTxed liberaluri Rirebu
lebebis gavrcelebiT msoflio kosmopolituri sazo
gadoebis Seqmnas moiazrebda, fukuiamas istoriis da
sasrulis erTgvari gagrZelebaa.
istoriulma ganviTarebam aCvena, rom cifruli Sesa
Zleblobebis gamoyeneba sul male aranaklebi efeqturo
biT daiwyes arademokratiulma reJimebma, sxvadasxva sa
xis fundamentalisturma jgufebma da teroristulma
organizaciebmac ki. globalizacias ar aRmoufxvria arc
saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, man msoflio mravalganzomilebi
ani gaxada: gaizarda uTanasworoba mdidrebsa da Rari
bebs Soris; gaRrmavda RirebulebiTi sxvaoba asakobriv
da sxvadasxva ideologiur jgufebs Soris... gamarTlda
globalistebis zogierTi varaudi msoflio politikaSi
ekonomikuri sakiTxebis mniSvnelobis zrdaze. ekonomi
kuri urTierTdamokidebulebis meqanizmebi gaizarda
komunikaciis formebis gaiafebis kvaldakval.
teqnologiurma revoluciam meti mniSvneloba miani
Wa transnacionalur korporaciebs da daaknina saxelm
wifoebis da mTavrobebis realizmisTvis Cveuli uzena
esoba. uTanasworoba izomeba ara fulis raodenobiT,
57
aramed teqnologiuri unarebis da informaciis raode
nobiT. axali tendenciiT, damkvidrebuli da yvelaze
Tvladi ekonomikuri maCveneblebic ki Zalas kargavs,
daTvla garTulda cifrebSi radgan produqti da valu
ta sxvadasxvagvari gaxda. dRes aRar aris imdenad mniS
vnelovani ra bunebriv resursebs flob, aramed ramden
gigabait informacias flob, ra tipis informacias flob
da am konteqstSi vis informacias meti fasi aqvs dRes...
cifruli globalizacia cvlis politikis yvela
aspeqts da yvela sferos. is zemoqmedebs rogorc saSi
nao, aseve sagareo politikis warmoebaze. icvleba saSi
nao da sagareo politikuri qmedebebis korelaciac:
litikuri elitebi veRar grZnoben Tavs daculad
po
saSinao politikaSi, rac sagareo agresiisken ubiZgebT.
`RmerTo Cemo, es diplomatiis dasasrulia~ – ganacxa
da britaneTis premier-ministrma lordma pamerstonma
informaciis telegrafiT miRebis Semdeg XIX saukuneSi.1
sinamdvileSi, cifruli globalizaciis pirobebSi kidev
ufro metad gaizarda zogadad diplomatiis, gansa
kuTrebiT ki saxalxo diplomatiis roli.
ra aris saxalxo diplomatia? Tavad terminis gamo
goneba ukavSirdeba edmund gulionis saxels, romelmac
termini pirvelad gamoiyena 1965 wels.2 misi ganmarte
biT, saxalxo diplomatia efeqtur, strategiul komu
nikaciaze dafuZnebuli diplomatiaa, romlis mizania
saxalxo azris zegavlenis zrda sagareo politikis war
moebis procesSi.
saxalxo diplomatia (Tavisi yvela formiT) efuZne
ba gamWvirvale komunikacias da udaod rbili Zalis
1
Digital diplomacy, E-diplomacy, Cyber diplomacy. DiPLO. https://www.diploma-
cy.edu/e-diplomacy
2
Nicholas J.Cull. ~Public Diplomacy” before Gullion: the evolution of a phrase.
USC Center on Public Diplomacy. Apr. 18. 2006. https://www.uscpublicdiplo-
macy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-gullion-evolution-phrase
58
gavrcelebis mTavari meqanizmia. sainformacio omisgan
gansxvavebiT, saxalxo diplomatia (rbili Zala) ar aris
dafuZnebuli konfrontaciaze da miznad ar isaxavs
„Cven-isini“ diqotomiiis Seqmnas.
sainformacio omi (rogorc basri Zalis erT-erTi
mTavari meqanizmi) qmnis konfrontaciis safuZvlebs
sazogadoebaSi, zegavlenis meqanizmebad iyenebs arale
galur qmedebebs (kiberTavdasxma, hakeroba, fsiqolo
giuri operaciebi...). basri Zalis mesijebi axdens nara
tivis proeqcias da Rirebulebebis gasavrceleblad
iyenebs propagandas. sainformacio oms da rbili Zalis
deviacias basri Zalis saxiT ufro dawvrilebiT momde
vno paragrafSi SevexebiT.
cifrulma globalizaciam didi zegavlena moaxdina
saxalxo diplomatiasa da zogadad diplomatiaze. 9/11
movlenebis Semdeg sul ufro mzardad gamoiyeneba ter
mini „axali saxalxo diplomatia“. erT-erTi pirveli aka
demiuri msjeloba diplomatiis transformaciis Sesaxeb
ukavSirdeba 2001-2002 wlebSi aSS sagareo politikis fo
rums, romelSic cnobili politikuri liderebi da eqs
pertebi monawileobdnen. forumis Tavmjdomaris, piter
pitersonis TqmiT, diplomatiia moiTxovs ara ubralod
cvlilebebs, aramed revoluciur cvlilebebs1.
bolo aTwleulSi gamocemuli monografiebi `axal
saxalxo diplomatias~ da `rbil Zalas~ xSirad aigivebs
erTmaneTTan. axali saxalxo diplomatiis diskursSi
xazgasmulia individis rolis zrda, rac sruliad axal
cvlads warmoadgens saerTaSoriso politikaSi. saxel
mwifoebs mouwevT Seeguon axal realobas – gadawyve
tilebebis miRebis procesSi axali, arasaxelmwifoebri
1
Council on Foreign relations. Annual Report. July 1,2001 – June 30, 2002. https://
www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CFR_annual_report_2002_0.pdf
59
vi aqtorebis CarTulobas. saerTaSoriso politikaSi
ara
saxelmwifoebrivi aqtorebis gamoCenas gavaigivebT
saxalxo diplomatiasTan Tu mxolod mis Semadgenel
nawilebad moviazrebT, orive SemTxvevaSi saxezea axali
tendencia.1
axali Taobis diplomatebs mouwevT iseTi unarebis
daufleba, rasac maTi winamorbedebi ar floben – maTTvis
aravis uswavlebia ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebTan strate
giuli komunikaciis specifika. axali saxalxo diploma
tiis mTavari gamowvevaa rbili ZalisTvis damaxasiaTe
beli procesebis kontrolis SeuZlebloba.
saxalxo diplomatiis reformireba dakavSirebulia
politikuri procesebis gamWvirvalobasTan; politi
kuri elitebis sazogadoebis winaSe angariSvaldeb
ulebis zrdasTan; informaciis analizze dafuZnebul
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesTan; politikaze ze
moqmedebis unaris mqone jgufebis, individebis Tu mov
lenebis Tvisobrivi meTodebiT Seswavlis sirTuleebTan.
aseve axali saxalxo diplomatiis gamowvevad saxeldeba
dezinformaciasTan da propagandasTan (basri Zalis me
qanizmebi) gamklaveba.
axali saxalxo diplomatia moiazrebs ormxriv pro
cess – mosmena da dialogi. am konteqstSi aucilebe li
gax
da klasikuri samTavrobo diplomatiis garda qm
na
cifrul diplomatiad. erTis mxriv, cifruli dip
lomatia aadvilebs strategiul komunikacias sxvada
sxva doneze, magram amave dros, cifruli diplomatia
qmnis axal safrTxeebsa da gamowvevebs: procesebis qao
Open Russia Movement. in: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019.
Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva
and Robert Kelley. BRILL Online Publication Date: 20Jun 2019. https://brill.
com/view/journals/hjd/14/3/article-p250_5.xml
60
turobas; RirebulebiTi buStebis Seqmnas da sxv. Zalis
difuziam rogorc saxalxo, aseve samTavrobo diploma
tia strategiuli komunikaciis gaaqtiurebis da axali
midgomebis SemuSavebis aucileblobis winaSe daayena.
dezinformaciis gavrcelebis masStabebma da gaxSire
bulma informaciulma Sturmma bevri saxelmwifo aiZula
ganexorcielebina strategiuli instituciuri cvli
lebebi. saxalxo diplomatiis mizani gaxda horizonta
luri RirebulebiTi Sreebis gaCena, radgan cifruli
globalizacia horizontalurad (Rirebulebebis mixed
viT) hyofs adamianebs da ara saxelmwifo sazRvrebis mi
xedviT.
paragrafis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom cifruli revo
luciiT gamowveuli Zalis difuzia mimdinare procesia
da mis politikur Sedegebze jer sruliad warmoudge
nelia saubari, Tumca dRiTi dRe izrdeba literatura,
romelic msjelobs cifruli revoluciis zegavlenaze
saerTaSoriso politikaSi da Zalis difuziis axal ten
denciebze.
realistebis azriT, cifruli globalizacia ver mo
dens raime gardamtex cvlilebas da saxelmwifoebi
ax
darCebian saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar aqtorebad
cifruli globalizaciis pirobebSic, informaciuli
volucia isev Zlierebs gaaZlierebs da Zala kvlav
re
darCeba politikuri urTierTobebis mTavar safuZvlad.
liberalebi da konstruqtivistebi aqcents akeTeben mso
flio politikis mzardad kompleqsur xasiaTze, sadac
saxelmwifoebis garda arasaxelmwifoebrivma aqtorebmac
SeiZines Zala. liberalebi ar uaryofen, rom saxelmwi
foebi kvlav darCebian saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar
aqtorebad, Tumca miaCniaT, rom cifruli revolucia
gaaZlierebs demokratiul qveynebs (rogorc Tanamedrove
informaciis mTavar generatorebs), rac demokratiuli
61
mSvidobis ideas met realobas SesZens. demokratiuli
mTavrobebi miCveuli arian gaxsnilobas da gamWvirvalo
bas da amitomac Zalis difuziasTan Tavsebadoba maTTvis
ufro martivad misaRwevi iqneba. saerTaSoriso politi
kaSi rbili Zalis da saxalxo diplomatiis rolis zrdac
aseve liberaluri Teoriebis wisqvilze asxams wyals.
konstruqtivistebi vestfaliuri sistemis dasrulebas
da axali realobis konstruirebas winaswarmetyveleben. 1
cifrul revoluciasTan mimarTebaSi gaCnda axali,
da xSirad gaugebari terminebi: cifruli avtorita
rizmi, cifruli cenzura, cifruli armia, kiber jeims
bondebi.... eleqtronuli mTavroba, Wkviani qalaqebi da
mowyobilobebi... am konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT saintere
sod gveCveneba axali terminis kiberfeodalizmis dam
kvidreba. feodalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena
iyo transnacionaluri kavSirebis damyareba saxelmwi
fos politikuri sazRvrebis ugulebelyofiT. msgavsi
tendenciebi aRkveTa eri-saxelmwifoebis vestfaliuri
sistemis Seqmnam.2 postmodernistebis azriT, Zalis di
fuzia gvabrunebs warsul tendenciebTan da politikuri
elitebi ar arian mzad am gamowvevasTan gasamklaveblad.
termini `kiberfeodalizmi~ mzardi popularobiT sarge
blobs rogorc akademiur, aseve araakademiur sazoga
doebaSi. heSTegi `kiberfeodalizmi~ gamoiyeneba Tvi
Tersa da sxva socialur qselebSi.
1
Joseph S. Nye Jr., David A. Welch. Understanding Global Conflict and Coopera-
tion. An Introduction to Theory and History. Tenth Edition. Pearson. 2017. p.
336-337
2
naim kiberZalauflebas mTeli Tavi miuZRvna monografiaSi (Jo-
seph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p. 113-151). man
pirvelma Seadara Zalis difuzia feodalizmis periods (ibid.
p.118-119). momdevno wlebSi samecniero diskusia aRniSnul ten
denciebze intensiuri gaxda da gamoCnda axali terminebi da ar
gumentebi.
62
informaciuli revolucia rbili Zalis Seqmnis da ga
moyenebis saSualebas aZlevs patara saxelmwifoebsa da
individebsac. Sesabamisad, patara saxelmwifoebs eZle
vaT Sansi axali adgili ipovon saerTaSoriso poli ti
kaSi. msgavsi tendencia mzardia da uprecedento. ra
sakvirvelia, saxelmwifos teqnologiuri winsvla da
cifruli revoluciis gamowvevebis gamklavebis unari
aucilebeli winapirobaa am konteqstSi.
sxva produqtisgan gansxvavebiT, teqnologiuri pro
duq ti droSi iafdeba da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi
xdeba. ekonomistebi iyeneben termins `qselis efeqti~
– mobiluri/smartfoni, interneti Tu kriptovaluta
Tanabrad gamouyenebelia, Tu is mxolod Tqven gaqvT.
teqnologiis gamomgonebeli qveynebi Tu jgufebi Tavad
arian dainteresebuli sakuTari teqnologiuri gamo
gonebebis gavrcelebaSi da dRes yvelasTvis yvelaferi
xelmisawvdomi gaxda. globalistebis terminiT rom
vTqvaT, msoflio gaxda `globaluri sofeli~, sadac
qveynebis siZliere naklebad gaizomeba sididis da
resursebis mixedviT.
istoriuli gamocdilebiT, saxelmwifoebi, romleb
mac ver moaxerxes cvlilebebisTvis fexis awyoba wina
industriuli revoluciebis dros, samudamod an xangrZ
livad CamorCnen istoriis svlas. meoTxe industriuli
revolucia kidev ufro sastiki iqneba drosTan Camor
Cenilebis mimarT.
bibliografia:
63
3. The New Public Diplomacy. Soft Power in International Relations.
edited by Jan Melissen. palgrave macmillan. 2005
4. James Pamment. New Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century: A Com-
parative Study of Policy and Practice. Routledge. 2013
5. Andreas Sandre. Twitter for Diplomats. DiploFoundation and Istitu-
toDiplomatico. 2013. https://www.diplomacy.edu/resources/books/
twitter-diplomats
6. Jeremy Rifkin. The Third Industrial Revolution. Palgrave MacMillan.
2011
7. Craig Hayden. The Rhetoric of Soft Power. Public Diplomacy in Global
Contexts. Lexington Books. 2012
8. Anna Popkova. Non-state Diplomacy Challenges to Authoritarian
States: The Open Russia Movement. in: The Hague Journal of Di-
plomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019. Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state
Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. BRILL
Online Publication Date: 20Jun 2019. https://brill.com/view/journals/
hjd/14/3/article-p250_5.xml
9. Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. Introduction: Non-state Diplo-
macy from Non-Western Perspectives. in: The Hague Journal of Di-
plomacy. v.14. issue 3. 2019. Special Issue: Non-Western Non-state
Diplomacy. Edited by Natalia Grincheva and Robert Kelley. BRILL On-
line Publication Date: 20 Jun 2019. https://brill.com/view/journals/
hjd/14/3/article-p199_1.xml
10. Council on Foreign Relations. Annual Report. July 1, 2001-June 30,
2002. NY. https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/CFR_an-
nual_report_2002_0.pdf
11. Bridget Verrekia. Digital Diplomacy and its effects on International
Relations. SIT Graduate Institute. ISP Collection 2596. 2017. https://
digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2596
12. USC center on Public Diplomacy https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org
13. USC Center on Public Diplomacy. Annual report 2018-2019. https://
www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/story/cpd-releases-annual-report-2018-19
14. USC center on Public Diplomacy. CPD Blog. https://www.uscpublicdi-
plomacy.org/newswire/cpdblog_main
15. Bruce’s List. Latest Must-Reads in Public Diplomacy: August 2019.
USC center on Public Diplomacy. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/
story/latest-must-reads-public-diplomacy-august-2019
16. Trump Administration Diplomacy. C-SPAN. September 30, 2019. https://
www.c-span.org/video/?464831-1/trump-administration-diplomacy
64
17. Digital diplomacy, E-diplomacy, Cyber diplomacy. DiPLO. https://www.
diplomacy.edu/e-diplomacy
18. Jovan Kurballja. 25 Points for Digital Diplomacy. HUFFPOST. Nov.7,
2016. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/25-points-for-digital-diplomacy
_b_581c78bae4b0334571e099ec
19. Corneliu Bjola. Digital Diplomacy: From Tactics to Strategy. The Ameri-
can Academy in Berlin.2018. https://www.americanacademy.de/digital-
diplomacy-tactics-strategy
20. Corneliu Bjola. The ~Dark Side” of digital diplomacy. SPD Blog. Jan
22, 2019. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/dark-side-digital-
diplomacy
21. Paul Mozur. China moves towards ~digital totalitarian state” as surveil-
lance technology continues to advance. Independent. December 18.
2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-technol-
ogy-surveillance-network-totalitarian-state-spy-a9251971.html
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
65
7. ras gulisxmobs termini `kiberfeodalizmi~? ra gavle
na aqvs kiberfeodalizms saerTaSoriso politikaze?
8. ganmarte winadadeba: msoflio gaxda `globaluri
sofeli~, sadac qveynebis siZliere naklebad gaizomeba
sididis da resursebis mixedviT.
9. imsjele `progresis paradoqsze~.
10. SearCie magaliTi (qeisi) da imsjele cifruli globali
zaciis zegavlenaze saerTaSoriso Tu saxelmwifo po
litikaSi.
Ø es sainteresoa:
TviTeris diplomatia
cifrul diplomatiaSi sxva mraval axal terminTan
erTad, damkvidrda termini TviTeris diplomatia (Twiplo-
macy). sxvadasxva statistikuri monacemebiT, msoflios
politikuri liderebis ori mesamedi TviTeris aqtiuri
momxmarebelia. cifruli diplomatiis momxreebis argu
mentebiT, socialuri qselebiT amomrCevelTan urTier
Toba politikosebs saSualebas aZlevs Tavisi ideebi da
politikuri gadawyvetilebebi efeqturad miitanos ri
giT moqalaqemde, amomrCevels (Tu nebismier moqalaqes
msoflios nebismieri qveynidan) ki saSualeba eZleva pirda
piri kavSiri qondes politikur liderebTan. zogierTi
eqsperti politikur liderebs mouwodebs kidec, ukeT
daeuflon socialuri qselebis efeqturad gamoyenebas.
strategiuli komunikaciis politikaSi TviTeris rolis
zrdasTan erTad dRiTi dRe mravldeba organizaciebi,
romlebic ikvleven cifruli diplomatiis (Tu konkre
tulad, TviTeris diplomatiis) fenomens da gvTavazoben
sxvadasxva saintereso statistikur monacemebs. tradici
66
ulma media saSualebebma daiwyes blogebis warmoeba ci
fruli diplomatiis Sesaxeb, universitetebma saganmana
Tleblo programebSi CarTes cifruli diplomatiis da
strategiuli komunikaciis saswavlo kursebi.
vebgverdis `TviTeris diplomatia~ (https://twiplomacy.
com/) 2019 wlis statistikis mixedviT, TviTeris yvelaze
aqtiur momxmareblad saxeldeba aSS prezidenti donald
trampi (66 milioni mimdevari); meore adgils ikavebs in
doeTis premier ministri narendra modi (51 milioni mim
devari); xolo mesame adgilzea papi franciske (49 milioni
mimdevari). ruseTis saprezidento TviTeri 26-e adgils
ikavebs 3 mln. mimdevriT. saqarTvelo indeqsSi saerTod
ar aris warmodgenili, rac sulac ar niSnavs, rom saqa
rTveloSi politikuri elita socialur mediasTan ar
megobrobs. saqarTvelos Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos
feisbuqis gansakuTrebuli popularoba sxva socialur
mediebTan SedarebiT.
TviTeris diplomatiaSi politikuri liderebis garda
CarTulni arian diplomatiuri misiebi da warmomadgenlo
bebi, samTavrobo uwyebebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi...
TviTeris momxmarebelia iseTi organizaciac ki, rogori
caa aSS centraluri sadazvervo saagento (CIA). 2014 wlis
6 ivniss Tavisi pirveli TviTiT saagentom gamoaqveyna
saxumaro teqsti: `arc vuaryofT da arc vadasturebT,
rom es aris Cveni pirveli TviTi~. saagentos TviTs mo
hyva bevri saintereso komentari da gaziarda 280 aTasjer.
magaliTad, politikurma korespondentma da analitikosma
hovard fainmenma sapasuxo TviTSi Tavadac moswrebulad
ixumra: `dRes gavxdi sadazvervo saagentos mimdevari,
Tumca vfiqrob saagento aqamdec iyo Cemi mimdevari~.
prezident donald trampis TviTerTan urTierToba
mudmivi ganxilvis sagania. is cnobilia Tavisi eqscen
truli da skandaluri TviTebiT. davasaxeloT ramdenime
gaxmaurebuli skandaluri TviTi.
67
2019 wels prezidents gamouqveynes 2012 wlis skanda
luri TviTi qeiT midltonis Sesaxeb: `vis ar unda qeiTis
foto gadaiRos da bevri fuli iSovos, Tu qeiTi mzeze
SiSveli irujeba. midi qeiT!~
2018 wels trampma iranis winaaRmdeg sanqciebi daaanon
sa TviTerSi cnobili serialis, `samefo karis TamaSebis~
sareklamo posteris stilSi gadaRebuli sakuTari foto
suraTiT (warweriT `sanqciebi axlovdeba~). iranis gener
alma kasem suleimanim msgavsive posteriT upasuxa insta
gramSi (warweriT `Sen ver gamtexav~). serialis mflobeli
amerikuli telearxi HBO aseve TviTiT gamoexmaura movle
nebs da Tavis xumrobaSi xazi gausva saavtoro uflebebis
sakiTxs.
2018 wlis noemberSi trampi stumrad imyofeboda pariz
Si pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis 100 wlis iubiles
Tan dakavSirebiT. vizitidan dabrunebis Semdeg trampma
TviTiT gaakritika safrangeTis mTavroba: `emanuel mak
roni sakuTari armiis Seqmnas apirebs evropis dasacavad
aSS-s, CineTisa da ruseTisgan. frangebi pirvel da meore
msoflio omebSic icavdnen Tavs, magram sanam aSS jarebma
parizamde miaRwies, frangebi ukve germanuls swavlobdnen.
gadaixade nato-Si an gadi!~ makronma tradiciulad Tavi
Seikava trampis TviTze pasuxis gacemisgan.
2020 wlis 6 Tebervals, aSS senatSi prezidentis impiC
mentis sakiTxis Cavardnis Semdeg, trampma gamoaqveyna
saxumaro video TviTerze, romlis mixedviT prezidento
bas samudamod apirebs.
trampis TviTebis mimoxilva kargad aCvenebs axali sa
xalxo diplomatiis specifikas. samTavrobo diplomatiis
mier gakeTebuli msgavsi gancxadebebi aucileblad gax
deboda konfliqtis an omis mizezi. klasikuri diplo
matiisgan gansxvavebiT, TviTeris diplomatia saSualebas
iZleva iTqvas yvelaferi gulwrfelad, TviTis adresats
68
ki utovebs arCevans gasces msgavsi pasuxi, an saerTod ar
gasces pasuxi. axali saxalxo diplomatia cvlis diplo
matiis istoriulad Camoyalibebul da SeTanxmebul Car
Coebs.
axali saxalxo diplomatia gamowvevaa politikosebisT
vis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis procesSic. 2017 wels
kolumbiis universitetis sityvis Tavisuflebis damcvelma
institutma sarCeli Seitana trampis administraciis wi
naaRmdeg, romelmac dabloka trampis TviTeris ramdenime
mimdevari kritikuli postebisTvis. sarCelis ganxilva ori
wlis manZilze mimdinareobda sxvadasxva instanciaSi da mo
qalaqeebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. federaluri sasamarT
los mosamarTlis gancxadebiT, prezidentis TviTeri sa
jaro sivrcea, sadac sakuTari azris gamoTqmis ufleba aqvs
rogorc prezidents, aseve mis mimdevrebsac. prezidents
aqvs ufleba sakuTari survilis mixedviT SearCios TviTi
sapasuxod an gasaziareblad, magram ar aqvs azris SezRud
vis da TviTis dablokvis ufleba.
TviTeris diplomatia, iseve rogorc zogadad cifru
li diplomatia, gamowvevad iqca politikis mkvlevarebi
sTvisac. socialur qselebSi ganTavsebuli informaciis
Tavmoyra da klasifikacia rTulia da xSirad SeuZlebel
ic socialuri qselebis specifikidan gamomdinare.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:
1. Twiplomacy. https://twiplomacy.com
2. Twitter.com https://twitter.com/cia/status/474971393852182528
3. donald trampis skandaluri tviti qeiT midltonze. es
persona. 4 ivnisi. 2019 https://espersona.ge/article/957
4. trampis tviti da iraneli generlis pasuxi ~samefo karis
TamaSebis” stilSi. NeWposts.11-04-2018 https://www.newposts.
ge/?l=G&id=188514
5. Twitter.com https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/sta-
tus/1062311785787744256
69
6. Trump slams Macron, France in burst of tweets after Paris visit.
France24. 13/11/2018 https://www.france24.com/en/20181113-usa-
trump-macron-france-burst-tweets-paris-visit-twitter-wwi-wwii-germa-
ny-wine
7. Dan Mangan. Read the Tweets that got these people blocked on Twit-
ter by President Donald Trump. CNBC. May 23, 2018. https://www.
cnbc.com/2018/05/23/read-the-tweets-that-got-these-people-blocked-
on-twitter-by-president-donald-trump.html
8. Rebecca Pilar Buckwalter-Poza, Philip Cohen, Eugene Gu, Holly
Figueroa, Nicholas Pappas, Brandon Neely. I was Blocked by @re-
alDonaldTrump. March 25, 2019. Knight First Amendment Institute
at Columbia University. https://knightcolumbia.org/content/i-was-
blocked-realdonaldtrump
9. Grace Panetta. Trump tweets a video implying he’ll be president
‘4EVA’ as his first official response after impeachment-trial acquittal.
Business Insider. Feb.6, 2020 https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-
tweets-video-showing-him-president-forever-after-acquittal-2020-2
10. Andreas Sandre. 2018 in Review: top 10 digital diplomacy mo-
ments. Digital Diplomacy. December 10, 2018. https://medium.com/
digital-diplomacy/2018-in-review-top-10-digital-diplomacy-moments-
ce9e2745035a
Ø es sainteresoa:
70
qsperto dokumentebis momzadeba. sabWosTan TanamSrom
loben eqspertebi samTavrobo, akademiuri da arasamTav
robo wreebidan. 1997 wlidan sabWom daiwyo axali tipis
dokumentebis – `globaluri tendenciebi~ gamoqveyneba.
dokumenti qveyndeba yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel aSS
saprezidento arCevnebis Semdgom vidre prezidentis in
auguraciamde da warmoadgens erTgvar sakonsultacio
rCevebs axlad arCeuli prezidentebisTvis. dokumenti
warmoadgens momavali 15-20 wlis globaluri tendenciebis
strategiul mimoxilvas. organizacias aqvs damoukidebe
li vebgverdi sxvadasxva qveganyofilebebiT, reportebis
arqiviT, sasargeblo bmulebiTa da danarTebiT. special
uri seqcia bavSvebisTvisac ki aris gamoyofili. nebismier
internet momxmarebels msoflios nebismieri regionidan
SeuZlia komentarebis gakeTeba da interaqcia sxvadasxva
formiT.
aSS dazvervis erovnuli sabWom pirveli 100-gverdiani
angariSi `globaluri tendenciebi 2015: dialogi momavlis
Sesaxeb arasamTavrobo eqspertebTan~ gamoaqveyna 2000 wlis
dekemberSi. 125-gverdiani angariSi `2020-globaluri moma
vlis ruka~ gamoqveynda 2004 wlis dekemberSi. 120-gverdia
ni dokumenti – `globaluri tendenciebi 2025: transfor
mirebuli msoflio~ gamoqveynda 2008 wlis noemberSi.
166-gverdiani dokumenti `globaluri tendenciebi 2030: al
ternatiuli samyaroebi~ gamoqveynda 2012 wlis dekemberSi.
mas wamZRvarebuli aqvs jon meinard qeinsis citata: `azri,
rom momavali iqneba gansxvavebuli awmyosgan iseTi au
tanelia Cveni standartuli azrovnebisa da qcevisTvis,
rom umravlesoba CvenTagani uars vambobT masze~. do
kumenti iwyeba sityvebiT: 2030 wels msoflio radikalurad
gansxvavebuli iqneba dRevandelobisgan. dokumentSi mega
trendebad gamoyofilia: individualuri SesaZleblobebis
zrda; Zalis difuzia; demografiuli cvlilebebi; sakvebis,
71
wylisa da energo resursebis nakleboba. globaluri wes
rigis TamaSis wesebis cvalebadobaSi gansakuTrebuli adg
ili aqvs miCenili globalizebuli ekonomikis krizisisadmi
midrekilebas da gamowvevebs im saxelmwifoebisTvis, ro
melic fexs ver uwyobs daCqarebul globalur cvlilebebs.
aseve saxeldeba konfliqtebis gazrdili albaToba; mzardi
regionaluri arastabiluroba; axali teqnologiebis ze
gavlena saerTaSoriso politikaze...
tradiciisamebr, 2016 wlis dekemberSi unda gamoqvey
nebuliyo 2035 dokumenti. Tumca 2017 wlis ianvarSi gamo
qveynda 235 gverdiani angariSi: „globaluri tendenciebi,
progresis paradoqsi~. angariSis momzadebis procesSi
analitikosebs konsultaciebi hqondaT 35 qveynis mTav
robebsa da interes jgufebTan: analitikur centrebTan,
studentebTan, mewarmeebTan, qalTa organizaciebTan... an
gariSi gamoirCeva Temebis simravliT da farTo geografi
uli arealiT.
angariSSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba Zalauflebis Tvi
sobriv cvlilebebze (Zalis tranzicia da Zalis difu
zia). Zala da Zalaufleba, romelic Sedgeboda Tvladi
komponentebisgan (samxedro, ekonomikuri, demografiuli
maCveneblebi) ufro metad gaxdeba damokidebuli aramate
rialur ganzomilebebze (ideebi, urTierTobebi...) angari
Sis ZiriTadi daskvnebidan gvinda gamovarCioT ramdenime
sakiTxi.
1. axlo momavalSi gaizrdeba daZabuloba rogorc
qveynebs SigniT, aseve qveynebs Soris. interesTa SeuTavse
bloba civi omis droindel masStabebs miaRwevs. sxvaoba
sazogadoebebis RirebulebaTa Soris gaizrdeba. gaCndeba
TanamSromlobis da konfrontaciis axali geopolitikuri
sivrceebi da e. w. `geopolitikuri ruxi zonebi~. savaWro
Tu samxedro TanamSromloba naklebad gaxdeba damokide
buli geografiul siaxloveze. teqnologiur inovaciebze
72
dafuZnebuli axali produqtebis gaCena gaarTulebs saqon
lis Rirebulebis, patentebisa da sabaJo gadasaxadebis
tradiciulad arsebul Tvladobas, xarisxis kontrols...
2. demografiuli problemebi axal ganzomilebas mi
aRwevs – mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba, samuSao adgi
lebi ki mcirdeba teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mize
ziT. dasavleTis teqnologiurad ganviTarebul qveynebs
muSaxeliT veRar Seavsebs aradasavluri sazogadoebebi,
radgan maT amis unar-Cvevebi ar eqnebaT. dasavleTis qvey
nebSi gagrZeldeba demografiuli dabereba da mosaxleo
bis raodenobis kleba, ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki piriqiT,
moxdeba demografiuli afeTqeba. 25-35 wlis perspeqtivaSi
TiTqmis yvela afrikuli qveyana gaormagdeba mosaxleo
bis raodenobiT. aucilebeli gaxdeba afrikis kontinentis
problemebis aqtualizacia.
3. globalizaciis procesi uprecedento gaRrmave
bas ganicdis. teqnologiuri revolucia da xelovnuri
inteleqtis farTo gamoyeneba axal masStabebs iZens. am
procesSi mogebulebi da wagebulebi axali konfiguraciT
gadanawildebian did saWadrako doneze. wagebulTa mxares
SesaZloa aRmoCndnen Tavad dasavluri sazogadoebebi.
marTalia, swored isini floben teqnologiebs, magram
teqnologiuri revolucia xels Seuwyobs saSualo fenis
ekonomikur stagnacias, rac dasavluri sazogadoebebis
politikur-ekonomikuri safuZvelia. sagareo faqtorebic
ar iqneba momgebiani dasavleTisTvis. axali geopoliti
kuri ambiciebi ruseTis, CineTisa da sxva saxelmwifoe
bis mxridan daasustebs aSS gavlenebs. wagebulTa banakSi
arian postsabWoTa qveynebic. maT ver moaxerxes sruli
transformacia da civi omis droindeli CamorCenilobis
daZleva, uTanasworoba ki mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba Sem
dgom wlebSi. post-komunisturi ruseTi ekonomikuri da
demografiuli problemebis gaRrmavebas nacionalizmis
73
zrdiTa da sagareo eqspansiis gaaqtiurebiT upasuxebs.
mogebulTa mxares aRmoCndeba mzardi ekonomikis qveynebi,
gansakuTrebiT CineTi.
4. progresi ekologiis winaaRmdeg: Tu XX saukunis
mTavari Temebi iyo saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti da
adaminis uflebebi, XXI saukuneSi mTavar problemad kli
matis cvlileba da resursebis simwire moiazreba.
5. usafrTxoebis sferoSi axal masStabebs miiRebs am
Jamad arsebuli safrTxeebi: teqnologiuri winsvla xels
Seuwyobs terorizmis da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis
gavrcelebas da narkogadazidvebs; gamartivdeba geografi
ulad daSorebul teritoriebze saomari moqmedebebis war
moeba. aqtualuri gaxdeba usafrTxoebis arasamxedro
aspeqtebi, gansakuTrebiT kiberusafrTxoeba.
6. saxelmwifoebis paralelurad individebi da mcire
interes-jgufebi SeZleben imoqmedon saxelmwifoebis ms
gavsad. tradiciuli politikuri Temebi dakargavs aqtu
a
lobas da gaCndeba axali Temebi, romelic gagvaocebs
Tavisi kompleqsurobiTa da sakiTxTa simravliT. Tanam
Sromlobis tradiciuli formebi Seicvleba da garTul
deba. icvleba realizmze dafuZnebuli 1945 wlis wesri
gi, sadac saerTaSoriso politikis mTavar aqtorebs
saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenda. msoflio gaxdeba post-mo
dernuli meta-narativebisa da mega-aqtorebis gareSe, rac
Tvisobrivad Secvlis omis, mSvidobis, mmarTvelobis, kon
fliqtis, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro Zlierebis Cveul aRq
mas. informaciis simravle da urTierTgamomricxavi xasi
aTi Seqmnis mraval realobas. zRvari omsa da mSvidobas
Soris gaxdeba sruliad bundovani.
7. individi, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis aqto
ri, sruliad uprecedentoa kacobriobis istoriaSi.
gamoikveTeba axali tendenciebi – koordinacia da Tanam
Sromloba individebs, interes-jgufebsa da saxelmwifoe
74
bs Soris. zesaxelmwifoebis metoqeoba Semcirdeba da as
parezze gamoCndeba rogorc regionaluri saxelmwifoebi,
aseve arasaxelmwifoebrivi Zalebi.
8. qveynis Sida politikaSi met mniSvnelobas SeiZens
axali gamowvevebi. mag. populizmis zrda. gaizrdeba
propagandis da dezinformaciis masStabebi. erovnuli
xelisuflebebi da politikuri institutebi mzad unda
Sexvdnen axal gamowvevebs. qveynis usafrTxo arsebobisT
vis gadamwyveti gaxdeba mTavrobis unari miiRos swrafi
gadawyvetilebebi myisieri safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg da
akontrolos kanonis uzenaesoba. fuli veRar iqneba mmarT
velobis mTavari instrumenti. is sazogadoebebi, romlebic
miCveulni arian kanonis uzenaesobas, politikuri proce
sebis gamWvirvalobas da politikur Tu socialur plu
ralizms, ufro advilad gauZleben mzard turbulentobas.
Tumca, politikuri liderobis deficiti mniSvnelovnad
gaarTulebs axal gamowvevebTan brZolis SesaZleblobas.
`progresis paradoqsi~ gvTavazobs rekomendaciebsac
CamoTvlili gamowvevebis dasaZlevad.
didi investireba unda moxdes diplomatiis da ganaT
lebis sferoebSi, radgan ganaTleba da teqnologiuri ino
vaciebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gardauvali safuZveli
gaxdeba. rac Seexeba diplomatias, unda moxdes strategi
uli komunikaciis gaRrmaveba. unda vaRiaroT cvlilebebi
romelic moxda da moxdeba momavalSi. gamoviCinoT poli
tikuri moqniloba da velaparakoT yvelas. unda Seiqmnas
axali aliansebi da koaliciebi sxvadasxva Temis garSemo.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:
1. National Intelligence Council. Global Trends. https://www.dni.gov/
index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=398&Itemid=776
2. Global Trends 2015: A dialogue about the future with nongovern-
ment experts. A publication of the National Intelligence Council.
75
December 2000. https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Global%20
Trends_2015%20Report.pdf
3. Mapping the Global Future. Report of the National Intelligence
Council’s 2020 Project. December 2004. https://www.dni.gov/files/
documents/Global%20Trends_Mapping%20the%20Global%20Fu-
ture%202020%20Project.pdf
4. Global Trends 2025: A transformed world. A publication of the
National Intelligence Council. November 2008. https://www.dni.
gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Reports%20and%20Pubs/2025_Glob-
al_Trends_Final_Report.pdf
5. Global trends 2030: Alternative Worlds. A publication of the Na-
tional Intelligence Council. December 2012. https://globaltrends2030.
files.wordpress.com/2012/11/global-trends-2030-november2012.pdf
6. Global Trends. Paradox of Progress. A publication of the National
Intelligence Council. January 2017. https://www.dni.gov/files/docu-
ments/nic/GT-Full-Report.pdf
7. Global Trends. Paradox of Progress. Global Trends Release even – live
from the Newseum in Washington DC. January 9, 2017. https://www.
dni.gov/index.php/digital-extras/newseum-launch-presentation
76
dasavlur rbil Zalaze msjelobisTvis sailustra
ciod da gansaxilvelad SevarCieT sami magaliTi – aSS,
evrokavSiri da gaero. aSS-sa da evrokavSiris rbili Za
lis Taviseburebebis SedarebisTvis veyrdnobiT jozef
nais analizs. 1
***
jozef nai ara mxolod mecnieri da Teoretikosi,
aramed aSS politikis praqtikosia. Sesabamisad, misi
naSromebis upirvelesi mizani aSS sagareo politikis
Sefaseba da Sesabamisi uwyebebisTvis rekomendaciebis
micemaa. rbili, xisti, Wkviani Zalis da Zalis tranzi
ciis da difuziis magaliTebic upirveles yovlisa aSS
realobazea dafuZnebuli. mimovixiloT, rogor gansaz
Rvravs nai rbili, xisti da Wkviani Zalebis gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebsa Tu gamowvevebs amerikis SeerTebuli
StatebisTvis.
prezident jorj buSis administraciis dauRalavi
kritikosi jozef nai aSS sagareo politikis analizis
dros gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs 2003 wlis
erayis kampanias. buSis saomari kampaniis dawyebas nai da
sxva eqspertebic ukavSireben aSS-is rbili momxibvlelo
bis Semcirebas omis wina periodSi. Tumca omma Sedegi ver
gamoaswora da piriqiT – erayis kampaniis Semdeg msofli
oSi anti-amerikuli ganwyobebi mkveTrad gaizarda. nais
analizis mcireodeni improvizireba rom movaxdinoT,
rbili Zalis dasustebam aucilebeli gaxada xisti Za
lis gamoyeneba, ramac kidev ufro daasusta rbili Zala,
da kidev ufro gaizarda xist Zalaze damokidebuleba.
Sedegad miviReT erTgvari mankieri wre, romlis garRve
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs. in:Hard Power,
Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L.Ilgen.
ASHGATE. 2006. p.25-38.
77
vas prezidenti obama uSedegod Seecada. aSS politikuri
sistema erTgvari `gadatvirTvis~ aucileblobis winaSe
dadga, ramac donald trampis gaprezidenteba gamoiwvia.
rasakvirvelia, respublikelTa mmarTvelobis momxre
eqspertebi (gansakuTrebiT neokonservatiuli skola) ar
eTanxmebodnen da arc dRes eTanxmebian nais analizs.
maTi azriT, `aSS-s ar sWirdeba aplodismentebi~1 saku
Tari saxelmwifo interesebis gasatareblad, politikaSi
ar arsebobs mudmivi mtrebi da megobrebi, garkveuli
sakiTxebis garSemo ki yovelTvis SesaZlebelia koali
ciis Semokreba. neokonservatorebis azriT, aSS-ma upir
veles yovlisa sakuTari interesebis dacvaze unda izru
nos. Tu xalxi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi fiqrobs,
rom amerika imperiaa, dae ifiqron... rbili Zalis skep
tikosebis azriT, popularoba efemerulia da is ar unda
gaxdes sagareo politikis mimarTulebis ganmsazRvre
li.2 omis momxreTa azriT, aSS-s arapopularuloba war
sulSic unaxavT da gamosworebadia.
respublikelebis amgvar argumentebs nai dRevandel,
Zalis difuziaze damyarebul postmodernul samyaroSi
civi omis magaliTebis ararelevanturobiT pasuxobs.3
misi zriT, rbili momxibvlelobis kleba da imijis Se
laxva politikurad da ekonomikurad Zviri ujdeba
aSS-s da adamianur msxverpls moiTxovs. 9/11-is Semdeg
mTelma msofliom dauWira mxari aSS-s antiteroristul
1
ibid: p.29.
2
neokonservatiuli ideologia dakavSirebulia stanfordis
universitetis huveris institutTan. institutis veb-gverdi
gvTavazobs kvlevebs, publikaciebs da sxv. saintereso masalebs
rogorc rbili Zalis diskursTan mimarTebiT, aseve saerTaSor
iso politikis yvela aqtualur sakiTxze. https://www.hoover.org
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs.Hard Power, Soft
Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L.Ilgen.ASH-
GATE. 2006. p.27
78
kampaniebSi, magram erayis omis Semdegom aSS-is antiter
oristulma mowodebebma sruliad dakarga legitimacia.1
undobloba gadamdebia, msoflioSi antiamerikuli
sentimentebis zrda cud gavlenas axdens Tavad ameri
kul sazogadoebaze – Cndeba fobiebi da Rrmavdeba
izolacionizmisken swrafva. garda amisa, aSS-is imijis
Selaxva zogadad dasavluri Rirebulebebisa da dasav
leTis dakninebas uwyobs xels.
transnacionaluri terorizmi aSS-isa da msoflios
umravlesi qveynebis usafrTxoebis analizsa da stra
tegiul dokumentebSi saxelmwifos mTavar safrTxedaa
dasaxelebuli. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi teroristeb
Tan/teroristul organizaciebTan raime tipis urTier
Toba/kompromisi sruliad gamoricxulia da amoralo
bis tolfasia. nai ar akninebs terorizmis safrTxes. is
acnobirebs, rom terorizms verc mxolod rbili ZaliT
daamarcxeb da verc mxolod xistiT. naisTvis teroriz
mis winaaRmdeg brZola gulisxmobs aliansebis Seqmnas
da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, risi miRwevac SeuZ
lebelia rbili Zalis gareSe2. dRevandel msoflioSi,
sadac TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi Seqmnilia faruli
teroristuli organizaciebi (maT Soris, aSS-Sic) rbil
Zalas gadamwyveti roli aqvs teroristebis momxreTa
rekrutirebisTvis xelis SesaSlelad.3
nais azriT, globalur sainformacio xanaSi efeqtu
ri Tavdacva aRar aris Zalauflebis eqskluziuri wyaro,
aramed es ukanaskneli Rirebulebebis efeqtur da glo
balur gaziarebas efuZneba, rac mxolod tradiciuli
real-politikiT veRar miiRwev. aSS amerikuli samxedro
1
ibid.p.26
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.204.
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Af-
fairs. NY. 2004 p.21-25
79
bazebi ganlagebulia msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi,
inglisuri ena (swored aSS-s damsaxurebiT) iqca ling
va frankad, amerikuli ekonomika udidesia msoflioSi,
amerikuli pop-kultura msoflios yvela kuTxe-kun
WulSia damkvidrebuli, magram msoflios yvelaze Zli
er qveyanas ar Seswevs unari sxvaTa Tanadgomis gareSe,
damoukideblad daicvas sakuTari sasicocxlo intere
sebi. aRniSnul movlenas naim „amerikuli Zalauflebis
paradoqsi“ 1 daarqva, da problemis gamosavlad rbili
Zalis gaaqtiureba dasaxa.
saqarTveloSi da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, dasav
leTi (aSS da evropa) xSirad erTian kulturul sivrced
aRiqmeba, rac civi omis sabWoTa xedvis inerciaa da re
alobas ar Seesabameba. kulturuli siaxlovis miuxeda
vad, amerikul da evropul xedvebSi sxvaoba didia da
metic, es ori kultura mudmiv zegavlenas axdens erT
maneTze. civi omis Semdgom periodSi, rbili momxibvl
elobis gavrcelebis procesSi, aSS da evrokavSiri meto
qeebadac ki iqcnen.
nai mijnavs evropaSi aSS rbil Zalas da evrokavSiris
rbil Zalas msoflioSi. aSS rbili Zalis meqanizmebad
evropaSi nai ganixilavs finansur daxmarebas (marSalis
gegma), Zireuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis eqsports
(federalizmi, demokratia, Tavisufali bazari...), ameri
kuli maskulturis zegavlenas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
wesze (individualizmi, araformaluri qceva, axalgazr
dobis rolis wamoweva, progresis rwmena...).2
amerikuli rbili zegavlena evropaze ar niSnavs Rire
bulebebis srulad gaziarebas da brma mimbaZvelobas. mag
aliTad, evropaSi sifrTxiliT ekidebian zogierT ameri
1
naim amerikuli Zalauflebis paradoqss miuZRvna monografia:
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Super-
power Can’t Go It Alone. Oxford University Press. 2002
2
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.p.97.
80
kul models (sityvis Tavisuflebis modeli; ekonomikuri
modeli).1 aseve sruliad gansxvavebulia mSvi dobisa da
usafrTxoebis mimarT damokidebuleba ara mxolod am
Jamad, aramed civi omis periodSic. sxvaoba evropul da
amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCi
no xdeba saerTaSoriso politikis mniSvnelovan etapebze.
evrokavSiris rbili Zala Tavisi masStabiT ar Camou
vardeba aSS rbil Zalas. evrokavSiris arseboba Tavad
aris rbili Zala. evrokavSiris Seqmnam warmoudgeneli
gaxada omi im qveynebs Soris, romlebic saukuneebis man
Zilze samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebSi iyvnen Cabmuli
da maT Soris interesTa SeuTavseblobam samyaro or
msoflio omSi gaxvia.
evropis rbili Zalis resursebis ganxilvisas nai
asaxelebs kulturas da xelovnebas (literatura, musi
ka, dizaini, moda, sakvebi...), evropul enebs (inglisuri,
franguli, espanuri, portugaliuri...), politikur Ri
rebulebebs (sikvdiliT dasjis ar arseboba, iaraRis
kontroli, adamianis uflebebi...), ekonomikur modelebs
(sayovelTao keTildReobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika)...2
Rirebulebebis garda, evropuli rbili Zalis momxibvle
lobas zrdis misi sagareo politikuri prioritetebi da
politikuri qmedebebis legitimuroba (ganviTarebadi
qveynebis finansuri daxmareba, samSvidobo operaciebSi
monawileoba, saxalxo diplomatiis ganviTarebisTvis
daxarjuli resursebi...).3
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs.Hard Power, Soft
Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by Thomas L. Ilgen. ASH-
GATE. 2006. p.28
2
ibid. p.30
3
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs.
NY. 2004. p.19-20; 75-83. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Af-
fairs. Hard Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited by
Thomas L.Ilgen.ASHGATE. 2006. p.30-33
81
rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes aSS da evrokavSiris meto
qeoba msoflioSi rbili zegavlenis mosapoveblad? ra
aris TiToeulis sisuste da gamowveva? konkurencia ufro
momgebiania TiToeuli maTganisTvis Tu TanamSromloba?
aradasavluri sazogadoebebisTvis evrokavSiris rbi
li Zala xSirad amerikulze ufro momxibvleli da mis
aRebia. ruseTi da CineTic ki swored evrokavSirTan cdi
loben daaxloebas da saerTo interesebis povnas, xolo
aSS-s mTavar mtrad acxadeben.
zogierTi is Rirebuleba (socialuri kapitalizmis
Tanmdevi ekonomikuri da demografiuli problemebi,
migraciuli politika, da sxva), rac evropis rbili Zalis
upiratesobas ganapirobebs, SesaZloa axlo momavalSi
gamowvevad eqces Tavad evropul qveynebs, rac daasus
tebs evropis rbili Zalis momxibvlelobas da Seamci
rebs rbili Zalis politikis warmoebisTvis aucilebel
resursebs.
evrokavSiris rbili Zalis kleba ar niSnavs aSS-is
rbili Zalis zrdas da piriqiT. nais xatovani metafo
riT, evropa da aSS xSirad asrulebs `kargi da cudi
policielis~ rols saerTaSoriso politikaSi, magram es
TamaSi mxolod maSin aris efeqturi, Tu orive poli
cieli SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs.1
***
saerTaSoriso politikis sakiTxebze diskusia xSirad
dafuZnebulia saxelmwifoebis qmedebebis ganxilvaze,
rac realizmis Teoriul CarCoSi jdeba. Tumca bolo
aTwleulebSi meti yuradReba eqceva saerTaSoriso po
litikis sxva sistemur aqtorebs da upirveles yovlisa,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. rasakvirvelia, esa Tu is
1
ibid. p.34
82
saerTaSoriso organizacia eri-saxelmwifoebis SeTanxme
bis produqtia da politikis warmoebis procesSi gaTva
liswinebulia wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebi, magram
saxelmwifoebis mier Seqmnil saerTaSoriso organiza
ciebSi calkeuli saxelmwifoebi veRar axerxeben domi
nirebas da esa Tu is gadawyvetileba interesTa Sejerebis
Tu saxelmwifoTa Soris miRweuli konsensusi Sede
gia. saxelmwifoebi qmnian organizaciebs, organizaciebi
qmnian sistemur wesebs da Semdeg es wesebi zemoqmedebs
saxelmwifos politikur qmedebaze (rogorc uolciseuli
neorealizmi aRniSnavs, sistema zemoqmedebs aqtorebze).
rbil ZalasTan mimarTebaSi, saerTaSoriso orga
nizaciebi udaod eqceva yuradRebis qveS, radgan maTi
moqmedebis xasiaTi yvelaze metad aris dakavSirebuli
rbili Zalis meqanizmebTan: saerTo Rirebulebebsa da
konsensusze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi, saxalxo
diplomatiis aqtiuri roli, strategiuli komunikacia,
normebis da Rirebulebebis gavrceleba... swored saer
TaSoriso organizaciebi gansazRvraven ra aris legalu
ri, kulturulad da socialurad misaRebi globalur
doneze.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis komunikaciis tipebad
gansazRvraven: Sida komunikacias organizaciis sistemu
ri SenarCunebisTvis; komunikacias saerTaSoriso arenaze
organizaciis imijis Sesaqmnelad da SesanarCuneblad;
organizaciis gafarToebis politikas; safrTxeebis da
riskebis menejments. CamoTvlili punqtebidan, sxvadasx
va saerTaSoriso organizacia sxvadasxva tipis komuni
kacias Tvlis ufro prioritetulad. zogierTisTvis ki
komunikaciis yvela tipi Tanabrad prioritetulia.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier axali cifruli
SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT strategiuli komunika
ciis axali masStabebisa da rbili Zalis meqanizmebis
83
ganxilvis magaliTad SevarCieT gaerTianebuli erebis
organizacia, da konkretulad misi erTi proeqti, ro
melic imdenad globaluria, rom SeuZlebelia misi war
moeba rbili Zalis meqanizmebis gareSe.
2015 wlis 25-27 seqtembers mdgradi ganviTarebis
istoriul samitze, gaeros wevrma qveynebma miiRes do
kumenti `mdgradi ganviTarebis dRis wesrigi 2030~ ro
melic ZalaSi Sevida 2016 wlis 1 ianvridan. masSi monawi
leobaze Tanxmoba ganacxada gaeros wevri 193 qveynis
meTaurma. dokumenti erTgvari gagrZeleba da gaRrmave
baa aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis (MDGs) romelic
miRebul gaeros aTaswleulis samitze 2000 wels miiRes.
igi Sedgeboda 8 miznisgan, romelic miRweul unda yo
filiyo 2015 wlisTvis. 2030 dokumenti (SDGs) upreceden
toa gaeros arsebobis istoriaSi, radgan is CarTulo
bisken mouwodebs yvela qveyanas miuxedavad sididisa da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa.1
globaluri miznebi, rogorc SemoklebiT uwodeben
am dokuments, Sedgeba 17 miznisgan da moicavs glo
baluri gamowvevebis mTel speqtrs: siRaribis, SimSilis,
uTanasworobis daZleva; ekologiuri problemebi; jan
dacvis gaumjobeseba; energousafrTxoeba; genderuli
Tanasworoba; xarisxiani ganaTleba; infrastruqturisa
da ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba; mdgradi
ganviTareba; instituciebis ganviTareba; mSvidoba da
samarTlianoba; TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba qveynebs So
ris globaluri miznebis misaRwevad...
globaluri miznebis miRwevaSi saxelmwifoebs daxma
rebas uwevs gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP), ro
melic xelmZRvanelobs globaluri miznebis erovnuli
1
Sustainable Development Goals. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/
development-agenda/
84
angariSebis momzadebis process da daxmarebas uwevs
msoflios qveynebs sami mimarTulebiT: globaluri
miznebis miRwevis xelSewyoba; gaeros gamocdilebis
gaziareba da eqspertuli konsultaciebi globaluri
miznebis miRwevis procesSi; globaluri miznebis asaxva
erovnul gegmebsa da politikaSi.
gaeros globaluri miznebis politikis SemuSave
bis Semdeg saeqsperto wreebSi ar wydeba msjeloba am
yovlismomcvel da grZelvadian politikaze. Seqmnilia
globaluri miznebis damoukidebeli vebgverdi, sadac
mocemulia informacia aRniSnul proeqtsa da mis far
glebSi mimdinare movlenebze. vebgverdi nebismier vizi
tors sTavazobs calke ganyofilebas – `ra SemiZlia gava
keTo me~, sadac qveganyofilebebad gvxvdeba ra SeiZleba
gakeTdes socialuri mediiT, rogor SeiZleba CaerTos
arasamTavrobo seqtori, biznes seqtori...
amgvari masStaburi kampania marTlac uprecedentoa
kacobriobis istoriaSi da globalizaciis axal etapze
gadasvlas gvauwyebs. saZiebo sistema guglSi `globalu
ri miznebis~ mxolod inglisur enaze Cawera 33 milionze
met veb-gverds gvTavazobs. iuTubi gvTavazobs 3 milio
namde videos, sadac globaluri miznebis ganmartebas
da popularizacias gvTavazoben cnobili adamianebi,
eqspertebi, moxaliseebi, axalgazrdebi, bavSvebi... robo
tebi da animaciuri gmirebic ki. magaliTad, bavSvebisa da
didebisTvis Tanabrad cnobili da sayvareli komediuri
Janris inglisuri animaciuri serialis `mister bini~
mTavari gmiri bini daTunia tedisTan erTad Cveuli dab
neulobiT cdilobs gaakras globaluri miznebis pla
kati. Semdeg is iRebs satelefono Setyobinebas: mister
bin, CamotvirTe globaluri miznebis satelefono apli
kacia, CaerTe proeqtSi, heSTegiT `ukeTesi momavali~.1
1
Mr. Bean and Global Goals. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8cWM-TFZwM
85
humanoidi roboti sofiac swored globaluri miznebis
farglebSi estumra saqarTvelos.
globaluri miznebis qolgis qveS imarTeba sxvadasxva
tipis RonisZiebebi, maT Soris msoflio Cempionatebi ama
Tu im sportul saxeobebSi. Seqmnilia specialuri kli
pebi da simRerebi. miznebis popularizaciaSi gardacv
lili liderebic ki monawileoben. magaliTad, 17 mizni
dan pirveli gaxlavT `ara siRaribes~. kampania `mizani 1
– ara siRaribes~gvTavazobs nelson mandelas istoriul
gamosvlas londonSi trafalgaris moedanze 2005 wels,
romlis slogani iyo – `gaxade siRaribe istoria~.1
gaeros istoriuli samiti kidev ufro istoriuli
gaxada papi franciskes Tanadgomam.2 is vrceli gamos
vliT miesalma gaeros samits da xazi gausva mdgradi
ganviTarebis 2030 programas. isaubra programis iseT
miznebze, rogoricaa siRatakisa da uTanasworobis aRmo
fxvra, ekologiuri problemebi (am Temebs papi Tavadac
xSirad ganixilavs Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSi). gaeros
imdroindelma generalurma mdivanma ban ki munma aRniS
na, rom gaeros arsebobis 70 wlian istoriaSi, es pirveli
SemTxvevaa, rodesac gaeros generaluri asambleis gaxs
nis ceremonialSi monawileoba miiRo romis papma.
bibliografia:
1. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics.
Public Affairs. NY. 2004
2. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Soft Power and European-American Affairs. Hard
Power, Soft Power and the Future of Transatlantic Relations. Edited
by Thomas L.Ilgen.ASHGATE. 2006.
1
Nelson Mandela Speech in Trafalgar Square on February 3, 2005. https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=1NennMCLG7A
2
Pope Francis, decries global ~culture of waste”, urges action sustainable devel-
opment. Sustainable Development Goals. Sep. 25. 2015. http://www.un.org/
sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/09/at-un-pope-francis-decries-global-
86
3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011
4. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s
Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. Oxford University Press. 2002
5. The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations. Edited by Jacob
Katz Gogan, Ian Hurd, Ian Jonstone. Oxford University Press. 2016
6. Soft Power and US Foreign Policy. Theoretical, historical and contem-
porary perspectives. Edited by Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox.
Routledge. 2010
7. Hoover Institution. https://www.hoover.org
8. Sustainable Development Goals. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevel-
opment/development-agenda/
9. Mr. Bean and Global Goals. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=s8cWM-TFZwM
10. Nelson Mandela Speech in Trafalgar Square on February3, 2005.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NennMCLG7A
11. Pope Francis, decries global ~culture of waste”, urges action sustain-
able development. Sustainable Development Goals. Sep. 25. 2015.
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/09/at-un-pope-
francis-decries-global
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
87
6. moiZie damatebiTi informacia saerTaSoriso orga
nizaciebis strategiuli komunikaciis Sesaxeb.
7. moiZie damatebiTi informacia gaeros globa luri
miznebis Sesaxeb. rogor fiqrob, SesaZlebelia gae
ros politika rbil ZalasTan davakavSiroT? daasa
buTe pasuxi.
8. SearCie saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier inicirebu
li erTi konkretuli proeqti da imsjele rbili Za
lis meqanizmebze aRniSnul proeqtTan mimarTebaSi.
Ø es sainteresoa:
88
Zelebas gvTavazobs kidev erTi blogeri maikl adamsi, ro
melic Tavis blogze – `realuri ambebi~ aqveynebs statias:
`gaeros 2030 programa gaSifrulia: globaluri monobis
proeqti sayovelTao mmarTvelobis Ceqmis qveS~. adamsi
gvTavazobs 17 miznis miseul `Targmans~. magaliTisaTvis,
davasaxelebT ramdenimes: mizani 2 – SimSilis aRmofxvra,
misi azriT gulisxmobs genmodificirebuli produqtis
warmoebis waxalisebas. mizani 5 – genderuli Tanasworo
ba, gulisxmobs qristianobis kriminalizebas, heterose
qsualizmis marginalizebas, maskulinobis demonizebas.
mizani 9 – infrastruqturuli proeqtebis xelSewyoba, in
dustrializacia da inovaciebi, niSnavs erebis gaxlarTvas
msoflio bankis kreditebSi da korumpirebuli amerikuli
korporaciebis kidev ufro met CarTulobas msoflio in
frastruqturul proeqtebSi, da sxva.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:
89
1.5. basri Zala – ruseTi, CineTi
90
sxvadasxva masStabiT xdeba demokratiul da arademokra
tiul qveynebSi.
arademokratiul reJimebSi urTierTSekavebis da
Sewonasworebis sistema (check and balance system) sustia
an saerTod ar arsebobs: ar xdeba mmarTveli elitis
instituciuri kontroli da politikis warmoebis pro
cesSi minimalizebulia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTu
loba; ar arsebobs saidumlo dokumentaciis garkveuli
vadis gasvlis Semdgom gasajarovebis valdebuleba. Se
sabamisad, ama Tu im politikis gatarebis legitimuroba
ar xdeba gansjis da Sefasebis sagani, ver kontroldeba
mTavrobebis mier ama Tu im meTodis gamoyenebis lega
luroba da martivdeba saerTaSorisod SeTanxmebuli
qcevis wesebis darRveva. amasTan, arademokratiul (da
gansakuTrebiT, totalitarul) reJimebs axasiaTebs fsi
qologiuri operaciebis ara mxolod mowinaaRmdegis, ar
amed sakuTari mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebac.
araliberaluri Rirebulebebis gasavrceleblad de
mokratizaciis procesis meTodologiur analogad gamo
yenebis faqts, erT-erTma pirvelma akademiur sivrceSi
yuradReba miaqcia reiCel vanderhilma. vanderhilma
dasva kvleviTi SekiTxva: xom ar iyeneben avtoritaruli
qveynebi demokratizaciis procesis meqanizmebs avto
ritarizmis gasavrceleblad? avtorma Tavis monogra
fiaSi qeisad SearCia sami qveyana: ruseTi, venesuela da
irani. Tumca am qveynebis qmedebis miznebi da masStabebi
maTive regionebiT gansazRvra da ar daukavSira saer
TaSoriso politikas.1 vanderhilis msjeloba sruliad
jdeba rbili Zalis mimdinare akademiur diskurSi, rac
kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom nais rbili Zalis Teoria
1
R. Vanderhill. Promoting Authoritarianism Abroad. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
2013.
91
amartivebs im problemebis aRweras da klasifikacias,
razec manamdec keTdeboda aqcentebi.
ra msgavsebaa demokratizaciis processa da avtori
tarizmis gavrcelebis process Soris? orive SemTxve
vaSi saxezea ramdenime gamocdili meTodi: 1. mmarTvel
elitasTan urTierTobebis damyareba; 2. mokavSire poli
tikuri partiebis da interes-jgufebis daxmareba; 3.
ekonomikuri zegavlena; 4. metoqeTa SezRudva.
msgavsebasTan erTad TvalsaCinoa sxvaobac: 1. demok
ratizaciis procesSi mmarTvel elitaze gavlenas axde
nen sxvadasxva institutebis mxridan sanqciebiT an/da
waxalisebiT. avtoritaruli reJimi ki mokavSire po
litikur elitasTan urTierTobas amyarebs pirdapi
ri dafinansebis gziT. 2. demokratizaciis procesSi
aqcenti keTdeba politikuri partiebisa da interes-
jgufebis teqnikur-finansur, aseve instituciur dax
marebaze, arCevnebis monitoringsa da politikuri
konkurentunarianobis gazrdaze. avtoritaruli reJi
mebi ki Tavis sayrden elitebs mxolod mizanmimarTul
dafinansebas sTavazoben. 3. demokratizaciis procesi
miznad isaxavs ekonomikuri da monetaruli reformebis
meSveobiT mTli ani ekonomikis gajansaRebas. avtorita
ruli reJimebi ekonomikis calkeul sferoebze zemoq
medeben pirdapiri dafinansebis gziT. 4. demokratiuli
sistema gulisxmobs metoqeebTan politikur-samarTle
briv brZolas metoqeTa gauvnebelyofiT an ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, metoqeTa marginalizaciiT. avtoritariz
misTvis ki mniSvnelovania metoqeebis gaqroba politi
kuri asparezidan, rac xSirad represiebis gziT xdeba.
demokratizaciis process bevri gamowveva axlavs
Tan: masStaburi reformebi gaTvlilia grZelvadian
perspeqtivaze da sawyis etapze Sokuri Terapiis efeqts
axdens sazogadoebaze; ama Tu im mniSvnelovani segmentis
92
waxaliseba xdeba sxvadasxva moklevadiani proeqtebiT,
rac arastabilurobis SegrZnebas aCens sazogadoebaSi;
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis politikuri elitebi
damokidebulni arian sakuTar amomrCevelze, rac xSi
rad iwvevs dagegmili politikuri kursis cvlilebas...
ganzogadebas Tu mivmarTavT, Cveni azriT, or ZiriTad
daskvnamde mivalT: 1. demokratiuli reformebi masS
taburia da Sesabamisad, mouqneli; 2. demokratiuli
mTavrobebi ver iyeneben arademokratiul meTodebs.
demokratizaciis procesisgan gansxvavebiT, avtori
tarizmis gavrceleba basri ZaliT swraf efeqtzea
orientirebuli. basri Zalis Sedegebi moklevadianad
iTvleba iseT saxelmwifoebSi, romlis institutebi mya
ria da efeqturi. saqarTvelos msgavsi axali demokra
tiebisTvis ki basri Zalis zegavlena grZelvadiani da
Seuqcevadi Sedegebis momtani SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
ruseTis rbili (basri) Zala ukve wlebia ganixileba
akademiur Tu araakademiur wreebSi. sakiTxi gansakuT
rebiT gaaqtiurda 2016 wlis aSS saprezidento arCev
nebSi ruseTis rbili (basri) Zalis kvalis aRmoCenis
Semdeg. dRes guglis saZiebo sistemaSi mxolod ingli
sur enaze terminis `ruseTis rbili Zala~ akrefa mil
ionobiT Sedegs gvaZlevs. ruseTis basri Zalis samizned
aRar saxel deba mxolod postsabWoTa sivrce. masTan
sabrZolvelad sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebSi Seiqmna anal
itikuri centrebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi ki spe
cialuri programebi. dRes saerTaSoriso akademiuri
Sexvedrebis Tu axalgazrduli saswavlo programebis
did nawilSi warmodgenilia ruseTis basri Zalis Tema
da aqcenti keTdeba masTan brZolis aucileblobaze.
im mraval angariSs Soris, romelic bolo wlebSi
Seiqmna sxvadasxva saxelmwifo uwyebis Tu saerTaSori
so organizaciis farglebSi, sailustracio magaliTad
93
moviyvanT evropuli Rirebulebebis centris (CexeTis re
spublika) da konrad adenaueris fondis 2019 wlis usa
frTxoebis strategiebis programis farglebSi momzade
bul angariSs, romlis mixedviT, qveynebi dayofilia sam
kategoriad maTive TviTSefasebis safuZvelze.1
gansakuTrebuli safrTxis qveS mqof qveynebad moiaz
reba: baltiis qveynebi, CexeTis respublika da dania.
qveynebi, sadac acnobiereben basri Zalis safrTxeebs:
belgia, xorvatia, safrangeTi, germania, niderlandebi,
SvedeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, aSS, kanada... qveynebi, sa
dac ruseTis basri Zala naklebad ganisazRvra safrTxed
an/da ar gatarebula masTan brZolis gansakuTrebuli
RonisZiebebi: avstria, fineTi, irlandia, portugalia,
italia, bulgareTi, slovenia, poloneTi.
ruseTis basri Zalisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTis basri
Zala naklebad aris Seswavlili, Tumca masze msjeloba
bolo wlebis trendad iqca. rogorc eqspertebi aRniS
naven, CineTis basri Zalis analizisTvis unda moxdes
ruseTis basri Zalis Seswavlis dros SemuSavebuli
meTodologiis da dagrovili gamocdilebis gamoyeneba.
am konteqstSi aseve gansakuTrebiT sainteresod Cans ev
ropuli Rirebulebebis centris da konrad adenaueris
fondis 2019 wlis angariSi, sadac mocemulia ruseTis
da CineTis evropuli zegavlenebis SedarebiTi analizi.2
1
Russia and China through eyes of NATO and EU intelligence agencies. How do
EU member states’, Canadian and the United States intelligence agencies as-
sess Russian and Chinese influence activities? Security Strategies Program 2019
report. European Values, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. https://www.european-
values.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Russia-and-China-through-eyes-of-
NATO-and-EU-intelligence-agencies.pdf
2
Handbook on Countering Russian and Chinese Interference in Europe. Konrad-
Adenauer-Stiftung. European Values Center for Security Policy. Report 2019.
https://www.europeanvalues.net/vyzkum/handbook-on-countering-russian-
and-chinese-interference-in-europe
94
angariSis winasityvaoba gvamcnobs mis miznebs: `kon
kretuli incidentebis (ZiriTadad ruseTis Carevis Se
saxeb evropasis qveynebsa da aSS-Si) Sesaxeb monacemebis
mzardi raodenobis da ruseTis da CineTis mier sagareo
politikuri miznebis misaRwevad aralegaluri meTode
bis (dezinformaciis gavrceleba, informaciis mopar
va...) gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis mzardi raodenobis
miuxedavad, ar arsebobs zusti aRwera Tu ra miznebs
isaxavs msgavsi qmedeba da rogor gansxvavdeba ruseTis
da CineTis basri Zalis zegavlena regionebis da qveyne
bis mixedviT. mkvlevarebisTvis aseve xelmiuwvdomelia
informacia, evropuli Tu aSS sadazvervo da saxelmwi
fo usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis mier SemuSavebuli meqa
nizmebis Sesaxeb~.1
angariSi sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis Sejerebis
safuZvelze gamoyofs safrTxeebis sxvadasxva aspeqts: 1.
ruseTis samxedro operaciebi ukrainaSi (rac saerTo
ev
ropuli usafrTxoebis gamowvevaa); 2. ruseTis mier
evropis, rogorc memarjvene, aseve memarcxene popu
listuri partiebis finansuri da ideologiuri mxar
daWera; 3. ruseTis da CineTis kiber-Tavdasxmebi da ki
ber-SpionaJi; 4. ruseTis da CineTis dezinformaciuli
kampaniebi; 5. ruseTisa da CineTis mzardi ekonomikuri
zegavlena da SantaJi; 6. ruseTisa da CineTis spec-sam
saxurebis qmedebis gaaqtiureba ucxo qveynebSi.
CamoTvlili gamowvevebidan yvela punqti, pirveli
aspeqtis garda (xisti Zalis gamoyeneba ukrainaSi), war
moadgens basri Zalis moqmedebis areals.
aRniSnuli angariSis da sxva literaturis Sejerebis
safuZvelze, SegviZlia visaubroT ruseTis da CineTis
basri Zalis saerTo da gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebze.
1
ibid.p. 3
95
saerTo maxasiaTeblad saxeldeba ruseTis da CineTis
mxridan sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebze ekonomikuri zegav
lenis mcdeloba. evropis sxvadasxva qveynebis (safran
geTi, germania, xorvatia, niderlandebi, baltiis qvey
nebi...) safrTxeebis analizSi rig SemTxvevaSi saubaria
ruseTis da CineTis mxridan pirdapir investiciebze,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki Suamaval investorebze (nider
landebis SemTxveva).
CineTis da ruseTis mxridan ganxorcielebul ekono
mikur zewolaSi CarTuli arian maTi diplomatebi (Cexe
Tis magaliTi), romlebic sxvadasxva xrikebiT axerxeben
adgilobrivi politikosebis korufciul garigebaSi
CaTrevas da qveynis imijis Selaxvas. CineTTan msgavsi
problemis identificirebas axdens lietuvac: piradi
urTierTobebis damyareba, ZviradRirebuli saCuqrebiT
da dafinansebuli vizitebiT adamianebze zemoqmedeba
(aziuri diplomatiis axali masStabebi) CineTis basri
Zalis Semadgenel nawilad iqca. basri Zalis qmedeba
ze reagireba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, estoneTma gaamkacra kanonmde
bloba investorebTan mimarTebiT da rus oligarqebs
SeuzRuda investirebis meqanizmebi. germania da safran
geTi ki tradiciulad mxolod frTxili da politkoreq
tuli gancxadebebiT dakmayofilda.
gaerTianebul samefoSi skripalis skandalis Semdeg
(rasac daerTo kiber-jaSuSobis da kiber-Tavdasxme
bis problemac), gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen specsam
saxurebi. sapasuxod bevrma saxelmwifom erovnuli
usafrTxoebis programebSi prioritetad dasaxa kiber-
usafrTxoeba, gaamkacra kanonmdebloba da sakiTxis eqs
pertuli kvleva. gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gveCveneba
ori magaliTi: 1. niderlandebis gancxadeba ruseTis
spec-samsaxurebis mier samecniero-teqnologiuri gamo
96
gonebis qurdobis mcdelobaze; 2. germaniis gancxadeba,
CineTis mier evrokavSiris Sida moxmarebis dokumentebis
da G20 samitis masalebis qurdobis mcdelobaze.1
orive qveynis SemTxvevaSi keTdeba aqcenti, rom spec-
sam
saxurebis saqmianobis safarvelad gamoyenebulia
sxvadasxva diplomatiuri da kulturuli centrebi,
xolo jaSuSobaSi Cabmas da spec-samsaxurebTan Tanam
Sromlobas sxvadasxva meTodebiT aiZuleben sakuTari
diasporebis warmomadgenlebs. amasTan, CineTi eTniku
robas aigivebs moqalaqeobasTan da aSS-Si mcxovreb eT
nikur Cinelebs uzRudavs CineTSi Casvlas, xolo Casvlis
SemTxvevaSi ukrZalavs aSS-Si dabrunebas.
ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalis SedarebiTi ganxil
visas saxezea msgavsi interesebi.2
orive qveynis xelisufleba reJimis legitimacias da
politikuri Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas, aseve saSinao
problemebis gadafarvas cdilobs sagareo politikis
frontze gaaqtiurebiT da sakuTari mosaxleobisTvis
sagareo gamarjvebebis iluziebis SeqmniT.
demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi erovnuli usafrTxoeba
niSnavs riskebis menejments, avtoritaruli mTavrobebis
aRqmiT ki usafrTxoeba niSnavs safrTxeebis ararsebo
bas da warmoqmnamde maT neitralizebas. am tipis mmarT
veloba sakuTari reJimis safrTxed ganixilavs regionsa
Tu msoflioSi mimdinare yvela misTvis araxelsayrel
movlenas. cifruli revolucia da Zalis difuzia ki mxo
lod amZafrebs amgvar SiSebs.
orive qveynis sagareo politikis prioritetia civi
omis droindeli `dasavluri blokis~ erTianobis rRveva
da aSS-is gandevna evropuli sivrcidan. aSS-sa da evroka
1
ibid. p.6,8.
2
ibid. p. 9-16
97
vSirs Soris ganxeTqilebam (an minimum, araefeqturma da
arakoordinirebulma TanamSromlobam) ruseTs da CineTs
sxvadasxva sargebeli SeiZleba moutanos, Tumca orive
SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania tendencia, rom bipolaruli
msofliosgan (sadac `dasavleTi~ erTian polusad moiaz
reboda) gansxvavebiT multipolarul samyaroSi aSS da
evrokavSiri sxvadasxva polusebad yalibdeba.
evropasTan ruseTis da CineTis damokidebulebis
narativic gansxvavebulia da mosalodneli sargebelic.
ruseTisTvis mniSvnelovania Tavad evropa. is axdens
evrokavSiris qveynebis zonebad da jgufebad dayofas: a)
aRmosavleT evropaSi ruseTi cdilobs gavlenis dabru
nebas; b) dasavleT evropis qveynebTan ruseTi cdilobs
erTgvari warmosaxviTi garigebis miRwevas: energousa
frTxoebis da zogadad, usafrTxoebis sanacvlod, `bebe
ri evropis~ mier `regionis Sida saqmeebze~ (post-sabWoTa
sivrce) Tvalis daxuWva, centralur evropaSi (avstria,
slovakeTi, CexeTi, ungreTi) neitraluri mTavrobebis
arseboba, didi britaneTis instituciuri, xolo polo
neTis strategiuli izolacia, evrokavSirisa da natos
gafarToebis SezRudva, ruseTis winaaRmdeg evropuli
sanqciebis (maT Soris, ruseTis oligarqiuli elitis
da maTi ojaxis wevrebis SeuzRudavi mimosvla/cxovreba
dasavleT evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi) gauqmeba.
ruseTis basri Zala iyenebs narativs: `evropa ar aris
aSS-s ukana ezo~, riTic kvebavs evropul populis tur
ideologiebs da sxva anti-dasavlur Zalebs. strate
giuli miznebis miRwevis gzaze ruseTi urigdeba mcire
taqtikur danakargebs (magaliTad, montenegros nato-Si
gawevrianebas). ruseTs realurad miaCnia sakuTari mizne
bis miRweva, radgan icis, rom evropa ver/ar gamoiyenebs
sadamsjelo meqanizmebs mis winaaRmdeg. ruseTis mizne
bis miRweva faqtiurad gulisxmobs ruseTis de-faqto
98
vetos uflebas evrokavSirisa da natos gadawyvetile
bebze, aseve dasavleT evropis ganviTarebuli qveyne
bis resursebiT ruseTis politikuri reJimis finansur
uzrunvelyofas.
CineTis, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis axali
mzardi Zalis miznebi yofil dasavlur blokTan mimar
TebiT sruliad gansxvavebulia. CineTisTvis mTavari
samiznea aSS (da ara evropa), xolo mizani aSS strate
giuli izolacia.
ruseTis msgavsad, evrokavSiris qveynebTan mimar
TebiT CineTic geografiul zonalobas mimarTavs: a)
centraluri evropis qveynebisgan is cdilobs Seqmnas
gamtari zona sakuTari produqciis evropul bazarze
gasatanad. b) dasavleT evropis qveynebisgan CineTi elis
minimalur mxardaWeras: adamianis uflebebis darRvevis
sakiTxSi CineTis kritikis Sewyvetas, evropul qveynebSi
Cinuri warmoebis teqnologiebis danergvisTvis xelis
SeSlis prevencias; evrokavSiris gulgrilobas afrikis
kontinentze CineTis mzardi gavlenis mimarT...
CineTma, iseve rogorc ruseTma, kargad icis rom evro
kavSiri ver SeZlebs misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas, ami
tom ar erideba axali agresiuli kampaniebis dagegmvas.
mravali msgavsebis miuxedavad, ruseTis da CineTis
miznebsa da mosalodnel SedegebSi, aseve moqmedebis
(gansakuTrebiT, basri Zalis formebTan dakavSirebiT)
teqnikaSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. ruseTis basri Zala
bevrad warmatebulia informaciuli Sturmisa da dezin
formaciis gavrcelebis masStabebiT. CineTi ar cdilobs
evropis qveynebSi populisturi da eqstremistuli Zale
bis Seqmna-xelSewyobas. amiT is inarCunebs garkveul re
putacias da ruseTze „ukeTesi policielis“ imijs.
CineTi aqtiurad iyenebs rbili Zalis instrumenteb
sac. aTiode welia CineTma aSS mibaZviT Seqmna saganmanaT
99
leblo programebis masStaburi gacvliTi qseli (bevri
qarTveli studentic sargeblobs aRniSnuli SesaZle
blobiT). ruseTi axalgazrduli inteleqtis mizidvas
ver axerxebs regionuli masStabiTac ki.
gansxvavebulia is ZiriTadi resursic, rasac eyrd
noba es ori qveyana basri zegavlenis mosaxdenad. pirve
lis SemTxvevaSi mTavari resursia energoseqtori, meoris
SemTxvevaSi ki teqnologiebi da sakomunikacio sistemebi.
rogoria sapasuxo reaqcia evrokavSiris an aSS mxri
dan? evropul qveynebSi ufro metad ruseTis basr Zalaze
xdeba reagireba, aSS-Si ki CineTis basri Zala gaxda aka
demiuri Tu uwyebrivi ganxilvebis prioritetuli Tema.
sailustracio magaliTad gamogvadgeba aSS kongre
sis dazvervis mudmivmoqmedi komitetis1 sajaro foru
mi2. forumSi monawileoben aSS cnobili eqspertebi da
saxelmwifo moxeleebi. aq xazgasmiT iTqva, rom CineTi
safrTxea ara mxolod aSS-sTvis, aramed mTeli libera
luri samyarosTvis da aSS liderobiT Seqmnili saer
TaSoriso wesrigisTvis. CineTis mizani ar aris mxolod
ekonomikuri gavlenis mopoveba sxvadasxva regionSi,
aramed sabazro ekonomikis ideis damaxinjeba da adamia
nis uflebebis dacvis, rogorc faseulobis damarcxeba
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi.
CineTi ar egueba demokratiul saxelmwifoebTan Ta
naarsebobas arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigis fargleb
Si da cdilobs sakuTari reJimis eqsports, xels uwyobs
sxva avtoritarul reJimebs da axangrZlivebs maT arse
1
US House of Representatives Permanent select committee on Intelligence.
https://intelligence.house.gov
2
China’s Foreign Influence and Sharp Power Strategy to shape and Influence
Democratic Institutions. NED. Published on May 16, 2019. https://www.ned.
org/chinas-foreign-influence-and-sharp-power-strategyto-shape-and-influ-
ence-democratic-institutions/
100
bobas investiciebiT da sakuTari iafi teqnologiebiT.
Cinur investiciasa da CineTis saxelmwifo interess
Soris zRvaris gavleba am etapze SeuZlebelia, xolo
arademokratiuli mTavrobebisTvis ekonomikuri daxma
rebis miReba CineTisgan momgebiania – es maT politikur
elitebs korufciis met saSualebas aZlevs.
aSS eqspertebis gancxadebiT, drouli da aucilebelia
axali Sekavebis politikis wamowyeba. Tumca rogorc kris
tofer uolkeri (basri Zalis terminis erT-erTi avtori)
acxadebs, demokratia nela iRviZebs da nela reagirebs.
ruseTis da CineTis basri Zalis Taobaze mwvave poli
tikuri diskursis miuxedavad, rogorc oficialur aseve
araoficialur doneze aSS politikuri liderebi da eqs
pertebi CineTs da ruseTs gamowvevad moixsenieben da
ara mtrad. ruseTis da CineTis usafrTxoebis doqtri
nebSi ki aSS pirvel mtrad aris gamocxadebuli.
aRwerili movlenebi saerTaSoriso politikis prizma
Si warmoadgens modernizebul civ oms, sadac ruseTma da
CineTma jerjerobiT moaxerxa erT mxares dadgoma, xolo
aSS da evrokavSiri veRar axerxebs saerTo interesebis
gamonaxvas. amgvari gadajgufeba saxifaTod gamoiyureba,
Tumca analizisas ar unda gamogvrCes sxva tendenciebic.
cifruli globalizaciis da Zalis difuziis pirobebSi
ruseTis geopolitikuri svlebi aRar ganixileba rele
vanturad. interesebis garkveuli Tanxvedris miuxedavad,
arc ruseT-CineTis TanamSromlobas aqvs myari safuZveli
da perpeqtiva. ruseT-CineTis saerTo interesebis garSe
mo gaerTianebis tendencia naimac iwinaswarmetyvela da
aSS Zalauflebis dabalansebis mcdelobad Seafasa. nais
azriTac, amgvar alianss ar aqvs momavali.1
ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, CineTi pragmatuli moTama
Sea da politikur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs situaciis da
1
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.171-172.
101
mogebis perspeqtivis mixedviT. CineTis TamaSis wesebic
(geoekonomika) da misi resursic (teqnologiebi) srulad
Seesabameba cifruli epoqis moTxovnebs da mzardi mniS
vnelobisaa. sxvadasxva eqspertebis analiziT, axlo moma
valSi swored CineTi Seuqmnis ruseTs mTavar safrTxes
da ara aSS an evrokavSiri.
saerTaSoriso wesrigis prizmidan Cans bipolaruli
wesrigis multipolarul wesrigad transformaciis xan
grZlivi da mtkivneuli procesi. CineTs aqvs yvela wina
piroba da resursi, sxva saxelmwifoebTan kavSiris gareSe,
Camoyalibdes multipolaruli samyaros erT-erT mZlavr
damoukidebel polusad. msoflios mTavari gamowvevaa
misi TamaSis wesebi moaqcios garkveul sazRvrebSi da
uzrunvelyos polusebis mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba.
ruseTis basri Zala SesaZloa ufro intensiurad
moqmedebs vidre CineTis (gansakuTrebiT regionSi da
gan
sakuTrebiT 2013 wlis Semdeg), Tumca mis teqnika
Si araferia axali da civi omis propagandis erTgvar
reinkarnacias warmoadgens axal narativebze aqcentiT.
komunizmis ideologia Canacvlda konservatizmiT da
pre-modernuli RirebulebebiT: religiuri misticizmi
progresis winaaRmdeg; istoriuli samarTlianobiT mani
pulacia saerTaSoriso samarTlis winaaRmdeg...
CineTis basri Zalis narativi met kiTxvebs badebs.
ekonomikuri saswauli da teqnologiuri winsvla ori
saukunea liberalur Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli po
litikuri sistemebis prerogativad iTvleba. CineTi
cdilobs aCvenos, rom totalitarul reJimsac ZaluZs
ekonomikuri saswauli da teqnologiuri garRveva. amg
vari precedenti gamowvevaa saerTaSoriso wesrigisTvis,
radgan axalisebs sxva arademokratiul reJimebs. Cine
Tis swrafi ekonomikuri zrda grZelvadiania Tu mxo
lod droebiTi warmateba, amas dro gviCvenebs. amJamad
102
CineTSi mimdinare ekonomikuri daRmasvla SesaZlebelia
simptomaturia.
ruseTis da CineTis `basri momxibvleloba~ did po
litikur miznebzea dafuZnebuli. basri zemoqmedebis
Seswavla da analizi sasicocxlod aucilebeli gaxda
saxelmwifo interesebis da usafrTxoebis dasacavad. sam
wuxarod, basri zegavlenis meqanizmebis Seswavla xSirad
mxolod Sedegebis dadgomis Semdeg xdeba SesaZlebeli.
aSS-is yuradReba ZiriTadad CineTidan momdinare
safrTxeebzea gadatanili. Tumca saqarTveloSi mTavari
gamowveva ara CineTis, aramed ruseTis basri Zalaa. sa
muSaod Tu saswavleblad CineTSi wasul axalgazrdobas
Camoaqvs teqnologiebis codna da ara totalitaruli
komunisturi partiis pativiscema. `stalinizmis bacila~
erTaderTia, rac Cveni dakvirvebiT qarTvels CineTidan
SeiZleba Camohyves.
bibliografia:
103
loads/2019/06/Russia-and-China-through-eyes-of-NATO-and-EU-intelli-
gence-agencies.pdf
7. China’s Foreign Influence and Sharp Power Strategy to shape and
Influence Democratic Institutions. NED. Published on May 16, 2019.
https://www.ned.org/chinas-foreign-influence-and-sharp-power-strate-
gyto-shape-and-influence-democratic-institutions/
8. Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States. Com-
petition and Cooperation in the Developing World. Edited by Carola
McGiffert. A report of the CSIS Smart Power Initiative. 2009. https://
csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/
pubs/090403_mcgiffert_chinesesoftpower_web.pdf
9. US House of Representatives Permanent select committee on Intel-
ligence. https://intelligence.house.gov
10. St. Levitsky, L.A.Way. Elections Without Democracy. The rise of competi-
tive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy. Vol. 13, #2, April, 2002
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/levitsky/files/SL_elections.pdf
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
104
1.6. propaganda
105
azris manipulirebaze. destruqciuli propagandistuli
manqana axdens ara realuri informaciis sasurvelad
warmoCenas, aramed dezinformaciis Seqmna-gavrcelebas
da aralegalurad mopovebuli informaciis (maT Soris,
piradi informaciis) mimoqcevas.
konstruqciuli propagandisgan gansxvavebiT, rome
lic SesaZloa farTo saxalxo CarTulobas gulisxmobdes
da ar iyos marTuli politikuri jgufebis mier, destru
qciuli propagandis warmoeba moiTxovs centralizebul
midgomas. is xelisuflebis da politikuri jgufebis mier
gamoyenebuli meTodia mimarTuli rogorc sakuTari mo
qalaqeebis, aseve sxva sazogadoebebis da saxelmwifoebis
winaaRmdeg. mniSvnelovani Sedegebis misaRwevad aucile
belia procesebis efeqturi sinqronizacia.
sakuTari moqalaqeebis motyuebis da sakuTari sa
zogadoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli destruqciuli
propagandis miznebad SesaZlebelia moviazroT: kon
kretuli politikuri jgufis gaZliereba da misi qmede
bebis (maT Soris, represiebis gatarebis SemTxvevaSic)
legitimacia; metoqe politikuri jgufebis diskredita
cia da politikuri velidan CamoSoreba; `mtris xatis~
Seqmna Sida politikuri krizisebis gadasafarad da ara
legitimuri qmedebebis gasamarTleblad; `uZlevelobis
miTis~ Seqmna metoqeebze zegavlenis mosaxdenad da sxv.
am mimarTulebiT yvelaze mZime Sedegad unda CaiTvalos
totaluri marTvis danergva da totalitaruli poli
tikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba.
sxva sazogadoebebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli de
struqciuli propagandis miznebad SesaZlebelia da
vasaxeloT: garkveuli jgufebis da Rirebulebebis
diskreditaciiT adamianebis daeWveba sakuTar Rirebu
lebebSi (RirebulebiTi gaoreba da kulturuli Soki);
sazogadoebis gaxleCa da siZulvilis gaRviveba (sazoga
106
doebrivi Tanxmobisa da masze dafuZnebuli pozitiuri
mSvidobis SeuZlebloba); konfliqtebis da samoqalaqo
dapirispirebis provocireba (politikur, eTnikur, re
ligiur, socialur niadagze); saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mi
marTuli ideologiuri Tu kriminaluri jgufebis Seqmna,
waxaliseba, legitimacia (e. w. `mexuTe kolonis Canergva~)
da sxv. am viTarebaSi mZime Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
saxelmwifo institutebis funqcionirebis SeuZlebloba
da saxelmwifos CamoSla, rasac SesaZloa moyves xan
grZlivi arastabiluroba da okupacia sxva saxelmwifos
(saxelmwifoebis) mxridan.
destruqciuli propagandis mizani saerTaSoriso
politikis doneze SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros ro
gorc: arsebuli samxedro, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri
koaliciebis diskreditacia maTi funqcionirebis dasa
susteblad; axali koaliciebis Seqmnis mcdeloba; saer
TaSoriso konfliqtebis an terorizmis provocireba
sakuTari saxelmwifos sagareo politikis gaaqtiurebi
sTvis da prestiJis ierarqiaSi adgilis mosapoveblad.
sxva saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli destruq
ciuli propaganda emsaxureba sakuTari geopolitikuri
Tu geoekonomikuri interesebis gatarebas saerTaSo
riso politikaSi da arsebuli saerTaSoriso wesrigis
gadasinjvas. am mimarTulebiT mZime Sedegad unda Cav
TvaloT msoflio omis dawyeba da masobrivi saerTaSo
riso destruqcia.
destruqciuli propagandis klasikur formebad gani
xileba nacisturi da sabWoTa propaganda. am orma tota
litarulma reJimma destruqciuli propaganda erTgvar
xelovnebad aqcia, Seqmna propagandis specialuri ins
tituciebi da sazogadoebis inteleqtualuri resursi
(mecniereba, ganaTleba, xelovneba) Caayena propagandis
samsaxurSi. propagandis virtuozis, iozef gebelsis saq
107
mianobis analizis safuZvelze, leonard dubma 1948 wels
dawera wigni, sadac gebelsis propagandistuli ideebis
aRwera-sistematizacia SemogvTavaza. gebelsis propagan
dis proncipebidan gvinda yuradReba SevaCeroT ramde
nime aspeqtze1:
1. propagandis warmoeba unda moxdes centralize
bulad. propagandis mwarmoebels unda hqondes wvdoma
dazvervis mier mopovebul masalebze. propagandas mxari
unda auban politikurma liderebmac.
2. Savi propagandis gamoyeneba unda moxdes, Tu Te
Tri propaganda ar muSaobs. propagandam unda daaswros
mtris propagandas.
3. mowinaaRmdegis propagandis analizis safuZvelze,
unda moxdes informaciis nawilis ignorireba, nawilis mx
ileba, nawilis sakuTari propagandisTvis gamoyeneba.
4. propagandistuli slogani unda iyos mkafio,
mokle, gasagebi da dasamaxsovrebeli. movlenebs da ada
mianebs unda mivaweboT `iarliyi~. propagandistuli me
sijebi unda SemuSavdes ise, rom man gamoiwvios maRali
sazogadoebrivi interesi da uzrunvelyos mesijebis
inerciiT gavrceleba.
5. propaganda ver moitans dauyovnebliv Sedegebs.
man momavalSi unda gamoiwvios tendenciebis da mowi
naaRmdegis qmedebaTa cvlileba. politikuri qmedebebis
1
Leonard W. Doob. Goebbels’ Principles of Propaganda. The Public Opinion Quarter-
ly, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1950. Online publication by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the
American Association for Public Opinion Research. 2009. https://s3.amazonaws.
com/academia.edu.documents/53319490/Goebbels-Principles-of-Propagan-
da.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAmerican_
Association_for_Public_Opinion.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-
SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200228%2F
us-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200228T120502Z&X-Amz-
Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=de8b3e216ec-
c8add23fdcdd6b38429b780cb87e1633063c7c85b2c6aede885c8
108
dagegmvisas winswrebiT unda gaviTvaliswinoT propagan
dis Sedegebic.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi destruqciuli propagandis
identificireba martivia. gansakuTrebiT misi xangrZ
livad gamoyenebisas. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo
aTwleulSi arc erT sabWoTa moqalaqes aRar sjeroda
ssrk narativebis. Tumca es ssrk dasustebis da dasa
vluri rbili Zalis gazrdis Sedegi ufro iyo, vidre
samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRlebis. propagandas qmnian
profesionalebi da adamianebi umetes SemTxvevaSi eqce
vian misi zemoqmedebis qveS. rac meti adamiani daije
rebs propagandistul narativs, miT ufro noyieri xdeba
garemo axali propagandisTvis.
destruqciuli propaganda zvaviviTaa, Tovlis erTi
patara gunda did damangrevel masad iqceva procesis
bolos. mas verc erT SemTxvevaSi ver gavaigivebT naiseul
`rbil ZalasTan~ da `xisti Zalis~ komponentad miviCnevT.
propagandis warmoebis teqnikas da mis meTodebs sxva
dasxva dargis mecnierebi swavloben. rasakvirvelia, me
Todebi cvalebadia drosa da sivrceSi, xolo meTodebis
klasifikacia mravalferovani da mravalwaxnagovani. aq
moiazreba rogorc totalitaruli politikuri siste
mis Seqmnis istoriulad gamocdili sistemuri meTodebi
(mag. pirovnebis kultis Seqmna), aseve samxedro Zalebis
mier mtris winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli fsiqologiuri ze
moqmedebis teqnika (mag. demoralizacia) Tu individze
zemoqmedebis sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri meqanizmi (mag.
refleqsia). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom lite raturaSi
mi
moxiluli propagandis klasikuri Tu Tanamedrove
me
Todebi xSir SemTxvevaSi emTxveva dezinformaciis
gavrcelebis meTodebs, romelsac momdevno TavSi Seve
xebiT.
destruqciuli propagandis sailustraciod Sevar
CieT ori saintereso meTodi, romelic aqtiurad ga
109
moiyeneboda totalitaruli mTavrobebis (nacisturi
germania, sabWoTa kavSiri) mier da romlebic, rogorc
Cans dResac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba basri Zalis mier.
oqsfordis universitetis profesori korneliu bio
la propagandis erT-erT efeqtur meTodad refleqsuri
kontrolis doqtrinas asaxelebs1. doqtrina SemuSavda
civi omis dros, 1960-ian ww-Si sabWoTa uSiSroebis sis
temebSi da sainformacio omis erT-erTi cnobil da xan
grZlivad gamoyenebad doqtrinad iTvleba. mis SemuSa
vebaSi monawileobda rusi mecnieri vladimer lefevri,
romelmac aSS-Si sacxovreblad gadasvlis Semdeg meTodi
aRwera Tavis publikaciebSi2. meTodi mdgomareobs Sem
degSi: samizne adamians an jgufs unda miewodos infor
macia imgvarad, rom man Secvalos Tavisi dagegmili
qmedeba da miiRos sxva gadawyvetileba sakuTari nebiT,
iZulebisa da zegavlenis Tavsmoxvevis gareSe. procesis
dros mniSvnelovania `swori informaciis~ `swor dros
miwodeba~ samizne piris fsiqotipis gaTvaliswinebiT (an
samizne institutis sistemuri funqcionirebis Tavise
burebebis gaTvaliswinebiT). aRniSnuli procesis mTava
ri mizani da Sedegi SesaZloa sulac ar iyos konkretuli
gadawyvetileba, aramed identificireba – samizne piri
(Tu uwyeba) rogor iRebs gadawyvetilebebs an rogor
reagirebs krizisul viTarebaSi. es erTgvari testia
da msgavsi codna gamoiyeneba sxva ufro mniSvnelovan
SemTxvevaSi. rasakvirvelia, am procesSi mniSvnelovania
samizne piris (jgufis) fsiqotipis da susti mxareebis
winaswari codna, aseve variaciis da interaqciis unari
zegavlenis ganmaxorcieleblis mxridan.
1
Corneliu Bjola. Propaganda as reflexive control: the digital dimension. in: Coun-
tering online propaganda and extremism. The dark side of digital diplomacy.
Edited by Corneliu Bjola and James Pamment. Routledge. 2019. p.13-27
2
ibid.p.15
110
sabWoTa kvlevebis eqspertis, timoTi tomasis kvle
vebma aCvena, rom doqtrinam ganicada evolucia da dRe
sac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ruseTis samxedro da sadaz
vervo samsaxurebis mier sainformacio omis warmoebis
procesSi1. cifrulma revoluciam axali masStabebi Ses
Zina meTods. civi omis pirobebSi ar iyo martivi saWiro
informaciis mopoveba samizne piris (pirebis, jgufebis,
uwyebis) Sesaxeb piradi informaciis CaTvliT. dRes Za
lian martivia gavigoT informacia umcires detalebamde
adamianis Tu organizaciis Sesaxeb maT mierve onlain-
sivrceSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis da atvirTuli
masalebis (maT Soris, fotoebis) saSualebiT.
aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebiT, SesaZlebelia ama Tu
im sazogadoebaSi gaavrcelo informacia, romelic saku
Tari moqalaqeebis TvalSi mmarTveli politikuri eli
tis diskreditacias moemsaxureba da ganapirobebs Sida
politikur cvlilebebs. sagareo politikuri miznebis
Tvis, SesaZloa sxvadasxva Ria Tu faruli wyaroebiT
gaavrcelo didi raodenobiT urTierTsawinaaRmdego in
formacia, raTa ver moxdes informaciis swori klasifi
kacia da analizi (teqnologiur saukuneSi informaciis
mopovebaze ufro rTuli gaxda mravalmxrivi informa
ciis klasifikaciis da analizis unari).
timoTi tomasi refleqsuri kontrolis safuZvelze
ganxorcielebul qmedebad miiCnevs mcdari analogiebis
mzard gavrcelebas (mag. kosovos magaliTiT manipuli
reba ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omis da 2014 wlis
yirimis aneqsiis wina periodebSi; an dasavluri struq
turebis refleqsuri dadanaSauleba ruseTis winaaRm
deg dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi...). aseve, gaxmaurebul
`lizas saqmesac~ aRniSnul meTods ukavSirebs.
1
ibid.p.16
111
propagandistuli meTodi 40/60 – gebelsis saxels
ukavSirdeba. meTodi gulisxmobs iseTi media saSualebis
Seqmnas, romelic moaxerxebs mowinaaRmdege qveynis
sazogadoebis ndobis mopovebas. Seqmnili da gavrcele
buli informaciis 60 % sandoa, relevanturi da asa
xavs samizne sazogadoebis interesebsa da molodinebs.
dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad xdeba darCenili 40
%-is gamoyeneba. amgvari proporcia gacilebiT efeqtu
ria vidre sruli dezinformacia, radgan sazogadoeba
media-saSualebas aRiqvams rogorc sandos da profesio
nalers. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis dros gebel
sis miTiTebiT da aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebiT fun
qcionirebda inglisurenovani radio, romelsac didi
interesiT ismenda antifaSistur brZolaSi Cabmuli sam
yaro da britanul mauwyeblobad miiCnevda. simarTle ki
mxolod omis dasrulebis Semdeg gairkva.
40/60 meTodi ar gamqrala nacizmis damarcxebis Sem
deg da misi aqtiuri gamoyeneba daiwyo sabWoTa kavSirma
civi omis dros. iseve rogorc civi omis sxva meqanizmeb
ma, meTodma 40/60 post-sabWoTa periodSic SeinarCuna
popularoba da efeqturad gamoiyeneba hibriduli omis
warmoebis procesSi.
da mainc, ratom aris propaganda aseTi mimzidveli
adamianebisTvis? saxeldeba bevri mizezi, romlebic
amgvarad SeiZleba davajgufoT:
1. propaganda martivad gasagebi mza produqtia da
moqalaqisgan ar moiTxovs zedmet Zalisxmevas, moiZios
informacia da Tavad gaakeTos analizi.
2. propaganda im socialuri fenis adamianebs, vi
sac ar aqvs Sesabamisi ganaTleba da unarebi, garkveuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb warmoadginos kvalifikaciuri anali
zi, mza `inteleqtualuri sarCos~ miwodebiT exmareba
aimaR los TviTSefaseba da ipovos Rirseuli adgili
sazogadoebaSi.
112
3. propaganda xangrZliv qmedebas gulisxmobs da
Sesabamisad, droTa ganmavlobaSi is iwvevs ara mxolod
SeCvevas da mimReblobas, aramed narkotikul damokide
bulebas da meti `dozis~ miRebis survils.
4. propaganda qmnis saerTo RirebulebebiT gajere
buli jgufis identobas. erTis mxriv, individi ganicdis
Temis zegavlenas da amave dros individi Tavad miis
wrafvis Temis srulfasovani wevrobisken. propaganda
elitizmiT daRlil sazogadoebebSi elitizmis daZle
vis iluzias aCens da Tavad qmnis axal elitebs. sabWo
Ta elitebze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom amgvari jgufebi
gamoirCeva maRali sicocxlisunarianobiT da TviTga
darCenis instinqtiT. sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevidan 30
wlis Semdegac ki sabWoTa propagandiT gamokvebili jgu
febi ar gamqralan, maT ganicades transformacia da kv
lavac axerxeben sazogadoebriv azrze zegavlenas.
rogor unda moxdes propagandis identificireba da
misgan sazogadoebis dacva? mravalricxovan litera
turasa da winaaRmdegobriv diskusiebze dayrdnobiT
warmovadgenT martiv klasifikacias.
individisa da sazogadoebis doneze: 1. individis
unarebis gaumjobeseba (kritikuli azrovneba, media
wigniereba, cnobierebis amaRleba); 2. sazogadoebrivi
azris sistemuri kvleva sazogadoebis molodinebisa
da moTxovnebis identificirebisTvis; 3. fsiqologiuri
analizi (mowyvladi jgufebis Rirebulebebis da qcevis
Seswavla); 4. informaciis analizi da propagandis iden
tificireba. propagandis Sedegebze dakvirveba.
saxelmwifos doneze: 1. saxelmwifo institutebis
koordinirebuli qmedeba, saxelmwifo interesebis wi
naaRmdeg mimarTuli propagandistuli arxebis gamovle
na da akrZalva. 2. sakuTar moqalaqeebTan strategiuli
komunikaciis gaumjobeseba.
113
amgvarad, daskvnis saxiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom si
tyva `propaganda~ ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba uaryofiT kon
teqstSi da `destruqciul propagandas~ moiazrebs. is
ar Seefardeba arc rbili da arc xisti Zalis naiseul
ganmartebas. mas Cven basri Zalis Semadgenel nawilad
moviazrebT.
cifruli revoluciis epoqaSi propagandam ganicada
transformacia da cifrul propagandad iqca, romlis
sazRvrebi da efeqturoba gacilebiT masStaburia, vidre
civi omis droindeli proklamaciebi Tu posterebi. ci
fruli propaganda ereva saerTaSoriso gadawyvetile
bebis miRebis procesSi da izrdeba diplomatiuri Tama
Sis `dahakvis~ safrTxe. cifruli propaganda cifruli
diplomatiis `bneli mxarea~.
bibliografia:
114
ciation for Public Opinion Research. 2009. https://s3.amazonaws.
com/academia.edu.documents/53319490/Goebbels-Principles-
of-Propaganda.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20
filename%3DAmerican_Association_for_Public_Opinion.pdf&X-
Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAI
WOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200228%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_
request&X-Amz-Date=20200228T120502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-
A m z - S i g n e d H e a d e rs = h o st & X- A m z - S i g n at u re = d e 8 b 3 e 2 1 6 e c -
c8add23fdcdd6b38429b780cb87e1633063c7c85b2c6aede885c8
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
Ø es sainteresoa:
115
2016 wlis axalwlis dReebSi, berlinis mcxovrebi ru
suli warmoSobis 13 wlis gogona liza moulodnelad gau
Cinarda 30 saaTis manZilze. saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg, man
ganacxada, rom arabuli garegnobis mamakacebma gaitaces
da gaaupatiures. arc policiam da arc gogonas mSoblebma
gogonas moyolili ambavi simarTled ar CaTvales. erT-er
Ti adgilobrivi gazeTis cnobiT, gogonas hyavda 19 wlis
Turqi Tayvanismcemeli da swored masTan erTad iyo gapa
ruli. saxlSi iZulebiT dabrunebis Semdeg gogonam scada
ambis SeTxzva Tavis gasamarTleblad. lizas ambavi darCe
boda ojaxur konfliqtad, rom ara misi gamoyeneba poli
tikuri miznebisTvis.
rusulma da prorusulma mediam (ruseTis pirveli
arxi, ruseTi dRes, sputniki) ambavi sensaciad aqcia da
socialuri qselebis saSualebiT sazogadoebis yuradReba
miipyro. ambavs gamoexmaurnen rusi maRalCinosnebi (maT
Soris, ministri lavrovic), romlebic aqcents akeTebd
nen germaniaSi rusulenovani mosaxleobis daucvelobaze.
germaniaSi mcxovrebi mravalricxovani rusulenovani
jgufebis diskriminaciis msxverplad gamocxadeba niSna
vda adamianis uflebebTan mimarTebaSi germaniis dadana
Saulebas ormagi standartis gamoyenebaSi.
skandalma gamoiwvia sxvadasxva tipis jgufebis gaaqti
ureba da mravalricxovani saxalxo demonstraciebi germa
niis qalaqebSi. neo-nacisturi jgufebi aqcents akeTebdnen
migraciis problemebze. rigiTi germanelebi aRaSfoTa ger
maniis policiis uunarobam, daecva germaniis moqalaqeebis
usafrTxoeba. rusulenovani jgufebi iTxovdnen uflebebis
dacvas da pativiscemas germanuli sazogadoebis mxridan.
lizas skandalis gasaanalizeblad, aucilebelia mimo
vixiloT politikuri konteqsti. ruseTis mier ukrainis
nawilis okupacias germaniis maRalCinosnebis mkveTri
gancxadebebi mohyva. wlebis manZilze naSenebi germania-
116
ruseTis konstruqciuli urTierTobebi safrTxis winaSe
dadga. evropaSi swored germania gaxda ruseTis winaaRm
deg sanqciebis gamkacrebis erT-erTi iniciatori. germane
li maRalCinosnebi aRniSnavdnen, rom pirvelad civi omis
Semdeg safrTxe Seeqmna evropul usafrTxoebas. germaniis
mTavrobam da obamas administraciam dagegmes erToblivi
qmedebebi. germaniis jarebi natos egidiT ganTavsda lie
tuvaSi, natos jari miuaxlovda ruseTis sazRvars.
rusulma propagandam lizas skandali Seqmna kancler
merkelis dasaSantaJeblad da politikuri realobis Se
sacvlelad. migraciis Tema gamoiyenes didi migraciuli
krizisis pirobebSi, rodesac germaniaSi moqmedi sxvadasx
va politikuri Tu samoqalaqo jgufebi aqtiurad akriti
kebdnen merkelis saemigracio politikas.
angela merkeli ar ahyva SantaJs. 2016 wlis noemberSi
merkelis saparlamento jgufma Seqmna specialuri do
kumenti, sadac aRniSnulia, rom ruseTi postsabWoTa
sivrces ganixilavs sakuTari gavlenis sferod, Seqmna
`ruseTis samyaros ideologia~ riTac arRvevs xalxTa
Tavisufali arCevanis uzenaes principebs, manipulirebs
gayinuli konfliqtebiT, mxars uWers asadis reJims siria
Si, riTac arRvevs saerTaSoriso samarTals. ruseTi cdi
lobs sxvadasxva qveynebis Sida politikaze zegavlenas
(maT Soris, germaniaSi lizas skandaliT). sapasuxo nabiji
unda iyos evrokavSiris da natos TavdacviTi meqanizmebis
gaZliereba.
erTi wlis Semdeg, 2017 wlis TebervalSi msgavsi faqti
moxda lietuvaSi. gavrcelda informacia, rom germanelma
jariskacma, romelic natos egidiT gaagzavnes lietuvaSi,
Tineijeri gaaupatiura. ambavi iyo sruli sicrue. dezin
formaciis mizani iyo rogorc natos jarebis diskredita
cia, aseve SiSis danergva lietuvas sazogadoebaSi (meore
msoflio omis droindeli SiSebis dabruneba da antiger
117
manuli sentimentebis gaCena). `axalma sensaciam~ ver moax
dina efeqti. lietuvas sazogadoeba aramc Tu ar ahyva
provokacias, aramed sapasuxod lietuvaSi ganxorcielda
axali zomebi sazogadoebrivi cnobadobis amaRlebisa da
propagandis dasamarcxeblad.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:
• dezinformaciis tipebi
• dezinformaciis gavrcelebis meqanizmebi
• trolingi
• Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba
118
misaRwevad. misinformaciis Sedegi SesaZloa iseTive mZime
aRmoCndes, rogorc dezinformaciis SemTxvevaSi. dezin
formaciis, anu cru narativis, tyuilis Seqmnis pro
cesSi xdeba faqtebiT manipulireba an faqtebis sruli
falsifikacia sxvadasxva meTodebiT. TiToeuli maTgani
SesaZloa Seexos Sinaarss an konteqsts.1
Sinaarsze manipulaciis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva rea
luri faqtebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan mcdari
warmodgenebis Sesaqmnelad. konteqstze manipulacia
gu
lisxmobs faqtis konteqstidan amoglejas, konteqs
tis mcdar interpretacias an movlenebis sruliad sxva
konteqstSi gadatanas.
falsifikacia anu gayalbeba SesaZlebelia iyos nawi
lobrivi an sruli. informaciis nawilobrivi falsifi
kacia SesaZloa gulisxmobdes konteqstis gamogonebas,
yalbi wyaroebis Seqmnas, realur faqtebTan erTad gamo
gonili faqtebis aRweras, damabneveli saTaurebis, heS
Tegebis da fotoebis gamoyenebas.
informaciis sruli falsifikacia gulisxmobs gamo
gonil, yalb informacias romelic gamiznulad Seiqmna
zianis misayeneblad. mas xSirad `yalb ambebs~ (Fake News)
uwodeben. manipulaciac da falsifikaciac SesaZlebelia
ganxorcieldes rogorc teqstSi, aseve foto da video ma
salaze. gansakuTrebiT popularuli meTodia fotomasa
lis falsifikacia, radgan martivia rogorc Sesaqmnelad,
aseve gasavrceleblad da efeqturia zemoqmedebisTvis.
martivi aplikaciebiT falsificirebuli foto-video
ma
salis amocnoba SesaZloa martivi aRmoCndes, Tumca
profesionalebis Seqmnili falsifikaciis dadgena SeuZ
lebeli xdeba specialuri eqspertizis gareSe.
1
Claire Wardle. Fake news. It’s complicated. FIRST DRAFT. February 16, 2017.
https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated
119
arc ise didi xania gamoCnda dezinformaciis axali da
saxifaTo tipi – „Rrma feiqi“ (Deep Fake), romelic Za
lian hgavs namdvils. is gulisxmobs xelovnuri intele
qtis gamoyenebiT yalbi video an audio-Canaweris Seqm
nas. martivi video-manipulacia (xmis da gamosaxulebis
amoWra, gadafarva, sxvadasxva dros realurad naTqvami
frazebis Sekowiweba...) advili gamosacnobia faqtCekin
gis mcireodeni gamocdilebis mqone pirisTvis. `Rrma
feiqi~-is SemTxvevaSi ki msaxiobis mier wakiTxul teqsts
xelovnuri inteleqti sinqronSi ameorebinebs samizne
pirs misi gamosaxulebis, mimikis da xmis gamoyenebiT.
Rrma feiqis eqspertiza rTulia da axali saeqsperto
meTodebis Seqmnas moiTxovs. Rrma feiqma ukve daazarala
aSS prezidentebi baraq obama da donald trampi, feis
buqis damfuZnebeli mark cukerberki da sxva cnobili
adamianebi.1
dezinformaciis Seqmna-gavrcelebis procesSi gamo
i
yeneba sxvadasxva teqnika. evropuli politikis anali
zis centri (CEPA) CamoTvlis da ganmartavs zogierT
maTgans: ping-pongi (sxvadasxva veb-gverdebis koordi
rebuli gamoyeneba internetSi narativis gasaaqti
ni
ureblad); „yvavma yvavs uTxrao...“ (sxva pirebisa da
organizaciebis mxileba im saqmianobaSi, raSic Tavad
bralmdebelic CarTulia. Sesabamisad, detalebis aRwera
xdeba meti damajereblobiT); faqtebis uaryofa (SesaZ
lebelia sxvadasxva formiT, maT Soris, realuri faqtebis
aRwera maTi uaryofis, interpretirebis, diskreditaciis
da a. S. mizniT); fragmentireba an ganzogadeba (nawilis
mTlianad warmoCena an mTlianis nawilad Sefaseba); faq
tebis emociebiT gadafarva (emociuri metaforebiT teqs
1
Joseph Foley. 9 deepface examples that terrified and amused the internet. CB
(CREATIVE BLOG). November 15, 2019. https://www.creativebloq.com/fea-
tures/deepfake-examples
120
tis gadavseba; emociebis wina planze wamoweva); ganqiqeba,
dacinva, iarliyebis miwebeba; „voTebauTizmi“ (mcdari
Sedarebebis moyvana, Cven cudebi varT, magram sxvebic
cudebi arian stilSi); „narativis gaTeTreba“ (narati
vis miwera daukonkretebeli eqspertebisTvis. magali
Tad, qarTul internet mediaSi xSirad xmarebuli fraza
`rogorc britaneli eqspertebi amboben~...); balansis
cvlileba (damaxasiaTebelia ZiriTadad satelevizio
sivrcisTvis: tele-debatebSi propagandistuli Zalebis
mowveva meore mxares aiZulebs gadavides TavdacviT re
JimSi, riTic garkveuli problemis ganxilvisas iqmneba
disbalansi); „vagonze Sextoma“ (mcdeloba garkveuli
narativi warmoCindes umravlesobis Sexedulebad da
amiT zegavlena moaxdinon individze, romelsac surs `ar
CamorCes meinstrimul tendenciebs~); SeTqmulebis Teo
riebi (Worebis gavrcelebiT da miTebis SeqmniT `faruli
SeTqmulebis~ gamoaSkaraveba an piriqiT, arsebuli rea
lobis SeTqmulebad monaTvla); mcdari dilemebi (war
mosaxviTi gamouvali mdgomareobis aRweriT individze
zemoqmedeba, rom man mxari dauWiros `erTaderT swor
gadawyvetilebas~) da sxv.1
dezinformaciis da propagandis meTodebi xSi
rad msgav sia da SeuZlebelia maTi mkveTri gamijv
na. dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi monawileoben trolebi
da botebi.
boti igivea, rac aplikacia, romelic xelovnur in
teleqtze dayrdnobiT da specialurad misTvis Seqmnili
algoriTmebiT, asrulebs micemul davalebas. magaliTad:
konkretul komentars ganaTavsebs asobiT da aTasobiT
gverdebze, tiraJirebs mowonebis (`laiqis~) an emociis
Rilakebs da a. S. botisgan gasxvavebiT, troli adamiania,
1
Disinformation Techniques. The Center for European Policy Analysis
(CEPA). https://www.cepa.org/disinfo-techniques
121
Tumca yoveldRiur slengSi xSirad trolebs da botebs
erTmaneTTan aigiveben.
troli iRebs mza gzavnils da direqtivas samizne
individebis an jgufebis Sesaxeb. trolisTvis trolin
gi anazRaurebadi samsaxuria. trolebi mesijebs arge
ben konteqsts da axdenen mesijebis diversificirebas,
iwyeben diskusiebs internet momxmarebelTan... troli
moqmedebs specialurad Seqmnili sxvadasxva saxele
biT (`eqaunTebiT~). rig SemTxvevebSi trolis amocnoba
martivia socialur mediaSi (yavs cota megobari, axal
Seqmnili gverdia, ar aCens pirad da ojaxur fotoebs,
profilisTvis iyenebs moparul fotos da identobas
da sxv.) trolis gamoaSkaraveba mis profesionalizm
zea damokidebuli – xelovnuri inteleqtiT Seqmnili
fotoebi, IP misamarTebiT manipulireba da sxva msgavsi
meTodi arTulebs trolis amocnobas. maRalanazRaure
badi trolebi profesionalebi arian da qaosi SeaqvT
internet-sivrceSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani amocanis SemTxvevaSi
iqmneba e. w. `trolebis qarxana~ – adamianTa jgufi kon
kretuli amocanebiT. erTeuli trolisgan gansxvavebiT,
romelic SesaZlebelia sakuTari saxlidan muSaobdes sa
kuTari smartfoniT an kompiuteriT, trolebis qarxana
organizaciaa da mas infrastruqtura esaWiroeba. `tro
lebis qarxana~ xSirad daregistrirebulia media-saagen
tos, holdingis an sxva msgavsi saxeliT da oficialur
saqmianobas safarad iyenebs trolingis procesSi.
2016 wels, aSS prezidentis donald trampis saarCe
vno kampaniis dros mniSvnelovan ambad iqca trolebis
gavlena amomrCevelTa ganwyobaze. Seiqmna specialuri
komisia, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda aSS gamoZiebis fe
deraluri biuros (FBI) yofili xelmZRvaneli, robert
miuleri. gamoZiebam gamoaqveyna e. w. `miuleris angariSi~,
122
romlis Tanaxmad, trolebis qarxnis funqcias asrulebda
rus oligarq evgeni prigoJinis mier sankt-peterburgSi
daregistrirebuli internet kvlevebis saagento.1
trolingisTvis individebis da jgufebis piradi mo
nacemebis moZieba xdeba Ria wyaroebiT, moparviT (`dahak
viT~), aplikaciebis daxmarebiT (sxvadasxva saxis onlain
testebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romelic fotosuraTis
atvirTvas moiTxovs momxmareblisgan), kompiuteruli
virusebis gavrcelebiT da sxva.
politikuri trolingis mizania sazogadoebis war
modgenebisa da Rirebulebebis formireba, sasargeb
lo idiotebad (misi informaciis gamavrceleblad) da
koleqtiur trolebad (misi Rirebulebebis matareble
bad) gadaqceva.
dezinformaciis gavrceleba SesaZlebelia yvela
media-saSualebiT, magram dezinformaciis gavrcele
bis masStabi uprecedentod maRalia yviTeli mediis,
internet-mediis da socialuri qselebis gamoyenebiT.
socialuri qselebi, internet-jgufebi da internet-ga
mocemebi amartivebs botebis da trolebis saqmianobas.
amgvari operaciebi imdenad masStaburia, rom feisbu
qma maT amosacnobad SeimuSava specialuri algoriTmi.
aplikaciebi kargad muSaobs botebis winaaRmdeg, Tumca
jer-jerobiT ver amarcxebs trolings.
dezinformaciis mizanmimarTulma gavrcelebam da
politikurma trolingma SesaZloa daazianos nebismieri
saxelmwifo. Tumca iq, sadac politikuri institutebi da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sustia, xolo media-wignierebis
xarisxi dabali, Sedegi xangrZlivi da damangreveli Sei
Zleba aRmoCndes.
1
Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential
Election. V. I. Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III. US Department of Justice.
Washington. March 2019. https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf
123
Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba (OSINT) zogadi ganmartebiT
gulisxmobs nebismieri tipis gamoZiebas Ria informaciaze
dayrdnobiT da sxvadasxva aplikaciebis gamoyenebiT. Ria
wyaroebSi SesaZloa moviazroT internetSi ganTavsebuli
nebismieri informacia – samTavrobo dokumentebi, media-
kontenti, socialur qselebSi ganTavsebuli statusebi
Tu komentarebi... cifruli gamomZieblis Tu cifruli
Jurnalistis profesiis gaCenis aucilebloba ganapiroba
cifrulma revoluciam da misma Tanmdevma gamowvevebma
(informaciis siuxve, dezinformaciis gavr celebis si
martive, informaciis klasifikaciis sirTule da sxv.)
Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis eqspertebze moTxovna
mzardia da momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. am meTods
iyeneben rogorc usafrTxoebis da uSiSroebis uwyebebi,
aseve Jurnalistebi, mkvlevarebi da nebismieri msurve
li. saerTaSoriso dokumentebis da angariSebis didi
nawilic Ria wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mzaddeba.
Ria wyaroebiT gamoZiebis teqnikasa da SesaZleblobe
bze mravali saxelmZRvanelo Seiqmna (zogierTi maTgani
bestseleradac ki iqca). saxelmZRvaneloebsa da trening-
kursebze aqcenti keTdeba Semdeg sakiTxebze: saZiebo
sistemebSi efeqturi Zebna; socialuri qselebidan da
sxva platformebidan informaciis Sekreba da analizi
TiToeuli socialuri qselis Tu platformis Tavise
burebebis, specifikis da regulaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
veb-gverdebisa da socialuri mediis gverdebis teqni
kuri monacemebis (mag. IP misamarTebi) dadgena; mflob
elobasTan da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli detalebis
identifikacia; faktCekingis procesSi onlain rukebis
gamoyeneba da monacemTa Sejereba; foto-video masalis
gadamowmeba aplikaciebiT; mobiluri aplikaciebis da
radio signalebis analizi da sxv.1
1
Michael Bazzell. Open Source Intelligence Techniques. Resources for Searching
and Analysing Online Information. Sixth Edition. 2018
124
Jurnalisturi gamoZieba yovelTvis iTvleboda de
mok
ratiis safuZvlad da politikuri sistemis gajan
saRebis meqanizmad. cifrulma SesaZleblobebma es
mimarTulebac axal simaRleze aiyvana. profesionali
Tu damoukidebeli gamomZieblebis saqmianoba didi
gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs samTavrobo uwyebebs da poli
tikis warmoebis procesSi individis Zalauflebis zrdis
kargi magaliTia.
dRes yvela cnobili media-saSualeba cdilobs gansa
kuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmos cifruli Jurnalisti
kis ganviTarebas. msoflios masStabiT imarTeba cifru
li Jurnalistikis konferenciebi da forumebi, iqmneba
damoukidebeli organizaciebi, Cndeba axali nominaciebi
da sakonkurso jildoebi.
bibliografia:
125
Department of Justice. Washington. March 2019. https://www.justice.
gov/storage/report.pdf
10. Claire Wardle. Fake news. It’s complicated. FIRST DRAFT. February 16,
2017. https://firstdraftnews.org/latest/fake-news-complicated
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
Ø es sainteresoa:
126
gamoZieba. Ria wyaroebiT gamoZieba ar aRmoCnda martivi,
radgan videoze ar fiqsirdeboda adgilmdebareobis an
vinaobis damadasturebeli detalebi. Semzaravi video
uamrav kiTxvas badebda: sad moxda masobrivi mkvleloba?
rodis moxda? vin arian mkvlelebi? vin arian msxverplebi?
Jurnalistebs ramdenime Tve dasWirdaT gamoZiebisTvis
da miuxedavad sirTuleebisa, maT SeZles rogorc adgilm
debareobis, aseve mkvlelebis identificireba. geografi
uli mdebareoba ganisazRvra satelituri rukebiT (videos
fonze gamosaxul landSaftur informaciaze dayrdno
biT). gadaRebis savaraudo dro dadginda mzis Crdilis
mixedviT. mkvlelTa vinaoba dadginda saxis amomcnobi
aplikaciebiT socialuri qselebis monacemebTan da ofi
cialur dokumentebTan Sejerebis safuZvelze.
Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis Sedegad dadginda, rom `boko
haramis~ teroristuli dajgufebis winaaRmdeg antiteror
istuli operaciis dros, teroristebTan TanamSromlobis
braldebiT, kamerunis saxelmwifo armia sikvdiliT sjida
soflis mSvidobian mosaxleobas. kamerunis mTavrobam sca
da pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan arideba, Tumca uSedegod.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi:
1. Anatomy of a Killing (BBC). PEABODY. http://peabodyawards.com/
award-profile/anatomy-of-a-killing
2. Cameroon: Anatomy of a Killing. Documentary. BBC Africa Eye. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbnLkc6r3yc
127
nawili II
2.1.ruseTis basri Zala saqarTveloSi
1
2008 wlis omis win ruseTis federaciis mier ganxorcielebuli
kiberTavdasxva saqarTveloSi mravalgzis gaxda saerTaSor
iso gansjis sagani. aRniSnul faqts ixseniebs jozef naic. (ix.
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.p.139). 2019
wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos serverebze ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxmis ukan kvlav ruseTis federacia moiazreba saerTa
Soriso diskusiebSi (magaliTad, ix. David E. Sanger, Marv Santora. U.S.
and Allies Blame Russia for Cyberattack on Republic of Georgia. The New York
Times. Feb.20, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/europe/
georgia-cyberattack-russia.html) samwuxaro tendenciaa, rom kiberu
safrTxoebis sakiTxebze ar mimdinareobs aqtiuri diskusia saqa
rTveloSi.
129
sxvadasxva ganzomilebebis kompleqsuri Seswavla Seusru
lebeli amocanaa erTeuli mkvlevarebisTvis da farTo
CarTulobas moiTxovs. kvlevas arTulebs oficialur
dokumentebze SezRuduli wvdoma, xolo sadazvervo masa
lebze wvdomis SeuZlebloba.
Ria wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gTavazobT ruseTis basri
Zalis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentis – ruseTis
dezinformaciisa da propagandis gavrcelebis mcireo
den analizs.
ruseTis dezinformaciisa da propagandis mesijebi
garkveulwilad msgavsia sxvadasxva qveynebSi, Tumca yve
la SemTxvevaSi SeimCneva mesijebis variacia lokaluri
konteqstidan gamomdinare. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi
gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia propagandis konteqst
Tan adaptirebis unari, rac dafuZnebulia saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo institutebis Tu qarTuli sazogadoebis
RirebulebiTi sisusteebis codnasa da analizze.
propagandis da dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad ru
seTi media seqtorSi eyrdnoba rogorc adgilobriv, qar
Tul media-saSualebebs, aseve rusuli mediis filialebs
saqarTveloSi (mag., sputniki) da socialur qselebs.
ruseTis federaciis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sa
qarT veloSi SesaZlebelia davyoT ramdenime jgufad:
sabWoTa nostalgia; izolacionizmi globalizaciis
safrTxeebTan gasamklaveblad; religiuri Temebi da
erTmorwmuneoba; ultranacionalisturi argumentebi;
antidasavluri da antiTurquli sentimentebi; qarTuli
sazogadoebis rusofobiaSi dadanaSauleba; evroatlan
tikuri integraciisadmi skepticizmi..
sabWoTa nostalgiis narativi aqcents akeTebs so
cialuri usafrTxoebisa da Tanasworobis sikeTeebze
dRe vandeli socialuri uTanasworobis sapirispirod.
iqmneba miTebi `kargad daviwyebuli Zveli sikeTeebis~
130
Sesaxeb, rac gansakuTrebiT abnevs axalgazrda Taobas.
socialuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis garda, sabWouri
nostalgiis erT-erT mTavar Temad iqca stalinizmis
reabilitacia, rac gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi aRmoCnda
qarTuli sazogadoebis zogierTi jgufisTvis. sabWoTa
totalitarizmi da represiebi cxaddeba miTad da dasav
luri Zalebis mier SeTxzul dezinformaciad. am tipis
narativebis martivad damkvidreba migviTiTebs rogorc
qarTuli sazogadoebis araerTgvarovan damokidebule
baze saxelmwifo interesebis mimarT (saxelmwifo suve
renitetis pativiscema; saxelmwifo interesebis gaaz
reba; qarTveli eris identobis realuri safuZvlebis
aRqma...), aseve instituciur problemebze da inteleq
tualuri elitebis pasiurobaze.
qarTulma samecniero sazogadoebam ver SeZlo sazo
gadoebisTvis kompleqsuri akademiuri kvlevebis SeTa
vazeba sabWoTa warsulis Sesaxeb (arsebuli naSromebi
fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ver axdens totalitariz
mis srul gadafasebas); reformebis miuxedavad, ver
moxerxda saganmanaTleblo sistemis sruli transfor
macia da axal Rirebulebebze dafuZneba (am SemTxvevaSic
Sedegebi fragmentuli xasiaTisaa da ver cvlis saerTo
suraTs); politikur elitebs ar eyoT sabWoTa warsu
lis gasamarTlebis Zala da gambedaoba (mag.: lustraciis
kanoni, stalinis kultis dagmoba da sxva).
antidasavluri propaganda xSirad eyrdnoba erTi
SexedviT urTierTgamomricxav or mimarTulebas: dasav
leTi moZaladea, Tavs gvaxvevs sakuTar mentalitets da
safrTxes uqmnis erovnul identobas; dasavleTi zedme
tad sustia imisTvis, rom dagvicvas realuri regionuli
safrTxeebisgan (maT Soris omebisa da konfliqtebisgan).
urTierTSeusabamoba ar aris SemTxveviTi da emsaxure
ba sazogadoebis dabnevas, sazogadoebaSi saerTo saxelm
131
wifoebrivi Rirebulebebis damkvidrebisTvis xelis SeS
las. antidasavluri narativebi aqtiurdeba reformebis
Tu evrointegraciis procesis mniSvnelovani etapebis
dros. magaliTad, vizaliberalizaciis ZalaSi Sesvlis
wina periodSi aqcenti keTdeboda evrokavSiris qveyneb
Tan uvizod mimosvlis `gardauval safrTxeebze~ (mag.:
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis masobrivi emigracia evropaSi,
masobrivi migracia azia-afrikidan saqarTveloSi, `qarT
velobis dakargvis~ safrTxe evropaSi mogzaurobis dros,
da sxva). dezinformaciuli wyaroebi mouwodebdnen sazo
gadoebas aqtiurobisken gadawyvetilebis gadavadebis
mizniT. sazogadoebaSi antidasavluri narativebis mar
tivad gavrceleba migviTiTebs rogorc sazogadoebaSi
damkvidrebuli socialur-politikuri Rirebulebebis
qaoturobaze, aseve saqarTvelos saxelmwifo institute
bis sisusteze. saqarTveloSi politikur elitebs Soris
ver Sedga RirebulebiTi Tanxmoba saxelmwifo interese
bis Taobaze: ra aris saxelmwifos mTavari gamowvevebi, vin
aris mteri da sad unda veZeboT perspeqtiva. institutebi
ver uzrunvelyofen moqalaqeebis srulyofil informi
rebas ras niSnavs evrointegracia da ra konkretul sar
gebels moutans rigiT moqalaqes (amis dasturia yovel
wliuri sociologiuri kvlevebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebic).
evroatlantikuri integraciisadmi skepticizmi
aqcents akeTebs geopolitikaze, xazs usvams saqarTve
los evropul struqturebSi gawevrianebis SeuZleblo
bas, saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mTavar arealad
gansazRvravs regions, regionaluri mSvidobis mTavar
garantad ki ruseTs warmoaCens.
globalizacia aseve warmoCenilia rogorc dasavle
Tis saxelmwifoebis mxridan ganxorcielebuli vester
nizaciis mcdeloba da erovnuli identobis dakargvis
safrTxe, romelsac mxolod izolacionizmiT (politi
132
kuri, samxedro, kulturuli...) gavumklavdebiT. globa
li zaciis narativi imeorebs XX saukunis miwurulis
anti-globalistebis pirveli Taobis ritorikas. sazoga
doe baSi am narativis aqtualoba amxels sazogadoebis
sisusteebs: digitalizaciis dabal dones, informaciis
ar qonas cifruli revoluciisa da misi Tanmdevi Zalis
difuziis Sesaxeb da sxv.
ultra-nacionalisturi populizmi aRvivebs qseno
fobias, homofobias, islamofobias, rasizms da seqsizms.
am tipis mesijebi manipulirebs emociebiT da individs
ayenebs `mcdari dilemis~ pirobebSi – arCevani saxelm
wifo suverenitetsa da individis identobis SenarCune
bas Soris. populisturi jgufebis mzardi raodenoba da
zegavlena aCvenebs sazogadoebis uunarobas daskvnebis
gamotanisas daeyrdnos faqtebs da statistikas, gamij
nos emocia da realoba, Tavi aaridos siZulvilis eniT
gajerebul emociur dapirispirebas... populisturi
jgufebis momZlavreba ar aris mxolod qarTuli sa
zo gadoebis problema, Tumca populisturi ideebis
gavrcelebis masStabi qarTul sazogadoebaSi kidev erTi
indikatoria ganaTlebis sistemis mouqnelobisa da ara
sistemuri xasiaTis dasafiqsireblad.
religiuri Temebi Tavis mxriv ramdenime segmentad
SegviZlia davyoT: marTlmadidebluri erTianoba ruseT
Tan (rogorc istoriulad aprobirebuli arCevani); se
kularizmi, rogorc erovnuli identobis safrTxe;
marTl madidebloba rogorc qristianobis upiratesi
mimdinareoba; msoflio masStabiT marTlmadideblobis
dacvis aucilebloba; moaxloebuli meored mosvla (mo
tivacia ar vizrunoT dReis problemebze); saswaulebis
brmadmorwmuneoba da sxv.
aRniSnuli narativebi dayofilia sxvadasxva mesije
bad: eklesiis politikuri uflebebis zrdis aucileblo
133
ba; eSmakis niSnebis fanatikuri Zieba saxelmwifo sim
boloebsa Tu dokumentebSi; sxvadasxva tipis SiSebis
danergva; religiuri moralis upiratesoba saero samar
Talze da sxv. msgavsi mesijebis nawili gamokveTilad
antisaxelmwifoebrivi ideis Semcvelia. magaliTad, 2008
wlis omis `codvebis gamosyidvis~ mcdelobad Sefaseba,
an piradobis mowmobebis boikoti masSi `eSmakis niSnebis~
arsebobis sababiT.
antiTurquli narativi aqcents akeTebs TurqeTidan
momdinare safrTxeebze, istoriul mtrobasa da senti
mentebze, TurqeTis mxridan ekonomikuri zegavlenis
safrTxeebze, islamofobiaze, qsenofobiaze da sxv.
qarTuli sazogadoebis rusofobiaSi dadanaSaule
ba SedarebiT axali Temaa da e.w. `gavrilovis Ramis~ Sem
deg gamoCnda. Tema aseve gaaqtiurda `rusuli kulturis
centrebis~ saqarTveloSi Seqmnis Sesaxeb informaciis
gavrcelebis periodSi (rasac mohyva sazogadoebrivi
diskusia Tanmdevi safrTxeebis Sesaxeb).
ruseTis basri narativebi saqarTveloSi iyenebs pro
pagandis da dezinformaciis yvela im SesaZlo teqnikas,
rac Sesabamis paragrafebSia aRwerili. qarTuli sazoga
doebis RirebulebiT Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos
SeTqmulebis Teoriebis da mcdari dilemebis gansa
kuTrebuli popularoba da efeqturoba.
SeTqmulebis Teoriebi mravalmxrivi, mravalricxova
ni da xSirad sruliad fantastiuria (mag. miTebi masonTa
loJis saswaulebrivi unarebis Sesaxeb; aSS uSiSroebis
organoebis zebunebrivi unari daCipos yvela moqalaqe
da gadaaqcios zombad...). mcdari dilemebi sagonebelSi
agdebs inteleqtualur jgufebsac ki.
mcdari dilemis magaliTad unda moviyvanoT miTi
`yarsis xelSekrulebis~ Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT 2021
wels TurqeTi baTumis dapyrobas apirebs. miTis tira
JirebaSi akademiuri wreebic ki aRmoCndnen CarTulni.
134
vfiqrobT, am konkretul magaliTSi gansakuTrebul
efeqts axdenda yarsis xelSekrulebis realuroba, xolo
sakiTxisadmi emociurma damokidebulebam gadafara sru
liad martivi WeSmariteba: amJamad ararsebul samarT
lebriv subieqtebs Soris (ruseTis sabWoTa respublika,
saqarTvelos ssr, osmaleTis imperia) dadebuli xelSek
ruleba (sadac erT-erTi muxli saqarTvelos ssr-is
SemadgenlobaSi aWaris avtonomiis statuss exeba) ver
ganxorcieldeba dRes, rodesac aRar arseboben xelSek
rulebis xelmomweri subieqtebi (maT nacvlad: ruseTis
federacia, TurqeTi, saqarTvelo). saqarTvelos sazRv
rebi saerTaSorisod aRiarebulia, xolo TurqeTsa da
saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebi efuZneba 1992 wels
miRebul CarCo-xelSekrulebas.
SeTqmulebis Teoriis udavo Sedevria lugaris labo
ratoriis miTi, romelic aSS senatis angariSSic ki mox
vda.1 riCard lugaris saxelobis laboratoria sarge
blobs uryevi reputaciiT saerTaSoriso asparezze da
erTaderTi maRalteqnologiuri centria regionSi, rom
lis arsebobamac SesaZlebeli gaxada sxvadasxva samedi
cino kvlevebis saqarTveloSi Catareba. miTis mixedviT,
lugaris laboratoria qmnis da avrcelebs virusebs mo
saxleobaSi. miTi zustad imeorebs sabWoTa uSiSroebis
zemoT xsenebul miTs Sidsis Seqmna-gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.
braldebis absurdulobis miuxedavad, miTi advilad
gavrcelebadi aRmoCnda sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT
sezonuri virusebis periodSi. rigiTi moqalaqis mar
tiv SekiTxvaze, ra unda vqnaT Tu Tavad ar SegviZlia
maRalteqnologiuri kvlevebis warmoeba, sxvis kvlevebs
ki ar vendobiT, populisturi organizaciebi gvTavazo
1
Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for
U.S. National Security. U.S. Senate. January 10, 2018.p.80. https://www.foreign.
senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf
135
ben `amomwurav pasuxs~: `locva gadagvarCens~, `Cvens wi
naprebs wamali ar hqondaT...~ saxelmwifo institutebis
sisuste jandacvis sferoSi (gadamdebi daavadebebis pre
vencia da kontroli, kanonmdeblobis daxvewa, samedi
cino momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRleba da xelmisawvdo
moba...) am SemTxvevaSic erT-erTi mTavari indikatoria.
SeTqmulebis Teoriebis da mcdari dilemebis popu
laroba gansakuTrebiT kargad axdens qarTuli post
sabWoTa sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani sisusteebis iden
tificirebas: mediawignierebis da zogadad, wignierebis
dabali done; saxelmwifo institutebisadmi undobloba;
problemebis mogvarebaze pasuxismgeblobis aRebisTvis
Tavis arideba da sxva.
saqarTveloSi (iseve, rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebis
SemTxvevaSi), internet media yvelaze xSirad gamoiye
neba dezinformaciis (da ara mxolod ruseTis mxridan)
gasavrceleblad. Cveni dakvirvebiT, internetSi ruse
Tis propagandistuli mesijebi dayofilia Temebisa da
samizne jgufebis mixedviT. rusi eqimebis saswaulebrivi
unarebi kibo gankurnon sodiT; miTebi bananiT gavrce
lebuli Sidsis, hepatitis da koronavirusebis Sesaxeb;
RrublebSi gamosaxuli religiuri simboloebis foto-
manipulaciebi; sizmrebze da horoskopebze dafuZnebu
li winaswarmetyvelebebi da sxva gaTvlilia Sesabamisi
wignierebis donis mosaxleobaze. sazogadoebis inteleq
tualuri nawilisTvis gansxvavebuli `paketebi~ mzad
deba samecniero citatebiT daxunZluli `eqspertuli~
statiebis saxiT.
saqarTveloSi dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi CarTu
lia sxvadasxva internet gamocemebi, gasarTobi por
talebi da rasakvirvelia, socialuri media. socialuri
mediis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, martivia sxvadasxva
mesijis gavrceleba dadasturebis Tu wyaros miTiTebis
136
gareSe. mesijebis gavrcelebaSi aqtiurad arian CarTuli
trolebi da botebi informaciis gaaqtiurebis Tu diver
sifikaciis mizniT. trolingisTvis da sazogadoebriv az
rze zegavlenis mosaxdenad aseve gamoyenebulia social
uri qselebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli komentarebis sistema.
ra SeiZleba davasaxeloT ruseTis propagandis
tuli dezinformaciis gavrcelebis Taviseburebad
saqarTveloSi?
upirveles yovlisa, ruseTis dezinformaciis gasavr
celeblad qarTuli media-saSualebebis gamoyenebis
masStabi. sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTis mixedviT, ruse
Tis propagandistuli mesijebis gasavrceleblad Ziri
Tadad ruseTis federaciis mier pirdapir kontroli
rebadi media gamoiyeneba: rusuli satelevizio arxebi,
inglisurenovani `Russia Today~, mravalenovani `sputniki~
da socialuri qselebi. postsabWoTa qveynebSi ZiriTadi
aqcenti rusulenovan mediasa da socialur qselebze
keTdeba, rusulenovani mosaxleobis da sxva erTguli
jgufebis mobilizaciisTvis (romelTac ruseTis maRal
Cinosnebi `Tanamemamuleebs~ uwodeben).
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, ver xdeba `Russia Today~-s ga
moyeneba (sociologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, mosaxleo
bis mxolod 1% smenia mis Sesaxeb)1. saqarTveloSi rusi/
rusulenovani mosaxleobis raodenoba mcirea da sxva
postsabWoTa qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, politikurad
yvelaze neitralur jgufs warmoadgens. aseve, Zalian
umniSvneloa rusuli socialuri qselebis (`odnoklasni
ki~ da `v kontakte~) gamoyeneba da dabalia rusuli enis
codnis donec, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda TaobaSi. ru
seTis arxebis yurebadoba kvlav maRalia, Tumca ZiriTa
dad gasarTobi miznebisTvis. aseT konteqstSi icvleba
1
Public Attitudes in Georgia. NDI Georgia. December 2017.p.76 https://www.ndi.
org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%202017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf
137
mizanic (samizne xdeba mTeli sazogadoeba) da meTode
bic.
qarTulenovani mediidan ruseTis propagandis gavr
celebaSi yvelaze aqtiurad CarTulia beWduri `yviTe
li~ media da ramdenime tele-media saSualeba. socialu
ri qselebidan dezinformaciis gavrceleba ZiriTadad
feisbuqiT xdeba.
amerikuli feisbuqis dezinformaciis mTavar meqa
nizmad gamoyeneba konteqstis specifikidan gamomdi
nareobs. feisbuqis moxmarebis masStabi uprecedentoa
saqarTveloSi da procentulad aWarbebs yvela sxva
qveynis monacemebs. saqarTveloSi feisbuqi gamoyenebu
lia yvela SesaZlo miznisTvis: sakomunikaciod, biznesis
warmoebisTvis, informaciis gansaTavseblad da misaRe
bad, saswavlo miznebisTvis... saqarTveloSi sajaro da
kerZo organizaciebi, saswavlo dawesebulebebi, media da
politikuri liderebi feisbuqs iyeneben komunikaciis
mTavar saSualebad.
sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi ruse
Tis dezinformaciuli narativebi ar aris `rusuli~ – ar
axdens rusuli kulturis, rusuli enis, rusuli cxovre
bis wesis popularizacias. narativebi safuZvlad iyenebs
populizmiT gajerebul `namdvil qarTul” an sabWoTa
qarTul Rirebulebebs, istoriul sentimentebs da kul
turul Taviseburebebs. koduri sityvebia: `patriotiz
mi~ `rwmena~... istoriuli da religiuri sentimentebiT
manipulacia sxva sazogadoebebSic erT-erTi mTavari
mimarTulebaa, Tumca saqarTveloSi dominantur mi
marTulebad iqca.
ruseTis basri Zalis zemoqmedebis gansaxilvelad
calke unda gamovyoT okupirebuli teritoriebis saki
Txi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, saerTaSoriso organi
zaciebis Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis mravalgzis mcdelo
138
bis miuxedavad, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ver
moxerxda saxalxo diplomatiis meqanizmebis amuSaveba,
kontaqtebis damyareba da pirdapiri dialogi. 2008 wlis
omis Semdeg Sewyda manamde arsebuli TanamSromlobis mwi
ri SesaZleblobebic da wvdoma SeezRudaT saerTaSoriso
organizaciebsac. mavTulxlarTebiT gavlebuli `axali
rkinis fardis~ sxvadasxva mxares mcxovrebma adamianebma
bevri araferi ician erTmaneTis problemaTa Sesaxeb.
erT-erTi media, romelic Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia
rkinis fardis orive mxares aris kremlis mier dafuZ
nebuli `sputniki~. sputniki saqarTvelos teritoriaze
warmodgenilia sami mauwyeblobiT: `sputnik gruzia~,
`sputnik abxazia~, `sputnik osetia~.
`sputnik gruzia~ veb-portalia, sadac informacia gan
Tavsebulia qarTul da rusul enebze. veb-gverdi Sedgeba
ramdenime ganyofilebisgan: informacia, saqarTvelo, ru
seTi, kavkasia, pozitivi, sporti, multimedia, analitika.
`sputnik abxazia~ operirebs rusul da afxazur enebze.
warmodgenilia ramdenime ganyofileba: afxazeTi, repa
triacia, analitika, turizmi afxazeTSi, radio sputniki,
multimedia, pres-centri. `sputnik osetia~ funqcioni
rebs rusul da osur enebze da dayofilia or nawilad
– samxreT oseTi, CrdiloeT oseTi. qveganyofilebebi war
modgenilia Semdegi saTaurebiT: informacia, analitika,
sporti, pres-centri, multimedia, radio sputniki.
sputnikis vebgverdebis mxolod saTaurebis doneze
ganxilvac ki gviqmnis naTel warmodgenas ruseTis in
teresebis Sesaxeb: sputniki ar aRiarebs saqarTvelos sa
xelmwifos saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebs, xolo
samxreT oseTs da CrdiloeT oseTs erTian sivrced ga
nixilavs... sputniki qmnis iluzias, rom ssrk ar dangreu
la da qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi da sxva xalxebi kvlav
Tanacxovroben erTiani rusuli sivrcis qveS.
139
vebgverdebis Sinaarsobriv ganxilvas Tu Sevecdeb
iT, TvalSi mogvxvdeba garkveuli saerTo ideologiuri
safuZvlebi samive gverdis SemTxvevaSi: saxelmwifos cne
ba da saxelmwifo patriotizmi Canacvlebulia eTnikuri
jgufis kulturuli siamayiT; aqcenti keTdeba istori
ul warsulze da ara momavalze; kulturuli izolacia
ganixileba identobis SenarCunebis da arastabilur glo
balizebul samyaroSi gadarCenis mTavar meqanizmad...
sputnikis vebgverdebis gasarTobi qve-gverdebi sa
gangebo ganxilvis sagania. magaliTad, horoskopebis
nawili gvTavazobs tradiciul astrologiur kompi
lacias, magram prognozze pasuxismgebeli astrologi
drogamoSvebiT avrcelebs `astrologiur gafrTxile
bebs~ rusul sivrceSi dabrunebis sikeTeebis Sesaxeb
an TurqeTis mxridan mosalodnel agresiaze planetaTa
ganlagebis mixedviT... sputnikis gasarTobi nawilebi
aseve uxvad iyenebs fsiqologiur testebs da on-lain
qvizebs, rac kargi saSualebaa momxmarebelTa piradi
informaciis Sesagroveblad.
rac Seexeba sputnikis teqnikas, is Zalian hgavs
propagandis 40/60 zemoT aRweril meTods. manipula
cia SeimCneva ara imdenad informaciis SinaarsTan, ara
med informaciis SerCevasTan mimarTebiT. informaciis
nawili didwilad imeorebs sxva mediebSi gavrcelebul
oficialur informacias da mxolod garkveuli period
ulobiT gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi – ruseTis mier
dafinansebuli organizaciebis Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis
saqmianobis aRwera da popularizacia. vebgverdze pro
pagandistuli da antisaxelmwifoebrivi mesijebis siux
viT gamoirCeva informaciaze darTuli `eqspertuli~
analizi da komentarebi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom beWduri
yviTeli mediisgan gansxvavebiT, sputniki met-naklebad
inarCunebs `seriozuli mediis~ imijs.
140
sputnikis vebgverds ar hyavs bevri momxmarebeli
saqarTveloSi, Tumca misi statiebis didi nawili vr
celdeba da ziardeba socialuri mediiT rac arTu
lebs dezinformaciis mimRebi jgufebis raodenobriv
daTvlas. Sesabamisad, sputnikis mesijebis sazogadoe
baSi gavrcelebis masStabi didia miuxedavad imisa, rom
sputniki ar saxeldeba popularul mediad sociologi
uri kvlevebis dros.
rogoria ruseTis dezinformaciis miznebi saqarT
veloSi?
saqarTveloSi ruseTis dezinformaciis miznebi er
Tis mxriv msgavsia dezinformaciis zogadi miznebisa
(Ri
rebulebebis gabundovaneba da RirebulebiTi qaosi,
tyuil-marTals Soris zRvaris waSla, yvelasa da yve
lafris mimarT ndobis dakargva, saxelmwifo insti tu
tebis diskreditacia...), meores mxriv, SesaZloa gamovyoT
konkretuli, lokaluri miznebi.
magaliTad, antidasavluri propaganda miznad isaxavs
ara mxolod dasavluri rbili Zalis diskreditacias,
aramed prodasavluri politikuri Zalebis, arasamTav
robo seqtoris, libe raluri demokratiis da zogadad,
modernizaciis ideis ganqiqebas. sxva postsabWoTa saxel
mwifoebTan SedarebiT saqarTvelom miaRwia garkveul
warmatebas dasavluri tipis instituciur reformebSi.
Catarebuli reformebis mudmivi diskreditacia gana
pirobebs momavali reformebis warumateblobas. basri
Zalis mesijebi mimarTulia civilizaciuri progresis
winaaRmdeg da mosaxleobas arwmunebs Suasaukuneobrivi,
premodernuli cxovrebis upiratesobaSi. sabWoTa nos
talgia xels uwyobs pirovnebis kultis aRorZinebas
(`Zlieri xelis~ moTxovnileba), rac xels uSlis saqa
rTvelos suverenuli saxelmwifos ideis Camoyalibebas
da mis evropul momavals. `globalizaciiT daSineba~
141
qarTul sazogadoebas ubiZgebs Tavi aaridos saerTa
Soriso CarTulobasa da partniorebTan urTierTobebis
ganmtkicebas. ultranacionalisturi populizmiT xdeba
qarTuli nacionalizmis (romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi
Seupovari brZoliT suverenitetis mosapoveblad ruse
Tis imperiis Tu sabWoTa periodSi) samiznis cvlileba
da misi dasavleTis rbili Zalis winaaRmdeg mimarTva.
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili miznis gaerTianebiT kidev
erTxel gveqmneba warmodgena ruseTis mTavar miznebze
saqarTveloSi: evrointegraciis procesis Sewyveta an
gadavadeba; demokratizaciis procesis Cavardna; saqa
rTvelos arSemdgar saxelmwifod gadaqceva.
gansakuTrebul miznebs isaxavs antiTurquli mowo
debebi. termini – `TurqeTi okupantia~ damkvidrebiT
xdeba rusuli okupaciis gadafarva an minimum ruseTis
da TurqeTis gaigiveba. `istoriuli samarTlianobis~ aR
dgenis Sesaxeb iluziebis SeqmniT xdeba saerTaSorisod
aRiarebul sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos teritoriebis rein
tegraciisTvis brZolis xelis SeSla, da sxva..
ruseTis antiqarTuli dezinformaciis samizne ar
aris mxolod qarTuli sazogadoeba. qarTuli saxelmwi
fos da qarTuli sazogadoebis simyifes ruseTi xSirad
iyenebs saerTaSoriso asparezze (upirveles yovlisa,
evrokavSiris qveynebis winaSe) imis warmosaCenad, rom
qarTuli sazogadoeba `tomobrivia~ da ganviTarebuli
samyaros interesebs ar Seesabameba saqarTvelos evro
integracia. ruseTi `gulmowyaled Tanxmdeba~ Tavad ai
Ros pasuxismgebloba `tomobriv mezoblebze~, romlebic
kanonis nacvlad adaTebs eyrdnobian, saxelmwifo insti
tutebs ki `Tamadis institutiT~ anacvleben.1
1
nais SefasebiT, 2008 wels ruseTma daipyro saqarTvelo, magram
miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, ver moaxerxa xisti ZaliT miRweu
li warmatebis rbili ZaliT legitimacia saerTaSoriso asparez
142
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, basri zegavlenis (Tu misi
erTi komponentis – dezinformaciis gavrcelebis) Sede
gebis gazomva rTulia. ra kriteriumebiT unda gavzo
moT ruseTis basri Zalis zegavlena saqarTveloSi? ra
unda CavTvaloT indikatorad?
CRRC, NDI da sxva sociologiuri kvleviTi centrebis
monacemebze dayrdnobiT, qveyanaSi evrointegraciis
momxr
eTa ricxvi mzardia, Tumca imavdroulad izrdeba
evraziul kavSirSi gawevrianebis, neitralitetis da
ruseTTan urTierTobis normalizebis msurvelTa ricx
vi. sxva statistikur monacemTagan aseve yuradsaRebia,
rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis mier ganxor
cielebuli okupacia aRar saxeldeba qveynis mTavar
gamowvevad, xolo ruseTi da TurqeTi Tanabrad saxel
deba okupant qveynad.
erT-erTi gamokiTxvis SedegebiT respodentTa 41-55 %
(regionis mixedviT) miiCnevs, rom ruseTi aSS-ze Zlieri
saxelmwifoa.1 msgavsi monacemi didi albaTobiT gamoxa
tavs erTis mxriv ucodinarobas, meores mxriv ki basri
Zalis gaaqtiurebis naTeli magaliTia da misi Sedegebis
gazomvis indikatorad gamodgeba.
basri Zalis zemoqmedebis indikatorad unda miviC
nioT deklarirebulad prorusuli partiis `patriotTa
aliansis~ saparlamento warmateba 2016 wels, rac sru
liad axali realobaa damoukidebeli saqarTvelos isto
riaSi. samomavlod mniSvnelovani indikatori iqneba am
partiis reitingis cvlileba (zrda an kleba).
ze (ix. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011. p.99).
ruseTis dezinformaciuli omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg regio
nis qveynebsa Tu saerTaSoriso asparezze calke kvlevis sagania.
mniSvnelovania gakeTdes analizi, ra Seicvala am mimarTulebiT
2013 wlis Semdeg, rodesac gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda ruseTis
dezinformaciuli manqana.
1
Public Attitudes in Georgia. NDI Georgia. December 2017.p.64 https://www.ndi.
org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%202017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf
143
aseve basri zegavlenis Sedegad unda miviCnioT sa
zogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris fobiebze dafuZ
nebuli konfliqtebis raodenobis zrda. aratolerantu
loba umciresobebis mimarT arasdros yofila qarTuli
identobis safuZveli.
mniSvnelovania dezinformaciis mzardi gavlena
axalgazrda Taobaze. Cvens mier sami wlis manZilze Cata
rebulma interviuebma studentur fokus-jgufebTan da
aseve, sxva ufro masStaburma kvlevebmac aCvena, rom
axalgazrdebs sjeraT dezinformaciuli gzavnilebis da
ar floben informacias dezinformaciisa Tu propagan
dis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
rusuli basri Zalis paralelurad, saqarTveloSi
muSaobs aSS da evrokavSiris rbili Zalis meqanizmebi.
Tumca zogierTi regioni (raionebi internetis da sxva
media saSualebebis SezRuduli wvdomiT, saxelmwifo
enis ar mcodne eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli
raionebi, okupirebuli da misi mimdebare teritoriebi)
umetesad basri Zalis gavrcelebis arealia. aq ver aR
wevs verc qarTuli saxelmwifos oficialuri narativi
(magaliTad, evrointegraciis saxelmwifo kursis Sesaxeb)
da verc evrokavSiris rbili Zala, romelic ZiriTadad
institutebis ganviTarebaze, reformebze, saganmanaTle
blo programebzea orientirebuli. saxezea asimetriuli
zegavlena ruseTis basri Zalis sasargeblod.
qarTul sazogadoebaze dasavluri rbili da ruse
Tis basri Zalebis erToblivi zemoqmedeba iwvevs Rire
bulebaTa konfliqts da elitaTa Soris dapirispirebas.
pozitiur mSvidobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis Seqmna
SeuZlebeli xdeba awmyoSi da axlo momavalSi.
Cveni azriT, ruseTis basri zegavlenis Sesafaseblad
mniSvnelovani indikatoria strategiuli proeqtebis
mimarT sazogadoebis damokidebulebac. amis saukeTeso
144
magaliTia sazogadoebis gulgriloba anakliis proeqtis
mimarT da misi warmoCena viwro jgufis politikur in
teresad nacvlad saerTo saxalxo da saxelmwifoebrivi
interesisa.
ra SeiZleba dasaxeldes mTavar problemebad saqa
rTveloSi basri Zalis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi?
saqarTveloSi ar xdeba basri Zalis kompleqsuri ana
lizi da basri zegavlenis ganxilva ZiriTadad dezinfor
maciuli faqtCekingiT Semoifargleba (am saqmianobiTac
ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo seqtori da erTeuli mkvleva
rebi arian dakavebuli). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis didi
Zalisxmevis (ruseTidan dafinansebuli mediis identi
fikacia, gavrcelebuli miTebis faqtCekingi, treningebi
mediawignierebis sakiTxebze Jurnalistebisa da axal
gazrdebisTvis, erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso forumebi
basri Zalis gamowvevebis Sesaxeb...) miuxedavad, Sedegi
am mimarTulebiTac mokrZalebulia ramdenime mizezis
gamo: 1. erTis mxriv, saxezea ruseTis basri Zalis Sedegi
– demonizebulia arasamTavrobo seqtori, meores mxriv
ki `gafrenil sityvas ver daewevi~ – konkretuli `feiqi~
ramdenime saaTSi axdens emociur zemoqmedebas, arasam
TavroboTa angariSebSi mocemuli faqtCekingi ki dagvia
nebuli, kompleqsuri, da eqspertulia. Sesabamisad, rTu
lad wasakiTx-gasageb angariSebs cota hyavs mkiTxveli
sazogadoebaSi. garda amisa, msgavsi organizaciebis re
sursi (rogorc finansuri, aseve adamianuri) SezRudulia.
Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi arastabi
luria. 2. mediawignierebis dabali done saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebSi da mTlianad sazogadoebaSi. 3. ruseTis
basri Zalis Tu zogadad, Zalis difuziiT gamowveuli
safrTxeebis arakompleqsuri da araakademiuri kvleva.
axlo momavalSi unda vivaraudoT ruseTis basri
Zalis intensivobis kleba Tu mateba? saerTaSoriso
145
gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom basri Zala intensiuri xdeba
politikurad mniSvnelovan periodebSi. saarCevno perio
dis moaxloeba udavod unda ganvixiloT intensifikaciis
safrTxed. garda sxva faqtorebisa, politikur brZolaSi
Cabmuli partiebi ver uZleben cdunebas gamoiyenon ru
seTis dezinformaciuli mesijebi sakuTari politikuri
dividendebisTvis. 2019 wels feisbuqis gamoZiebis Sede
gad saqarTvelosTan afilirebuli samasze meti dezin
formaciuli feisbuq-gverdis dablokva da maTi kavSirebi
politikur partiebTan am problemis naTeli magaliTia.
ra unda gakeTdes dezinformaciisgan sazogadoebis
dasacavad? sainformacio saSualebebis dablokva qmnis
`demokratiul dilemas~ da amitomac mkacri media-re
gulaciebi arasasurvelad migvaCnia. Tumca aucilebe
lia garkveuli meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da amoqmedeba am
mimarTulebiT ise, rom safrTxis qveS ar dadges Tavad
sityvis Tavisuflebis idea.
ufro siRrmiseulad Tu vimsjelebT, gamosavali er
TaderTia: postsabWoTa sazogadoebrivi mentalitetis
cvlileba masobrivi da radikaluri reformebiT. amg
vari masStaburi procesebisTvis arc politikuri eli
tebia mzad da arc sazogadoebis mimReblobaa maRali.
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesis fundaments war
moadgens yvela politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi jgu
fis konsensusi Semdeg Temebze: ra aris saxelmwifos
mTavari interesi? ra aris mTavari gamowveva? vin aris
mteri? Zalis difuziaze dafuZnebul postmodernul
samyaroSi, sadac metanarativebi Caanacvla mravalTa
narativebma da post-narativebma, mteri xSirad mesi
jia da ara jariskaci. unda Sedges Sida politikuri
konsensusi saxelmwifos interesebTan mimarTebaSi. sa
zogadoebam unda gaiTavisos demokratiis martivi ana-
bana: Sida politikurma dapirispirebam Tu momxreobam
146
ar unda daazaralos saxelmwifo interesi. saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis fundamentur sakiTxebze sazogadoebrivi
Tanxmoba politikuri sistemis realuri Camoyalibebis
safuZveli gaxdeba.
bibliografia:
1. Abdaladze Gvantsa. ~Soft Insecurity”- Russian Soft Power in Georgia.
Post-Soviet Studies. Vol. 1. #1, 2019. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University
Institute of Post-Soviet Studies.
2. Javakhishvili Darejan Jana. ~The Soviet Legacy in Contemporary Geor-
gia: A Psycho traumatological Perspective”. Journal of Identity Studies
in the Caucasus and the Black sea Region, # 5. 2014. http://ojs.iliauni.
edu.ge/index.php/identitystudies/article/view/196/130
3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Future of Power. Public Affairs. NY. 2011.
angariSebi da vebgverdebi:
4. CRRC-is monacemTa onlain analizis vebgverdi. https://cau-
casusbarometer.org/ge
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mdfgeorgia.ge/geo/research
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library/65/file/Antidasavluri-GEO-web_(1).pdf
7. kremlis gavlenis indeqsi, 2017. mediis ganviTarebis fon
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8. antidasavluri propaganda 2017. mediis ganviTarebis
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dasavluri_propaganda_2017_-_GEO.pdf
9. antidasavluri propaganda 2018. mediis ganviTarebis
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West-2018-GEO.pdf
10. ruseTis xisti da rbili Zalis safrTxeebi saqarTvelo
Si. evropuli iniciativa -liberaluri akademia Tbilisi.
2016. http://www.ei-lat.ge/images/doc/politikis%20dokumenti.pdf
11. kremlis sainformacio omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg: pro
pagandasTan brZolis saxelmwifo politikis aucileblo
ba. informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis instituti
(IDFI). politikis dokumenti. 22 agvisto, 2016.
147
https://idfi.ge/public/upload/Meri/Russian%20Propaganda%20in%20
Georgia%20-%20Policy%20Paper.PDF
12. andRulaZe ana. rusuli rbili Zala da strategiuli ko
munikacia. gamowvevebi da rekomendaciebi. samarTliani
arCevnebisa da demokratiis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
(ISFED). politikis dokumenti. maisi, 2017. http://old.isfed.ge/
main/1220/geo
13. qarTuli neonacizmis anatomia. saerTaSoriso gamWvir
valoba saqarTvelo. 17 maisi, 2018. https://www.transparency.
ge/ge/blog/kartuli-neonacizmis-anatomia
14. qarTuli marSi. miTebis deteqtori. https://www.mythdetec-
tor.ge/ka/profile/kartuli-marshi
15. Library of NDI Georgia Public Opinion Research. NDI. 2019. https://
www.ndi.org/georgia-polls
16. Thornton Laura, Turmanidze Koba. Public attitudes in Georgia. Results
of December 2017 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia
https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20poll_December%20
2017_ISSUES_ENG_vf.pdf
17. Thornton Laura, Turmanidze Koba. Public attitudes in Georgia. Results
of March 2018 survey carried out for NDI by CRRC Georgia https://
www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI_March_2018_Public%20Presenta-
tion_English_final.pdf
18. Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by
Andrei Yeliseyeu, Volha Damarad. Kyiv. 2018. http://prismua.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/06/DRI_CEE_2018.pdf
19. Putin’s Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Im-
plications for U.S. National Security. U.S. Senate. January 10, 2018.
https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FinalRR.pdf
20. sputniki saqarTvelohttps://sputnik-georgia.com
21. Sputnik Абхазия http://sputnik-abkhazia.ru
22. SputnikОсетия http://sputnik-ossetia.ru
23. qarTuli marSi/Georgian March. https://www.facebook.com/Qar-
tuliMarshiGeorgianMarch
24. Русский Марш http://rmarsh.info
onlain publikaciebi:
25. kupataZe bondo. saqarTvelo da TurqeTi. yarsis xelSek
ruleba – istoriuli dokumenti Tu safrTxis Semcvleli
148
SeTanxmeba? saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli. 16
ianvari, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TE1EnQK_g8U
26. kupataZe bondo. diskusia stalinizmze. .niderlandebis
instituti mravalpartiuli demokratiisTvis (NIMD). 6
oqtomberi, 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWCVnBuAgGE
27. kupataZe bondo, cucqiriZe levan. 13 miTi stalinis
Sesaxeb. niderlandebis instituti mravalpartiuli de
mokratiisaTvis (NIMD) Tb. 2016. http://13mythsaboutstalin.ge
28. kopaleiSvili nina. patriotTa aliansis saarCevno gazeTi:
da mainc, ratom aujanyda satana RmerTs? NEWS.On.ge. 29
seqtemberi. 2016. https://on.ge/story/3971-patriotTa-aliansi
29. maWaraSvili Tamuna. ganmeorebiTi konspiraciebi yarsis
xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb. miTebis deteqtori. 18 aprili,
2019. https://www.mythdetector.ge/ka/myth/ganmeorebiti-konspir-
atsiebi-qarsis-khelshekrulebis-shesakheb
30. menabde luka. qadagebebSi Cadebuli naRmebi, `nakurTxi
rusuli bombebi~ da mesame msoflio omi... Droni.ge.
11.09.2011. https://www.droni.ge/?m=3&AID=4076
31. kibos mkurnaloba SevCenkos meTodiT – mxolod zeTi
da arayi. ojaxis mkurnali. 13.02.2015. https://mkurnali.ge/
onkologia/5750-kibos-mkurnaloba-shevchenkos-methodith-mkho-
lod-zethi-da-arayi.html
32. `erTaderi, rac dRes TurqeTs aCerebs, ruseTis faqto
ria~ – mixeil cagareli. sainformacio saagento `sivaisi~.
maisi 4, 2017. http://cyc.ge/erTaderTi-rac-dRes-Turq/
33. cucqiriZe elene. konspiraciebi adamianebis `masobriv
daCipvaze~ rusul da qarTul mediasaSualebebSi. miTebis
deteqtori. 30 oqtomberi, 2017. http://www.mythdetector.ge/
ka/myth/konspiratsiebi-adamianebis-masobriv-dachipvaze-rusul-da-kar-
tul-mediasashualebebshi
34. barak obamas coli – kacia! Sokismomgvreli gancxadeba.
noemberi 26, 2014. My Video. https://www.myvideo.ge/v/2458579
35. kremlis propagandistebi TbilisSi mediaforums mar
Taven – ra mesijebs aJRerebs putinis warmomadgeneli.
sainformacio saagento `sivaisi~. ivnisi 30, 2017. http://cyc.
ge/kremlis-propagandistebi
36. Ali Braland. Facebook will let users see Russian content they’ve in-
teracted with. The Hill.
149
October 11, 2017. http://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/361557-face-
book-will-let-users-see-russiancontent-theyve-interacted-with
37. Datishvili Sophie. Viral photo with hash tag #TurkeyIsOurAnamy is
Fake. Journalismania. April 16, 2018. http://journalismania.blogspot.
com/2018/04/viral-photo-with-hashtag.html
38. Sputnik protests arrest of Turkish editor in Istanbul. The Arab Weekly.
01/03/2020. https://thearabweekly.com/sputnik-protests-arrest-turk-
ish-editor-istanbul
39. Sputnik ends operations in Estonia. ERR. 01.01.2020. https://news.
err.ee/1019231/sputnik-ends-operations-in-estonia
40. David E. Sanger, Marv Santora. U.S. and Allies Blame Russia for
Cyberattack on Republic of Georgia. The New York Times. Feb.20,
2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/europe/georgia-
cyberattack-russia.html
2.2.ruseTis dezinformaciuli
omi ukrainaSi
150
74%-sTvis informaciis miRebis mTavar wyarod kvlav
televizia rCeba, Tumca adgilobrivi telemauwyeblobis
mimarT ndoba dabalia. 2019 wlis sociologiuri gamoki
TxvebiT, ukrainis mosaxleobis 5%-dan-13 %-mde dRemde
iyenebs rusul sainformacio wyaroebs informaciis mi
saRebad. es maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRali iyo 2014 wels,
yirimis, doneckis da luhanskis regionebis okupaciamde.
yirimis omis wina periodis (2014 w.) monacemebiT, mo
saxleobis 45,4 % ar endoboda ukrainul televiziebs.
es maCvenebeli ukrainis aRmosavleT nawilSi (donbasSi)
68,3%-s aRwevda. aRniSnul monacemebs Tu davakavSirebT
mediawignierebis dabal xarisxTan ukrainaSi, cxadi gax
deba ruseTis dezinformacia-propagandis mimarT mowyv
ladi mosaxleobis raodenoba.1
ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac media-sivrce umete
sad centralizebulad imarTeba, ukrainaSi media ho
rizontalurad fragmentirebulia. media-saSualebebs
floben oligarqebi sakuTari politikuri Tu klanu
ri interesebis popularizaciisTvis.maTi garkveuli
nawili cnobilia Tavisi kavSirebiT ruseTis mTavrobas
Tan. magaliTad, gacxadebuli prorusuli opoziciuri
dajgufebis – `ukrainuli arCevanis~ lideris viqtor
medvedCukis saxeli dakavSirebulia 3 ukrainul media-
saSualebasTan: erovnuli tele-media `ZIK~; kerZo tele-
kompania `ukraina 112~ (112 Ukraine); onlain sainformacio
saagento `niuzona~ (NEWSONE). medvedCuki vladimer pu
tinis piradi megobaria (dakavSirebuli naTel-mirono
biT) da aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegeba ukrainis evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebas. dasaxelebuli media-saSualebebi aqtiu
rad ewevian medvedCukis ideebis propagandas da ruseTis
1
https://detector.media/doc/images/news/archive/2016/164308/AReport_Me-
dia_Feb2019_v2.pdf Survey by KIIS for Detector of media , March 2018
151
basri mesijebis gavrcelebas. am sami media-saSualebis
jamuri reitingi ki 50 %-s aWarbebs (20.9%; 14.6%; 14.4%).
ukrainis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli media `1+1~
dakavSirebulia oligarq igor kolomoiskisTan. med
vedCukisgan gansxvavebiT, misi politikuri programa
ar aris Riad prorusuli. Tumca kolomoiski medias iy
enebs sakuTari politikuri miznebisTvis da politikur
oponentebTan sabrZolvelad xSirad imeorebs ruseTis
basri Zalis argumentebs.
ruseTis media-sivrcis centralizacia amartivebs
ruseTis basri propagandis koordinirebul gamoyene
bas. ukrainis media-sivrcis decentralizacia ki (rac
xels unda uwyobdes qveynis demokratizaciis process)
ukrainaSi qmnis erTgvar qaoss da zrdis erovnuli me
dia-saSualebebis mimarT mosaxleobis undoblobas. ar
sebuli mdgomareoba noyier niadags qmnis media-sivrceSi
(Sesabamisad, sazogadoebaSi) ruseTis propagandis gas
avrceleblad.
ukrainis media-kvlevebis centris Tanaxmad, ruseTis
basri Zalis mier gavrcelebul mesijebSi gamoyenebulia
dezinformaciis da propagandis gavrcelebis yvela Ses
aZlo teqnika: manipulacia kontentze, manipulacia kon
teqstze, gamogonili konteqsti, gamogonili faqtebi,
sruli feiqebi...
propagandistuli narativebi SesaZloa dajgufdes
Semdegnairad: ukrainaSi mimdinareobs samoqalaqo omi
(da ara okupacia ruseTis mxridan); ukraina – arSemdgari
saxelmwifoa, romelic Tavs ver arTmevs Sida politikur
problemebs; ruseTi exmareba omSi gaxveuli regionebis
mosaxleobas gadarCenasa da TviTgamorkvevaSi; ukraina
dasavleTis marionetia (aSS, evrokavSiri...); faSistebi
da radikalebi angreven ukrainas; ukrainis mosaxleobaSi
152
gaRvivda rusofobia; ukrainis mosaxleobas mouwodeben
marTlmadideblobasTan brZolisken da sxv.
narativis TiToeuli jgufi Tavis mxriv moicavs ur
TierTdakavSirebul mesijebs, romelic cvalebadia droi
sa da konteqstis mixedviT. magaliTad, termini `rusofo
bia~ ruseTis mediam da rusma politikosebma daamkvidres
2014 wlis samxedro kampaniis Semdeg kremlis agresiaze
dasavluri kritikis sapasuxod. narativi Sedgeba Sem
degi dominanturi mesijebisgan: ukraina awarmoebs `bin
Zur TamaSs~ ruseTis winaaRmdeg (rogorc qveynis SigniT,
aseve qveynis gareT); ukraina Slis saerTo warsuls da
istorias ruseTTan; ukraineli radikalebi Tavs esxmian
yvelafers, rac rusulia (maT Soris, rusul kulturas);
ukraina daadga media-cenzuris gzas (ukrainaSi ruseTis
arxebis da socialuri mediis dablokva ganxilulia ara
rogorc dezinformaciisgan Tavdacvis gadawyvetileba,
aramed, rogorc cenzuris damkvidreba da sazogadoebaSi
antirusuli ganwyobis Seqmnis mcdeloba); ukraina qmnis
anti-rusuli ganaTlebis sistemas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis mier dezinformaciis gavr
celebis procesSi aRiniSneba propagandis adaptaciis
unari – mesijebi da iarliyebi cvalebadia situaciis
mixedviT, morgebulia politikur konteqsts da qveyana
Si mimdinare procesebs. magaliTad, 2019 wlis aprilSi
ukrainaSi ZalaSi Sevida enis kanoni romelic icavs ukra
inuli enis, rogorc konstituciiT gansazRvruli saxel
mwifo enis statuss. kanonis mixedviT, saxelmwifo moxe
leebs da servisis sferos warmomadgenlebs (medicinis
muSakebi da sxv.) moeTxovebaT ukrainul enazec SeZlon
saqmis warmoeba. kanonis srulad amoqmedebisTvis gaTva
liswinebulia 3 wliani periodi kanonis ZalaSi Sesvli
dan. gardamaval periodSi saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs
ufaso ukrainuli kursebis funqcionirebas.
153
ukrainaSi enis axal kanonze diskusiis dawyebisTanave
gamoCnda terminebi: `enis inspeqtorebi~, `enis inkvizi
cia~... miuxedavad imisa, rom enis kanoni ar iTvaliswi
nebs raime sanqciebs (da miT umetes, ar akontrolebs
sakomunikacio saSualebebs da ar uwevs diskriminacias
umciresobebis enebs) rusulma propagandam miaRwia mi
zans – SeaSina rusulenovani mosaxleoba.
ukrainis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam, ukrainis ter
itoriaze daebloka zogierTi rusuli media-saSualeba
da socialuri qseli qveynis usafrTxoebis interesi
dan gamomdinare, ruseTis da prorusuli mediis gansa
kuTrebuli gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. gaCnda axali mesi
jebi: `Tavisufali sityvis~ CaxSoba, media-cenzura... am
mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda medvedCukis
politikuri moZraoba da masTan dakavSirebuli media-
saSualebebi.
dRes ukrainaSi dablokilia ruseTis 70-ze meti media-
saSualeba, 450 kompania da 1200 persona. maT Soris, ru
seTis tele-arxebi, veb-gverdebi da socialuri qselebi
(https://www.kaspersky.com; https://mail.ru;https://vk.com; https://
ok.ru da sxv.) media-saSualebebis umetesoba daibloka
2014 wels, yirimis omis dawyebis Semdeg. 2014-dan 2017
wlamde sia gafarTovda. (gadawyvetileba miiRo ukrainis
erovnulma usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sabWom, ZalaSi
Sevida prezidentis specialuri dekretiT (№ 133/2017)
da aRasrula ukrainis tele-radio mauwyeblobis sabWom).
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mier ukrainis marT
lmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis (tomo
sis gadacema) periodSi gaCnda sruliad axali narativi,
romelmac male dominanturi adgili daikava ruseTis
sainformacio omSi – `brZola marTlmadideblobasTan~.
ruseTis media-sivrceSi daiwyo erTgvari kampania `anti-
tomosi~. ruseTis sainformacio saSualebaTa mier gavr
154
celebuli narativebi gaimeores medvedCukis telearxe
bma da sxva ukrainulma mediebma.
sainformacio omis warmoebis procesSi gansaku
Trebuli adgili uWiravs `feiqebis~ (yalbi informa
cia) fenomens. feiqis erT-erTi mTavari mizania Seqm
nas iseTi ambavi, romelic martivad moaxdens qveynis
Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisemociur manipulirebas.
yalbi narativis erT-erTi TvalsaCino nimuSia `jvarc
muli biWunas~ ambavi, romelic Tavdapirvelad ruseTis
pirvelma arxma gaavrcela. propagandistuli narativis
mixedviT, slavianskidan (doneckis olqi) devnilebma
`gamoaaSkaraves~ Tavzardamcemi ambavi: ukrainis Seia
raRebuli Zalebis (AFU) jariskacebma jvarze gaakres
3 wlis adgilobrivi macxovrebeli biWuna. rasakvir
velia, aRniSnuli feiqis mizani iyo nebismieri socia
luri jgufisTvis yvelaze mgrZnobiare TemiT (bavSve
bze Zaladoba) manipulireba da ukrainis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis diskreditacia da demonizeba.
dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi udaod gansakuTrebu
li adgili ukavia internet-medias da socialur qselebs.
maTi nawili Riad aris dakavSirebuli ruseTTan an ruse
Tis dafinansebiTaa Seqmnili, meore nawils ki e. w. `janq
eqaunTebi~ warmoadgens. internetTan dakavSirebuli me
diis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurdeba botebis da
trolebis Temac.
Riad prorusuli an ruseTis mier mxardaWerili wya
roebis amocnoba martivia ritorikiT da jgufebis ad
ministratorebis lokaciis gansazRvriT. sakiTxi ufro
rTuli da kompleqsuria im gverdebis mimarT, rom
lebic Seqmnilia ukrainaSi, magram farulad imarTeba
ruseTidan da awarmoebs partizanul saqmianobas qvey
nis teritoriaze. am tipis gverdebis gamoaSkaravebaSi
didi wvlili Seitana Tavad feisbuqis mier Catarebul
155
ma gamoZiebam, romlis mixedviT dadasturda sxvadasxva
ukrainuli gverdebis da eqaunTebis kavSirebi moskovsa
da peterburgSi ganTavsebul organizaciebTan. maT So
ris, putinis partniorisa da cnobili rusi oligarqis
evgeni prigoJinis peterburgSi ganTavsebul internetis
kvlevebis saagentosTan, romlis saxelTan bevri saerTa
Soriso skandalia dakavSirebuli.
partizanul vebgverdebze ZiriTadi aqcenti gadata
nilia lokalur ambebsa da yoveldRiur yofiT faqtebze
ukrainis regionebis mosaxleobis ndobis mosapoveblad.
gasarTobi ambebisa da lokaluri niusebis gverdiT,
drodadro Cndeba politikurad aqtiuri kontenti an
vrceldeba dezinformacia arasando wyaroebidan (maT
Soris, dumpster-is gamoyenebiT). amasTan, msgavsi gverde
bi moipoveben momxmarebelTa personalur monacemebs
onlain testebis, qvizebis da sxva msgavsi cnobili saSu
alebebiT. (2016 wlis aSS saprezidento arCevnebis maga
liTma daadastura, rom personaluri monacemebis bazebi
efeqturad gamoiyeneba saarCevno periodebSi samizne
jgufebis Sesaqmnelad da maTze zegavlenis gansaxorcie
leblad).
calkea aRsaniSnavi `janq~ veb-gverdebis gamoyeneba
kremlis dezinformaciis gasavrceleblad. iqmneba ms
gavsi gverdebis mTeli ekosistema, sadac vrceldeba
bulvaruli informacia da sruli feiqebi. samwuxaroa,
rom am tipis gverdebis vizitorTa raodenoba 50 mln.
aRwevs yovelTviurad. informaciis gaaqtiureba xdeba
socialuri qselebiT gaziarebis meTodiT.
internet-mediis masStabebi ver iqneboda aseTi STam
beWdavi botebis da trolebis saqmianobis gareSe. maTi
ZiriTadi funqciaa konkretuli mesijis gaaqtiurebis da
cirkulaciis xelSewyoba. analitikuri kvlevebis orga
nizacia `voqs ukrainam~ (VoxUkraine) 8 wlis manZilze 1369
156
trol-eqaunTis mier marTuli 774 957 TviTis identifi
cireba moaxdina.
kvlevis mixedviT, `trolebis qarxnis~ aqtiuro
bis piki emTxveva malaiziuri aviaxazebis MH17 reisis
tragediis periods (2014 wlis ivlisi). narativis ZiriTa
dimesijebi pasuxismgeblobas ukrainas akisrebs ruseTis
nacvlad. aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT, 6 200 heSTe
giT gavrcelda sxvadasxva tipis SeTqmulebis Teoria da
kompilaciuri `foto-mtkicebuleba~. am da sxva mraval
SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia dezinformaciis efeqturi
meTodi: mediis gajereba urTierTsawinaaRmdego mesi
jebiT. magaliTad, avia-katastrofis narativSi vrcel
deboda sxvadasxva versiebi (ukrainis mTavrobam Camoag
do TviTmfrinavi mizanmimarTulad; ukrainis mTavrobam
Camoagdo TviTmfrinavi SecdomiT, radgan putinis pira
di jeti egona...); `mtkicebulebebis~ aRwerisas xdeboda
sxvadasxva tipis iaraRis `identificireba~, SeTqmulebis
Teoriebi xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi iyo...
msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneboda skripalis saqmesTan
dakavSirebiTac. ruseTis media avrcelebda urTierTga
momricxav aRwerebs Tavdasxmis saxis Tu damblis gamomw
vevi sawamlavis saxeobasTan dakavSirebiT... SeTqmulebis
TeoriaTa erTi versiis mixedviT, skripalis mkvleloba
ganaxorciela didi britaneTis mTavrobam breqsiTis
problemebidan yuradRebis sxva sakiTxze gadasatanad ...
narativis `ukraina dasavleTis marionetia~ dasam
kvidreblad xSirad xdeba xazgasma, rom ukraina iRebs
mudmiv daxmarebas dasavleTisgan, rac `niSnavs~ rom
iRebs samxedro daxmarebasac, rac `niSnavs~ rom dasav
leTi xels uwyobs qveynis `samoqalaqo omSi~ CaTrevas
da sazogadoebaSi `rusofobiis~ danergvas, ukrainis
`partniori~ ruseTisgan CamoSorebas. mesijebis meore
jgufis Tanaxmad, ukrainis mTavrobis imedi omSi gamar
157
jvebis Sesaxeb iluziaa, radgan ukraina verasodes mii
Rebs dasavleTisgan evro-struqturebSi gawevrianebis
realur SeTavazebas Tu pirdapir samxedro daxmarebas...
dezinformaciuli mesijebis urTierTsapirispiro
Sinaarsi da gavrcelebis procesis qaoturoba ar aris
SemTxveviTi an dezinformaciis gamavrcelebelTa mier
daSvebuli Secdoma. aRniSnuli tendencia dezinforma
ciis gavrcelebis kargad gaazrebuli teqnikaa da misi
mizania informaciuli qaosis Seqmna, sazogadoebis dab
neva, ndobis dakargva yvela tipis informaciis mimarT
(maT Soris, profesionaluri mediis mimarT, romelic in
ternet-mediisgan gansxvavebiT eyrdnoba Jurnalistikis
standartebs da eTikas)... sazogadoebis mxridan ndo
bis dakargva yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT asustebs
kritikuli azrovnebis unars da zrdis sazogadoebis
mimReblobas sagareo Carevebis mimarT.
dezinformaciis gavrcelebis mizani ara mxolod sa
zogadoebis demoralizacia, aramed realuri politiku
ri qmedebebisTvis safuZvlis Semzadebaa. ruseTis mier
yirimis naxevarkunZulis aneqsiis garda yoveldRiurad
izrdeba ukrainis saSinao politikaSi Carevis preceden
tebi ruseTis mxridan.
magaliTad, ukrainaSi rusuli hibriduli omis mTa
varma arqiteqtorma vladislav surkovma 2014-2015 wleb
Si warmoadgina `novorosiis~ proeqti, romlis mixedviT,
okupirebuli doneckis da luhanskis garda ruseTma
unda gaakontrolos samxreT-aRmosavleT ukrainis sxva
teritoriebic.
ukrainis sxvadasxva regionebSi xdeba federalizmis
ideis gaaqtiureba da ruseTis mxridan sxvadasxva tipis
saprotesto moZraobebis Seqmna-waxaliseba. magaliTad,
odesaSi separatistuli jgufi `porto-franko~ iTxovs
odesisTvis specialuri ekonomikuri zonis statusis
158
miniWebas. zaporoJies saprotesto moZraoba `specialu
ri statusis~ ideas asabuTebs regionis mZime ekologiuri
mdgomareobiT...
moqmedebis sqemebi gansxvavebulia regionuli proble
mebis specifiurobis da istoriuli sentimentebis Tavi
seburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca msgavsia dezinfor
maciis gavrcelebis teqnika: media-sivrceSi trolebi da
botebi avrceleben dakveTil statiebs, igegmeba Suamava
li organizaciebis mier dafinansebuli demonstraciebi.
sxva mraval negatiur SedegTan erTad, aRniSnuli
pro cesi iwvevs tradiciuli mediis rolis Sesustebas
da mis Cabmas sainformacio omSi – mediis pirdapiri
valdebulebaa gaaSuqos sazogadoebaSi mimdinare yvela
mniSvnelovani ambavi. Sedegad, media-sivrce gadaivso ra
dikaluri jgufebis moTxovnebisa da demonstraciebis
Sesaxeb informaciiT.
ratom aris ukrainis sazogadoeba aseTi mowyvladi
ruseTis dezinformaciis mimarT? rusuli enis gamoye
nebis masStabi, rusulenovani sainformacio wyaroebis
farTo gamoyeneba, sazogadoebis undobloba saxelmwifo
institutebis Tu ukrainuli mediis mimarT – es mizeze
bis mcire CamonaTvalia...
mowinaaRmdegis sainformacio Seteva dafuZnebulia
sazogadoebis `aqilevsis quslis~ codnasa da analizze.
ukrainulma sazogadoebam mowinaaRmdegeze ukeT unda
gaicnobieros sakuTari sisusteebi. saxelmwifos mier
gatarebuli reformebis Sedegi rom marTlac TvalSi
sacemi iyos, xolo sazogadoebis mxridan saxelmwifo in
stitutebis mimarT ndoba maRali, narativi arSemdgari
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb ver damkvidrdeboda ase swrafad.
samwuxaroa, rom ruseTis sainformacio omis msxver
plia axalgazrda Taobac. isini dezinformacias ZiriTa
dad socialuri mediebidan iReben.
159
saintereso simptomia, rom ukrainis berZnul-kaTo
likuri mosaxleoba naklebad eqceva dezinformaciuli
zegavlenis qveS radgan rusul eklesias ar aqvs berZ
nul-kaTolikur eklesiaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi. es
faqti kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom ruseTis marTl
madidebeli eklesia da moskovis patriarqatis Semadgen
lobaSi myofi ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavad
aris CarTuli dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi. religiu
ri institutebis politizireba da sainformacio omis
Tvis gamoyeneba ruseTis sainformacio omis erT-erTi
yvelaze mZime aspeqtia.
ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos ruseTis sainformacio omis
mTavar miznad ukrainaSi da ukrainis winaaRmdeg?
ukrainaSi mimdinare ruseTis sainformacio omis
samizne ar aris mxolod ukrainis mTavroba da ukrai
nis sazogadoeba. dezinformacia mimarTulia ukrainis
megobari qveynebis, sruliad saerTaSoriso sazogadoe
bis da aseve, rusuli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. nara
tivis Seqmnis procesSi mniSvnelovania pozitiuri da
negatiuri mesijebis Tanafardoba. ukrainis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli dezinformaciuli mesijebis 90% negatiuria
da siZulvilis enis, emociurad datvirTuli mesijebis
erTgvar kombinacias warmoadgens. am xerxiT martivad
gadaifareba informaciis alogikuroba da Seusabamobebi
narativis detalebs Soris.
ruseTis basri Zalis mTavari mizania samizne jgu
fis (ukrainis sazogadoebis) dehumanizacia sxvaTa
TvalSida dasavleTis darwmuneba kievisTvis mxarda
Weris SewyvetaSi; `moraluri argumentebis~ Seqmnaru
seTis agresiuli politikis gasamarTleblad rogorc
rusul, aseve saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi; rusul sa
zogadoebaSi politikuri dividendebis mopoveba da Sida
politikuri mxardaWeris zrda.
160
ra SeiZleba gakeTdes ruseTis sainformacio omis
winaaRmdeg?
upirveles yovlisa, unda gaimijnos Jurnalistika
da propaganda. propagandistul da dezinformaciaze
dafuZnebul media saSualebebs unda SeezRudoT me
diisTvis gankuTvnili privilegiebi. ukrainaSi ruse
Tis tele-arxebis da socialuri qselebis (В контакте;
Одноклассники) dablokva dasavleTSi bevrma eqspertma
sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad aRiqva. SesaZloa, me
diis dablokva ar aris idealuri gadawyvetileba, magram
aucilebeli zomaa ukrainis erovnuli usafrTxoebis
Tvis mimdinare omis pirobebSi. sociologiuri kvlevebi
adasturebs, rom im respodentTa umetesoba, vinc 2014
wels ruseTTan SeerTebas dauWira mxari, informaciis
misaRebad ruseTis sainformacio saSualebebs iyenebda.
rusuli socialuri media ki ara mxolod avrcelebda
dezinformaciul narativs, aramed xels uwyobda sazo
gadoebis gaTiSvas da konfliqtebis provocirebas sxva
dasxva jgufebs Soris. ukrainaSi dafuZnebuli da ruse
Tidan marTuli gverdebis mizani aseve destabilizaciis
xelSewyoba iyo. amasTan, msgavsi gverdebi personalur
informacias agrovebda ukrainis moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb da
gadascemda ruseTis uSiSroebis federalur samsaxurs.
rusuli socialuri qselis `В контакте~ damaarsebelma
da xelmZRvanelma pavel durovma Tanamdeboba datova
ruseTis mier ukrainaSi ganxorcielebuli aneqsiis Sem
deg. misi gancxadebiT, ruseTis uSiSroebis federaluri
samsaxuri iTxovda socialur platformaze dayrdnobiT
miewodebina evromaidnis momxreTa da maTi ojaxis wevr
Ta Sesaxeb piradi informacia. es informacia gamoiyenes
sainformacio SturmisTvis. kerZod, saprotesto aqcie
bis CasaSlelad damamcirebeli da muqaris Semcveli me
161
sijebi egzavneboda ukrainis armiis samxedroebs da maTi
ojaxis wevrebs.
media kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebebi kvlav unda gagr
Zeldes. Tumca safrTxiloa mtruli propagandisgan
Tavdacva ar gadaiqces cenzurad da opoziciuri azris
CasaxSob Sida politikur meqanizmad. cifruli revo
luciis gamowvevebTan gamklaveba unda moxdes: gamWvir
vale kanonmdeblobiT; lokaluri, mcire da damoukide
beli mediis waxalisebiT; „mediis deoligarqizaciiT“;
pozitiuri, konstruqciuli, faqtebze dafuZnebuli
narativebis gavrcelebiT, romliTac unda ganeitraldes
de
zinformaciis negatiuri, destruqciuli, faqtebis
ugulebelyofaze dafuZnebuli narativi.
cifruli revoluciis intensiurobis zrdasTan er
Tad, yoveldRiurad izrdeba axali unarebis flobis
aucilebloba. mediawignieri Taobis aRzrdasa da mosax
leobisTvis faqt-Cekingis unarebis ganviTarebaSi gadam
wyveti sityva unda Tqvas sajaro ganaTlebis sistemam.
bibliografia:
162
September/October 2017 -https://www.politico.com/magazine/sto-
ry/2017/09/05/gerasimov-doctrine-russia-foreign-policy-215538
6. The Surkov Leaks The Inner Workings of Russia’s Hybrid War in Ukraine
Alya Shandra and Robert Seely. Occasional Paper Royal United Services
Institute for Defence and Security Studies. July 2019. – https://rusi.
org/sites/default/files/201907_op_surkov_leaks_web_final.pdf
7. We’ve got bad news-http://texty.org.ua/d/2018/mnews/eng/
8. ДЖЕРЕЛА ІНФОРМАЦІЇ, МЕДІАГРАМОТНІСТЬ І РОСІЙСЬКА ПРО
ПАГАНДА: РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ВСЕУКРАЇНСЬКОГО ОПИТУВАННЯ ГРО
МАДСЬКОЇ ДУМКИ АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ЗВІТ-https://detector.media/doc/
images/news/archive/2016/164308/AReport_Media_Feb2019_v2.pdf
9. Дуров продал свою долю во «В контакте» из-за конфликта в ФСБ
https :// www . vedomosti . ru / technology / articles / 2014 / 04 / 16 / durov-
prodal-svoyu-dolyu-vo-v-kontakte-iz-za-konflikta-s-fsb
10. Присоединиться к России в основном хотят те украинцы, кто
смотрит российское телевидение, – опрос –
https://ipress.ua/ru/news/prysoedynytsya_k_rossyy_v_osnovnom_
hotyat_te_ukrayntsi_kto_smotryt_rossyyskoe_televydenye__
opros_53761.html
11. Сколько украинцев смотрят российскую пропаганду: инфографика
https://news.liga.net/society/news/skolko-ukraintsev-smotryat-rossi-
yskuyu-propagandu-infografika
12. СТАВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНЦІВ ДО ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ НА УКРАЇН
СЬКИХ ТЕЛЕКАНАЛАХ-HTTPS://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=rus&cat=repor
ts&id=794&page=1
https://www.stopfake.org/en/kremlin-watch-briefing-who-is-behind-
the-top-5-russian-channels/
13. Шойгу рассказал о российских войсках информационных операций
-https://www.rbc.ru/politics/22/02/2017/58ad78cd9a794757f3c80ece
14. Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by
Andrei Yeliseyeu, Volha Damarad. Kyiv. 2018. http://prismua.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/06/DRI_CEE_2018.pdf
163
2.3. CrdiloeT makedonia – rbili da
basri Zalebis zegavlena1
1
CrdiloeT makedoniis SemTxvevis analizis mosamzadeblad vey
rdnobiT internetis, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi mmarTv
elobis centris (IMPETUS ) 2019 w. kvlevas: Liljana Pecova-Ilieska, Kire
Babanovski. Monitoring the Media Content from Foreign Influence over the EU/
NATO Accession Process in Macedonia. kvlevis masalebze wvdomisT
vis da gaweuli konsultaciisTvis madlobas vuxdiT centris
xelmZRvanels, q-n liliana pesovas.
164
sakuTrebuli problema Seuqmna misma saxelma `makedo
nia“. aTwleulebis manZilze saberZneTi aprotestebda
Tavisi istoriuli regionis, makedoniis saxelis gamoye
ne
bas axalSeqmnili saxelmwifos mier. Sesabamisad, sa
berZneTi gaxda mTavari Semakavebeli faqtori qveynis
saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gawevrianebas gzaze.
`usaxelod~ darCenil qveyanas, oficialur Tu sxva
dokumentebSi, pirobiTad `yofili iugoslaviis respub
lika makedoniad~ moixseniebdnen. saxelisTvis mraval
wliani brZolisa da SeuTanxmeblobis Semdeg, saerTa
Soriso Zalisxmevisa da mediaciis wyalobiT 2019 wels
procesi saerTaSoriso asparezze axali `CrdiloeT
makedoniis respublikis~ gamoCeniT dasrulda, rasac
myisierad mohyva xelovnurad SeCerebuli procesis aR
dgena da natom da evrokavSirma CrdiloeT makedonias
gawevrianebis mowveva gaugzavnes.
makedoniis saxelis cvlilebis (da Sesabamisi konsti
tuciuri cvlilebebis misaRebad) dainiSna referendumi
2018 w. 30 seqtembers. ivlis-seqtemberSi, makedonia ga
reSe gavlenebis uCveulo gaaqtiurebis momswre gaxda
rogorc evrokavSiris, aseve ruseTis mxridan. qveyana
rbili da basri Zalebis Sejaxebis arealad iqca.
makedoniis arasamTavrobo organizacia `impetusma~
Caatara specialuri media kvleva aRniSnul periodSi
informaciis Tu dezinformaciis gavrcelebis Sesaswav
lad da evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb
qveyanaSi mimdinare diskursze gareSe gavlenebis iden
tificirebisTvis. organizaciam Seiswavla media komuni
kaciis sxvadasxva formebi: niusebi, videoebi, samTavro
bo gancxadebebi, pres-relizebi, tele-debatebi, svetebi,
blogebi da a. S. momzadda siRrmiseuli interviuebi fo
kus-jgufebTan – JurnalistebTan, universitetebis pro
fesorebTan (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, politikis,
165
samarTlis, usafrTxoebis dargebSi), studentebTan da
makedoniaSi natos specialur warmomadgenelTan.1
politikuri konteqstis ukeT gasaazreblad, kvlevis
Sedegebis da kvlevaSi mocemuli interviuebis ganxil
vamde, aucilebelia CamovTvaloT aRniSnul periodSi
ganviTarebuli ramdenime tendencia da movlena.
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb cnobadobis asa
maRleblad evrokavSirma Seqmna specialuri programa
`erToblivi momavali~. am programis farglebSi evrokav
Siris moxeleebi xvdebodnen makedoniis mosaxleobas;
evro kavSirma gasca dapireba momdevno wlebSi make
doniis adgilobrivi municipalitetebis dafinansebis
Sesaxeb; evrokavSiris specialurma komisiam moamzada
gadaudebeli reformebis paketi (kanonis uzenaesoba,
sajaro seqtorisa da mediis depolitizacia, gamoxat
vis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa, saarCevno reforma da
sxv.); sxvadasxva rangis diplomatiuri SexvedrebisTvis
qveyanas estumra 50-ze meti maRalCinosani...
aRniSnul periodSi gaaqtiurdnen ruseTis diploma
tiuri samsaxurebic (rogorc makedoniaSi, aseve saber
ZneTSi). berZnuli mediis Tanaxmad, saberZneTSi rusi
diplomatebi sajaro moxeleebisTvis qrTamis SeTava
zebiT cdilobdnen quCis protestebis organizebas
prespas2 SeTanxmebis winaaRmdeg. opoziciur Zalebze
zegavlenis mcdelobisTvis saberZneTidan oTxi rusi
diplomati gaaZeves. aRniSnuli faqti ruseTis sagareo
saqmeTa ministrma ruseTis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad gamo
1
fokus-jgufebidan mxolod akademiuri wreebis warmomadgen
lebma ganacxades Tanxmoba sakuTari vinaobis gamxelaze.
2
2018 wlis 17 ivniss saberZneTSi, prespas tbis mimdebared, xeli
moewera istoriul SeTanxmebas (prespas SeTanxmeba). xelSek
rulebis mixedviT, saberZneTma da makedoniam gadawyvita isto
riuli dava da SeTanxmda makedoniisTvis axali saxelis miniWe
baze.
166
acxada da vaSingtoni saberZneTis mTavrobaze zewolaSi
daadanaSaula.
makedoniaSi ruseTis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlo
bebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad Seiqmna xalxTa megobrobis
sxvadasxva asociaciebi da rusuli kulturis centrebi.
axalSeqmnili organizaciebi saTaveSi Caudgnen refe
rendumis boikotis kampanias. daiwyo referendumis
sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebi, romelSic radikaluri orga
nizaciebi, opoziciuri politikuri partiebi da spor
tuli klubebis wevrebi monawileobdnen. saerTaSoriso
asparezze ruseTi aprotestebda makedoniis natosa da
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas. rusi diplomatebi mouwo
debdnen rogorc makedonias, aseve evrokavSirs `mcdari
gadawyvetilebis~ gauqmebisken.
evrokavSirisa da ruseTis gazrdili zegavlenis Se
darebisTvis, unda aRiniSnos mTavari sxvaoba am ori
mxa
ris komunikaciis stilTan mimarTebaSi. evrokavSi
ris `rbili momxibvleloba~ strategiuli komunikaci
is saxed ZiriTadad iyenebda sajaro gamosvlebs, tele-
debatebs, saxalxo Sexvedrebs da sxv. ruseTma sakuTari
`basri zegavlena~ araoficialuri kavSirebiT da medi
aSi dezinformaciis gavrcelebiT scada. evrokavSiris
moTxovniT dawyebulma mediis reformam reformebis
sawyisi etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qaosi gamoiwvia, rac
xelSemwyob faqtorad iqca dezinformaciis da propa
gandis gasavrceleblad. gamavrceleblad ZiriTadad
gamoiyenes adgilobrivi media-saSualebebi, romlebT
anac aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen regionSi ruseTis
interesebis gatarebis momxre serbi eqspertebi. momrav
lda opoziciuri partiebis gancxadebebi evrokavSirisa
da natos winaaRmdeg. `erTiani makedoniis~ lideri ianko
basevi mosaxleobas arwmunebda ruseTis keTili zrax
vebis da makedoniis evraziul kavSirSi gawevrianebis
167
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva tipis preskonferen
ciebze makedoniis mosaxleobas mouwodebdnen ar dahyo
loda dasavleTis moTxovnebs da ar daeTmo istoriuli
saxeli. aRniSnul periodSi makedoniaSi SeiniSneboda
korespondentebis raodenobis mkveTri zrda sxvadasxva
qveynebidan. gamoCndnen trolingiT cnobili ruseTis
sainformacio saagentoebis (maT Soris `Russia Today~) war
momadgenlebi.
dezinformaciis da feiqebis mimarTulebiT Crdilo
eT makedoniaSic, yvela sxva SemTxvevis msgavsad, dawi
naurda socialuri media. socialuri mediis sxvadasxva
`niusebi~ da mravalricxovani komentarebi sazogadoeba
Si amkvidrebda garkveul Sexedulebebs: ruseTis intere
sebis legitimurobis dacva; istoriuli sentimentebis
gaRviveba saberZneTis winaaRmdeg; sazogadoebis daSineba
cru dilemebiTa da SeTqmulebis TeoriebiT (eri gaqro
bis saSiSroebis winaSe dgas... prespas xelSekrulebis Sem
deg saberZneTi gadawers makedoniis istorias da sxva);
saberZneTis mTavrobis dadanaSauleba nacionalisturi
gamosvlebis organizebaSi... dezinformaciuli mesijebis
gasavrceleblad gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen botebi
da trolebi. Seiqmna da gavrcelda heSTegebi refer
endumis boikotis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli periodis socia
luri qselebis mTavar tendenciebad iqca: siZulvilis
ena, eTnikur da politikur niadagze Seuracxyofa,
saerTaSoriso organizaciebze Tavdasxma, sazogadoebis
polarizacia. media polarizacia referendumis Semd
gomac gagrZelda. makedoniis damoukideblobis mTeli
istoriis manZilze, am periodis media garemo yvelaze
arajansaRad Sefasda media eqspertebis mier.
JurnalistebTan Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad
gamoikveTa media-analizis saintereso aspeqtebi. CamovT
vliT zog maTgans. pasuxebis mixedviT, dezinformaciis
168
gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo internet platformebis ra
odenobis mkveTrma zrdam. dezinformaciis mTavar mimar
Tulebad am SemTxvevaSic dasaxelda nacionalur grZno
bebze TamaSi. Jurnalistebis azriT, problemebis winaSe
aRmoCnda tradiciuli media saSualebebic, maTi mflo
belebisgan momdinare zewolis, finansebis simwirisa da
JurnalistTa TviT-cenzuris gami. iseve, rogorc sxva
yofil totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, makedoniaSic me
dia SeCveuli iyo Zalauflebis vertikalis arsebobas da
informaciis gavrcelebaze saxelmwifo monopolias, ami
tomac Jurnalistebs gansakuTrebiT gauWirdaT politi
kurad mniSvnelovan periodSi profesionalizmis gamov
lena. Jurnalistebis azriT, media saSualebebis mwiri
profesionalizmis maCvenebelia sazogadoebis emociebze
TamaSis gareSe informaciis gadmocemis uunaroba; medi
am verc mosaxleobis kvalificiuri informireba SeZlo
prespas istoriuli SeTanxmebis pliusebis da riskebis
Sesaxeb. saxeze iyo balansis dakargva, pasuxismgeblobis
da profesionalizmis nakleboba da eTikis principebis
ugulebelyofa. es ki mediis qaosis iaraRad qcevis
saukeTeso gzaa.
evrokavSiris mxridan ganxorcielebul zegavlenas
Jurnalistebi pozitiur zegavlenad ganixilaven. me
dia seqtorSi ganxorcielda evrokavSirisTvis damaxa
siaTebeli wamaxalisebeli mxardaWera: sxvadasxva tipis
treningebi, vizitebi msoflios wamyvan media-saSuale
bebSi, teqnikisa da aparaturis saCuqrad gadacema...
Tumca, msgavsi CarTuloba yvelasTvis ar iyo gamiznuli.
media bazarze kvlavac didia dabalanazRaurebadi Jur
nalistebis raodenoba, rac maT advilad mowyvlad jgu
fad mosyidvisTvis aqcevs sxvadasxva jgufebis mxridan.
miuxedavad mravali problemisa, mediis warmomad
genlebs ar sjerodaT, rom garedan ganxorcielebuli
169
sainformacio operaciebi realur Sedegs gamoiRebda
seqtembris referendumSi.
Jurnalistebis msgavsad, arc akademiuri wreebis war
momadgenlebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTis basri Zala rea
lurad imoqmedebda referendumis Sedegebze. isini xazs
usvamdnen qveynis Sida sisusteebs, rogorc mTavar faq
tors arasasurveli zegavlenebis ganxorcielebisTvis.
sxvadasxva respodentis azriT, makedoniis xelisufle
ba da opozicia erTiania evrointegraciis TemasTan
dakavSirebiT, magram sazogadoebas cudad esmis ras
niSnavs evropuli momavali. totalitarulma warsul
ma adamianebi miaCvia upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebas
qveynis momavlis mimarT, daukarga realuri saWiroebebis
gansazRvris unari da daamkvidra rwmena, rom Cveni gasa
keTebeli saqme viRac sxvam unda gaakeTos. sazogadoeba
movlenebs uyurebs infantilurad da piradi sargeblis
molodinis reJimSi.
studentebis interviuebSic gamoikveTa sayuradRebo
aspeqtebi. maTi azriT, geopolitikuri mdebareobidan
momdinare, makedonia yovelTvis iyo sxvadasxva mxa
ga
reebis interesTa Sejaxebis areali. studentebis dak
virvebiT, ruseTis interesebis zrda qveyanaSi gamoixata
diplomatiuri misiebis gaaqtiurebiT. studentebi so
cialur mediaSi gavrcelebul dezinformaciaze didad
ar amaxvilebnen yuradRebas, radgan maTi umravlesoba
acxadebda, rom informaciis misaRebad iyenebda sando
wyaroebs. studentebs Rrmad swamdaT, rom ar aris ad
vili raime saxis negatiuri zemoqmedeba makedoniel
xalxze. maT sjerodaT sakuTari qveynis da misi evro
puli momavlis.
dasavleTisa da ruseTis zegavlenis xasiaTisa da
masStabebis Sedarebisas, sxvadasxva interviuSi aRniSnu
lia gavlenebis asimetriuloba. evrokavSiris da natos
170
warmomadgenlobebi qveyanaSi funqcionirebs oficialu
rad da legaluri diplomatiuri saqmianobis farglebSi,
xolo ruseTis zegavlenis meqanizmebi araoficialuri,
aralegaluri da Znelad gasakontrolebelia.
makedoniis premierma zoran zaevma 2018 wlis ivlisSi
briuselSi ganacxada, rom misi informaciiT quCis pro
testebis ukan ruseTis kvali ikveTeba, magram yvelafers
gaakeTebs konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad. saintere
soa zoran zaevis 2017 wlis gancxadebac, romlis mixed
viT evrokavSirsa da natoSi gawevrianeba skopiesTvis
erTaderTi SesaZlo arCevania, Tumca SiSobs, rom ru
seTs eqneba mkveTri reaqcia.
ruseTis oficialuri wreebi uaryofdnen makedoniis
saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis raime mcdelobas, Tumca aseve
xSirad acxadebdnen, rom natoSi gawevrianeba ar Sedis
balkaneTis qveynebis interesSi.
30 seqtembers Catarebuli referendumi moulodneli
SedegebiT dasrulda. referendumze mivida amomrCev
elTa mxolod 36.9 %. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTgan 90%
Semoxaza `diax~, referendumi Cavarda. makedoniis kon
stituciis mixedviT, referendumis Sedegebis cnobis
aucilebeli pirobaa 50%-iani monawileoba. prespas Se
Tanxmebis ratificirebisgan Tavi Seikava zoran zaevmac.
makedoniis referendumze ruseTis basri Zalis zemo
qmedebis realuri Sedegis miuxedavad, basrma Zalam ver
miaRwia mTavar mizans: istoriuli procesis CaSla, eT
nikuri konfliqtebis gaRviveba, politikuri da ekono
mikuri ganviTarebis minimum erTi TaobiT gadavadeba...
referendumis Sedegebis miuxedavad, 2019 wlis ianvarSi
makedoniis parlamentma moaxdina prespas xelSekrulebis
ratificireba da makedonias Seecvala oficialuri sa
xeli.
171
CrdiloeT makedoniis respublikam 2019 wlis Teber
valSi daiwyo natoSi gawevrianebis procesi da saxelm
wifoebis absoluturi umravlesobis parlamentebSi
saratifikacio procesi dasrulebulia. CrdiloeT make
doniis respublika aseve elodeba evrokavSirSi gawevri
anebas evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg raundze.
bibliografia:
172
boloTqma – dilemebi da paradoqsebi
173
ri gamarTlebac ki hpova. cifruli revoluciis piro
bebSi postsabWoTa sazogadoebebisTvis sasicocxlod
aucilebelia TviTgajansaRebis meqanizmebis mofiqreba
da amuSaveba, sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis miRweva moralsa
da amoralurobaze, axali unarebis daufleba sakuTari
uflebebis dasacavad.
Sua saukuneebSi yvela adamians moeTxoveboda iara
Ris xmarebis codna, radganac Tavdamsxma yoveldRiuri
realoba iyo. XX saukuneSi, msoflio omebisa da civi omis
gamo, moqalaqeebs bavSvobidanve aswavlidnen samoqalaqo
Tavdacvis elementarul saSualebebs, radganac xmlis da
revolveris moxmareba veRar dagvicavda sahaero dabom
bvebisgan.
dRes Tavdasxma xSirad informaciul Sturms niS
navs. odesRac saqarTvelo imperiaTa armiebis manevri
rebis geopolitikuri derefani iyo, dRes ki inter
net qselebis gadakveTis geopolitikuri derefania da
Cveni unarebic Sesabamisi unda gaxdes.
174
damkabadonebeli
ირინე სტროგანოვა
garekanis dizaineri
ილია ხელაია
garekanis ilustratori
რატი კუპატაძე